1
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Li Y, Zheng W, Li X, Lue Z, Liu Y, Wu J, Zhang X. The autophagic regulation of rosiglitazone-promoted adipocyte browning. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1412520. [PMID: 38895627 PMCID: PMC11184087 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1412520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Browning of white adipocytes is considered an efficient approach to combat obesity. Rosiglitazone induces the thermogenetic program of white adipocytes, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Methods: Expression levels of browning and autophagy flux markers were detected by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. H&E and Oil Red O staining were performed to evaluate the lipid droplets area. Nuclear protein extraction and immunoprecipitation were used to detect the proteins interaction. Results: In this study, we reported that rosiglitazone promoted adipocyte browning and inhibited autophagy. Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, reversed adipocyte browning induced by rosiglitazone. Autophagy inhibition by rosiglitazone does not prevent mitochondrial clearance, which was considered to promote adipose whitening. Instead, autophagy inhibition increased p62 nuclear translocation and stabilized the PPARγ-RXRα heterodimer, which is an essential transcription factor for adipocyte browning. We found that rosiglitazone activated NRF2 in mature adipocytes. Inhibition of NRF2 by ML385 reversed autophagy inhibition and the pro-browning effect of rosiglitazone. Conclusion: Our study linked autophagy inhibition with rosiglitazone-promoted browning of adipocytes and provided a mechanistic insight into the pharmacological effects of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Lue
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
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2
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Chand S, Tripathi AS, Dewani AP, Sheikh NWA. Molecular targets for management of diabetes: Remodelling of white adipose to brown adipose tissue. Life Sci 2024; 345:122607. [PMID: 38583857 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterised metabolic dysfunction that results in elevated glucose level in the bloodstream. Diabetes is of two types, type1 and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is considered as one of the major reasons intended for incidence of diabetes hence it turns out to be essential to study about the adipose tissue which is responsible for fat storage in body. Adipose tissues play significant role in maintaining the balance between energy stabilization and homeostasis. The three forms of adipose tissue are - White adipose tissue (WAT), Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and Beige adipose tissue (intermediate form). The amount of BAT gets reduced, and WAT starts to increase with the age. WAT when exposed to certain stimuli gets converted to BAT by the help of certain transcriptional regulators. The browning of WAT has been a matter of study to treat the metabolic disorders and to initiate the expenditure of energy. The three main regulators responsible for the browning of WAT are PRDM16, PPARγ and PGC-1α via various cellular and molecular mechanism. Presented review article includes the detailed elaborative aspect of genes and proteins involved in conversion of WAT to BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushmita Chand
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Shiomurti Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, ERA College of Pharmacy, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anil P Dewani
- Department of Pharmacology, P. Wadhwani College of Pharmacy, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Xia W, Veeragandham P, Cao Y, Xu Y, Rhyne TE, Qian J, Hung CW, Zhao P, Jones Y, Gao H, Liddle C, Yu RT, Downes M, Evans RM, Rydén M, Wabitsch M, Wang Z, Hakozaki H, Schöneberg J, Reilly SM, Huang J, Saltiel AR. Obesity causes mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in white adipocytes due to RalA activation. Nat Metab 2024; 6:273-289. [PMID: 38286821 PMCID: PMC10896723 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic trait of human and rodent obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver disease. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding causes mitochondrial fragmentation in inguinal white adipocytes from male mice, leading to reduced oxidative capacity by a process dependent on the small GTPase RalA. RalA expression and activity are increased in white adipocytes after HFD. Targeted deletion of RalA in white adipocytes prevents fragmentation of mitochondria and diminishes HFD-induced weight gain by increasing fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, RalA increases fission in adipocytes by reversing the inhibitory Ser637 phosphorylation of the fission protein Drp1, leading to more mitochondrial fragmentation. Adipose tissue expression of the human homolog of Drp1, DNM1L, is positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. Thus, chronic activation of RalA plays a key role in repressing energy expenditure in obese adipose tissue by shifting the balance of mitochondrial dynamics toward excessive fission, contributing to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Xia
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Preethi Veeragandham
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yayun Xu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Torrey E Rhyne
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chao-Wei Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ying Jones
- Electron Microscopy Core, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institute (C2-94), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zichen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Hakozaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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4
