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Yu Y, Lyu C, Li X, Yang L, Wang J, Li H, Xin Z, Xu X, Ren C, Yang G. Remodeling of tumor microenvironment by extracellular matrix protein 1a differentially regulates ovarian cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2024; 596:217022. [PMID: 38849014 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
We previously reported that extracellular matrix protein 1 isoform a (ECM1a) promotes epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) through autocrine signaling by binding to cell surface receptors αXβ2. However, the role of ECM1a as a secretory molecule in the tumor microenvironment is rarely reported. In this study, we constructed murine Ecm1-knockout mice and human ECM1a-knockin mice and further generated orthotopic or peritoneal xenograft tumor models to mimic the different metastatic stages of EOC. We show that ECM1a induces oncogenic metastasis of orthotopic xenograft tumors, but inhibits early-metastasis of peritoneal xenograft tumors. ECM1a remodels extracellular matrices (ECM) and promotes remote metastases by recruiting and transforming bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ+) cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and facilitating the secretion of angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2). Competing with ECM1a, ANGPTL2 also binds to integrin αX through the P1/P2 peptides, resulting in negative effects on BMSC differentiation. Collectively, this study reveals the dual functions of ECM1a in remodeling of TME during tumor progression, emphasizing the complexity of EOC phenotypic heterogeneity and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjue Yu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China; Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Cuiting Lyu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Zhaochen Xin
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China; Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China
| | - Chunxia Ren
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Gong Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200140, China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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2
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Estephan LE, Kumar G, Stewart M, Banoub R, Linnenbach A, Harshyne LA, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Mahoney MG, Curry JM, Johnson J, South AP, Luginbuhl AJ. Altered extracellular matrix correlates with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and disease progression in younger adults with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1412212. [PMID: 38957320 PMCID: PMC11217481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurs most frequently in patients >60 years old with a history of tobacco and alcohol use. Epidemiological studies describe increased incidence of OSCC in younger adults (<45 years). Despite its poor prognosis, knowledge of OSCC tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics in younger adults is scarce and could help inform possible resistance to emerging treatment options. Methods Patients with OSCC were evaluated using TCGA-HNSC (n=121) and a stage and subsite-matched institutional cohort (n=8) to identify differential gene expression focusing on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes in younger (≤45 years) vs. older adults (≥60 years). NanoString nCounter analysis was performed using isolated total RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Stained tumor slides from young and old OSCC patients were evaluated for CD8+ T-cell counts using immunohistochemistry. Results Younger OSCC patients demonstrated significantly increased expression of ECM remodeling and EMT process genes, as well as TME immunosuppression. Gene set enrichment analyses demonstrated increased ECM pathways and concurrent decreased immune pathways in young relative to old patients. Transcripts per million of genetic markers involved in ECM remodeling including LAMB3, VCAN, S100A9, COL5A1, and ITGB2 were significantly increased in tumors of younger vs. older patients (adjusted p-value < 0.10). Young patient TMEs demonstrated a 2.5-fold reduction in CD8+ T-cells as compared to older patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion Differential gene expression impacting ECM remodeling and TME immunosuppression may contribute to disease progression in younger adult OSCC and has implications on response to evolving treatment modalities, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard E. Estephan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Raphael Banoub
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alban Linnenbach
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larry A. Harshyne
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outschoorn
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - My G. Mahoney
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph M. Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew P. South
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam J. Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Xinyi X, Gong Y. The role of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 in tumor progression. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7285. [PMID: 38896016 PMCID: PMC11187935 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 is mostly known as a transporter for intracellular cholesterol efflux, and a number of studies indicate that ABCG1 also functions actively in tumor initiation and progression. This review aimed to provide an overall review of how ABCG1 acts in tumor progression. METHOD A comprehensive searching about ABCG1 and tumor was conducted up to November 2023 using proper keywords through databases including PubMed and Web of Science. RESULT Overall, ABCG1 plays a crucial role in the development of multiple tumorigenesis. ABCG1 enhances tumor-promoting ability through conferring stem-like properties to cancer cells and mediates chemoresistance in multiple cancers. Additionally, ABCG1 may act as a kinase to phosphorylate downstream molecules and induces tumor growth. In tumor microenvironment, ABCG1 plays a substantial role in immunity response through macrophages to create a tumor-favoring circumstance. CONCLUSION High expression of ABCG1 is usually associated with poor prognosis, which means ABCG1 may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers. ABCG1-targeted therapy may provide a novel treatment for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xinyi
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Gong
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyFudan University Shanghai Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
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Nasimi Shad A, Moghbeli M. Integrins as the pivotal regulators of cisplatin response in tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:265. [PMID: 38741195 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a widely used first-line chemotherapeutic drug in various cancers. However, CDDP resistance is frequently observed in cancer patients. Therefore, it is required to evaluate the molecular mechanisms associated with CDDP resistance to improve prognosis among cancer patients. Integrins are critical factors involved in tumor metastasis that regulate cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. They modulate several cellular mechanisms including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, polarity, and chemo resistance. Modification of integrin expression levels can be associated with both tumor progression and inhibition. Integrins are also involved in drug resistance of various solid tumors through modulation of the tumor cell interactions with interstitial matrix and extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, in the present review we discussed the role of integrin protein family in regulation of CDDP response in tumor cells. It has been reported that integrins mainly promoted the CDDP resistance through interaction with PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and WNT signaling pathways. They also regulated the CDDP mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. This review paves the way to suggest the integrins as the reliable therapeutic targets to improve CDDP response in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Nasimi Shad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Xu T, Verhagen MP, Teeuwssen M, Sun W, Joosten R, Sacchetti A, Ewing-Graham PC, Jansen MPHM, Boere IA, Bryce NS, Zeng J, Treutlein HR, Hook J, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Fodde R. Tropomyosin1 isoforms underlie epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity, metastatic dissemination, and resistance to chemotherapy in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:360-377. [PMID: 38365970 PMCID: PMC10923901 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, defined as the ability of individual cells with stable genotypes to exert different phenotypes upon exposure to specific