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Zhang G, Yang S, Yang JF, Gonzalez-Medrano D, Miskin MZ, Koman VB, Zeng Y, Li SX, Kuehne M, Liu AT, Brooks AM, Kumar M, Strano MS. High energy density picoliter-scale zinc-air microbatteries for colloidal robotics. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eade4642. [PMID: 39141708 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.ade4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The recent interest in microscopic autonomous systems, including microrobots, colloidal state machines, and smart dust, has created a need for microscale energy storage and harvesting. However, macroscopic materials for energy storage have noted incompatibilities with microfabrication techniques, creating substantial challenges to realizing microscale energy systems. Here, we photolithographically patterned a microscale zinc/platinum/SU-8 system to generate the highest energy density microbattery at the picoliter (10-12 liter) scale. The device scavenges ambient or solution-dissolved oxygen for a zinc oxidation reaction, achieving an energy density ranging from 760 to 1070 watt-hours per liter at scales below 100 micrometers lateral and 2 micrometers thickness in size. The parallel nature of photolithography processes allows 10,000 devices per wafer to be released into solution as colloids with energy stored on board. Within a volume of only 2 picoliters each, these primary microbatteries can deliver open circuit voltages of 1.05 ± 0.12 volts, with total energies ranging from 5.5 ± 0.3 to 7.7 ± 1.0 microjoules and a maximum power near 2.7 nanowatts. We demonstrated that such systems can reliably power a micrometer-sized memristor circuit, providing access to nonvolatile memory. We also cycled power to drive the reversible bending of microscale bimorph actuators at 0.05 hertz for mechanical functions of colloidal robots. Additional capabilities, such as powering two distinct nanosensor types and a clock circuit, were also demonstrated. The high energy density, low volume, and simple configuration promise the mass fabrication and adoption of such picoliter zinc-air batteries for micrometer-scale, colloidal robotics with autonomous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungyun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Fan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Gonzalez-Medrano
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc Z Miskin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuwen Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sylvia Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Kuehne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Albert Tianxiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allan M Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, 342030, India
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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2
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Ma Z, Wang W, Xiong Y, Long Y, Shao Q, Wu L, Wang J, Tian P, Khan AU, Yang W, Dong Y, Yin H, Tang H, Dai J, Tahir M, Liu X, He L. Carbon Micro/Nano Machining toward Miniaturized Device: Structural Engineering, Large-Scale Fabrication, and Performance Optimization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400179. [PMID: 39031523 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of micro/nano machining, there is an elevated demand for high-performance microdevices with high reliability and low cost. Due to their outstanding electrochemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical performance, carbon materials are extensively utilized in constructing microdevices for energy storage, sensing, and optoelectronics. Carbon micro/nano machining is fundamental in carbon-based intelligent microelectronics, multifunctional integrated microsystems, high-reliability portable/wearable consumer electronics, and portable medical diagnostic systems. Despite numerous reviews on carbon materials, a comprehensive overview is lacking that systematically encapsulates the development of high-performance microdevices based on carbon micro/nano structures, from structural design to manufacturing strategies and specific applications. This review focuses on the latest progress in carbon micro/nano machining toward miniaturized device, including structural engineering, large-scale fabrication, and performance optimization. Especially, the review targets an in-depth evaluation of carbon-based micro energy storage devices, microsensors, microactuators, miniaturized photoresponsive and electromagnetic interference shielding devices. Moreover, it highlights the challenges and opportunities in the large-scale manufacturing of carbon-based microdevices, aiming to spark further exciting research directions and application prospectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wenwu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Long
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Leixin Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Peng Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Arif Ullah Khan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hongbo Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jun Dai
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Yibin Industrial Technology Research Institute of Sichuan University, Yibin R&D Park of Sichuan University, Yibin, 644005, P. R. China
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3
