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Xiong Y, Lu G, Li H, He J, Fan S, Yan S, Zhang L, Jia H, Li M. Integrating QTL mapping and transcriptomics to decipher the genetic architecture of sterol metabolism in Brassica napus L. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae196. [PMID: 39257541 PMCID: PMC11384122 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Sterols are secondary metabolites commonly found in rapeseed that play crucial physiological roles in plants and also benefit human health. Consequently, unraveling the genetic basis of sterol synthesis in rapeseed is highly important. In this study, 21 individual sterols as well as total sterol (TS) content were detected in a double haploid (DH) population of Brassica napus, and a total of 24 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and 157 mQTL were identified that were associated with TS and different individual sterols. Time-series transcriptomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in sterol and lipid biosynthesis pathways were enriched. Additionally, a regulatory network between sterol-related DEGs and transcription factors (TFs) was established using coexpression analysis. Some candidate genes were identified with the integration of transcriptomic analysis and QTL mapping, and the key candidate gene BnSQS1.C03 was selected for further functional analysis. BnSQS1.C03 demonstrated squalene synthase activity in vitro and increased the TS by 3.8% when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. The present results provide new insights into sterol regulatory pathways and a valuable genetic basis for breeding rapeseed varieties with high sterol content in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Kechuang 1st Road, Maonan District, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Huaixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianjie He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shipeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoxiong Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
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Peña-Vázquez GI, Arredondo-Arenillas A, Serrano-Sandoval SN, Antunes-Ricardo M. Functional foods lipids: unraveling their role in the immune response in obesity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39073763 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2382942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Functional lipids are lipids that are found in food matrices and play an important role in influencing human health as their role goes beyond energy storage and structural components. Ongoing research into functional lipids has highlighted their potential to modulate immune responses and other mechanisms associated with obesity, along with its comorbidities. These lipids represent a new field that may offer new therapeutic and preventive strategies for these diseases by understanding their contribution to health. In this review, we discussed in-depth the potential food sources of functional lipids and their reported potential benefit of the major lipid classification: based on their composition such as simple, compound, and derived lipids, and based on their function such as storage and structural, by investigating the intricate mechanisms through which these lipids interact in the human body. We summarize the key insights into the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the most studied functional lipids. Furthermore, we review the main immunomodulatory mechanisms reported in the literature in the past years. Finally, we discuss the perspectives and challenges faced in the food industry related to functional lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Itzel Peña-Vázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, NL, México
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Ana Arredondo-Arenillas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Sayra N Serrano-Sandoval
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, NL, México
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Marilena Antunes-Ricardo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, NL, México
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
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3
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Clews AC, Ulch BA, Jesionowska M, Hong J, Mullen RT, Xu Y. Variety of Plant Oils: Species-Specific Lipid Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:845-862. [PMID: 37971406 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of triacylglycerol within seeds and their surrounding tissues, which comprises three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Different plant species accumulate unique fatty acids in their oils, serving a range of applications in pharmaceuticals and oleochemicals. To enable the production of these distinctive oils, select plant species have adapted specialized oil metabolism pathways, involving differential gene co-expression networks and structurally divergent enzymes/proteins. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances in our understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants. We compare expression patterns of oil metabolism genes from representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) to showcase the co-expression networks of relevant genes for acyl metabolism. We also review several divergent enzymes/proteins associated with key catalytic steps of unique oil accumulation, including fatty acid desaturases, diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins, highlighting their structural features and preference toward unique lipid substrates. Lastly, we briefly discuss protein interactomes and substrate channeling for oil biosynthesis and the complex regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Clews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon A Ulch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Monika Jesionowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jun Hong
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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4