environmental cues, represent the quintessential hallmark of the cancer cell en route from the primary lesion to distant organ sites where metastatic colonization will occur. Phenotypic plasticity is driven by a broad spectrum of epigenetic mechanisms that allow for the reversibility of epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions (EMT/MET). By taking advantage of the co-existence of epithelial and quasi-mesenchymal cells within immortalized cancer cell lines, we have analyzed the role of EMT-related gene isoforms in the regulation of epithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) in high grade serous ovarian cancer. When compared with colon cancer, a distinct spectrum of downstream targets characterizes quasi-mesenchymal ovarian cancer cells, likely to reflect the different modalities of metastasis formation between these two types of malignancy, i.e. hematogenous in colon and transcoelomic in ovarian cancer. Moreover, upstream RNA-binding proteins differentially expressed between epithelial and quasi-mesenchymal subpopulations of ovarian cancer cells were identified that underlie differential regulation of EMT-related isoforms. In particular, the up- and down-regulation of RBM24 and ESRP1, respectively, represent a main regulator of EMT in ovarian cancer cells. To validate the functional and clinical relevance of our approach, we selected and functionally analyzed the Tropomyosin 1 gene (TPM1), encoding for a protein that specifies the functional characteristics of individual actin filaments in contractile cells, among the ovarian-specific downstream AS targets. The low-molecular weight Tpm1.8/9 isoforms are specifically expressed in patient-derived ascites and promote invasion through activation of EMT and Wnt signaling, together with a broad spectrum of inflammation-related pathways. Moreover, Tpm1.8/9 expression confers resistance to taxane- and platinum-based chemotherapy. Small molecule inhibitors that target the Tpm1 isoforms support targeting Tpm1.8/9 as therapeutic targets for the development of future tailor-made clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs P Verhagen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Teeuwssen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis (ETZ), Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Paris, France
| | - Rosalie Joosten
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maurice P H M Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A Boere
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole S Bryce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jun Zeng
- Computist Bio-NanoTech, Scoresby, VIC, 3179, Australia
| | - Herbert R Treutlein
- Computist Bio-NanoTech, Scoresby, VIC, 3179, Australia
- Sanoosa Pty. Ltd, Moonee Ponds, VIC, 3039, Australia
| | - Jeff Hook
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Zhang C, Cheng H, Ye X, Cui H, Li Y, Zhu H, Chang X. ECM1 promotes migration and invasion in endometriosis. Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100826. [PMID: 37992590 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is a glycoprotein that may be a key player in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. However, knowledge regarding the role of ECM1 in endometriosis (EM) is still lacking. Microarray analyses were performed to compare the mRNA expression patterns between paired EU tissues and ectopic endometrial (EC) tissues (n = 4) from EM patients. ECM1 expression was significantly increased in the eutopic endometrial (EU) tissues than paired EC tissues of endometriotic patients and normal endometrial (NE) tissues of controls without EM. Blocking ECM1 with siRNA attenuated the migration and invasion of hEM15A cells and modified the distribution of the F-actin cytoskeleton. We conducted microarray analyses and bioinformatics analyses to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related pathways regulated by ECM1. A total of 161 DEGs between the siECM1 and the negative control (siNC) treatments were identified, consisting of 79 downregulated genes and 82 upregulated genes. Enriched DEGs were associated with 9 gene ontology (GO) terms. Moreover, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for the hub genes and modules. Radixin (RDX) was the second most downregulated gene in the siECM1 group compared with the siNC group. ECM1 knockdown significantly decreased the expression of RDX, RhoC, ROCK1, N-cadherin and β-catenin but not ROCK2. ECM1 showed high tissue-specific expression in EU tissues from EM patients, and may contribute to the migration, invasion and reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton in eutopic endometrial stromal cells via the RhoC/ROCK1 signaling pathway in EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honglan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Xu K, Fu A, Li Z, Miao L, Lou Z, Jiang K, Lau C, Su T, Tong T, Bao J, Lyu A, Kwan HY. Elevated extracellular matrix protein 1 in circulating extracellular vesicles supports breast cancer progression under obesity conditions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1685. [PMID: 38402239 PMCID: PMC10894219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The cargo content in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) changes under pathological conditions. Our data shows that in obesity, extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) protein levels are significantly increased in circulating sEVs, which is dependent on integrin-β2. Knockdown of integrin-β2 does not affect cellular ECM1 protein levels but significantly reduces ECM1 protein levels in the sEVs released by these cells. In breast cancer (BC), overexpressing ECM1 increases matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and S100A/B protein levels. Interestingly, sEVs purified from high-fat diet-induced obesity mice (D-sEVs) deliver more ECM1 protein to BC cells compared to sEVs from control diet-fed mice. Consequently, BC cells secrete more ECM1 protein, which promotes cancer cell invasion and migration. D-sEVs treatment also significantly enhances ECM1-mediated BC metastasis and growth in mouse models, as evidenced by the elevated tumor levels of MMP3 and S100A/B. Our study reveals a mechanism and suggests sEV-based strategies for treating obesity-associated BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Xu
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ai Fu
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangbin Miao
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghan Lou
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keying Jiang
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Condon Lau
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Tong
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfeng Bao
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Systems Medicine and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Systems Medicine and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Han W, Shi D, Yang Q, Li X, Zhang J, Peng C, Yan F. Alteration of chromosome structure impacts gene expressions implicated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:206. [PMID: 38395755 PMCID: PMC10885383 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with a five-year survival rate of approximately 10%. Genetic mutations are pivotal drivers in PDAC pathogenesis, but recent investigations also revealed the involvement of non-genetic alterations in the disease development. In this study, we undertook a multi-omics approach, encompassing ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and Hi-C methodologies, to dissect gene expression alterations arising from changes in chromosome accessibility and chromatin three-dimensional interactions in PDAC. RESULTS Our findings indicate that chromosomal structural alterations can lead to abnormal expressions on key genes during PDAC development. Notably, overexpression of oncogenes FGFR2, FOXA2, CYP2R1, and CPOX can be attributed to the augmentation of promoter accessibility, coupled with long-range interactions with distal elements. Additionally, our findings indicate that chromosomal structural alterations caused by genomic instability can lead to abnormal expressions in PDACs. As an example, by analyzing chromosomal changes, we identified a putative oncogenic gene, LPAR1, which shows upregulated expression in both PDAC cell lines and clinical samples. The overexpression is correlated with alterations in LPAR1-associated 3D genome structure and chromatin state. We further demonstrated that high LPAR1 activity is required for enhanced PDAC cell migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings reveal that the chromosomal conformational alterations, in addition to the well-known genetic mutations, are critical for PDAC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Detong Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
- Southeast United Graduate School, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China.
| | - Fang Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio- resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China.
