1
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Badwal AK, Singh S. A comprehensive review on the current status of CRISPR based clinical trials for rare diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134097. [PMID: 39059527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
A considerable fraction of population in the world suffers from rare diseases. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its related Cas proteins offer a modern form of curative gene therapy for treating the rare diseases. Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis, hereditary angioedema, duchenne muscular dystrophy and Rett syndrome are a few examples of such rare diseases. CRISPR/Cas9, for example, has been used in the treatment of β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (Frangoul et al., 2021; Pavani et al., 2021) [1,2]. Neurological diseases such as Huntington's have also been focused in some studies involving CRISPR/Cas (Yang et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2023) [3,4]. Delivery of these biologicals via vector and non vector mediated methods depends on the type of target cells, characteristics of expression, time duration of expression, size of foreign genetic material etc. For instance, retroviruses find their applicability in case of ex vivo delivery in somatic cells due to their ability to integrate in the host genome. These have been successfully used in gene therapy involving X-SCID patients although, incidence of inappropriate activation has been reported. On the other hand, ex vivo gene therapy for β-thalassemia involved use of BB305 lentiviral vector for high level expression of CRISPR biological in HSCs. The efficacy and safety of these biologicals will decide their future application as efficient genome editing tools as they go forward in further stages of human clinical trials. This review focuses on CRISPR/Cas based therapies which are at various stages of clinical trials for treatment of rare diseases and the constraints and ethical issues associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amneet Kaur Badwal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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2
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Zhang R, Chai N, Liu T, Zheng Z, Lin Q, Xie X, Wen J, Yang Z, Liu YG, Zhu Q. The type V effectors for CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108382. [PMID: 38801866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A plethora of CRISPR effectors, such as Cas3, Cas9, and Cas12a, are commonly employed as gene editing tools. Among these, Cas12 effectors developed based on Class II type V proteins exhibit distinct characteristics compared to Class II type VI and type II effectors, such as their ability to generate non-allelic DNA double-strand breaks, their compact structures, and the presence of a single RuvC-like nuclease domain. Capitalizing on these advantages, Cas12 family proteins have been increasingly explored and utilized in recent years. However, the characteristics and applications of different subfamilies within the type V protein family have not been systematically summarized. In this review, we focus on the characteristics of type V effector (CRISPR/Cas12) proteins and the current methods used to discover new effector proteins. We also summarize recent modifications based on engineering of type V effectors. In addition, we introduce the applications of type V effectors for gene editing in animals and plants, including the development of base editors, tools for regulating gene expression, methods for gene targeting, and biosensors. We emphasize the prospects for development and application of CRISPR/Cas12 effectors with the goal of better utilizing toolkits based on this protein family for crop improvement and enhanced agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nan Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiye Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiupeng Lin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianrong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi Yang
- College of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Yao-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Lau CH, Liang QL, Zhu H. Next-generation CRISPR technology for genome, epigenome and mitochondrial editing. Transgenic Res 2024:10.1007/s11248-024-00404-x. [PMID: 39158822 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-024-00404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The application of rapidly growing CRISPR toolboxes and methods has great potential to transform biomedical research. Here, we provide a snapshot of up-to-date CRISPR toolboxes, then critically discuss the promises and hurdles associated with CRISPR-based nuclear genome editing, epigenome editing, and mitochondrial editing. The technical challenges and key solutions to realize epigenome editing in vivo, in vivo base editing and prime editing, mitochondrial editing in complex tissues and animals, and CRISPR-associated transposases and integrases in targeted genomic integration of very large DNA payloads are discussed. Lastly, we discuss the latest situation of the CRISPR/Cas9 clinical trials and provide perspectives on CRISPR-based gene therapy. Apart from technical shortcomings, ethical and societal considerations for CRISPR applications in human therapeutics and research are extensively highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cia-Hin Lau
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-Le Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibao Zhu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Sahu S, Castro M, Muldoon JJ, Asija K, Wyman SK, Krishnappa N, de Onate L, Eyquem J, Nguyen DN, Wilson RC. Peptide-enabled ribonucleoprotein delivery for CRISPR engineering (PERC) in primary human immune cells and hematopoietic stem cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.14.603391. [PMID: 39071446 PMCID: PMC11275745 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.14.603391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-enabled ribonucleoprotein delivery for CRISPR engineering (PERC) is a new approach for ex vivo genome editing of primary human cells. PERC uses a single amphiphilic peptide reagent to mediate intracellular delivery of the same pre-formed CRISPR ribonucleoprotein enzymes that are broadly used in research and therapeutics, resulting in high-efficiency editing of stimulated immune cells and cultured hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). PERC facilitates nuclease-mediated gene knockout, precise transgene knock-in, and base editing. PERC involves mixing the CRISPR ribonucleoprotein enzyme with peptide and then incubating the formulation with cultured cells. For efficient transgene knock-in, adeno-associated virus (AAV) bearing homology-directed repair template DNA may be included. In contrast to electroporation, PERC is appealing as it requires no dedicated hardware and has less impact on cell phenotype and viability. Due to the gentle nature of PERC, delivery can be performed multiple times without substantial impact to cell health or phenotype. Here we report methods for improved PERC-mediated editing of T cells as well as novel methods for PERC-mediated editing of HSPCs, including knockout and precise knock-in. Editing efficiencies can surpass 90% using either Cas9 or Cas12a in primary T cells or HSPCs. Because PERC calls for only three readily available reagents - protein, RNA, and peptide - and does not require dedicated hardware for any step, PERC demands no special expertise and is exceptionally straightforward to adopt. The inherent compatibility of PERC with established cell engineering pipelines makes this approach appealing for rapid deployment in research and clinical settings.
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5
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Jin YY, Zhang P, Liu LL, Zhao X, Hu XQ, Liu SZ, Li ZK, Liu Q, Wang JQ, Hao DL, Zhang ZQ, Chen HZ, Liu DP. Enhancing homology-directed repair efficiency with HDR-boosting modular ssDNA donor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6843. [PMID: 39122671 PMCID: PMC11315919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential of small molecules and recombinant proteins to enhance the efficiency of homology-directed repair (HDR), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) donors, as currently designed and chemically modified, remain suboptimal for precise gene editing. Here, we screen the biased ssDNA binding sequences of DNA repair-related proteins and engineer RAD51-preferred sequences into HDR-boosting modules for ssDNA donors. Donors with these modules exhibit an augmented affinity for RAD51, thereby enhancing HDR efficiency across various genomic loci and cell types when cooperated with Cas9, nCas9, and Cas12a. By combining with an inhibitor of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or the HDRobust strategy, these modular ssDNA donors achieve up to 90.03% (median 74.81%) HDR efficiency. The HDR-boosting modules targeting an endogenous protein enable a chemical modification-free strategy to improve the efficacy of ssDNA donors for precise gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Le-Le Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Si-Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ze-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jian-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - De-Long Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhu-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - De-Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300301, China.