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Priem D, Huyghe J, Bertrand MJM. LC3-independent autophagy is vital to prevent TNF cytotoxicity. Autophagy 2023; 19:2585-2589. [PMID: 37014272 PMCID: PMC10392734 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2197760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The (macro)autophagy field is facing a paradigm shift after the recent discovery that cytosolic cargoes can still be selectively targeted to phagophores (the precursors to autophagosomes) even in the absence of LC3 or other Atg8-protein family members. Several in vitro studies have indeed reported on the existence of an unconventional selective autophagic pathway that involves the in-situ formation of an autophagosome around the cargo through the direct selective autophagy receptor-mediated recruitment of RB1CC1/FIP200, thereby bypassing the requirement of LC3. In an article recently published in Science, we demonstrate the physiological importance of this unconventional autophagic pathway in the context of TNF (tumor necrosis factor) signaling. We show that it promotes the degradation of the cytotoxic TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 (TNF receptor superfamily member 1A) complex II that assembles upon TNF sensing and thereby protects mice from TNFRSF1A-driven embryonic lethality and skin inflammation.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; CASP: caspase; FIR: RB1CC1/FIP200-interacting region; LIR: LC3-interacting region; M1: linear; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TNFRSF1A: TNF receptor superfamily member 1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Priem
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jon Huyghe
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu JM Bertrand
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Xia W, Veeragandham P, Cao Y, Xu Y, Rhyne T, Qian J, Hung CW, Zhao P, Jones Y, Gao H, Liddle C, Yu R, Downes M, Evans R, Ryden M, Wabitsch M, Reilly S, Huang J, Saltiel A. Obesity-dependent increase in RalA activity disrupts mitochondrial dynamics in white adipocytes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2923510. [PMID: 37398165 PMCID: PMC10312969 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2923510/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic trait of human and rodent obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease. Here we report that mitochondria undergo fragmentation and reduced oxidative capacity specifically in inguinal white adipose tissue after feeding mice high fat diet (HFD) by a process dependent on the small GTPase RalA. RalA expression and activity are increased in white adipocytes from mice fed HFD. Targeted deletion of Rala in white adipocytes prevents the obesity-induced fragmentation of mitochondria and produces mice resistant to HFD-induced weight gain via increased fatty acid oxidation. As a result, these mice also exhibit improved glucose tolerance and liver function. In vitro mechanistic studies revealed that RalA suppresses mitochondrial oxidative function in adipocytes by increasing fission through reversing the protein kinase A-catalyzed inhibitory Ser637phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. Active RalA recruits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) to specifically dephosphorylate this inhibitory site on Drp1, activating the protein, thus increasing mitochondrial fission. Adipose tissue expression of the human homolog of Drp1, DNML1, is positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance in patients. Thus, chronic activation of RalA plays a key role in repressing energy expenditure in obese adipose tissue by shifting the balance of mitochondrial dynamics towards excessive fission, contributing to weight gain and related metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Cao
- University of California San Diego
| | - Yayun Xu
- University of California San Diego
| | | | | | | | - Peng Zhao
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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6
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Rowland LA, Guilherme A, Henriques F, DiMarzio C, Munroe S, Wetoska N, Kelly M, Reddig K, Hendricks G, Pan M, Han X, Ilkayeva OR, Newgard CB, Czech MP. De novo lipogenesis fuels adipocyte autophagosome and lysosome membrane dynamics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1362. [PMID: 36914626 PMCID: PMC10011520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes robustly synthesize fatty acids (FA) from carbohydrate through the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway, yet surprisingly DNL contributes little to their abundant triglyceride stored in lipid droplets. This conundrum raises the hypothesis that adipocyte DNL instead enables membrane expansions to occur in processes like autophagy, which requires an abundant supply of phospholipids. We report here that adipocyte Fasn deficiency in vitro and in vivo markedly impairs autophagy, evident by autophagosome accumulation and severely compromised degradation of the autophagic substrate p62. Our data indicate the impairment occurs at the level of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and indeed, loss of Fasn decreases certain membrane phosphoinositides necessary for autophagosome and lysosome maturation and fusion. Autophagy dependence on FA produced by Fasn is not fully alleviated by exogenous FA in cultured adipocytes, and interestingly, imaging studies reveal that Fasn colocalizes with nascent autophagosomes. Together, our studies identify DNL as a critical source of FAs to fuel autophagosome and lysosome maturation and fusion in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Rowland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Chloe DiMarzio
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sean Munroe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Nicole Wetoska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Mark Kelly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Keith Reddig
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Gregory Hendricks
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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7