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Zhang L, Fu M, Li W, Dong Y, Zhou Q, Wang Q, Li X, Gao J, Wang Y, Wang H, Li Y, Wang J, Wu Y, Li Y. Genetic variation in ZmKW1 contributes to kernel weight and size in dent corn and popcorn. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1453-1467. [PMID: 38163293 PMCID: PMC11123423 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Kernel weight is a critical factor that essentially affects maize (Zea mays) yield. In natural inbred lines, popcorn kernels exhibit overtly smaller sizes compared to dent corn kernels, and kernel weight, which is controlled by multiple genetic loci, varies widely. Here, we characterized a major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1, responsible for controlling kernel weight (qKW1) and size. The qKW1 locus encodes a protein containing a seven in absentia domain with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, expressed prominently from the top to the middle region of the endosperm. The presence and function of qKW1 were confirmed through ZmKW1 gene editing, where the mutations in ZmKW1 within dent corn significantly increased kernel weight, consistent with alterations in kernel size, while overexpression of ZmKW1 had the opposite effect. ZmKW1 acts as a negative regulator of kernel weight and size by reducing both the number and size of the endosperm cells and impacting endosperm filling. Notably, the popcorn allele qKW1N and the dent corn allele qKW1D encode identical proteins; however, the differences in promoter activity arise due to the insertion of an Indel-1346 sequence in the qKW1N promoter, resulting in higher expression levels compared to qKW1D, thus contributing to the variation in kernel weight and size between popcorn and dent corn kernels. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of the 2.8 kb promoter region of ZmKW1 in a dataset comprising 111 maize association panels identified two distinct haplotypes. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying kernel development and yield regulation in dent corn and popcorn, with a specific focus on the role of the ubiquitination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of ForestryHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Miaomiao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongbin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of AgronomyXinyang Agricultural and Forestry UniversityXinyangChina
| | - Qilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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5
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Liu Y, Ye J, Zhu M, Atkinson RG, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Lu J, Cao Z, Peng J, Shi C, Xie Z, Larkin RM, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Chen C, Wang R, Luo X, Cheng Y, Deng X, Zeng Y. Multi-omics analyses reveal the importance of chromoplast plastoglobules in carotenoid accumulation in citrus fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:924-943. [PMID: 37902994 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplasts act as a metabolic sink for carotenoids, in which plastoglobules serve as versatile lipoprotein particles. PGs in chloroplasts have been characterized. However, the features of PGs from non-photosynthetic plastids are poorly understood. We found that the development of chromoplast plastoglobules (CPGs) in globular and crystalloid chromoplasts of citrus is associated with alterations in carotenoid storage. Using Nycodenz density gradient ultracentrifugation, an efficient protocol for isolating highly purified CPGs from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) pulp was established. Forty-four proteins were defined as likely comprise the core proteome of CPGs using comparative proteomics analysis. Lipidome analysis of different chromoplast microcompartments revealed that the nonpolar microenvironment within CPGs was modified by 35 triacylglycerides, two sitosterol esters, and one stigmasterol ester. Manipulation of the CPG-localized gene CsELT1 (esterase/lipase/thioesterase) in citrus calli resulted in increased lipids and carotenoids, which is further evidence that the nonpolar microenvironment of CPGs contributes to carotenoid accumulation and storage in the chromoplasts. This multi-feature analysis of CPGs sheds new light on the role of chromoplasts in carotenoid metabolism, paving the way for manipulating carotenoid content in citrus fruit and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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6
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Xie P, Chen J, Wu P, Cai Z. Spatial Lipidomics Reveals Lipid Changes in the Cotyledon and Plumule of Mung Bean Seeds during Germination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19879-19887. [PMID: 38018797 PMCID: PMC10722537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a vital process in plant development involving dynamic biochemical transformations such as lipid metabolism. However, the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of lipids in different seed compartments during germination are poorly understood. In this study, we employed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based lipidomics and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to investigate lipid changes occurring in the cotyledon and plumule of mung bean seeds during germination. Lipidomic data revealed that the germination process reduced the levels of many glycerolipids (e.g., triglyceride) and phosphatidylglycerols (e.g., phosphatidylcholine) while increased the levels of lysophospholipids (e.g., lysophosphatidylcholine) in both the cotyledon and plumule. Sphingolipids (e.g., sphingomyelin) displayed altered levels solely in the plumule. Sterol levels increased in the cotyledon but decreased in the plumule. Further imaging results revealed that MALDI-MSI could serve as a supplement and validate LC-MS data. These findings enhance our understanding of the metabolic processes underlying seedling development, with potential implications for crop improvement and seed quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisi Xie
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety
and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection
Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety
and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection
Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative
Region 999077, China
- College
of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety
and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection
Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative
Region 999077, China
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7
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Evtyugin DD, Evtuguin DV, Casal S, Domingues MR. Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production. Molecules 2023; 28:6526. [PMID: 37764302 PMCID: PMC10535520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Evtyugin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Traver MS, Bartel B. The ubiquitin-protein ligase MIEL1 localizes to peroxisomes to promote seedling oleosin degradation and lipid droplet mobilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304870120. [PMID: 37410814 PMCID: PMC10629534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304870120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are organelles conserved across eukaryotes that store and release neutral lipids to regulate energy homeostasis. In oilseed plants, fats stored in seed lipid droplets provide fixed carbon for seedling growth before photosynthesis begins. As fatty acids released from lipid droplet triacylglycerol are catabolized in peroxisomes, lipid droplet coat proteins are ubiquitinated, extracted, and degraded. In Arabidopsis seeds, the predominant lipid droplet coat protein is OLEOSIN1 (OLE1). To identify genes modulating lipid droplet dynamics, we mutagenized a line expressing mNeonGreen-tagged OLE1 expressed from the OLE1 promoter and isolated mutants with delayed oleosin degradation. From this screen, we identified four miel1 mutant alleles. MIEL1 (MYB30-interacting E3 ligase 1) targets specific MYB transcription factors for degradation during hormone and pathogen responses [D. Marino et al., Nat. Commun. 4, 1476 (2013); H. G. Lee and P. J. Seo, Nat. Commun. 7, 12525 (2016)] but had not been implicated in lipid droplet dynamics. OLE1 transcript levels were unchanged in miel1 mutants, indicating that MIEL1 modulates oleosin levels posttranscriptionally. When overexpressed, fluorescently tagged MIEL1 reduced oleosin levels, causing very large lipid droplets. Unexpectedly, fluorescently tagged MIEL1 localized to peroxisomes. Our data suggest that MIEL1 ubiquitinates peroxisome-proximal seed oleosins, targeting them for degradation during seedling lipid mobilization. The human MIEL1 homolog (PIRH2; p53-induced protein with a RING-H2 domain) targets p53 and other proteins for degradation and promotes tumorigenesis [A. Daks et al., Cells 11, 1515 (2022)]. When expressed in Arabidopsis, human PIRH2 also localized to peroxisomes, hinting at a previously unexplored role for PIRH2 in lipid catabolism and peroxisome biology in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Traver
- Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
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9
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Yang L, Liu J, Wong CK, Lim BL. Movement of Lipid Droplets in the Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Is Dependent on the Actomyosin System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2489. [PMID: 37447050 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of pollen tubes, which depends on actin filaments, is pivotal for plant reproduction. Pharmacological experiments showed that while oryzalin and brefeldin A treatments had no significant effect on the lipid droplets (LDs) trafficking, while 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), latrunculin B, SMIFH2, and cytochalasin D treatments slowed down LDs trafficking, in such a manner that only residual wobbling was observed, suggesting that trafficking of LDs in pollen tube is related to F-actin. While the trafficking of LDs in the wild-type pollen tubes and in myo11-2, myo11b1-1, myo11c1-1, and myo11c2-1 single mutants and myo11a1-1/myo11a2-1 double mutant were normal, their trafficking slowed down in a myosin-XI double knockout (myo11c1-1/myo11c2-1) mutant. These observations suggest that Myo11C1 and Myo11C2 motors are involved in LDs movement in pollen tubes, and they share functional redundancy. Hence, LDs movement in Arabidopsis pollen tubes relies on the actomyosin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Kiu Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Zhao Y, Dong Q, Geng Y, Ma C, Shao Q. Dynamic Regulation of Lipid Droplet Biogenesis in Plant Cells and Proteins Involved in the Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087476. [PMID: 37108639 PMCID: PMC10138601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous, dynamic organelles found in almost all organisms, including animals, protists, plants and prokaryotes. The cell biology of LDs, especially biogenesis, has attracted increasing attention in recent decades because of their important role in cellular lipid metabolism and other newly identified processes. Emerging evidence suggests that LD biogenesis is a highly coordinated and stepwise process in animals and yeasts, occurring at specific sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are defined by both evolutionarily conserved and organism- and cell type-specific LD lipids and proteins. In plants, understanding of the mechanistic details of LD formation is elusive as many questions remain. In some ways LD biogenesis differs between plants and animals. Several homologous proteins involved in the regulation of animal LD formation in plants have been identified. We try to describe how these proteins are synthesized, transported to the ER and specifically targeted to LD, and how these proteins participate in the regulation of LD biogenesis. Here, we review current work on the molecular processes that control LD formation in plant cells and highlight the proteins that govern this process, hoping to provide useful clues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qingdi Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yuhu Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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11