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6
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Feng Q, Li Q, Zhou H, Wang Z, Lin C, Jiang Z, Liu T, Wang D. CRISPR technology in human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e672. [PMID: 39081515 PMCID: PMC11286548 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is a growing gene engineering technique that allows accurate editing of a broad spectrum of gene-regulated diseases to achieve curative treatment and also has the potential to be used as an adjunct to the conventional treatment of diseases. Gene editing technology, mainly based on clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein systems, which is capable of generating genetic modifications in somatic cells, provides a promising new strategy for gene therapy for a wide range of human diseases. Currently, gene editing technology shows great application prospects in a variety of human diseases, not only in therapeutic potential but also in the construction of animal models of human diseases. This paper describes the application of gene editing technology in hematological diseases, solid tumors, immune disorders, ophthalmological diseases, and metabolic diseases; focuses on the therapeutic strategies of gene editing technology in sickle cell disease; provides an overview of the role of gene editing technology in the construction of animal models of human diseases; and discusses the limitations of gene editing technology in the treatment of diseases, which is intended to provide an important reference for the applications of gene editing technology in the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Research and Development CentreBaicheng Medical CollegeBaichengChina
| | - Qirong Li
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhan Wang
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and TechnologyJilin Business and Technology CollegeChangchunChina
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tianjia Liu
- Research and Development CentreBaicheng Medical CollegeBaichengChina
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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7
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Jiang K, Yan Z, Di Bernardo M, Sgrizzi SR, Villiger L, Kayabolen A, Kim B, Carscadden JK, Hiraizumi M, Nishimasu H, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO. Rapid protein evolution by few-shot learning with a protein language model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.17.604015. [PMID: 39071429 PMCID: PMC11275896 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.604015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Directed evolution of proteins is critical for applications in basic biological research, therapeutics, diagnostics, and sustainability. However, directed evolution methods are labor intensive, cannot efficiently optimize over multiple protein properties, and are often trapped by local maxima. In silico-directed evolution methods incorporating protein language models (PLMs) have the potential to accelerate this engineering process, but current approaches fail to generalize across diverse protein families. We introduce EVOLVEpro, a few-shot active learning framework to rapidly improve protein activity using a combination of PLMs and protein activity predictors, achieving improved activity with as few as four rounds of evolution. EVOLVEpro substantially enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of in silico protein evolution, surpassing current state-of-the-art methods and yielding proteins with up to 100-fold improvement of desired properties. We showcase EVOLVEpro for five proteins across three applications: T7 RNA polymerase for RNA production, a miniature CRISPR nuclease, a prime editor, and an integrase for genome editing, and a monoclonal antibody for epitope binding. These results demonstrate the advantages of few-shot active learning with small amounts of experimental data over zero-shot predictions. EVOLVEpro paves the way for broader applications of AI-guided protein engineering in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Jiang
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Yan
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Matteo Di Bernardo
- Department of Bioengineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
| | - Samantha R. Sgrizzi
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Lukas Villiger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Kantonspital St. Gallen St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
| | - Alisan Kayabolen
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Byungji Kim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research At MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
| | - Josephine K. Carscadden
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Masahiro Hiraizumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Structural Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Inamori Research Institute for Science 620 Suiginya-cho, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8411, Japan
| | - Jonathan S. Gootenberg
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Omar O. Abudayyeh
- Department of Medicine Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute Mass General Brigham Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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8
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Xiao MS, Damodaran AP, Kumari B, Dickson E, Xing K, On TA, Parab N, King HE, Perez AR, Guiblet WM, Duncan G, Che A, Chari R, Andresson T, Vidigal JA, Weatheritt RJ, Aregger M, Gonatopoulos-Pournatzis T. Genome-scale exon perturbation screens uncover exons critical for cell fitness. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2553-2572.e19. [PMID: 38917794 PMCID: PMC11246229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology has transformed functional genomics, yet understanding of how individual exons differentially shape cellular phenotypes remains limited. Here, we optimized and conducted massively parallel exon deletion and splice-site mutation screens in human cell lines to identify exons that regulate cellular fitness. Fitness-promoting exons are prevalent in essential and highly expressed genes and commonly overlap with protein domains and interaction interfaces. Conversely, fitness-suppressing exons are enriched in nonessential genes, exhibiting lower inclusion levels, and overlap with intrinsically disordered regions and disease-associated mutations. In-depth mechanistic investigation of the screen-hit TAF5 alternative exon-8 revealed that its inclusion is required for assembly of the TFIID general transcription initiation complex, thereby regulating global gene expression output. Collectively, our orthogonal exon perturbation screens established a comprehensive repository of phenotypically important exons and uncovered regulatory mechanisms governing cellular fitness and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Sheng Xiao
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arun Prasath Damodaran
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Bandana Kumari
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ethan Dickson
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kun Xing
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tyler A On
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nikhil Parab
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Helen E King
- EMBL Australia and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alexendar R Perez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wilfried M Guiblet
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gerard Duncan
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Anney Che
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Joana A Vidigal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- EMBL Australia and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Aregger
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Thomas Gonatopoulos-Pournatzis
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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9
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Melore SM, Hamilton MC, Reddy TE. HyperCas12a enables highly-multiplexed epigenome editing screens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.602263. [PMID: 39026853 PMCID: PMC11257430 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.602263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between multiple genes or cis-regulatory elements (CREs) underlie a wide range of biological processes in both health and disease. High-throughput screens using dCas9 fused to epigenome editing domains have allowed researchers to assess the impact of activation or repression of both coding and non-coding genomic regions on a phenotype of interest, but assessment of genetic interactions between those elements has been limited to pairs. Here, we combine a hyper-efficient version of Lachnospiraceae bacterium dCas12a (dHyperLbCas12a) with RNA Polymerase II expression of long CRISPR RNA (crRNA) arrays to enable efficient highly-multiplexed epigenome editing. We demonstrate that this system is compatible with several activation and repression domains, including the P300 histone acetyltransferase domain and SIN3A interacting domain (SID). We also show that the dCas12a platform can perform simultaneous activation and repression using a single crRNA array via co-expression of multiple dCas12a orthologues. Lastly, demonstrate that the dCas12a system is highly effective for high-throughput screens. We use dHyperLbCas12a-KRAB and a ~19,000-member barcoded library of crRNA arrays containing six crRNAs each to dissect the independent and combinatorial contributions of CREs to the dose-dependent control of gene expression at a glucocorticoid-responsive locus. The tools and methods introduced here create new possibilities for highly multiplexed control of gene expression in a wide variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuyler M. Melore
- University Program in Genetics & Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Combinatorial Gene Regulation, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marisa C. Hamilton
- University Program in Genetics & Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Combinatorial Gene Regulation, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy E. Reddy
- University Program in Genetics & Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Combinatorial Gene Regulation, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Wu X, Yang J, Zhang J, Song Y. Gene editing therapy for cardiovascular diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e639. [PMID: 38974714 PMCID: PMC11224995 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of gene editing tools has been a significant area of research in the life sciences for nearly 30 years. These tools have been widely utilized in disease detection and mechanism research. In the new century, they have shown potential in addressing various scientific challenges and saving lives through gene editing therapies, particularly in combating cardiovascular disease (CVD). The rapid advancement of gene editing therapies has provided optimism for CVD patients. The progress of gene editing therapy for CVDs is a comprehensive reflection of the practical implementation of gene editing technology in both clinical and basic research settings, as well as the steady advancement of research and treatment of CVDs. This article provides an overview of the commonly utilized DNA-targeted gene editing tools developed thus far, with a specific focus on the application of these tools, particularly the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) system, in CVD gene editing therapy. It also delves into the challenges and limitations of current gene editing therapies, while summarizing ongoing research and clinical trials related to CVD. The aim is to facilitate further exploration by relevant researchers by summarizing the successful applications of gene editing tools in the field of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesKey Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Educationand College of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesKey Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Educationand College of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jiayao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesKey Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Educationand College of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuning Song
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesKey Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Educationand College of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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11
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Liu Y, Liu X, Wei D, Dang L, Xu X, Huang S, Li L, Wu S, Wu J, Liu X, Sun W, Tao W, Wei Y, Huang X, Li K, Wang X, Zhou F. CoHIT: a one-pot ultrasensitive ERA-CRISPR system for detecting multiple same-site indels. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5014. [PMID: 38866774 PMCID: PMC11169540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing is crucial for precision cancer medicine. However, detecting multiple same-site insertions or deletions (indels) is challenging. Here, we introduce CoHIT (Cas12a-based One-for-all High-speed Isothermal Test), a one-pot CRISPR-based assay for indel detection. Leveraging an engineered AsCas12a protein variant with high mismatch tolerance and broad PAM scope, CoHIT can use a single crRNA to detect multiple NPM1 gene c.863_864 4-bp insertions in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). After optimizing multiple parameters, CoHIT achieves a detection limit of 0.01% and rapid results within 30 minutes, without wild-type cross-reactivity. It successfully identifies NPM1 mutations in 30 out of 108 AML patients and demonstrates potential in monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) through continuous sample analysis from three patients. The CoHIT method is also competent for detecting indels of KIT, BRAF, and EGFR genes. Integration with lateral flow test strips and microfluidic chips highlights CoHIT's adaptability and multiplexing capability, promising significant advancements in clinical cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modeatarn Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongyi Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Dang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Xu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Liwen Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modeatarn Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sanyun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxian Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanyu Tao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modeatarn Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modeatarn Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Xin C, Qiao D, Wang J, Sun W, Cao Z, Lu Y, Jiang Y, Chai Y, Wang XC, Chen QJ. Enhanced editing efficiency in Arabidopsis with a LbCas12a variant harboring D156R and E795L mutations. ABIOTECH 2024; 5:117-126. [PMID: 38978783 PMCID: PMC11229449 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-024-00144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cas12a (Cpf1), a Class 2 Type V CRISPR/Cas nuclease, has several unique attributes for genome editing and may provide a valuable alternative to Cas9. However, a low editing efficiency due to temperature sensitivity and insufficient cleavage activity of the Cas12a nuclease are major obstacles to its broad application. In this report, we generated two variants, ttAsCas12 Ultra and ttLbCas12a Ultra harboring three (E174R, M537R, and F870L) or two (D156R and E795L) mutations, respectively, by combining the mutations from the temperature-tolerant variants ttAsCas12a (E174R) and ttLbCas12a (D156R), and those from the highly active variants AsCas12a Ultra (M537R and F870L) and LbCas12a Ultra (E795L). We compared editing efficiencies of the five resulting Cas12a variants (LbCas12a, ttLbCas12a, ttLbCas12a Ultra, AsCas12a Ultra, and ttAsCas12 Ultra) at six target sites of four genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The variant ttLbCas12a Ultra, harboring the D156R and E795L mutations, exhibited the highest editing efficiency of all variants tested in Arabidopsis and can be used to generate homozygous or biallelic mutants in a single generation in Arabidopsis plants grown at 22 °C. In addition, optimization of ttLbCas12a Ultra, by varying nuclear localization signal sequences and codon usage, further greatly improved editing efficiency. Collectively, our results indicate that ttLbCas12a Ultra is a valuable alternative to Cas9 for editing genes or promoters in Arabidopsis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-024-00144-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dexin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Song P, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Shi Y, Jing R, Luo D. CRISPR/Cas-based CAR-T cells: production and application. Biomark Res 2024; 12:54. [PMID: 38816881 PMCID: PMC11140991 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionized the treatment approach for cancer, autoimmune disease, and heart disease. The integration of CAR into T cells is typically facilitated by retroviral or lentiviral vectors. However, the random insertion of CARs can lead to issues like clonal expansion, oncogenic transformation, variegated transgene expression, and transcriptional silencing. The advent of precise gene editing technology, like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), allows for controlled and precise genome modification, facilitating the translation of CAR-T research to the clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the application of CRISPR gene editing techniques in the context of precise deletion and insertion methodologies, with a specific focus on their potential for enhancing the development and utilization of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, No. 261, Huansha Road, Shangcheng district, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Yueli Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingcun Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, No. 261, Huansha Road, Shangcheng district, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Hebert JD, Xu H, Tang YJ, Ruiz PA, Detrick CR, Wang J, Hughes NW, Donosa O, Andrejka L, Karmakar S, Aboiralor I, Tang R, Sage J, Cong L, Petrov DA, Winslow MM. Efficient and multiplexed somatic genome editing with Cas12a mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583774. [PMID: 38496463 PMCID: PMC10942438 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Somatic genome editing in mouse models has increased our understanding of the in vivo effects of genetic alterations in areas ranging from neuroscience to cancer biology and beyond. However, existing models are limited in their ability to create multiple targeted edits. Thus, our understanding of the complex genetic interactions that underlie development, homeostasis, and disease remains incomplete. Cas12a is an RNA-guided endonuclease with unique attributes that enable simple targeting of multiple genes with crRNA arrays containing tandem guides. To accelerate and expand the generation of complex genotypes in somatic cells, we generated transgenic mice with Cre-regulated and constitutive expression of enhanced Acidaminococcus sp. Cas12a (enAsCas12a). In these mice, enAsCas12a-mediated somatic genome editing robustly generated compound genotypes, as exemplified by the initiation of diverse cancer types driven by homozygous inactivation of trios of tumor suppressor genes. We further integrated these modular crRNA arrays with clonal barcoding to quantify the size and number of tumors with each array, as well as the efficiency of each crRNA. These Cas12a alleles will enable the rapid generation of disease models and broadly facilitate the high-throughput investigation of coincident genomic alterations in somatic cells in vivo .