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9
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Hu HH, Wang SQ, Shang HL, Lv HF, Chen BB, Gao SG, Chen XB. Roles and inhibitors of FAK in cancer: current advances and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1274209. [PMID: 38410129 PMCID: PMC10895298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1274209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that exhibits high expression in various tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis. FAK activation promotes tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis via both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent pathways. Moreover, FAK is crucial for sustaining the tumor microenvironment. The inhibition of FAK impedes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in cancer. Therefore, developing targeted inhibitors against FAK presents a promising therapeutic strategy. To date, numerous FAK inhibitors, including IN10018, defactinib, GSK2256098, conteltinib, and APG-2449, have been developed, which have demonstrated positive anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies and are undergoing clinical trials for several types of tumors. Moreover, many novel FAK inhibitors are currently in preclinical studies to advance targeted therapy for tumors with aberrantly activated FAK. The benefits of FAK degraders, especially in terms of their scaffold function, are increasingly evident, holding promising potential for future clinical exploration and breakthroughs. This review aims to clarify FAK's role in cancer, offering a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of FAK-targeted therapy and combination approaches. The goal is to provide valuable insights for advancing anti-cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Li Shang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - She-Gan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Lin C, Zeng M, Song J, Li H, Feng Z, Li K, Pei Y. PRRSV alters m 6A methylation and alternative splicing to regulate immune, extracellular matrix-associated function. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126741. [PMID: 37696370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The alternative splicing and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications occurring during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections remain poorly understood. Transcriptome and MeRIP-seq analyses were performed to identify the gene expression changes, splicing and m6A modifications in the lungs of PRRSV-infected pigs. In total, 1624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between PRRSV-infected and uninfected pigs. We observed significant alterations in alternative splicing (54,367 events) and m6A modifications (2265 DASEs) in numerous genes, including LMO7, SLC25A27, ZNF185, and ECM1, during PRRSV infection. LMO7 and ZNF185 exhibited alternative splicing variants and reduced mRNA expression levels following PRRSV infection. Notably, LMO7 inhibited c-JUN, SMAD3, and FAK expression, whereas ZNF185 affected the expression of FAK, CDH1, and GSK3β downstream. Additionally, ECM1 influenced FAK expression by targeting ITGB3 and AKT2, suggesting its involvement in extracellular matrix accumulation through the ITGB3-AKT2/FAK pathway. These changes may facilitate viral invasion and replication by modulating the expression of genes and proteins participating in crucial cellular processes associated with immunity and the extracellular matrix. We highlight the importance of these genes and their associated pathways in PRRSV infections and suggest that targeting these may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Mu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jia Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Kui Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China.
| | - Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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11
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Cruz-Acuña R, Kariuki SW, Sugiura K, Karaiskos S, Plaster EM, Loebel C, Efe G, Karakasheva T, Gabre JT, Hu J, Burdick JA, Rustgi AK. Engineered hydrogel reveals contribution of matrix mechanics to esophageal adenocarcinoma and identifies matrix-activated therapeutic targets. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168146. [PMID: 37788109 PMCID: PMC10688988 DOI: 10.1172/jci168146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness has been implicated in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. However, the underlying protumorigenic pathways are yet to be defined. Additional work is needed to develop physiologically relevant in vitro 3D culture models that better recapitulate the human tumor microenvironment and can be used to dissect the contributions of matrix stiffness to EAC pathogenesis. Here, we describe a modular, tumor ECM-mimetic hydrogel platform with tunable mechanical properties, defined presentation of cell-adhesive ligands, and protease-dependent degradation that supports robust in vitro growth and expansion of patient-derived EAC 3D organoids (EAC PDOs). Hydrogel mechanical properties control EAC PDO formation, growth, proliferation, and activation of tumor-associated pathways that elicit stem-like properties in the cancer cells, as highlighted through in vitro and in vivo environments. We also demonstrate that the engineered hydrogel serves as a platform for identifying potential therapeutic targets to disrupt the contribution of protumorigenic matrix mechanics in EAC. Together, these studies show that an engineered PDO culture platform can be used to elucidate underlying matrix-mediated mechanisms of EAC and inform the development of therapeutics that target ECM stiffness in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Secunda W. Kariuki
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kensuke Sugiura
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Spyros Karaiskos
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gizem Efe
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tatiana Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel T. Gabre
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Hardy SA, Liesinger L, Patrick R, Poettler M, Rech L, Gindlhuber J, Mabotuwana NS, Ashour D, Stangl V, Bigland M, Murtha LA, Starkey MR, Scherr D, Hansbro PM, Hoefler G, Campos Ramos G, Cochain C, Harvey RP, Birner-Gruenberger R, Boyle AJ, Rainer PP. Extracellular Matrix Protein-1 as a Mediator of Inflammation-Induced Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1539-1554. [PMID: 38205347 PMCID: PMC10774582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Irreversible fibrosis is a hallmark of myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. Extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM-1) is up-regulated in these hearts, localized to fibrotic, inflammatory, and perivascular areas. ECM-1 originates predominantly from fibroblasts, macrophages, and pericytes/vascular cells in uninjured human and mouse hearts, and from M1 and M2 macrophages and myofibroblasts after MI. ECM-1 stimulates fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, up-regulates key fibrotic and inflammatory pathways, and inhibits cardiac fibroblast migration. ECM-1 binds HuCFb cell surface receptor LRP1, and LRP1 inhibition blocks ECM-1 from stimulating fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, confirming a novel ECM-1-LRP1 fibrotic signaling axis. ECM-1 may represent a novel mechanism facilitating inflammation-fibrosis crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. Hardy
- Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Liesinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Patrick
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria Poettler
- Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lavinia Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nishani S. Mabotuwana
- Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - DiyaaEldin Ashour
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark Bigland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy A. Murtha
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm R. Starkey
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Scherr
- Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gustavo Campos Ramos
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clement Cochain
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew J. Boyle
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter P. Rainer
- Department of Internal Medicine and University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Medicine, St. Johann in Tirol General Hospital, St. Johann in Tirol, Austria
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13