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Merces L, Ferro LMM, Thomas A, Karnaushenko DD, Luo Y, Egunov AI, Zhang W, Bandari VK, Lee Y, McCaskill JS, Zhu M, Schmidt OG, Karnaushenko D. Bio-Inspired Dynamically Morphing Microelectronics toward High-Density Energy Applications and Intelligent Biomedical Implants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313327. [PMID: 38402420 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Choreographing the adaptive shapes of patterned surfaces to exhibit designable mechanical interactions with their environment remains an intricate challenge. Here, a novel category of strain-engineered dynamic-shape materials, empowering diverse multi-dimensional shape modulations that are combined to form fine-grained adaptive microarchitectures is introduced. Using micro-origami tessellation technology, heterogeneous materials are provided with strategic creases featuring stimuli-responsive micro-hinges that morph precisely upon chemical and electrical cues. Freestanding multifaceted foldable packages, auxetic mesosurfaces, and morphable cages are three of the forms demonstrated herein of these complex 4-dimensional (4D) metamaterials. These systems are integrated in dual proof-of-concept bioelectronic demonstrations: a soft foldable supercapacitor enhancing its power density (≈108 mW cm-2), and a bio-adaptive device with a dynamic shape that may enable novel smart-implant technologies. This work demonstrates that intelligent material systems are now ready to support ultra-flexible 4D microelectronics, which can impart autonomy to devices culminating in the tangible realization of microelectronic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Aleena Thomas
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Yumin Luo
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Aleksandr I Egunov
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth K Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Yeji Lee
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
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4
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Xu F, He Y, Xu A, Ren L, Xu J, Shao Y, Wang M, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Lu P, Zhang L. Triphenyl phosphate induces cardiotoxicity through myocardial fibrosis mediated by apoptosis and mitophagy of cardiomyocyte in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123651. [PMID: 38408505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant, but its cardiac toxicity has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, in the current study, the effect of TPHP on the heart and the underlying mechanism involved was evaluated. C57BL/6 J mice were administered TPHP (0, 5, and 50 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. In addition, H9c2 cells were treated with three various concentrations (0, 50, and 150 μM) of TPHP, with and without the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine or the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1. TPHP caused cardiac fibrosis and increased the levels of CK-MB and LDH in the serum. TPHP increased the levels of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Furthermore, TPHP caused mitochondrial damage, and induced fusion and fission disorders that contributed to mitophagy in both the heart of C57BL/6 J mice and H9c2 cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that TPHP induced up- or down-regulated expression of various genes in myocardial tissue and revealed enriched apoptosis pathways. It was also found that TPHP could remarkably increase the expression levels of Bax, cleaved Caspase-9, cleaved Caspase-3, and decreased Bcl-2, thereby causing apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Taken together, the results suggested that TPHP promoted mitophagy through mitochondria fusion dysfunction resulting from oxidative stress, leading to fibrosis by inducing myocardial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feibo Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Aili Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Lihua Ren
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yali Shao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Minxin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Peng Lu
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Lianshuang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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5
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Pan J, Liu Y, Yang J, Wu J, Fan HJ. Bio-catalyzed oxidation self-charging zinc-polymer batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312870121. [PMID: 38349875 PMCID: PMC10895261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312870121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidation self-charging batteries have emerged with the demand for powering electronic devices around the clock. The low efficiency of self-charging has been the key challenge at present. Here, a more efficient autoxidation self-charging mechanism is realized by introducing hemoglobin (Hb) as a positive electrode additive in the polyaniline (PANI)-zinc battery system. The heme acts as a catalyst that reduces the energy barrier of the autoxidation reaction by regulating the charge and spin state of O2. To realize self-charging, the adsorbed O2 molecules capture electrons of the reduced (discharged state) PANI, leading to the desorption of zinc ions and the oxidation of PANI to complete self-charging. The battery can discharge for 12 min (0.5 C) after 50 self-charging/discharge cycles, while there is nearly no discharge capacity in the absence of Hb. This biology-inspired electronic regulation strategy may inspire new ideas to boost the performance of self-charging batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371, Singapore