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15
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Hsiung CCS, Wilson CM, Sambold NA, Dai R, Chen Q, Teyssier N, Misiukiewicz S, Arab A, O'Loughlin T, Cofsky JC, Shi J, Gilbert LA. Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a for higher-order combinatorial chromatin perturbations. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02224-0. [PMID: 38760567 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexed genetic perturbations are critical for testing functional interactions among coding or non-coding genetic elements. Compared to double-stranded DNA cutting, repressive chromatin formation using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) avoids genotoxicity and is more effective for perturbing non-coding regulatory elements in pooled assays. However, current CRISPRi pooled screening approaches are limited to targeting one to three genomic sites per cell. We engineer an Acidaminococcus Cas12a (AsCas12a) variant, multiplexed transcriptional interference AsCas12a (multiAsCas12a), that incorporates R1226A, a mutation that stabilizes the ribonucleoprotein-DNA complex via DNA nicking. The multiAsCas12a-KRAB fusion improves CRISPRi activity over DNase-dead AsCas12a-KRAB fusions, often rescuing the activities of lentivirally delivered CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) that are inactive when used with the latter. multiAsCas12a-KRAB supports CRISPRi using 6-plex crRNA arrays in high-throughput pooled screens. Using multiAsCas12a-KRAB, we discover enhancer elements and dissect the combinatorial function of cis-regulatory elements in human cells. These results instantiate a group testing framework for efficiently surveying numerous combinations of chromatin perturbations for biological discovery and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C-S Hsiung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - C M Wilson
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - R Dai
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Teyssier
- Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Misiukiewicz
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Arab
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - T O'Loughlin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J C Cofsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L A Gilbert
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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16
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Xun G, Zhu Z, Singh N, Lu J, Jain PK, Zhao H. Harnessing noncanonical crRNA for highly efficient genome editing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3823. [PMID: 38714643 PMCID: PMC11076584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas12a system is more advantageous than the widely used CRISPR-Cas9 system in terms of specificity and multiplexibility. However, its on-target editing efficiency is typically much lower than that of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Here we improved its on-target editing efficiency by simply incorporating 2-aminoadenine (base Z, which alters canonical Watson-Crick base pairing) into the crRNA to increase the binding affinity between crRNA and its complementary DNA target. The resulting CRISPR-Cas12a (named zCRISPR-Cas12a thereafter) shows an on-target editing efficiency comparable to that of the CRISPR-Cas9 system but with much lower off-target effects than the CRISPR-Cas9 system in mammalian cells. In addition, zCRISPR-Cas12a can be used for precise gene knock-in and highly efficient multiplex genome editing. Overall, the zCRISPR-Cas12a system is superior to the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and our simple crRNA engineering strategy may be extended to other CRISPR-Cas family members as well as their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nilmani Singh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jingxia Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Piyush K Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.
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17
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Cao M, Bian X, Ji Z, Sohail M, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Li B, Zhang X. Heparin Specifically Inhibits CRISPR/Cas12 Activation, Enabling Ultrasensitive Heparin Detection and Gene Editing Regulation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3970-3978. [PMID: 38386411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated linear glycosaminoglycan that is used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat thrombotic diseases. Herein, we find that heparin specifically inhibits the activation of the Cas12 protein through the competitive binding of heparin and crRNA to Cas12. Studies illustrate that heparin's high molecular weight and strong negative charge are critical parameters for its inhibitory effect. This unexpected finding was engineered for the detection of heparin, affording a low detection limit of 0.36 ng/mL for fluorometric quantification. We further developed a rapid lateral flow-based system named HepaStrip (heparin strip), allowing heparin monitoring in clinical samples within 20 min. Finally, in vivo investigations revealed that heparin can regulate gene editing with the clusters of the regularly spaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas12 system in Escherichia coli. Heparin blocks the formation of Cas12-crRNA ribonucleoprotein, allowing the application of CRISPR for rapid and field-deployable detection of heparin and unleashing the potential use of heparin in future anti-CRISPR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinlan Bian
- Laboratory of Central, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Zhirun Ji
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Bingzhi Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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18
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Selection by essential-gene exon knock-in for the generation of efficient cell therapies. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:388-389. [PMID: 37198442 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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19
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Allen AG, Khan SQ, Margulies CM, Viswanathan R, Lele S, Blaha L, Scott SN, Izzo KM, Gerew A, Pattali R, Cochran NR, Holland CS, Zhao AH, Sherman SE, Jaskolka MC, Wu M, Wilson AC, Sun X, Ciulla DM, Zhang D, Nelson JD, Zhang P, Mazzucato P, Huang Y, Giannoukos G, Marco E, Nehil M, Follit JA, Chang KH, Shearman MS, Wilson CJ, Zuris JA. A highly efficient transgene knock-in technology in clinically relevant cell types. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:458-469. [PMID: 37127662 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient knock-in of transgene cargos limits the potential of cell-based medicines. In this study, we used a CRISPR nuclease that targets a site within an exon of an essential gene and designed a cargo template so that correct knock-in would retain essential gene function while also integrating the transgene(s) of interest. Cells with non-productive insertions and deletions would undergo negative selection. This technology, called SLEEK (SeLection by Essential-gene Exon Knock-in), achieved knock-in efficiencies of more than 90% in clinically relevant cell types without impacting long-term viability or expansion. SLEEK knock-in rates in T cells are more efficient than state-of-the-art TRAC knock-in with AAV6 and surpass more than 90% efficiency even with non-viral DNA cargos. As a clinical application, natural killer cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells containing SLEEK knock-in of CD16 and mbIL-15 show substantially improved tumor killing and persistence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meng Wu
- Editas Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
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20
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Locatelli F, Corbacioglu S, Hobbs W, Frangoul H, Walters MC. Defining curative endpoints for sickle cell disease in the era of gene therapy and gene editing. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:430-438. [PMID: 38010293 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of gene therapy- and gene editing-based treatments for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are entering clinical trials. These treatments, designed to target the underlying cause of SCD, have the potential to provide functional cures, which until now were possible only through allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. However, as these novel approaches advance from early- to late-stage clinical trials, it is essential to identify physiologically and clinically relevant endpoints that can demonstrate the achievement of a functional cure for SCD. Here, we present an overview of the pathophysiology of SCD and current treatment options, review ongoing SCD clinical trials using gene therapy or gene editing approaches, and identify the most relevant endpoints for demonstrating the attainment of a functional cure for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Locatelli
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - William Hobbs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haydar Frangoul
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at TriStar Centennial, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark C Walters
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California, USA
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21