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Liang L, Shang J, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Zhouteng Y, Wen J, Zhao Y, Feng N, Zhao R. Identification and validation of obesity related genes signature based on microenvironment phenotypes in prostate adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10168-10192. [PMID: 37788005 PMCID: PMC10599753 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of obesity related genes (ORGs) in the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) has not yet been proved by research. METHODS We comprehensively evaluated the ORGs patterns in PRAD based on tumor microenvironment (TME) phenotypes and immunotherapy efficacies. Then we constructed a ORGs risk score for prognosis and a ORGs signature for accurate prediction of TME phenotype and immunotherapy efficacy in order to evaluate individual patients. RESULTS Two distinct ORGs patterns were generated. The two ORGs patterns were consistent with inflammatory and non-inflammatory TME phenotypes. ORGs patterns had an important role for predicting immunotherapy efficacies. Next, we constructed a ORGs risk score for predicting each patient's prognosis with high performance in TCGA-PRAD. The ORGs risk score could be well verified in the external cohorts including GSE70769 and GSE21034. Then, we developed a ORGs signature and found it was significantly positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in TCGA-PRAD. We found that each patient in the high-risk ORGs signature group represented a non-inflamed TME phenotype on the single cell level. The patients with high ORGs signature had more sensitivity to immunotherapy. And those ORGs were verified. CONCLUSIONS ORGs pattern depicts different TME phenotypes in PRAD. The ORGs risk score and ORGs signature have an important role for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Liang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinwei Shang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | - Yuxin Zhao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Xia Y, Jin Z, Zhang C, Ouyang L, Dong Y, Li J, Guo L, Jing B, Shi Y, Miao S, Xi R. TAGET: a toolkit for analyzing full-length transcripts from long-read sequencing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5935. [PMID: 37741817 PMCID: PMC10518008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule Real-time Isoform Sequencing (Iso-seq) of transcriptomes by PacBio can generate very long and accurate reads, thus providing an ideal platform for full-length transcriptome analysis. We present an integrated computational toolkit named TAGET for Iso-seq full-length transcript data analyses, including transcript alignment, annotation, gene fusion detection, and quantification analyses such as differential expression gene analysis and differential isoform usage analysis. We evaluate the performance of TAGET using a public Iso-seq dataset and newly sequenced Iso-seq datasets from tumor patients. TAGET gives significantly more precise novel splice site prediction and enables more accurate novel isoform and gene fusion discoveries, as validated by experimental validations and comparisons with RNA-seq data. We identify and experimentally validate a differential isoform usage gene ECM1, and further show that its isoform ECM1b may be a tumor-suppressor in laryngocarcinoma. Our results demonstrate that TAGET provides a valuable computational toolkit and can be applied to many full-length transcriptome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Xia
- College of Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, 100192, Beijing, China
- Beijing GeneX Health Co.,Ltd, 100195, Beijing, China
| | - Zijie Jin
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | | | - Linkun Ouyang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Beijing GeneX Health Co.,Ltd, 100195, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lvze Guo
- Beijing GeneX Health Co.,Ltd, 100195, Beijing, China
| | - Biyang Jing
- Beijing GeneX Health Co.,Ltd, 100195, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Shi
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Susheng Miao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150081, Harbin, China.
| | - Ruibin Xi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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15
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Tang Z, Xu Y, Tan Y, Shi H, Jin P, Li Y, Teng J, Liu H, Pan H, Hu Q, Cheng X, Ye J, Su Y, Sun Y, Meng J, Zhou Z, Chi H, Wang X, Liu J, Lu Y, Liu F, Dai J, Yang C, Chen S, Liu T. CD36 mediates SARS-CoV-2-envelope-protein-induced platelet activation and thrombosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5077. [PMID: 37604832 PMCID: PMC10442425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant coagulation and thrombosis are associated with severe COVID-19 post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here we show that serum levels of SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein are associated with coagulation disorders of COVID-19 patients, and intravenous administration of the E protein is able to potentiate thrombosis in mice. Through protein pull-down and mass spectrometry, we find that CD36, a transmembrane glycoprotein, directly binds with E protein and mediates hyperactivation of human and mouse platelets through the p38 MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway. Conversely, the pharmacological blockade of CD36 or p38 notably attenuates human platelet activation induced by the E protein. Similarly, the genetic deficiency of CD36, as well as the pharmacological inhibition of p38 in mice, significantly diminishes E protein-induced platelet activation and thrombotic events. Together, our study reveals a critical role for the CD36-p38 axis in E protein-induced platelet hyperactivity, which could serve as an actionable target for developing therapies against aberrant thrombotic events related to the severity and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Peipei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Haoyu Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junna Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yutong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianfen Meng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhuochao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huihui Chi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Saijuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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16
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Peng S, He T, Liu Y, Zheng L, Zhong Y, Niu Z, Zhang M, Yang S. Lnc-PPP2R1B Mediates the Alternative Splicing of PPP2R1B by Interacting and Stabilizing HNRNPLL and Promotes Osteogenesis of MSCs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1981-1993. [PMID: 37243830 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteogeinc differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts is a key step for bone tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The insight into regulatory mechanism of osteogenesis of MSCs facilitates achieving better recovery effect. Long non-coding RNAs are regarded as a family of important moderators in osteogenesis. In this study, we found a novel lncRNA, lnc-PPP2R1B was up-regulated during osteogenesis of MSCs by Illumina HiSeq transcritome sequencing. We demonstrated lnc-PPP2R1B overexpression promoted osteogenesis and knockdown of lnc-PPP2R1B inhibited osteogenesis of MSCs. Mechanically, it physically interacted with and up-regulated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L Like (HNRNPLL), which is a master regulator of activation-induced alternative splicing in T cells. We found lnc-PPP2R1B knockdown or HNRNPLL knockdown decreased transcript-201 of Protein Phosphatase 2A, Regulatory Subunit A, Beta Isoform (PPP2R1B) while increased transcript-203 of PPP2R1B, and did not affect transcript-202/204/206. PPP2R1B is a constant regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), which activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway by removing phosphorylation and stabilization of β-catenin and translocation into nucleus. The transcript-201 retained exon 2 and 3, compared to transcript-203. And it was reported the exon 2 and 3 of PPP2R1B were one part of B subunit binding domain on A subunit in PP2A trimer, and therefore retaining exon 2 and 3 promised formation and enzyme function of PP2A. Finally, lnc-PPP2R1B promoted ectopic osteogenesis in vivo. Conclusively, lnc-PPP2R1B mediated alternative splicing of PPP2R1B through retaining exon 2 and 3 by interacting with HNRNPLL and then promoted osteogenesis, which may facilitate an in-depth understanding of function and mechanism of lncRNAs in osteogenesis. Lnc-PPP2R1B interacted with HNRNPLL, and regulated alternative splicing of PPP2R1B through retaining exon 2 and 3, which preserved enzyme function of PP2A and enhanced dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, thereby promoting Runx2 and OSX expression and then osteogenesis. And it provided experimental data and potential target for promoting bone formation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Tiantian He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leliang Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yancheng Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mojian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- The Reproduction Medical Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Arnaoutoglou C, Dampala K, Anthoulakis C, Papanikolaou EG, Tentas I, Dragoutsos G, Machairiotis N, Zarogoulidis P, Ioannidis A, Matthaios D, Perdikouri EI, Giannakidis D, Sardeli C, Petousis S, Oikonomou P, Nikolaou C, Charalampidis C, Sapalidis K. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Five Year Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1183. [PMID: 37511995 PMCID: PMC10384230 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a malignant disease that affects thousands of patients every year. Currently, we use surgical techniques for early-stage cancer and chemotherapy treatment combinations for advanced stage cancer. Several novel therapies are currently being investigated, with gene therapy and stem cell therapy being the corner stone of this investigation. We conducted a thorough search on PubMed and gathered up-to-date information regarding epithelial ovarian cancer therapies. We present, in the current review, all novel treatments that were investigated in this field over the past five years, with a particular focus on local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Arnaoutoglou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Dampala