| | - Yanhong Liu
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian271000, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, Jiaxing, Zhejiang314000, China
| | - Hong Jin Fan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371, Singapore
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6
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Pu R, Yang X, Mu H, Xu Z, He J. Current status and future application of electrically controlled micro/nanorobots in biomedicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353660. [PMID: 38314349 PMCID: PMC10834684 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Using micro/nanorobots (MNRs) for targeted therapy within the human body is an emerging research direction in biomedical science. These nanoscale to microscale miniature robots possess specificity and precision that are lacking in most traditional treatment modalities. Currently, research on electrically controlled micro/nanorobots is still in its early stages, with researchers primarily focusing on the fabrication and manipulation of these robots to meet complex clinical demands. This review aims to compare the fabrication, powering, and locomotion of various electrically controlled micro/nanorobots, and explore their advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Pu
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Mu
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin He
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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McCaskill JS, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306344. [PMID: 37814374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms, self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy), self-containment (distinguishing self from nonself), and self-reproduction (cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials. Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore, noncontact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. Here, the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective path are reviewed, the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be addressed are analyzed, and the potential and indeed necessity of such technology for sustainable high technology in society is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
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8
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Yadav A, Patil R, Dutta S. Advanced Self-Powered Biofuel Cells with Capacitor and Nanogenerator for Biomarker Sensing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4060-4080. [PMID: 37787456 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered biofuel cells (BFCs) have evolved for highly sensitive detection of biomarkers such as noncodon micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in the presence of interfering substrates. Self-charging supercapacitive BFCs for in vivo and in vitro cellular microenvironments represent the most prevalent sensing mechanism for diagnosis. Therefore, self-powered biosensing (SPB) with a capacitor and contact separation with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) offers electrochemical and colorimetric dual-mode detection via improved electrical signal intensity. In this review, we discuss three major components: stretchable self-powered BFC design, miRNA sensing, and impedance spectroscopy. A specific focus is given to 1) assembling of sensors for biomarkers, 2) electrical output signal intensification, and 3) role of supercapacitors and nanogenerators in SPBs. We outline the key features of stretchable SPBs and the sequence of miRNA sensing by SPBs. We have emphasized the need of a supercapacitor and nanogenerator for SPBs in the context of advanced assembly of the sensing unit. Finally, we outline the role of impedance spectroscopy in the detection and estimation of biomarkers. We highlight key challenges in SPBs for biomarker sensing, which needs improved sensing accuracy, integration strategies of electrochemical biosensing for in vitro and in vivo microenvironments, and the impact of miRNA sensing on cancer diagnostics. This article attempts a specific focus on the accuracy and limitations of sensing unit for miRNA biomarkers and associated tool for boosting electrical signal intensity for a potential big step further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Yadav
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Patil
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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10