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Sharrar A, Arake de Tacca L, Meacham Z, Staples-Ager J, Collingwood T, Rabuka D, Schelle M. Discovery and engineering of AiEvo2, a novel Cas12a nuclease for human gene editing applications. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105685. [PMID: 38272227 PMCID: PMC10877636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The precision of gene editing technology is critical to creating safe and effective therapies for treating human disease. While the programmability of CRISPR-Cas systems has allowed for rapid innovation of new gene editing techniques, the off-target activity of these enzymes has hampered clinical development for novel therapeutics. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel CRISPR-Cas12a enzyme from Acinetobacter indicus (AiCas12a). We engineer the nuclease (termed AiEvo2) for increased specificity, protospacer adjacent motif recognition, and efficacy on a variety of human clinical targets. AiEvo2 is highly precise and able to efficiently discriminate between normal and disease-causing alleles in Huntington's patient-derived cells by taking advantage of a single nucleotide polymorphism on the disease-associated allele. AiEvo2 efficiently edits several liver-associated target genes including PCSK9 and TTR when delivered to primary hepatocytes as mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle. The enzyme also engineers an effective CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell therapy from primary human T cells using multiplexed simultaneous editing and chimeric antigen receptor insertion. To further ensure precise editing, we engineered an anti-CRISPR protein to selectively inhibit off-target gene editing while retaining therapeutic on-target editing. The engineered AiEvo2 nuclease coupled with a novel engineered anti-CRISPR protein represents a new way to control the fidelity of editing and improve the safety and efficacy of gene editing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Rabuka
- Acrigen Biosciences, Inc, Berkeley, California, USA
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22
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Hsiung CC, Wilson CM, Sambold NA, Dai R, Chen Q, Misiukiewicz S, Arab A, Teyssier N, O'Loughlin T, Cofsky JC, Shi J, Gilbert LA. Higher-order combinatorial chromatin perturbations by engineered CRISPR-Cas12a for functional genomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.18.558350. [PMID: 37781594 PMCID: PMC10541102 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.558350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed genetic perturbations are critical for testing functional interactions among coding or non-coding genetic elements. Compared to double-stranded DNA cutting, repressive chromatin formation using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) avoids genotoxicity and is more effective for perturbing non-coding regulatory elements in pooled assays. However, current CRISPRi pooled screening approaches are limited to targeting 1-3 genomic sites per cell. To develop a tool for higher-order ( > 3) combinatorial targeting of genomic sites with CRISPRi in functional genomics screens, we engineered an Acidaminococcus Cas12a variant -- referred to as mul tiplexed transcriptional interference AsCas12a (multiAsCas12a). multiAsCas12a incorporates a key mutation, R1226A, motivated by the hypothesis of nicking-induced stabilization of the ribonucleoprotein:DNA complex for improving CRISPRi activity. multiAsCas12a significantly outperforms prior state-of-the-art Cas12a variants in combinatorial CRISPRi targeting using high-order multiplexed arrays of lentivirally transduced CRISPR RNAs (crRNA), including in high-throughput pooled screens using 6-plex crRNA array libraries. Using multiAsCas12a CRISPRi, we discover new enhancer elements and dissect the combinatorial function of cis-regulatory elements. These results instantiate a group testing framework for efficiently surveying potentially numerous combinations of chromatin perturbations for biological discovery and engineering.
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23
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Pietralla J, Capdeville N, Schindele P, Puchta H. Optimizing ErCas12a for efficient gene editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:401-412. [PMID: 37864303 PMCID: PMC10826985 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The ErCas12a nuclease, also known as MAD7, is part of a CRISPR/Cas system from Eubacterium rectale and distantly related to Cas12a nucleases. As it shares only 31% sequence homology with the commonly used AsCas12a, its intellectual property may not be covered by the granted patent rights for Cas12a nucleases. Thus, ErCas12a became an attractive alternative for practical applications. However, the editing efficiency of ErCas12a is strongly target sequence- and temperature-dependent. Therefore, optimization of the enzyme activity through protein engineering is especially attractive for its application in plants, as they are cultivated at lower temperatures. Based on the knowledge obtained from the optimization of Cas12a nucleases, we opted to improve the gene editing efficiency of ErCas12a by introducing analogous amino acid exchanges. Interestingly, neither of these mutations analogous to those in the enhanced or Ultra versions of AsCas12a resulted in significant editing enhancement of ErCas12a in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, two different mutations, V156R and K172R, in putative alpha helical structures of the enzyme showed a detectable improvement in editing. By combining these two mutations, we obtained an improved ErCas12a (imErCas12a) variant, showing several-fold increase in activity in comparison to the wild-type enzyme in Arabidopsis. This variant yields strong editing efficiencies at 22 °C which could be further increased by raising the cultivation temperature to 28 °C and even enabled editing of formerly inaccessible targets. Additionally, no enhanced off-site activity was detected. Thus, imErCas12a is an economically attractive and efficient alternative to other CRISPR/Cas systems for plant genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Pietralla
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences (JKIP)Department of Molecular BiologyKarlrsruheGermany
| | - Niklas Capdeville
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences (JKIP)Department of Molecular BiologyKarlrsruheGermany
| | - Patrick Schindele
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences (JKIP)Department of Molecular BiologyKarlrsruheGermany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences (JKIP)Department of Molecular BiologyKarlrsruheGermany
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24
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Hammad R, Alzubi J, Rhiel M, Chmielewski KO, Mosti L, Rositzka J, Heugel M, Lawrenz J, Pennucci V, Gläser B, Fischer J, Schambach A, Moritz T, Lachmann N, Cornu TI, Mussolino C, Schäfer R, Cathomen T. CRISPR-Cas12a for Highly Efficient and Marker-Free Targeted Integration in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:985. [PMID: 38256061 PMCID: PMC10816062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas12a platform has attracted interest in the genome editing community because the prototypical Acidaminococcus Cas12a generates a staggered DNA double-strand break upon binding to an AT-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM, 5'-TTTV). The broad application of the platform in primary human cells was enabled by the development of an engineered version of the natural Cas12a protein, called Cas12a Ultra. In this study, we confirmed that CRISPR-Cas12a Ultra ribonucleoprotein complexes enabled allelic gene disruption frequencies of over 90% at multiple target sites in human T cells, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In addition, we demonstrated, for the first time, the efficient knock-in potential of the platform in human iPSCs and achieved targeted integration of a GFP marker gene into the AAVS1 safe harbor site and a CSF2RA super-exon into CSF2RA in up to 90% of alleles without selection. Clonal analysis revealed bi-allelic integration in >50% of the screened iPSC clones without compromising their pluripotency and genomic integrity. Thus, in combination with the adeno-associated virus vector system, CRISPR-Cas12a Ultra provides a highly efficient genome editing platform for performing targeted knock-ins in human iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Hammad
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- PhD Program, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jamal Alzubi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Rhiel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kay O. Chmielewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- PhD Program, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Mosti
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rositzka
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Heugel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Lawrenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Pennucci
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgitta Gläser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.G.); (J.F.)
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (B.G.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.S.); (T.M.)
- REBIRTH Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.S.); (T.M.)
- REBIRTH Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Nico Lachmann
- REBIRTH Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tatjana I. Cornu
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (R.H.); (J.A.); (M.R.); (K.O.C.); (L.M.); (J.R.); (M.H.); (V.P.); (T.I.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.)