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Anthoulakis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos G Papanikolaou
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tentas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of Giannitsa, 581 00 Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Dragoutsos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Machairiotis
- Fellow in Endometriosis and Minimal Access Surgery, Northwick Park, Central Middlesex and Ealing Hospitals, London North West University Heathcare, NHS Trust, London NW10 7NS, UK
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- 3rd University General Hospital, "AHEPA" University Hospital, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Giannakidis
- 1st Department of Surgery, Attica General Hospital "Sismanogleio-Amalia Fleming", 151 26 Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Sardeli
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Petousis
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagoula Oikonomou
- Surgery Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 691 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Nikolaou
- Surgery Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 691 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Sapalidis
- 3rd University General Hospital, "AHEPA" University Hospital, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Wang J, Chen Y, Luo Z, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Ning H, Liu S, Wang J, Han X. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Reynoutria japonica Houtt. herb pair suppresses breast cancer liver metastasis by targeting ECM1-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154896. [PMID: 37247588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver metastasis is a frequent event in breast cancer that causes low survival rate and poor prognosis. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (CR), a traditional Chinese herb pair, is used for the treatment of breast cancer liver metastasis or cholesterol gallstone disease in clinics. PURPOSE This study attempted to investigate the potential therapeutic target and mechanism of CR herb pair on breast cancer liver metastasis. METHODS The anti-metastatic and cholesterol-lowering activities of CR extract were evaluated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and an experimental liver metastasis model. The role of extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway was determined by the knockdown and overexpression of ECM1 gene of TNBC cells. Changes in the gene and protein expression levels of ECM1 and the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway after CR treatment were detected in vitro and in vivo by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The invasive and metastatic potentials and hypercholesterol levels of TNBC cells were positively associated with ECM1 expression. ECM1 knockdown reduced tumor cholesterol levels via downregulating cholesterol biosynthesis genes, including ACAT2, HMGCS1, HMGCR, MVK, and MVD, whereas ECM1 overexpression elicited the opposite effects. CR herb pair exerts the potential therapeutic effects on TNBC liver metastasis, which is partially mediated by disrupting ECM1-activated cholesterol biosynthesis process in TNBC cells. CONCLUSION This study reveals that ECM1 is a novel target for the activation of cholesterol biosynthesis to promote TNBC liver metastasis occurrence. CR herb pair, an ECM1 inhibitor, maybe be considered to serve as an adjuvant therapeutic drug for liver metastasis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanyang Luo
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qionglian Huang
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Liver Disease, Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjuan Ning
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Department of Liver Disease, Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianghui Han
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Dzobo K, Dandara C. The Extracellular Matrix: Its Composition, Function, Remodeling, and Role in Tumorigenesis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:146. [PMID: 37092398 PMCID: PMC10123695 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity. Initially thought to be a bystander in many cellular processes, the extracellular matrix has been shown to have diverse components that regulate and activate many cellular processes and ultimately influence cell phenotype. Importantly, the ECM's composition, architecture, and stiffness/elasticity influence cellular phenotypes. Under normal conditions and during development, the synthesized ECM constantly undergoes degradation and remodeling processes via the action of matrix proteases that maintain tissue homeostasis. In many pathological conditions including fibrosis and cancer, ECM synthesis, remodeling, and degradation is dysregulated, causing its integrity to be altered. Both physical and chemical cues from the ECM are sensed via receptors including integrins and play key roles in driving cellular proliferation and differentiation and in the progression of various diseases such as cancers. Advances in 'omics' technologies have seen an increase in studies focusing on bidirectional cell-matrix interactions, and here, we highlight the emerging knowledge on the role played by the ECM during normal development and in pathological conditions. This review summarizes current ECM-targeted therapies that can modify ECM tumors to overcome drug resistance and better cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- Medical Research Council, SA Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- The South African Medical Research Council-UCT Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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20
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Brown Y, Hua S, Tanwar PS. Extracellular Matrix in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: Advances in Understanding of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Biology. Matrix Biol 2023; 118:16-46. [PMID: 36781087 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is notoriously known as the "silent killer" of post-menopausal women as it has an insidious progression and is the deadliest gynaecological cancer. Although a dual origin of HGSOC is now widely accepted, there is growing evidence that most cases of HGSOC originate from the fallopian tube epithelium. In this review, we will address the fallopian tube origin and involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in HGSOC development. There is limited research on the role of ECM at the earliest stages of HGSOC carcinogenesis. Here we aim to synthesise current understanding on the contribution of ECM to each stage of HGSOC development and progression, beginning at serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) precursor lesions and proceeding across key events including dissemination of tumourigenic fallopian tube epithelial cells to the ovary, survival of these cells in peritoneal fluid as multicellular aggregates, and colonisation of the ovary. Likewise, as part of the metastatic series of events, serous ovarian cancer cells survive travel in peritoneal fluid, attach to, migrate across the mesothelium and invade into the sub-mesothelial matrix of secondary sites in the peritoneal cavity. Halting cancer at the pre-metastatic stage and finding ways to stop the dissemination of ovarian cancer cells from the primary site is critical for improving patient survival. The development of drug resistance also contributes to poor survival statistics in HGSOC. In this review, we provide an update on the involvement of the ECM in metastasis and drug resistance in HGSOC. Interplay between different cell-types, growth factor gradients as well as evolving ECM composition and organisation, creates microenvironment conditions that promote metastatic progression and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells. By understanding ECM involvement in the carcinogenesis and chemoresistance of HGSOC, this may prompt ideas for further research for developing new early diagnostic tests and therapeutic strategies for HGSOC with the end goal of improving patient health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin Brown
- Global Centre for Gynaecological Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.; Cancer Detection and Therapy Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia..
| | - Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.; Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Pradeep S Tanwar
- Global Centre for Gynaecological Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.; Cancer Detection and Therapy Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia..
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21
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Liu Y, Jian J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu X, Chen Z. Construction of cancer- associated fibroblasts related risk signature based on single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1170893. [PMID: 37124542 PMCID: PMC10140328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1170893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to encourage angiogenesis, tumor cell spread, and increase treatment resistance makes them pro-tumorigenic. We aimed to investigate the CAF signature in Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) and, for clinical application, to build a CAF-based risk signature to decipher the immune landscape and screen for suitable treatment BLCA samples. Methods CAF-related genes were discovered by superimposing CAF marker genes discovered from single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data taken from the GEO database with CAF module genes discovered by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using bulk RNA-seq data from TCGA. After identifying prognostic genes related with CAF using univariate Cox regression, Lasso regression was used to build a risk signature. With microarray data from the GEO database, prognostic characteristics were externally verified. For high and low CAF-risk categories, immune cells and immunotherapy responses were analyzed. Finally, a nomogram model based on the risk signature and prospective chemotherapeutic drugs were examined. Results Combining scRNA-seq and bulk-seq data analysis yielded a total of 124 CAF-related genes. LRP1, ANXA5, SERPINE2, ECM1, RBP1, GJA1, and FKBP10 were the seven BLCA prognostic genes that remained after univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression analyses. Then, based on these genes, prognostic characteristics were created and validated to predict survival in BLCA patients. Additionally, risk signature had a strong correlation with known CAF scores, stromal scores, and certain immune cells. The CAF-risk signature was identified as an independent prognostic factor for BLCA using multifactorial analysis, and its usefulness in predicting immunotherapy response was confirmed. Based on risk classification, we projected six highly sensitive anticancer medicines for the high-risk group. Conclusion The prognosis of BLCA may be accurately predicted using CAF-based risk signature. With a thorough understanding of the BLCA CAF-signature, it might be able to explain the BLCA patients' response to immunotherapy and identify a potential target for BLCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxun Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Jian
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuheng Liu, ; Zhiyuan Chen,
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuheng Liu, ; Zhiyuan Chen,
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22
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Association of vulvar lichen sclerosus with endometrial and ovarian cancer. JAAD Int 2022; 9:26-27. [PMID: 36034745 PMCID: PMC9411685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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23
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Long S, Wang J, Weng F, Pei Z, Zhou S, Sun G, Xiang D. ECM1 regulates the resistance of colorectal cancer to 5-FU treatment by modulating apoptotic cell death and epithelial-mesenchymal transition induction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1005915. [PMID: 36408224 PMCID: PMC9666402 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1005915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoresistance is a persistent impediment to the efficient treatment of many types of cancer, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying such resistance remain incompletely understood. Here we found CRC patients resistant to 5-FU treatment exhibited increased extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) expression compared to CRC patients sensitive to this chemotherapeutic agent, and higher levels of ECM1 expression were correlated significantly with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival. 5-FU resistant HCT15 (HCT15/FU) cells expressed significantly higher levels of ECM1 relative to parental HCT15 cells. Changes in ECM1 expression altered the ability of both parental and HCT15/FU cells to tolerate the medication in vitro and in vivo via processes associated with apoptosis and EMT induction. From a mechanistic perspective, knocking down and overexpressing ECM1 in HCT15/FU and HCT15 cell lines inhibited and activated PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling, respectively. Accordingly, 5-FU-induced apoptotic activity and EMT phenotype changes were affected by treatment with PI3K/AKT agonists and inhibitors. Together, these data support a model wherein ECM1 regulates CRC resistance to 5-FU via PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway-mediated modulation of apoptotic resistance and EMT induction, highlighting ECM1 as a promising target for therapeutic intervention for efforts aimed at overcoming chemoresistance in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Long
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Fanbin Weng
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Pei
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Pathology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Pathology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guiyin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Guiyin Sun, ; Debing Xiang,
| | - Debing Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China,Department of Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Guiyin Sun, ; Debing Xiang,
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24
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Lv C, Ren C, Yu Y, Yin H, Huang C, Yang G, Hong Y. Wentilactone A Reverses the NF-κB/ECM1 Signaling-Induced Cisplatin Resistance through Inhibition of IKK/IκB in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183790. [PMID: 36145166 PMCID: PMC9504226 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wentilactone A (WA) is a tetranorditerpenoid isolated from marine algae. We previously found that WA inhibited cancer cell proliferation with little toxicity. In this study, we show that high expression of extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM1) promotes cancer cell cisplatin resistance, and the secreted ECM1 activates normal fibroblasts (NFs) to transform cells with characteristics of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Transcription of the ECM1 gene is regulated largely by NF-κB through EP881C/T-EP266C binding sites. WA supresses the phosphorylation of NF-κB through inhibition of the upstream IKK/IκB phoshorylation to block the expression of ECM1, which reverses the cisplatin-induced activation of NF-κB/ECM1. On the contrary, cisplatin facilitates phosphorylation of NF-κB to enhance the expression of ECM1. These results highlight ECM1 as a potential target for treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancers associated with the ECM1 activated signaling. In addition, WA reverses cisplatin resistance by targeting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment through IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling to reduce the expression of the ECM1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiting Lv
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunxia Ren
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinjue Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Huijing Yin
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Caiguo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Gong Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yang Hong
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.H.)