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Abstract
In contrast to traditional breeding, which relies on the identification of mutants, metabolic engineering provides a new platform to modify the oil composition in oil crops for improved nutrition. By altering endogenous genes involved in the biosynthesis pathways, it is possible to modify edible plant oils to increase the content of desired components or reduce the content of undesirable components. However, introduction of novel nutritional components such as omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids needs transgenic expression of novel genes in crops. Despite formidable challenges, significant progress in engineering nutritionally improved edible plant oils has recently been achieved, with some commercial products now on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, Australia;
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12
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Pereira Neto LG, Rossini BC, Marino CL, Toorop PE, Silva EAA. Comparative Seeds Storage Transcriptome Analysis of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott, a Threatened Tree Species from Brazil. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213852. [PMID: 36430327 PMCID: PMC9696909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae), also known as a 'gonçalo-alves', is a tree of the American tropics, with distribution in Mexico, part of Central America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. In Brazil it is an endangered species that occurs in the Cerrado, Caatinga and in the Amazon biomes. In support of ex situ conservation, this work aimed to study two accessions with different longevity (p50) of A. fraxinifolium collected from two different geographic regions, and to evaluate the transcriptome during aging of the seeds in order to identify genes related to seed longevity. Artificial ageing was performed at a constant temperature of 45 °C and 60% relative humidity. RNA was extracted from 100 embryonic axes exposed to control and aging conditions for 21 days. The transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes such as Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) genes, genes involved in the photosystem, glycine rich protein (GRP) genes, and several transcription factors associated with embryo development and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Thus, these results contribute to understanding which genes play a role in seed ageing, and may serve as a basis for future functional characterization of the seed aging process in A. fraxinifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Cesar Rossini
- Biotechnology Institute, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18607-440, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Celso Luis Marino
- Biotechnology Institute, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18607-440, Brazil
- Departament of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Peter E. Toorop
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral Silva
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil
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13
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Ge W, Luo M, Sun H, Wei B, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Ji S. The CaMYB340 transcription factor induces chilling injury in post-harvest bell pepper by inhibiting fatty acid desaturation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:800-818. [PMID: 35653257 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a tradable and desirable crop; however, its perishable nature requires low-temperature handling. Paradoxically, cold causes chilling injury (CI) and post-harvest waste. Current knowledge about CI in pepper is limited. The mechanism of CI is multi-faceted; therefore, we focused on fatty acid (FA) desaturation. We identified an upstream nuclear transcription factor (TF), CaMYB340, belonging to the R2R3 MYB subfamily, that negatively regulates FA desaturation and CaCBF3 expression and whose gene and protein expression is induced by low temperature (4°C). Specifically, McrBC treatment and bisulfite sequencing PCR indicate that exposure to cold triggers DNA methylation on one of the CHH sites in the CaMYB340 promoter. This epigenetic event at least partly contributes to the upregulation of CaMYB340 transcript levels. Increased expression of CaMYB340 results in the formation of protein complexes with CabHLH93 and CaMYB1R1, which in turn downregulate the expression of downstream genes. For peppers held at low temperature, transient overexpression of CaMYB340 reduced unsaturated FA content and membrane fluidity, resulting in cold-induced poor peel texture. Transient CaMYB340 silencing increased FA desaturation and lowered electrolyte leakage, enhancing cold tolerance in CaMYB340 knockdown fruits. Overall, these results underscore the intricacy of transcriptional networks in plants and highlight the role of CaMYB340 in CI occurrence in pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Ge
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Manli Luo
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Huajun Sun
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Baodong Wei
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shujuan Ji
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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14