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Kruglova N, Shepelev M. Increasing Gene Editing Efficiency via CRISPR/Cas9- or Cas12a-Mediated Knock-In in Primary Human T Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:119. [PMID: 38255224 PMCID: PMC10813735 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes represent a promising target for genome editing. They are primarily modified to recognize and kill tumor cells or to withstand HIV infection. In most studies, T cell genome editing is performed using the CRISPR/Cas technology. Although this technology is easily programmable and widely accessible, its efficiency of T cell genome editing was initially low. Several crucial improvements were made in the components of the CRISPR/Cas technology and their delivery methods, as well as in the culturing conditions of T cells, before a reasonable editing level suitable for clinical applications was achieved. In this review, we summarize and describe the aforementioned parameters that affect human T cell editing efficiency using the CRISPR/Cas technology, with a special focus on gene knock-in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kruglova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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26
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Badon IW, Oh Y, Kim HJ, Lee SH. Recent application of CRISPR-Cas12 and OMEGA system for genome editing. Mol Ther 2024; 32:32-43. [PMID: 37952084 PMCID: PMC10787141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2012, it was discovered that precise gene editing could be induced in target DNA using the reprogrammable characteristics of the CRISPR system. Since then, several studies have investigated the potential of the CRISPR system to edit various biological organisms. For the typical CRISPR system obtained from bacteria and archaea, many application studies have been conducted and have spread to various fields. To date, orthologs with various characteristics other than CRISPR-Cas9 have been discovered and are being intensively studied in the field of gene editing. CRISPR-Cas12 and its varied orthologs are representative examples of genome editing tools and have superior properties in terms of in vivo target gene editing compared with Cas9. Recently, TnpB and Fanzor of the OMEGA (obligate mobile element guided activity) system were identified to be the ancestor of CRISPR-Cas12 on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. Notably, the compact sizes of Cas12 and OMEGA endonucleases allow adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery; hence, they are set to challenge Cas9 for in vivo gene therapy. This review is focused on these RNA-guided reprogrammable endonucleases: their structure, biochemistry, off-target effects, and applications in therapeutic gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wen Badon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeounsun Oh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Koonin EV, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO. Discovery of Diverse CRISPR-Cas Systems and Expansion of the Genome Engineering Toolbox. Biochemistry 2023; 62:3465-3487. [PMID: 37192099 PMCID: PMC10734277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR systems mediate adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea through diverse effector mechanisms and have been repurposed for versatile applications in therapeutics and diagnostics thanks to their facile reprogramming with RNA guides. RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas targeting and interference are mediated by effectors that are either components of multisubunit complexes in class 1 systems or multidomain single-effector proteins in class 2. The compact class 2 CRISPR systems have been broadly adopted for multiple applications, especially genome editing, leading to a transformation of the molecular biology and biotechnology toolkit. The diversity of class 2 effector enzymes, initially limited to the Cas9 nuclease, was substantially expanded via computational genome and metagenome mining to include numerous variants of Cas12 and Cas13, providing substrates for the development of versatile, orthogonal molecular tools. Characterization of these diverse CRISPR effectors uncovered many new features, including distinct protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) that expand the targeting space, improved editing specificity, RNA rather than DNA targeting, smaller crRNAs, staggered and blunt end cuts, miniature enzymes, promiscuous RNA and DNA cleavage, etc. These unique properties enabled multiple applications, such as harnessing the promiscuous RNase activity of the type VI effector, Cas13, for supersensitive nucleic acid detection. class 1 CRISPR systems have been adopted for genome editing, as well, despite the challenge of expressing and delivering the multiprotein class 1 effectors. The rich diversity of CRISPR enzymes led to rapid maturation of the genome editing toolbox, with capabilities such as gene knockout, base editing, prime editing, gene insertion, DNA imaging, epigenetic modulation, transcriptional modulation, and RNA editing. Combined with rational design and engineering of the effector proteins and associated RNAs, the natural diversity of CRISPR and related bacterial RNA-guided systems provides a vast resource for expanding the repertoire of tools for molecular biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Koonin
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Gootenberg
- McGovern
Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Omar O. Abudayyeh
- McGovern
Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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28
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Zhang Y, Kubiak AM, Bailey TS, Claessen L, Hittmeyer P, Dubois L, Theys J, Lambin P. Development of a CRISPR-Cas12a system for efficient genome engineering in clostridia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0245923. [PMID: 37947521 PMCID: PMC10715149 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02459-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Continued efforts in developing the CRISPR-Cas systems will further enhance our understanding and utilization of Clostridium species. This study demonstrates the development and application of a genome-engineering tool in two Clostridium strains, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium sporogenes, which have promising potential as probiotics and oncolytic agents. Particular attention was given to the folding of precursor crRNA and the role of this process in off-target DNA cleavage by Cas12a. The results provide the guidelines necessary for efficient genome engineering using this system in clostridia. Our findings not only expand our fundamental understanding of genome-engineering tools in clostridia but also improve this technology to allow use of its full potential in a plethora of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Zhang
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra M. Kubiak
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Exomnis Biotech BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S. Bailey
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Claessen
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- LivingMed Biotech SRL, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philip Hittmeyer
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- LivingMed Biotech SRL, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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29
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Wu J, Gao P, Shi Y, Zhang C, Tong X, Fan H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yin H. Characterization of a thermostable Cas12a ortholog. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100126. [PMID: 38047138 PMCID: PMC10692460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas12a has been used for genome editing and molecular diagnosis. The well-studied Cas12a orthologs have a T-rich PAM and are usually categorized as non-thermally stable enzymes. Here, we identified a new Cas12a ortholog from Clostridium thermobutyricum, which survives at 60 °C. This Cas12a ortholog is named as CtCas12a and exhibits low sequence similarity to the known Cas12a family members. CtCas12a is active in a wide temperature range from 17 to 77 °C. Moreover, this ortholog has a relaxed PAM of YYV (Y=C or T, V = A or C or G). We optimized the conditions for trans-cleavage and enabled its detection of nucleic acids. CtCas12a executed genome editing in human cells and generated up to 26% indel formation in the EGFP locus. With the ability to be active at high temperatures as well as having a relaxed PAM sequence, CtCas12a holds potential to be further engineered for pathogen detection and editing a wide range of genomic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, TaiKang Centre for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yajing Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Caixiang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohan Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, TaiKang Centre for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huidi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, TaiKang Centre for Life and Medical Sciences, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Urology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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30
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Chen K, Han H, Zhao S, Xu B, Yin B, Trinidad M, Burgstone BW, Murthy N, Doudna JA. Lung and liver editing by lipid nanoparticle delivery of a stable CRISPR-Cas9 RNP. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.566339. [PMID: 38014175 PMCID: PMC10680715 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.566339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) has the potential to enable high-efficiency in vivo genome editing with low toxicity and an easily manufactured technology, if RNP efficacy can be maintained during LNP production. In this study, we engineered a thermostable Cas9 from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GeoCas9) using directed evolution to generate iGeoCas9 evolved variants capable of robust genome editing of cells and organs. iGeoCas9s were significantly better at editing cells than wild-type GeoCas9, with genome editing levels >100X greater than those induced by the native GeoCas9 enzyme. Furthermore, iGeoCas9 RNP:LNP complexes edited a variety of cell lines and induced homology-directed repair (HDR) in cells receiving co-delivered single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) templates. Using tissue-selective LNP formulations, we observed genome editing of 35‒56% efficiency in the liver or lungs of mice that received intravenous injections of iGeoCas9 RNP:LNPs. In particular, iGeoCas9 complexed to acid-degradable LNPs edited lung tissue in vivo with an average of 35% efficiency, a significant improvement over editing efficiencies observed previously using viral or non-viral delivery strategies. These results show that thermostable Cas9 RNP:LNP complexes are a powerful alternative to mRNA:LNP delivery vehicles, expanding the therapeutic potential of genome editing.
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31
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Tyumentseva M, Tyumentsev A, Akimkin V. CRISPR/Cas9 Landscape: Current State and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16077. [PMID: 38003266 PMCID: PMC10671331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 is a unique genome editing tool that can be easily used in a wide range of applications, including functional genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, biotechnology, plant engineering, livestock breeding, gene therapy, diagnostics, and so on. This review is focused on the current CRISPR/Cas9 landscape, e.g., on Cas9 variants with improved properties, on Cas9-derived and fusion proteins, on Cas9 delivery methods, on pre-existing immunity against CRISPR/Cas9 proteins, anti-CRISPR proteins, and their possible roles in CRISPR/Cas9 function improvement. Moreover, this review presents a detailed outline of CRISPR/Cas9-based diagnostics and therapeutic approaches. Finally, the review addresses the future expansion of genome editors' toolbox with Cas9 orthologs and other CRISPR/Cas proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tyumentseva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.); (V.A.)