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25
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Wang J, Qiao S, Liang S, Qian C, Dong Y, Pei M, Wang H, Wan G. TRPM4 and TRPV2 are two novel prognostic biomarkers and promising targeted therapy in UVM. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:985434. [PMID: 36081847 PMCID: PMC9445434 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.985434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UVM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy tumor in adults. Almost 50% of UVM patients develop metastatic disease, and is usually fatal within 1 year. However, the mechanism of etiology remains unclear. The lack of prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is a main limitation for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play important roles in the occurrence and development of tumors, which may have the potential as a therapeutic target for UVM. This current study aimed to identify the potential effect and function of the TRPs that could provide survival prediction and new insight into therapy for UVM. Based on the transcriptome data and potential key genes of UVM were screened using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, Gene expression analysis showed the expression of TRPM4, TRPV2 and other TRPs was high levels in UVM. Using survival analysis, we screened out that the high expression of TRPM4 and TRPV2 was negatively correlated with the prognosis of UVM patients. Cox regression analysis and functional enrichment analysis further indicated that TRPM4 and TRPV2 were the most convincing therapeutic targets of UVM, and the majority of genes involved in ferroptosis pathways in UVM showed positively correlated with the expression levels of TRPM4 and TRPV2. In conclusion, TRPM4 and TRPV2 were considered as two novel prognostic biomarkers and a promising targeted therapy in UVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sen Qiao
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Shenzhi Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minghang Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Wang, ; Guangming Wan,
| | - Guangming Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Wang, ; Guangming Wan,
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Lee TW, Lee KM. ECM1 is associated with endocrine resistance in ER + breast cancers. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:99-107. [PMID: 35784388 PMCID: PMC9246032 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2083235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is associated with a poor prognosis of breast cancers. However, the role of ECM1 with endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers has not been elucidated yet. We show that ECM1 promotes endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancers. ECM1 is overexpressed in luminal breast cancer patients compared to the basal type of breast cancer. Significantly, higher expression of ECM1 is associated with poor response to endocrine therapies in luminal B breast cancer patients. We found that ECM1 is upregulated in CAMA1 and MDA-MB-361 cells grown in long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) conditions. Moreover, the ablation of ECM1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of CAMA1 LTED and MDA-MB-361 LTED cells. Finally, an interrogation of a dataset containing transcriptome and proteome of breast cancer cell lines revealed that the level of ECM1 mRNA is positively correlated with that of phosphorylated Src. Based on these findings, we strongly suggest that ECM1 significantly contributes to the acquisition of endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancers by the activation of Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Won Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-min Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hu P, Leyton L, Hagood JS, Barker TH. Thy-1-Integrin Interactions in cis and Trans Mediate Distinctive Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:928510. [PMID: 35733855 PMCID: PMC9208718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.928510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein that bears a broad mosaic of biological roles across various cell types. Thy-1 displays strong physiological and pathological implications in development, cancer, immunity, and tissue fibrosis. Quite uniquely, Thy-1 is capable of mediating integrin-related signaling through direct trans- and cis-interaction with integrins. Both interaction types have shown distinctive roles, even when interacting with the same type of integrin, where binding in trans or in cis often yields divergent signaling events. In this review, we will revisit recent progress and discoveries of Thy-1–integrin interactions in trans and in cis, highlight their pathophysiological consequences and explore other potential binding partners of Thy-1 within the integrin regulation/signaling paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - James S. Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Program for Rare and Interstitial Lung Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thomas H. Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas H. Barker,
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Xiang Y, Dai S, Li D, Zhu X, Su J, Chen B, Wu M. Brusatol inhibits the invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing the NRF2/NF-κB/STAT3 signal cascade. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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29
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Rekad Z, Izzi V, Lamba R, Ciais D, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. The Alternative Matrisome: alternative splicing of ECM proteins in development, homeostasis and tumor progression. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:26-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Hu Q, Luo H, Lu B, Gao Y, Qiao Z, Zhou Y, Fang Y, Gu J, Zhang T, Xiong Z. 3D Bioprinted GelMA-Nanoclay Hydrogels Induce Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Through Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200364. [PMID: 35229478 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare cell population in tumors that are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. They are a priority as therapeutic targets, however, assays targeting CSCs have been limited by expanding and maintaining CSCs in vitro. Here, the authors find that gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-nanoclay hybrid hydrogels can induce and enrich colorectal CSCs assisted by three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. The presence of the nanoclay increases the printability, Young's modulus, pore size, and cytocompatibility of the hydrogels. Bioprinted GelMA-nanoclay hydrogels promote the formation of spheroids expressing elevated levels of the stemness markers LGR5, CD133, CD26, and SOX2. Cancer cells grown in GelMA-nanoclay hydrogel possess higher self-renewal and differentiation capacity in vitro and higher tumorigenic capacity in vivo. GelMA-nanoclay hydrogels induce CSCs by stimulating the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Further studies demonstrate that spheroids from GelMA-nanoclay hydrogels possess increased stemness, higher consistency, yield, and sensitivity to the anti-CSC compounds compared to the classic CSC-enrichment model. Collectively, this study may provide a valuable biomaterial and method for inducing and enriching CSCs, to facilitate the effective CSC-targeting drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qifan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bingchuan Lu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yunhe Gao