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Wang K, Hou C, Cong L, Zhang W, Fan L, Wang X, Dong L. 3D Chiral Micro-Pinwheels Based on Rolling-Up Kirigami Technology. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2201627. [PMID: 37075739 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expanding micro-/nanostructures into 3D ones results not only in boosting structural integration level with compact geometry but also enhancing a device's complexity and functionality. Herein, a synergetic 3D micro-/nanoshape transformation is proposed by combining kirigami and rolling-up techniques, or rolling-up kirigami, for the first time. As an example, micro-pinwheels with multiple flabella are patterned on pre-stressed bilayer membranes and rolled up into 3D structures. The flabella are designed when they are patterned on a 2D thin film, facilitating the integration of micro-/nanoelement and other functionalization processes during 2D patterning, which is typically much easier than post-shaping an as-fabricated 3D structure by removing redundant materials or 3D printing. The dynamic rolling-up process is simulated using elastic mechanics with a movable releasing boundary. Mutual competition and cooperation among flabella are observed during the whole release process. More importantly, the mutual conversion between translation and rotation offers a reliable platform for developing parallel microrobots and adaptive 3D micro-antennas. Additionally, 3D chiral micro-pinwheel arrays integrated into a microfluidic chip are successfully applied to detect organic molecules in solution using a terahertz apparatus. With an extra actuation, active micro-pinwheels can potentially serve as a base to functionalize 3D kirigami as tunable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chaojian Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Longqing Cong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lu Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Archaea Geo-Omics, Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511458, China
| | - Xiaokai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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12
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Huang X, Hou H, Yu B, Bai J, Guan Y, Wang L, Chen K, Wang X, Sun P, Deng Y, Liu S, Cai X, Wang Y, Peng J, Sheng X, Xiong W, Yin L. Fully Biodegradable and Long-Term Operational Primary Zinc Batteries as Power Sources for Electronic Medicine. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5727-5739. [PMID: 36897770 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the advantages of high energy density and easy deployment, biodegradable primary battery systems remain as a promising power source to achieve bioresorbable electronic medicine, eliminating secondary surgeries for device retrieval. However, currently available biobatteries are constrained by operational lifetime, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, limiting potential therapeutic outcomes as temporary implants. Herein, we propose a fully biodegradable primary zinc-molybdenum (Zn-Mo) battery with a prolonged functional lifetime of up to 19 days and desirable energy capacity and output voltage compared with reported primary Zn biobatteries. The Zn-Mo battery system is shown to have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability and can significantly promote Schwann cell proliferation and the axonal growth of dorsal root ganglia. The biodegradable battery module with 4 Zn-Mo cells in series using gelatin electrolyte accomplishes electrochemical generation of signaling molecules (nitric oxide, NO) that can modulate the behavior of the cellular network, with efficacy comparable with that of conventional power sources. This work sheds light on materials strategies and fabrication schemes to develop high-performance biodegradable primary batteries to achieve a fully bioresorbable electronic platform for innovative medical treatments that could be beneficial for health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanqing Hou
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingbing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kuntao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xibo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengcheng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuping Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shangbin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, , Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Yuan M, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhao Y. Recent Progress of Energy-Storage-Device-Integrated Sensing Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13040645. [PMID: 36839014 PMCID: PMC9964226 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid prosperity of the Internet of things, intelligent human-machine interaction and health monitoring are becoming the focus of attention. Wireless sensing systems, especially self-powered sensing systems that can work continuously and sustainably for a long time without an external power supply have been successfully explored and developed. Yet, the system integrated by energy-harvester needs to be exposed to a specific energy source to drive the work, which provides limited application scenarios, low stability, and poor continuity. Integrating the energy storage unit and sensing unit into a single system may provide efficient ways to solve these above problems, promoting potential applications in portable and wearable electronics. In this review, we focus on recent advances in energy-storage-device-integrated sensing systems for wearable electronics, including tactile sensors, temperature sensors, chemical and biological sensors, and multifunctional sensing systems, because of their universal utilization in the next generation of smart personal electronics. Finally, the future perspectives of energy-storage-device-integrated sensing systems are discussed.