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Hino T, Omura SN, Nakagawa R, Togashi T, Takeda SN, Hiramoto T, Tasaka S, Hirano H, Tokuyama T, Uosaki H, Ishiguro S, Kagieva M, Yamano H, Ozaki Y, Motooka D, Mori H, Kirita Y, Kise Y, Itoh Y, Matoba S, Aburatani H, Yachie N, Karvelis T, Siksnys V, Ohmori T, Hoshino A, Nureki O. An AsCas12f-based compact genome-editing tool derived by deep mutational scanning and structural analysis. Cell 2023; 186:4920-4935.e23. [PMID: 37776859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
SpCas9 and AsCas12a are widely utilized as genome-editing tools in human cells. However, their relatively large size poses a limitation for delivery by cargo-size-limited adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The type V-F Cas12f from Acidibacillus sulfuroxidans is exceptionally compact (422 amino acids) and has been harnessed as a compact genome-editing tool. Here, we developed an approach, combining deep mutational scanning and structure-informed design, to successfully generate two AsCas12f activity-enhanced (enAsCas12f) variants. Remarkably, the enAsCas12f variants exhibited genome-editing activities in human cells comparable with those of SpCas9 and AsCas12a. The cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures revealed that the mutations stabilize the dimer formation and reinforce interactions with nucleic acids to enhance their DNA cleavage activities. Moreover, enAsCas12f packaged with partner genes in an all-in-one AAV vector exhibited efficient knock-in/knock-out activities and transcriptional activation in mice. Taken together, enAsCas12f variants could offer a minimal genome-editing platform for in vivo gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi N Omura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoya Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoki Togashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Satoru N Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tasaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hisato Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokuyama
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Soh Ishiguro
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6S 0L4, Canada
| | - Madina Kagieva
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6S 0L4, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Yamano
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideto Mori
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata 997-0035, Japan; Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan; Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kise
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Curreio, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Itoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yachie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6S 0L4, Canada; Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Synthetic Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tautvydas Karvelis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginijus Siksnys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tsukasa Ohmori
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; Center for Gene Therapy Research, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Li G, Zhang Y, Dailey M, Qi Y. Hs1Cas12a and Ev1Cas12a confer efficient genome editing in plants. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1251903. [PMID: 37901282 PMCID: PMC10602648 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1251903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cas12a, also known as Cpf1, is a highly versatile CRISPR-Cas enzyme that has been widely used in genome editing. Unlike its well-known counterpart, Cas9, Cas12a has unique features that make it a highly efficient genome editing tool at AT-rich genomic regions. To enrich the CRISPR-Cas12a plant genome editing toolbox, we explored 17 novel Cas12a orthologs for their genome editing capabilities in plants. Out of them, Ev1Cas12a and Hs1Cas12a showed efficient multiplexed genome editing in rice and tomato protoplasts. Notably, Hs1Cas12a exhibited greater tolerance to lower temperatures. Moreover, Hs1Cas12a generated up to 87.5% biallelic editing in rice T0 plants. Both Ev1Cas12a and Hs1Cas12a achieved effective editing in poplar T0 plants, with up to 100% of plants edited, albeit with high chimerism. Taken together, the efficient genome editing demonstrated by Ev1Cas12a and Hs1Cas12a in both monocot and dicot plants highlights their potential as promising genome editing tools in plant species and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yingxiao Zhang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Micah Dailey
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
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34
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Bestas B, Wimberger S, Degtev D, Madsen A, Rottner AK, Karlsson F, Naumenko S, Callahan M, Touza JL, Francescatto M, Möller CI, Badertscher L, Li S, Cerboni S, Selfjord N, Ericson E, Gordon E, Firth M, Chylinski K, Taheri-Ghahfarokhi A, Bohlooly-Y M, Snowden M, Pangalos M, Nuttall B, Akcakaya P, Sienski G, Maresca M. A Type II-B Cas9 nuclease with minimized off-targets and reduced chromosomal translocations in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5474. [PMID: 37673883 PMCID: PMC10482872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and derived enzymes are widely used as genome editors, but their promiscuous nuclease activity often induces undesired mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Several strategies for mapping off-target effects have emerged, but they suffer from limited sensitivity. To increase the detection sensitivity, we develop an off-target assessment workflow that uses Duplex Sequencing. The strategy increases sensitivity by one order of magnitude, identifying previously unknown SpCas9's off-target mutations in the humanized PCSK9 mouse model. To reduce off-target risks, we perform a bioinformatic search and identify a high-fidelity Cas9 variant of the II-B subfamily from Parasutterella secunda (PsCas9). PsCas9 shows improved specificity as compared to SpCas9 across multiple tested sites, both in vitro and in vivo, including the PCSK9 site. In the future, while PsCas9 will offer an alternative to SpCas9 for research and clinical use, the Duplex Sequencing workflow will enable a more sensitive assessment of Cas9 editing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Bestas
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Wimberger
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dmitrii Degtev
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Madsen
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antje K Rottner
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Karlsson
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergey Naumenko
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Callahan
- Translational Genomics, Translational Medicine, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Julia Liz Touza
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margherita Francescatto
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl Ivar Möller
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Badertscher
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Songyuan Li
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silvia Cerboni
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Selfjord
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elke Ericson
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Euan Gordon
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mike Firth
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Amir Taheri-Ghahfarokhi
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Bohlooly-Y
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mike Snowden
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Barrett Nuttall
- Translational Genomics, Translational Medicine, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Akcakaya
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Sienski
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marcello Maresca
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Riesenberg S, Kanis P, Macak D, Wollny D, Düsterhöft D, Kowalewski J, Helmbrecht N, Maricic T, Pääbo S. Efficient high-precision homology-directed repair-dependent genome editing by HDRobust. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1388-1399. [PMID: 37474806 PMCID: PMC10482697 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Homology-directed repair (HDR), a method for repair of DNA double-stranded breaks can be leveraged for the precise introduction of mutations supplied by synthetic DNA donors, but remains limited by low efficiency and off-target effects. In this study, we report HDRobust, a high-precision method that, via the combined transient inhibition of nonhomologous end joining and microhomology-mediated end joining, resulted in the induction of point mutations by HDR in up to 93% (median 60%, s.e.m. 3) of chromosomes in populations of cells. We found that, using this method, insertions, deletions and rearrangements at the target site, as well as unintended changes at other genomic sites, were largely abolished. We validated this approach for 58 different target sites and showed that it allows efficient correction of pathogenic mutations in cells derived from patients suffering from anemia, sickle cell disease and thrombophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Riesenberg
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kanis
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Macak
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Damian Wollny
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorothee Düsterhöft
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kowalewski
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nelly Helmbrecht
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomislav Maricic
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Human Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
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36
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Wan X, Chen J, Wu Y, Chen Z, Liu Y, Li T, Sun J, Zhang T, Zhou F, Huang X, Li Y, Wang X, Sun X. Rapid and Sensitive Diagnosis of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Variants Using CRISPR/Cas12a Detection. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:540-554. [PMID: 37517824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most common maternally inherited mitochondrial disease, with >90% of cases harboring one of three point variants (m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A, and m.14484T>C). Rapid and sensitive diagnosis of LHON variants is urgently needed for early diagnosis and timely treatment after onset, which is currently limited. Herein, we adapted the Cas12a-based DNA detection platform for LHON mitochondrial variant diagnosis. Single-strand guide CRISPR RNAs and enzymatic recombinase amplification primers were first screened, the CRISPR/Cas12a system was then optimized with restriction enzymes, and finally compared with Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in multicenter clinical samples. This approach can be completed within 30 minutes using only one drop of blood and could reach a sensitivity of 1% of heteroplasmy. Among the 182 multicenter clinical samples, the CRISPR/Cas12a detection system showed high consistency with Sanger sequencing and NGS in both specificity and sensitivity. Notably, a sample harboring a de novo 3.78% m.11778G>A variant detected by NGS, but not by Sanger sequencing, was successfully confirmed using the CRISPR/Cas12a assay, which proved the effectiveness of our method. Overall, our CRISPR/Cas12a detection system provides an alternative for rapid, convenient, and sensitive detection of LHON variants, exhibiting great potential for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junran Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rula Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
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37
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Su H, Wang Y, Xu J, Omar AA, Grosser JW, Calovic M, Zhang L, Feng Y, Vakulskas CA, Wang N. Generation of the transgene-free canker-resistant Citrus sinensis using Cas12a/crRNA ribonucleoprotein in the T0 generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3957. [PMID: 37402755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is a destructive citrus disease worldwide. Generating disease-resistant cultivars is the most effective, environmentally friendly and economic approach for disease control. However, citrus traditional breeding is lengthy and laborious. Here, we develop transgene-free canker-resistant Citrus sinensis lines in the T0 generation within 10 months through transformation of embryogenic protoplasts with Cas12a/crRNA ribonucleoprotein to edit the canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1. Among the 39 regenerated lines, 38 are biallelic/homozygous mutants, demonstrating a 97.4% biallelic/homozygous mutation rate. No off-target mutations are detected in the edited lines. Canker resistance of the cslob1-edited lines results from both abolishing canker symptoms and inhibiting Xcc growth. The transgene-free canker-resistant C. sinensis lines have received regulatory approval by USDA APHIS and are exempted from EPA regulation. This study provides a sustainable and efficient citrus canker control solution and presents an efficient transgene-free genome-editing strategy for citrus and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yuanchun Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Ahmad A Omar
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Milica Calovic
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Yu Feng
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | | | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
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38
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Mikkelsen NS, Bak RO. Enrichment strategies to enhance genome editing. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:51. [PMID: 37393268 PMCID: PMC10315055 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technologies hold great promise for numerous applications including the understanding of cellular and disease mechanisms and the development of gene and cellular therapies. Achieving high editing frequencies is critical to these research areas and to achieve the overall goal of being able to manipulate any target with any desired genetic outcome. However, gene editing technologies sometimes suffer from low editing efficiencies due to several challenges. This is often the case for emerging gene editing technologies, which require assistance for translation into broader applications. Enrichment strategies can support this goal by selecting gene edited cells from non-edited cells. In this review, we elucidate the different enrichment strategies, their many applications in non-clinical and clinical settings, and the remaining need for novel strategies to further improve genome research and gene and cellular therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna S Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, Bldg. 1115, 8000, Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, Bldg. 1115, 8000, Aarhus C., Denmark.