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Sabaté-Pérez A, Romero M, Sànchez-Fernàndez-de-Landa P, Carobbio S, Mouratidis M, Sala D, Engel P, Martínez-Cristóbal P, Villena JA, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A, Palacín M, Testar X, Zorzano A. Autophagy-mediated NCOR1 degradation is required for brown fat maturation and thermogenesis. Autophagy 2023; 19:904-925. [PMID: 35947488 PMCID: PMC9980505 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis affects energy balance, and thereby it has the potential to induce weight loss and to prevent obesity. Here, we document a macroautophagic/autophagic-dependent mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) activity regulation that induces brown adipose differentiation and thermogenesis and that is mediated by TP53INP2. Disruption of TP53INP2-dependent autophagy reduced brown adipogenesis in cultured cells. In vivo specific-tp53inp2 ablation in brown precursor cells or in adult mice decreased the expression of thermogenic and mature adipocyte genes in BAT. As a result, TP53INP2-deficient mice had reduced UCP1 content in BAT and impaired maximal thermogenic capacity, leading to lipid accumulation and to positive energy balance. Mechanistically, TP53INP2 stimulates PPARG activity and adipogenesis in brown adipose cells by promoting the autophagic degradation of NCOR1, a PPARG co-repressor. Moreover, the modulation of TP53INP2 expression in BAT and in human brown adipocytes suggests that this protein increases PPARG activity during metabolic activation of brown fat. In all, we have identified a novel molecular explanation for the contribution of autophagy to BAT energy metabolism that could facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies against obesity and its metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Sabaté-Pérez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Montserrat Romero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Paula Sànchez-Fernàndez-de-Landa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bases Moleculares de Patologías Humanas, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michail Mouratidis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sala
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez-Cristóbal
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Villena
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sam Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Testar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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8
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Xia Q, Li Y, Xu W, Wu C, Zheng H, Liu L, Dong L. Enhanced liquidity of p62 droplets mediated by Smurf1 links Nrf2 activation and autophagy. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:37. [PMID: 36810259 PMCID: PMC9945626 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macro-autophagy/Autophagy is an evolutionarily well-conserved recycling process to maintain the balance through precise spatiotemporal regulation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of biomolecular condensates by the key adaptor protein p62 via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) remain obscure. RESULTS In this study, we showed that E3 ligase Smurf1 enhanced Nrf2 activation and promoted autophagy by increasing p62 phase separation capability. Specifically, the Smurf1/p62 interaction improved the formation and material exchange of liquid droplets compared with p62 single puncta. Additionally, Smurf1 promoted the competitive binding of p62 with Keap1 to increase Nrf2 nuclear translocation in p62 Ser349 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mechanistically, overexpressed Smurf1 increased the activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1), in turn leading to p62 Ser349 phosphorylation. Nrf2 activation increased the mRNA levels of Smurf1, p62, and NBR1, further promoting the droplet liquidity to enhance oxidative stress response. Importantly, we showed that Smurf1 maintained cellular homeostasis by promoting cargo degradation through the p62/LC3 autophagic pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed the complex interconnected role among Smurf1, p62/Nrf2/NBR1, and p62/LC3 axis in determining Nrf2 activation and subsequent clearance of condensates through LLPS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Xu
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hanfei Zheng
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
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9
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Yu Y, Zhang YH, Liu L, Yu LL, Li JP, Rao JA, Hu F, Zhu LJ, Bao HH, Cheng XS. Bioinformatics analysis of candidate genes and potential therapeutic drugs targeting adipose tissue in obesity. Adipocyte 2022; 11:1-10. [PMID: 34964707 PMCID: PMC8726706 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.2013406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex medical condition that affects multiple organs in the body. However, the underlying mechanisms of obesity, as well as its treatment, are largely unexplored. The focus of this research was to use bioinformatics to discover possible treatment targets for obesity. To begin, the GSE133099 database was used to identify 364 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, DEGs were subjected to tissue-specific analyses and enrichment analyses, followed by the creation of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and generation of a drug-gene interaction database to screen key genes and potential future drugs targeting obesity. Findings have illustrated that the tissue-specific expression of neurologic markers varied significantly (34.7%, 52/150). Among these genes, Lep, ApoE, Fyn, and FN1 were the key genes observed in the adipocyte samples from obese patients relative to the controls. Furthermore, nine potential therapeutic drugs (dasatinib, ocriplasmin, risperidone, gemfibrozil, ritonavir, fluvastatin, pravastatin, warfarin, atorvastatin) that target the key genes were also screened and selected. To conclude the key genes discovered (Lep, ApoE, Fyn, and FN1), as well as 9 candidate drugs, could be used as therapeutic targets in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Maternal and Child Health Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Pei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing-an Rao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui-Hui Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Shu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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10