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14
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Li Y, Zhu M, Karnaushenko DD, Li F, Qu J, Wang J, Zhang P, Liu L, Ravishankar R, Bandari VK, Tang H, Qu Z, Zhu F, Weng Q, Schmidt OG. Microbatteries with twin-Swiss-rolls redefine performance limits in the sub-square millimeter range. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 8:127-132. [PMID: 36444694 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the downscaling of microelectronic devices with footprints less than one square millimeter, next-generation microbatteries should occupy the same area and deliver adequate energy for running a new generation of multi-functional microautonomous systems. However, the current microbattery technology fails in accomplishing this task because the micrometer-sized electrodes are not compatible with on-chip integration protocols and technologies. To tackle this critical challenge, an on-chip Swiss-roll microelectrode architecture is employed that exploits the self-assembly of thin films into ultra-compact device architectures. A twin-Swiss-roll microelectrode on a chip occupies a footprint of 0.045 mm2 and delivers an energy density up to 458 μW h cm-2. After packaging, the footprint of a full cell increases to 0.11 mm2 with a high energy density of 181 μW h cm-2. The volumetric energy density excluding the chip thickness is 16.3 mW h cm-3. These results open opportunities for deploying microbatteries as energy and power sources to drive smart dust microelectronics and microautonomous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Jiang Qu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Rachappa Ravishankar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Zhe Qu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Qunhong Weng
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 110016, China
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- School of Science, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, 01069, Germany
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15
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Organically modified polyaniline for physiological fluids operatable supercapacitor electrodes. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Selvam S, Park Y, Yim J. Design and Testing of Autonomous Chargeable and Wearable Sweat/Ionic Liquid-Based Supercapacitors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201890. [PMID: 35810477 PMCID: PMC9443445 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates ionic liquid electrolyte-inscribed sweat-based dual electrolyte functioning supercapacitors capable of self-charging through sweat electrolyte function under a non-enzymatic route. The supercapacitor electrodes are fabricated from TREN (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine), poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and a graphene oxide mixture with copper-mediated chelate, and this polymer-GO-metal chelate film can produce excellent energy harvest/storage performance from a sweat and ionic liquid integrated electrolyte system. The fabricated device is specifically designed to reduce deterioration using a typical planar structure. In the presence of sweat with ionic liquid, the dual electrolyte mode supercapacitor exhibits a maximum areal capacitance of 3600 mF cm-2 , and the energy density is 450 mWhcm-2 , which is more than 100 times greater than that from previously reported supercapacitors. The supercapacitors were fabricated/attached directly to textile fabrics as well as ITO-PET (Indium tin oxide (ITO)-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film to study their performance on the human body during exercise. The self-charging performance with respect to sweat wetting time for the sweat@ionic liquid dual electrolyte showed that the supercapacitor performed well on both fabric and film. These devices exhibited good response for pH effect and biocompatibility, and as such present a promising multi-functional energy system as a stable power source for next-generation wearable smart electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samayanan Selvam
- Division of Advanced Materials EngineeringKongju National UniversityBudaedong 275, Seobuk‐guCheonan‐siChungnam31080South Korea
| | - Young‐Kwon Park
- School of Environmental EngineeringUniversity of SeoulSeoul02504Korea
| | - Jin‐Heong Yim
- Division of Advanced Materials EngineeringKongju National UniversityBudaedong 275, Seobuk‐guCheonan‐siChungnam31080South Korea
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17
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Gouda A, Masson A, Hoseinizadeh M, Soavi F, Santato C. Biosourced quinones for high-performance environmentally benign electrochemical capacitors via interface engineering. Commun Chem 2022; 5:98. [PMID: 36697677 PMCID: PMC9814668 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosourced and biodegradable organic electrode materials respond to the need for sustainable storage of renewable energy. Here, we report on electrochemical capacitors based on electrodes made up of quinones, such as Sepia melanin and catechin/tannic acid (Ctn/TA), solution-deposited on carbon paper engineered to create high-performance interfaces. Sepia melanin and Ctn/TA on TCP electrodes exhibit a capacitance as high as 1355 mF cm-2 (452 F g-1) and 898 mF cm-2 (300 F g-1), respectively. Sepia melanin and Ctn/TA symmetric electrochemical capacitors operating in aqueous electrolytes exhibit up to 100% capacitance retention and 100% coulombic efficiency over 50,000 and 10,000 cycles at 150 mA cm-2 (10 A g-1), respectively. Maximum power densities as high as 1274 mW cm-2 (46 kW kg-1) and 727 mW cm-2 (26 kW kg-1) with maximum energy densities of 0.56 mWh cm-2 (20 Wh kg-1) and 0.65 mWh cm-2 (23 Wh kg-1) are obtained for Sepia melanin and Ctn/TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Gouda
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Present Address: Now at, Solar Fuels Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Alexandre Masson
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Molood Hoseinizadeh
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Francesca Soavi
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Clara Santato
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
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18