- Senior Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Senior Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yongsen Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yongcong Fang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jin Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Shen X, Gu X, Ma R, Li X, Wang J. Identification of the Immune Signatures for Ovarian Cancer Based on the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Genes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:772701. [PMID: 35372348 PMCID: PMC8974491 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.772701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) is a deadly gynecological cancer. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a pivotal role in OV development. However, the TIME of OV is not fully known. Therefore, we aimed to provide a comprehensive network of the TIME in OV. Gene expression data and clinical information from OV patients were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database. Non-negative Matrix Factorization, NMFConsensus, and nearest template prediction algorithms were used to perform molecular clustering. The biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using Metascape, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The copy number variations (CNVs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and tumor mutation burden were analyzed using Gistic 2.0, R package maftools, and TCGA mutations, respectively. Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data and CIBERSORT were utilized to elucidate the TIME. Moreover, external data from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and ArrayExpress databases were used to validate the signature. All 361 samples from the TCGA OV dataset were classified into Immune Class and non-Immune Class with immune signatures. By comparing the two classes, we identified 740 DEGs that accumulated in immune-related, cancer-related, inflammation-related biological functions and pathways. There were significant differences in the CNVs between the Immune and non-Immune Classes. The Immune Class was further divided into immune-activated and immune-suppressed subtypes. There was no significant difference in the top 20 genes in somatic SNPs among the three groups. In addition, the immune-activated subtype had significantly increased proportions of CD4 memory resting T cells, T cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages than the other two groups. The qRT-PCR results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of RYR2, FAT3, MDN1 and RYR1 were significantly down-regulated in OV compared with normal tissues. Moreover, the signatures of the TIME were validated using ICGC cohort and the ArrayExpress cohort. Our study clustered the OV patients into an immune-activated subtype, immune-suppressed subtype, and non-Immune Class and provided potential clues for further research on the molecular mechanisms and immunotherapy strategies of OV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiqiong Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianliu Wang,
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Li S, Chen S, Dong Z, Song X, Li X, Huang Z, Li H, Huang L, Zhuang G, Lan R, Guo M, Li W, Saw PE, Zhang L. Concurrent silencing of TBCE and drug delivery to overcome platinum-based resistance in liver cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:967-981. [PMID: 36970197 PMCID: PMC10031151 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy resistance is a key factor of poor prognosis and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, RNAseq analysis revealed that elevated tubulin folding cofactor E (TBCE) expression is associated with platinum-based chemotherapy resistance. High expression of TBCE contributes to worse prognoses and earlier recurrence among liver cancer patients. Mechanistically, TBCE silencing significantly affects cytoskeleton rearrangement, which in turn increases cisplatin-induced cycle arrest and apoptosis. To develop these findings into potential therapeutic drugs, endosomal pH-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) were developed to simultaneously encapsulate TBCE siRNA and cisplatin (DDP) to reverse this phenomena. NPs (siTBCE + DDP) concurrently silenced TBCE expression, increased cell sensitivity to platinum treatment, and subsequently resulted in superior anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo in orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Taken together, NP-mediated delivery and the co-treatment of siTBCE + DDP proved to be effective in reversing chemotherapy resistance of DDP in multiple tumor models.
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Wang S, Wang S, Zhang X, Meng D, Xia Q, Xie S, Shen S, Yu B, Hu J, Liu H, Yan W. Comprehensive analysis of prognosis-related alternative splicing events in ovarian cancer. RNA Biol 2022; 19:1007-1018. [PMID: 35980273 PMCID: PMC9397453 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) is characterized by high incidence and poor prognosis. Increasing evidence indicates that aberrant alternative splicing (AS) events are associated with the pathogenesis of cancer. We examined prognosis-related alternative splicing events and constructed a clinically applicable model to predict patients’ outcomes. Public database including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), TCGA SpliceSeq, and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer databases were used to detect the AS expression, immune cell infiltration and IC50. The prognosis-related AS model was constructed and validated by using Cox regression, LASSO regression, C-index, calibration plots, and ROC curves. A total of eight AS events (including FLT3LG|50942|AP) were selected to establish the prognosis-related AS model. Compared with high-risk group, low-risk group had a better outcome (P = 1.794e-06), was more sensitive to paclitaxel (P = 0.022), and higher proportions of plasma cells. We explored the upstream regulatory mechanisms of prognosis-related AS and found that two splicing factor and 156 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms may be involved in the regulation of prognosis-related AS. In order to assess patient prognosis more comprehensively, we constructed a clinically applicable model combining risk score and clinicopathological features, and the 1 -, and 3-year AUCs of the clinically applicable model were 0.812, and 0.726, which were 7.5% and 3.3% higher than that of the risk score. We constructed a prognostic signature for OV patients and comprehensively analysed the regulatory characteristics of the prognostic AS events in OV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuqian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haohan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Marima R, Francies FZ, Hull R, Molefi T, Oyomno M, Khanyile R, Mbatha S, Mabongo M, Owen Bates D, Dlamini Z. MicroRNA and Alternative mRNA Splicing Events in Cancer Drug Response/Resistance: Potent Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1818. [PMID: 34944633 PMCID: PMC8698559 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted disease that involves several molecular mechanisms including changes in gene expression. Two important processes altered in cancer that lead to changes in gene expression include altered microRNA (miRNA) expression and aberrant splicing events. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a central role in regulating RNA silencing and gene expression. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the proteome by producing several different spliced mRNAs from a single gene for translation. MiRNA expression and alternative splicing events are rigorously regulated processes. Dysregulation of miRNA and splicing events promote carcinogenesis and drug resistance in cancers including breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and leukemia. Alternative splicing may change the target mRNA 3'UTR binding site. This alteration can affect the produced protein and may ultimately affect the drug affinity of target proteins, eventually leading to drug resistance. Drug resistance can be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The interplay between miRNA and alternative splicing is largely due to splicing resulting in altered 3'UTR targeted binding of miRNAs. This can result in the altered targeting of these isoforms and altered drug targets and drug resistance. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of cancer drug resistance poses a substantial challenge in the management of the disease. Henceforth, molecular alterations have become highly attractive drug targets to reverse the aberrant effects of miRNAs and splicing events that promote malignancy and drug resistance. While the miRNA-mRNA splicing interplay in cancer drug resistance remains largely to be elucidated, this review focuses on miRNA and alternative mRNA splicing (AS) events in breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal and ovarian cancer, as well as leukemia, and the role these events play in drug resistance. MiRNA induced cancer drug resistance; alternative mRNA splicing (AS) in cancer drug resistance; the interplay between AS and miRNA in chemoresistance will be discussed. Despite this great potential, the interplay between aberrant splicing events and miRNA is understudied but holds great potential in deciphering miRNA-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
| | - Flavia Zita Francies
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
| | - Thulo Molefi
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Meryl Oyomno
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Richard Khanyile
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Sikhumbuzo Mbatha
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Mzubanzi Mabongo
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - David Owen Bates
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Centre for Cancer Sciences, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfiel, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (R.M.); (F.Z.F.); (R.H.); (T.M.); (M.O.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (D.O.B.)
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