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Zhang H, Kong X, Xue M, Hu J, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Zhang W, Xu M, Shen X, Yin F, Ai Z, Huang G, Xia J, Song X, Li H, Yuan Y, Li J, Zhong N, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Yang H. An engineered xCas12i with high activity, high specificity, and broad PAM range. Protein Cell 2023; 14:538-543. [PMID: 37378659 PMCID: PMC10305737 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Zhang
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | - Mingxing Xue
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing Hu
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zikang Wang
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yinghui Wei
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jingxing Zhou
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Mengqiu Xu
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaowen Shen
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Fengcai Yin
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ai
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | - Junhui Xia
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xueqiong Song
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hengbin Li
- HuiGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- HuiGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Na Zhong
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yingsi Zhou
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hui Yang
- HuiEdit Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
- HuiGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
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40
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Zhang X, Wang X, Lv J, Huang H, Wang J, Zhuo M, Tan Z, Huang G, Liu J, Liu Y, Li M, Lin Q, Li L, Ma S, Huang T, Lin Y, Zhao X, Rong Z. Engineered circular guide RNAs boost CRISPR/Cas12a- and CRISPR/Cas13d-based DNA and RNA editing. Genome Biol 2023; 24:145. [PMID: 37353840 PMCID: PMC10288759 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRISPR/Cas12a and CRISPR/Cas13d systems are widely used for fundamental research and hold great potential for future clinical applications. However, the short half-life of guide RNAs (gRNAs), particularly free gRNAs without Cas nuclease binding, limits their editing efficiency and durability. RESULTS Here, we engineer circular free gRNAs (cgRNAs) to increase their stability, and thus availability for Cas12a and Cas13d processing and loading, to boost editing. cgRNAs increases the efficiency of Cas12a-based transcription activators and genomic DNA cleavage by approximately 2.1- to 40.2-fold for single gene editing and 1.7- to 2.1-fold for multiplexed gene editing than their linear counterparts, without compromising specificity, across multiple sites and cell lines. Similarly, the RNA interference efficiency of Cas13d is increased by around 1.8-fold. In in vivo mouse liver, cgRNAs are more potent in activating gene expression and cleaving genomic DNA. CONCLUSIONS CgRNAs enable more efficient programmable DNA and RNA editing for Cas12a and Cas13d with broad applicability for fundamental research and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523058, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ma Zhuo
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhihong Tan
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guanjie Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mengrao Li
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qixiao Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lian Li
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shufeng Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Department of Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523058, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
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41
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Mikkelsen NS, Hernandez SS, Jensen TI, Schneller JL, Bak RO. Enrichment of transgene integrations by transient CRISPR activation of a silent reporter gene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:1-16. [PMID: 36922985 PMCID: PMC10009645 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas-mediated site-specific integration of transgenes by homology-directed repair (HDR) is challenging, especially in primary cells, where inferior editing efficiency may impede the development of gene- and cellular therapies. Various strategies for enrichment of cells with transgene integrations have been developed, but most strategies either generate unwanted genomic scars or rely on permanent integration and expression of a reporter gene used for selection. However, stable expression of a reporter gene may perturb cell homeostasis and function. Here we develop a broadly applicable and versatile enrichment strategy by harnessing the capability of CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) to transiently induce expression of a therapeutically relevant reporter gene used for immunomagnetic enrichment. This strategy is readily adaptable to primary human T cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), where enrichment of 1.8- to 3.3-fold and 3.2- to 3.6-fold was achieved, respectively. Furthermore, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells were enriched 2.5-fold and demonstrated improved cytotoxicity over non-enriched CAR T cells. Analysis of HDR integrations showed a proportion of cells harboring deletions of the transgene cassette arising either from impartial HDR or truncated adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector genomes. Nonetheless, this novel enrichment strategy expands the possibility to enrich for transgene integrations in research settings and in gene and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trine I Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jessica L Schneller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,RNA and Gene Therapies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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42
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Sudhakar S, Barkau CL, Chilamkurthy R, Barber HM, Pater AA, Moran SD, Damha MJ, Pradeepkumar PI, Gagnon KT. Binding to the conserved and stably folded guide RNA pseudoknot induces Cas12a conformational changes during ribonucleoprotein assembly. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104700. [PMID: 37059184 PMCID: PMC10200996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) comprise one or more RNA and protein molecules that interact to form a stable complex, which commonly involves conformational changes in the more flexible RNA components. Here, we propose that Cas12a RNP assembly with its cognate CRISPR RNA (crRNA) guide instead proceeds primarily through Cas12a conformational changes during binding to more stable, prefolded crRNA 5' pseudoknot handles. Phylogenetic reconstructions and sequence and structure alignments revealed that the Cas12a proteins are divergent in sequence and structure while the crRNA 5' repeat region, which folds into a pseudoknot and anchors binding to Cas12a, is highly conserved. Molecular dynamics simulations of three Cas12a proteins and their cognate guides revealed substantial flexibility for unbound apo-Cas12a. In contrast, crRNA 5' pseudoknots were predicted to be stable and independently folded. Limited trypsin hydrolysis, differential scanning fluorimetry, thermal denaturation, and CD analyses supported conformational changes of Cas12a during RNP assembly and an independently folded crRNA 5' pseudoknot. This RNP assembly mechanism may be rationalized by evolutionary pressure to conserve CRISPR loci repeat sequence, and therefore guide RNA structure, to maintain function across all phases of the CRISPR defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sudhakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Christopher L Barkau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramadevi Chilamkurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Halle M Barber
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adrian A Pater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Sean D Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P I Pradeepkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
| | - Keith T Gagnon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
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43
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Zhang L, Li G, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Roberts N, Glenn SE, DeZwaan-McCabe D, Rube HT, Manthey J, Coleman G, Vakulskas CA, Qi Y. Boosting genome editing efficiency in human cells and plants with novel LbCas12a variants. Genome Biol 2023; 24:102. [PMID: 37122009 PMCID: PMC10150537 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cas12a (formerly known as Cpf1), the class II type V CRISPR nuclease, has been widely used for genome editing in mammalian cells and plants due to its distinct characteristics from Cas9. Despite being one of the most robust Cas12a nucleases, LbCas12a in general is less efficient than SpCas9 for genome editing in human cells, animals, and plants. RESULTS To improve the editing efficiency of LbCas12a, we conduct saturation mutagenesis in E. coli and identify 1977 positive point mutations of LbCas12a. We selectively assess the editing efficiency of 56 LbCas12a variants in human cells, identifying an optimal LbCas12a variant (RVQ: G146R/R182V/E795Q) with the most robust editing activity. We further test LbCas12a-RV, LbCas12a-RRV, and LbCas12a-RVQ in plants and find LbCas12a-RV has robust editing activity in rice and tomato protoplasts. Interestingly, LbCas12a-RRV, resulting from the stacking of RV and D156R, displays improved editing efficiency in stably transformed rice and poplar plants, leading to up to 100% editing efficiency in T0 plants of both plant species. Moreover, this high-efficiency editing occurs even at the non-canonical TTV PAM sites. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that LbCas12a-RVQ is a powerful tool for genome editing in human cells while LbCas12a-RRV confers robust genome editing in plants. Our study reveals the tremendous potential of these LbCas12a variants for advancing precision genome editing applications across a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhang
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
- Current Address: Aera Therapeutics, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yingxiao Zhang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Current Address: Syngenta, 9 Davis Dr, Research Triangle, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yanhao Cheng
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - Steve E Glenn
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | | | - H Tomas Rube
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Jeff Manthey
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Gary Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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44
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Foss DV, Muldoon JJ, Nguyen DN, Carr D, Sahu SU, Hunsinger JM, Wyman SK, Krishnappa N, Mendonsa R, Schanzer EV, Shy BR, Vykunta VS, Allain V, Li Z, Marson A, Eyquem J, Wilson RC. Peptide-mediated delivery of CRISPR enzymes for the efficient editing of primary human lymphocytes. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:647-660. [PMID: 37147433 PMCID: PMC10129304 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-mediated genome editing of primary human lymphocytes is typically carried out via electroporation, which can be cytotoxic, cumbersome and costly. Here we show that the yields of edited primary human lymphocytes can be increased substantially by delivering a CRISPR ribonucleoprotein mixed with an amphiphilic peptide identified through screening. We evaluated the performance of this simple delivery method by knocking out genes in T cells, B cells and natural killer cells via the delivery of Cas9 or Cas12a ribonucleoproteins or an adenine base editor. We also show that peptide-mediated ribonucleoprotein delivery paired with an adeno-associated-virus-mediated homology-directed repair template can introduce a chimaeric antigen receptor gene at the T-cell receptor α constant locus, and that the engineered cells display antitumour potency in mice. The method is minimally perturbative, does not require dedicated hardware, and is compatible with multiplexed editing via sequential delivery, which minimizes the risk of genotoxicity. The peptide-mediated intracellular delivery of ribonucleoproteins may facilitate the manufacturing of engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana V Foss
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Muldoon
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David N Nguyen
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Carr
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Srishti U Sahu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John M Hunsinger
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stacia K Wyman
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Rima Mendonsa
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elaine V Schanzer
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Shy
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vivasvan S Vykunta
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Allain
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ross C Wilson
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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45
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The genome editing revolution. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:396-409. [PMID: 36709094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of spectacular scientific discoveries and technological advances in the second half of the 20th century have provided the basis for the ongoing genome editing revolution. The elucidation of structural and functional features of DNA and RNA was followed by pioneering studies on genome editing: Molecular biotechnology was born. Since then, four decades followed during which progress of scientific insights and technological methods continued at an overwhelming pace. Fundamental insights into microbial host-virus interactions led to the development of tools for genome editing using restriction enzymes or the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas technology. In this review, we provide a historical overview of milestones that led to the genome editing revolution and speculate about future trends in biotechnology.