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Xue Z, Jin T, Xu S, Bai K, He Q, Zhang F, Cheng X, Ji Z, Pang W, Shen Z, Song H, Shuai Y, Zhang Y. Assembly of complex 3D structures and electronics on curved surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6922. [PMID: 35947653 PMCID: PMC9365271 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices with engineered three-dimensional (3D) architectures are indispensable for frictional-force sensing, wide-field optical imaging, and flow velocity measurement. Recent advances in mechanically guided assembly established deterministic routes to 3D structures in high-performance materials, through controlled rolling/folding/buckling deformations. The resulting 3D structures are, however, mostly formed on planar substrates and cannot be transferred directly onto another curved substrate. Here, we introduce an ordered assembly strategy to allow transformation of 2D thin films into sophisticated 3D structures on diverse curved surfaces. The strategy leverages predefined mechanical loadings that deform curved elastomer substrates into flat/cylindrical configurations, followed by an additional uniaxial/biaxial prestretch to drive buckling-guided assembly. Release of predefined loadings results in an ordered assembly that can be accurately captured by mechanics modeling, as illustrated by dozens of complex 3D structures assembled on curved substrates. Demonstrated applications include tunable dipole antennas, flow sensors inside a tube, and integrated electronic systems capable of conformal integration with the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ke Bai
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qi He
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Ji
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Honglie Song
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Shuai
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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19
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Tailoring electron beams with high-frequency self-assembled magnetic charged particle micro optics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3220. [PMID: 35680873 PMCID: PMC9184583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunable electromagnets and corresponding devices, such as magnetic lenses or stigmators, are the backbone of high-energy charged particle optical instruments, such as electron microscopes, because they provide higher optical power, stability, and lower aberrations compared to their electric counterparts. However, electromagnets are typically macroscopic (super-)conducting coils, which cannot generate swiftly changing magnetic fields, require active cooling, and are structurally bulky, making them unsuitable for fast beam manipulation, multibeam instruments, and miniaturized applications. Here, we present an on-chip microsized magnetic charged particle optics realized via a self-assembling micro-origami process. These micro-electromagnets can generate alternating magnetic fields of about ±100 mT up to a hundred MHz, supplying sufficiently large optical power for a large number of charged particle optics applications. That particular includes fast spatiotemporal electron beam modulation such as electron beam deflection, focusing, and wave front shaping as required for stroboscopic imaging. Electron beam manipulation is important for their application in microscopes, lithography instruments, and colliders. Here the authors report a wafer scale, self-assembled, microcoil electrically-driven magnetic charge particle optic device that can be implemented into different configurations for controlling of electron beams.
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20
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Li L, Liu B, Hou S, Yang Q, Zhu Z. Preparation of bulk doped NiCo 2O 4 bimetallic oxide supercapacitor materials by in situ growth method. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, PR China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, PR China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, PR China
| | - Shaogang Hou
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, PR China
| | - Qiming Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, PR China
| | - Zichuang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, PR China
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21
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Wen X, Jiang K, Zhang H, Huang H, Yang L, Zhou Z, Weng Q. Flexible and Wearable Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on Double-Crosslinked Hydrogel for Self-Powered Sensor Application. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051767. [PMID: 35269000 PMCID: PMC8911391 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about great demand for high-performance sensors as well as power supply devices for those sensors. In this respect, the integration of sensors and energy storage devices, or the development of multifunctional devices having both energy storage and sensing properties, is of great interest in the development of compact sensing systems. As a proof of concept, a zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZHS) based on a double-crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte is developed in this work, which can be employed not only as an energy storage device, but also as a self-powered sensor for human movement and breathing detection. The ZHS delivers a capacitance of 779 F g−1 and an energy density of 0.32 mWh cm−2 at a power density of 0.34 mW cm−2, as well as sensitive resistance response to strain. Our work provides a useful basis for future designs of self-powered sensing devices and function-integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China;
| | - Kang Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 110016, China; (K.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 110016, China; (K.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Huang
- Xinjiang Lixin Energy Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830046, China;
| | - Linyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Z.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zeyan Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 110016, China; (K.J.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Z.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qunhong Weng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 110016, China; (K.J.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Z.Z.); (Q.W.)