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Rasmussen NL, Kournoutis A, Lamark T, Johansen T. NBR1: The archetypal selective autophagy receptor. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213552. [PMID: 36255390 PMCID: PMC9582228 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NBR1 was discovered as an autophagy receptor not long after the first described vertebrate autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1. Since then, p62 has currently been mentioned in >10,000 papers on PubMed, while NBR1 is mentioned in <350 papers. Nonetheless, evolutionary analysis reveals that NBR1, and likely also selective autophagy, was present already in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), while p62 appears first in the early Metazoan lineage. Furthermore, yeast-selective autophagy receptors Atg19 and Atg34 represent NBR1 homologs. NBR1 is the main autophagy receptor in plants that do not contain p62, while most animal taxa contain both NBR1 and p62. Mechanistic studies are starting to shed light on the collaboration between mammalian NBR1 and p62 in the autophagic degradation of protein aggregates (aggrephagy). Several domains of NBR1 are involved in cargo recognition, and the list of known substrates for NBR1-mediated selective autophagy is increasing. Lastly, roles of NBR1 in human diseases such as proteinopathies and cancer are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoline Lander Rasmussen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Athanasios Kournoutis
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Lamark
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Mitophagy Mediates the Beige to White Transition of Human Primary Subcutaneous Adipocytes Ex Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030363. [PMID: 35337160 PMCID: PMC8948887 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes have multilocular lipid droplets, express uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, and promote energy expenditure. In rodents, when the stimulus of browning subsides, parkin-dependent mitophagy is activated and dormant beige adipocytes persist. In humans, however, the molecular events during the beige to white transition have not been studied in detail. In this study, human primary subcutaneous abdominal preadipocytes were differentiated to beige for 14 days, then either the beige culture conditions were applied for an additional 14 days or it was replaced by a white medium. Control white adipocytes were differentiated by their specific cocktail for 28 days. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-driven beige differentiation resulted in increased mitochondrial biogenesis, UCP1 expression, fragmentation, and respiration as compared to white. Morphology, UCP1 content, mitochondrial fragmentation, and basal respiration of the adipocytes that underwent transition, along with the induction of mitophagy, were similar to control white adipocytes. However, white converted beige adipocytes had a stronger responsiveness to dibutyril-cAMP, which mimics adrenergic stimulus, than the control white ones. Gene expression patterns showed that the removal of mitochondria in transitioning adipocytes may involve both parkin-dependent and -independent pathways. Preventing the entry of beige adipocytes into white transition can be a feasible way to maintain elevated thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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12
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Kim HS, Park MY, Yun NJ, Go HS, Kim MY, Seong JK, Lee M, Kang ES, Ghim J, Ryu SH, Zabel BA, Koh A, Bae YS. Targeting PLD2 in adipocytes augments adaptive thermogenesis by improving mitochondrial quality and quantity in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212939. [PMID: 34940790 PMCID: PMC8711045 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD)2 via its enzymatic activity regulates cell proliferation and migration and thus is implicated in cancer. However, the role of PLD2 in obesity and type 2 diabetes has not previously been investigated. Here, we show that during diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity, levels of PLD2 but not PLD1 in adipose tissue are inversely related with uncoupling protein 1, a key thermogenic protein. We demonstrate that the thermogenic program in adipose tissue is significantly augmented in mice with adipocyte-specific Pld2 deletion or treated with a PLD2-specific inhibitor and that these mice are resistant to high fat diet–induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, we show that Pld2 deletion in adipose tissue or PLD2 pharmacoinhibition acts via p62 to improve mitochondrial quality and quantity in adipocytes. Thus, PLD2 inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach for obesity and type 2 diabetes by resolving defects in diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sik Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Go
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewang Ghim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ara Koh
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Fan X, Huang T, Tong Y, Fan Z, Yang Z, Yang D, Mao X, Yang M. p62 works as a hub modulation in the ageing process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101538. [PMID: 34890823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p62 (also known as SQSTM1) is widely used as a predictor of autophagic flux, a process that allows the degradation of harmful and unnecessary components through lysosomes to maintain protein homeostasis in cells. p62 is also a stress-induced scaffold protein that resists oxidative stress. The multiple domains in its structure allow it to be connected with a variety of vital signalling pathways, autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), allowing p62 to play important roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis and survival. Recent studies have shown that p62 is also directly or indirectly involved in the ageing process. In this review, we summarize in detail the process by which p62 regulates ageing from multiple ageing-related signs with the aim of providing new insight for the study of p62 in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tiantian Huang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yingdong Tong
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Fan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ziyue Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Deying Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xueping Mao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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