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46
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Mohr M, Damas N, Gudmand-Høyer J, Zeeberg K, Jedrzejczyk D, Vlassis A, Morera-Gómez M, Pereira-Schoning S, Puš U, Oliver-Almirall A, Lyholm Jensen T, Baumgartner R, Tate Weinert B, Gill RT, Warnecke T. The CRISPR-Cas12a Platform for Accurate Genome Editing, Gene Disruption, and Efficient Transgene Integration in Human Immune Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:375-389. [PMID: 36750230 PMCID: PMC9942205 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas12a nucleases have expanded the toolbox for targeted genome engineering in a broad range of organisms. Here, using a high-throughput engineering approach, we explored the potential of a novel CRISPR-MAD7 system for genome editing in human cells. We evaluated several thousand optimization conditions and demonstrated accurate genome reprogramming with modified MAD7. We identified crRNAs that allow for ≤95% non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and 66% frameshift mutations in various genes and observed the high-cleavage fidelity of MAD7 resulting in undetectable off-target activity. We explored the dsDNA delivery efficiency of CRISPR-MAD7, and by using our optimized transfection protocol, we obtained ≤85% chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) insertions in primary T cells, thus exceeding the baseline integration efficiencies of therapeutically relevant transgenes using currently available virus-free technologies. Finally, we evaluated multiplex editing efficiency with CRISPR-MAD7 and demonstrated simultaneous ≤35% CAR transgene insertions and ≤80% gene disruption efficiencies. Both the platform and our transfection procedure are easily adaptable for further preclinical studies and could potentially be used for clinical manufacturing of CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mohr
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nkerorema Damas
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johanne Gudmand-Høyer
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Zeeberg
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dominika Jedrzejczyk
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arsenios Vlassis
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martí Morera-Gómez
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara Pereira-Schoning
- Artisan
Bio, 363 Centennial Parkway,
Suite 310, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | - Urška Puš
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Oliver-Almirall
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tanja Lyholm Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Artisan
Bio, 363 Centennial Parkway,
Suite 310, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | - Brian Tate Weinert
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ryan T. Gill
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,Artisan
Bio, 363 Centennial Parkway,
Suite 310, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States,
| | - Tanya Warnecke
- Artisan
Bio, 363 Centennial Parkway,
Suite 310, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States,
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47
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Deng X, Zhou J, Cao Y. Generating universal chimeric antigen receptor expressing cell products from induced pluripotent stem cells: beyond the autologous CAR-T cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:127-137. [PMID: 36806264 PMCID: PMC10106131 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adoptive therapeutic immune cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and natural killer cells, have established a new generation of precision medicine based on which dramatic breakthroughs have been achieved in intractable lymphoma treatments. Currently, well-explored approaches focus on autologous cells due to their low immunogenicity, but they are highly restricted by the high costs, time consumption of processing, and the insufficiency of primary cells in some patients. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cell sources that can theoretically produce indefinite well-differentiated immune cells. Based on the above facts, it may be reasonable to combine the iPSC technology and the CAR design to produce a series of highly controllable and economical "live" drugs. Manufacturing hypoimmunogenic iPSCs by inactivation or over-expression at the genetic level and then arming the derived cells with CAR have emerged as a form of "off-the-shelf" strategy to eliminate tumor cells efficiently and safely in a broader range of patients. This review describes the reasonability, feasibility, superiority, and drawbacks of such approaches, summarizes the current practices and relevant research progress, and provides insights into the possible new paths for personalized cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Deng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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48
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Kohabir KAV, Nooi LO, Brink A, Brakenhoff RH, Sistermans EA, Wolthuis RMF. In Vitro CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Detection of Cancer-Associated TP53 Hotspot Mutations Beyond the crRNA Seed Region. CRISPR J 2023; 6:127-139. [PMID: 36637878 PMCID: PMC10123810 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective and time-efficient detection of oncogenic mutations supports improved presymptomatic cancer diagnostics and post-treatment disease monitoring. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas12a is an RNA-guided endonuclease that, upon protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-dependent recognition of target DNA in cis, exhibits indiscriminate ssDNase activity in trans, which can be harnessed for diagnostics. TP53, one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes in cancer, displays recurring point mutations at so-called "hotspots." In this study, we optimized Cas12a-based assay conditions for in vitro detection of six TP53 hotspot mutations at the codon for p.R273, located outside the Cas12a seed region, and evaluated the specificities of four commercial Cas12a variants. We found that nonengineered LbCas12a significantly outperformed the other tested nucleases specifically in distinguishing mutant p.R273 codons in synthetic DNA, mock cell-free DNA, and tissue biopsies, despite the suboptimal PAM-distal positioning of the corresponding mutations. Future clinical Cas12a-based applications may include point-of-care tumor analysis, cost-effective mutation screening, and improved monitoring of individual cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavish A V Kohabir
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Embryonic & Fetal Development, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Imaging and Biomarkers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars O Nooi
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Brink
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Imaging and Biomarkers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A Sistermans
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Embryonic & Fetal Development, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Gaillochet C, Peña Fernández A, Goossens V, D’Halluin K, Drozdzecki A, Shafie M, Van Duyse J, Van Isterdael G, Gonzalez C, Vermeersch M, De Saeger J, Develtere W, Audenaert D, De Vleesschauwer D, Meulewaeter F, Jacobs TB. Systematic optimization of Cas12a base editors in wheat and maize using the ITER platform. Genome Biol 2023; 24:6. [PMID: 36639800 PMCID: PMC9838060 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing an ever-increasing number of CRISPR components is challenging when developing new genome engineering tools. Plant biotechnology has few high-throughput options to perform iterative design-build-test-learn cycles of gene-editing reagents. To bridge this gap, we develop ITER (Iterative Testing of Editing Reagents) based on 96-well arrayed protoplast transfections and high-content imaging. RESULTS We validate ITER in wheat and maize protoplasts using Cas9 cytosine and adenine base editors (ABEs), allowing one optimization cycle - from design to results - within 3 weeks. Given that previous LbCas12a-ABEs have low or no activity in plants, we use ITER to develop an optimized LbCas12a-ABE. We show that sequential improvement of five components - NLS, crRNA, LbCas12a, adenine deaminase, and linker - leads to a remarkable increase in activity from almost undetectable levels to 40% on an extrachromosomal GFP reporter. We confirm the activity of LbCas12a-ABE at endogenous targets in protoplasts and obtain base-edited plants in up to 55% of stable wheat transformants and the edits are transmitted to T1 progeny. We leverage these improvements to develop a highly mutagenic LbCas12a nuclease and a LbCas12a-CBE demonstrating that the optimizations can be broadly applied to the Cas12a toolbox. CONCLUSION Our data show that ITER is a sensitive, versatile, and high-throughput platform that can be harnessed to accelerate the development of genome editing technologies in plants. We use ITER to create an efficient Cas12a-ABE by iteratively testing a large panel of vector components. ITER will likely be useful to create and optimize genome editing reagents in a wide range of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gaillochet
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Peña Fernández
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vera Goossens
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Screening Core, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katelijn D’Halluin
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Drozdzecki
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Screening Core, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Shafie
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Van Duyse
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Flow Core, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Flow Core, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Camila Gonzalez
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mattias Vermeersch
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas De Saeger
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ward Develtere
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Screening Core, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas B. Jacobs
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.511033.5VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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50
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Ma E, Chen K, Shi H, Stahl EC, Adler B, Trinidad M, Liu J, Zhou K, Ye J, Doudna J. Improved genome editing by an engineered CRISPR-Cas12a. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12689-12701. [PMID: 36537251 PMCID: PMC9825149 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas12a is an RNA-guided, programmable genome editing enzyme found within bacterial adaptive immune pathways. Unlike CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12a uses only a single catalytic site to both cleave target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (cis-activity) and indiscriminately degrade single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (trans-activity). To investigate how the relative potency of cis- versus trans-DNase activity affects Cas12a-mediated genome editing, we first used structure-guided engineering to generate variants of Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a that selectively disrupt trans-activity. The resulting engineered mutant with the biggest differential between cis- and trans-DNase activity in vitro showed minimal genome editing activity in human cells, motivating a second set of experiments using directed evolution to generate additional mutants with robust genome editing activity. Notably, these engineered and evolved mutants had enhanced ability to induce homology-directed repair (HDR) editing by 2-18-fold compared to wild-type Cas12a when using HDR donors containing mismatches with crRNA at the PAM-distal region. Finally, a site-specific reversion mutation produced improved Cas12a (iCas12a) variants with superior genome editing efficiency at genomic sites that are difficult to edit using wild-type Cas12a. This strategy establishes a pipeline for creating improved genome editing tools by combining structural insights with randomization and selection. The available structures of other CRISPR-Cas enzymes will enable this strategy to be applied to improve the efficacy of other genome-editing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Ma
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Honglue Shi
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Stahl
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ben Adler
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marena Trinidad
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junjie Liu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaihong Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinjuan Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
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