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22
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Hoffmann A, Jiménez-Calvo P, Bansmann J, Strauss V, Kuehne AJC. On-chip Direct Laser Writing of PAN-based Carbon Supercapacitor Electrodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100731. [PMID: 35064608 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report carbonization of polyacrylonitrile by direct laser writing to produce microsupercapacitors directly on-chip. We demonstrate the process by producing interdigitated carbon finger electrodes directly on a printed circuit board, which we then employ to characterize our supercapacitor electrodes. By varying the laser power, we are able to tune the process from carbonization to material ablation. This allows to not only convert pristine polyacrylonitrile films into carbon electrodes, but also to pattern and cut away non-carbonized material to produce completely freestanding carbon electrodes. While the carbon electrodes adhere well to the printed circuit board, non-carbonized polyacrylonitrile is peeled off the substrate. We achieve specific capacities as high as 260 μF/cm2 in a supercapacitor with 16 fingers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoffmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Calvo
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Joachim Bansmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm, 89069, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
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23
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Truong TA, Nguyen TK, Zhao H, Nguyen NK, Dinh T, Park Y, Nguyen T, Yamauchi Y, Nguyen NT, Phan HP. Engineering Stress in Thin Films: An Innovative Pathway Toward 3D Micro and Nanosystems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105748. [PMID: 34874620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of conventional 2D platforms into unusual 3D configurations provides exciting opportunities for sensors, electronics, optical devices, and biological systems. Engineering material properties or controlling and modulating stresses in thin films to pop-up 3D structures out of standard planar surfaces has been a highly active research topic over the last decade. Implementation of 3D micro and nanoarchitectures enables unprecedented functionalities including multiplexed, monolithic mechanical sensors, vertical integration of electronics components, and recording of neuron activities in 3D organoids. This paper provides an overview on stress engineering approaches to developing 3D functional microsystems. The paper systematically presents the origin of stresses generated in thin films and methods to transform a 2D design into an out-of-plane configuration. Different types of 3D micro and nanostructures, along with their applications in several areas are discussed. The paper concludes with current technical challenges and potential approaches and applications of this fast-growing research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-An Truong
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nhat-Khuong Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Toan Dinh
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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24
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Rivkin B, Becker C, Singh B, Aziz A, Akbar F, Egunov A, Karnaushenko DD, Naumann R, Schäfer R, Medina-Sánchez M, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Electronically integrated microcatheters based on self-assembling polymer films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl5408. [PMID: 34919439 PMCID: PMC8682992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Existing electronically integrated catheters rely on the manual assembly of separate components to integrate sensing and actuation capabilities. This strongly impedes their miniaturization and further integration. Here, we report an electronically integrated self-assembled microcatheter. Electronic components for sensing and actuation are embedded into the catheter wall through the self-assembly of photolithographically processed polymer thin films. With a diameter of only about 0.1 mm, the catheter integrates actuated digits for manipulation and a magnetic sensor for navigation and is capable of targeted delivery of liquids. Fundamental functionalities are demonstrated and evaluated with artificial model environments and ex vivo tissue. Using the integrated magnetic sensor, we develop a strategy for the magnetic tracking of medical tools that facilitates basic navigation with a high resolution below 0.1 mm. These highly flexible and microsized integrated catheters might expand the boundary of minimally invasive surgery and lead to new biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rivkin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Balram Singh
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azaam Aziz
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Farzin Akbar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Egunov
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D. Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Transgenic Core Facility, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
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