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Choi BY, Shim D, Kong F, Auroy P, Lee Y, Li-Beisson Y, Lee Y, Yamaoka Y. The Chlamydomonas transcription factor MYB1 mediates lipid accumulation under nitrogen depletion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:595-610. [PMID: 35383411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae accumulate high levels of oil under stress, but the underlying biosynthetic pathways are not fully understood. We sought to identify key regulators of lipid metabolism under stress conditions. We found that the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene encoding the MYB-type transcription factor MYB1 is highly induced under stress conditions. Two myb1 mutants accumulated less total fatty acids and storage lipids than their parental strain upon nitrogen (N) depletion. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid metabolism are highly enriched in the wild-type but not in the myb1-1 mutant after 4 h of N depletion. Among these genes were several involved in the transport of fatty acids from the chloroplast to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT1), Fatty Acid EXporters (FAX1, FAX2), and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase1 (LACS1). Furthermore, overexpression of FAT1 in the chloroplast increased lipid production. These results suggest that, upon N depletion, MYB1 promotes lipid accumulation by facilitating fatty acid transport from the chloroplast to the ER. This study identifies MYB1 as an important positive regulator of lipid accumulation in C. reinhardtii upon N depletion, adding another player to the established regulators of this process, including NITROGEN RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (NRR1) and TRIACYLGLYCEROL ACCUMULATION REGULATOR 1 (TAR1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae Young Choi
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Fantao Kong
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Pascaline Auroy
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743, Korea
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15
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Liu X, Yang Z, Wang Y, Shen Y, Jia Q, Zhao C, Zhang M. Multiple caleosins have overlapping functions in oil accumulation and embryo development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3946-3962. [PMID: 35419601 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Caleosins are lipid droplet- and endoplasmic reticulum-associated proteins. To investigate their functions in oil accumulation, expression levels of caleosins in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were examined and four seed-expressed caleosins (CLO1, CLO2, CLO4, and CLO6) were identified. The four single mutants showed similar minor changes of fatty acid composition in seeds. Two double mutants (clo1 clo2 and clo1×clo2) demonstrated distinct changes of fatty acid composition, a 16-23% decrease of oil content, and a 10-13% decrease of seed weight. Moreover, a 40% decrease of oil content, further fatty acid changes, and misshapen membranes of smaller lipid droplets were found in seeds of quadruple CLO RNAi lines. Notably, ~40% of quadruple CLO RNAi T1 seeds failed to germinate, and deformed embryos and seedlings were also observed. Complementation experiments showed that CLO1 rescued the phenotype of clo1 clo2. Overexpression of CLO1 in seedlings and BY2 cells increased triacylglycerol content up to 73.6%. Transcriptome analysis of clo1 clo2 developing seeds showed that expression levels of some genes related to lipid, embryo development, calcium signaling, and stress responses were affected. Together, these results suggest that the major seed-expressed caleosins have overlapping functions in oil accumulation and show pleiotropic effects on embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Yun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Qingli Jia
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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16
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wang K, Li Z, Jia Q, Zhao C, Zhang M. ABA-INSENSITIVE 3 with or without FUSCA3 highly up-regulates lipid droplet proteins and activates oil accumulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2077-2092. [PMID: 34849730 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ABA-INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) has long been known for activation of storage protein accumulation. A role of ABI3 on oil accumulation was previously suggested based on a decrease of oil content in seeds of abi3 mutant. However, this conclusion could not exclude possibilities of indirect or pleiotropic effects, such as through mutual regulatory interactions with FUSCA3 (FUS3), an activator of oil accumulation. To identify that ABI3 functions independent of the effects of related seed transcription factors, we expressed ABI3 under the control of an inducible promoter in tobacco BY2 cells and Arabidopsis rosette leaves. Inducible expression of ABI3 activated oil accumulation in these non-seed cells, demonstrating a general role of ABI3 in regulation of oil biosynthesis. Further expressing ABI3 in rosette leaves of fus3 knockout mutant still caused up to 3-fold greater triacylglycerol accumulation, indicating ABI3 can activate lipid accumulation independently of FUS3. Transcriptome analysis revealed that LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN (LDP) genes, including OLEOSINs and CALEOSINs, were up-regulated up to 1000-fold by ABI3 in the absence of FUS3, while the expression of WRINKLED1 was doubled. Taken together, our results provide genetic evidence that ABI3 activates oil accumulation with or without FUS3, most likely through up-regulating LDPs and WRINKLED1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuowei Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingli Jia
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Fader Kaiser CM, Romano PS, Vanrell MC, Pocognoni CA, Jacob J, Caruso B, Delgui LR. Biogenesis and Breakdown of Lipid Droplets in Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:826248. [PMID: 35198567 PMCID: PMC8860030 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.826248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) have long been considered as mere fat drops; however, LD have lately been revealed to be ubiquitous, dynamic and to be present in diverse organelles in which they have a wide range of key functions. Although incompletely understood, the biogenesis of eukaryotic LD initiates with the synthesis of neutral lipids (NL) by enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The accumulation of NL leads to their segregation into nanometric nuclei which then grow into lenses between the ER leaflets as they are further filled with NL. The lipid composition and interfacial tensions of both ER and the lenses modulate their shape which, together with specific ER proteins, determine the proneness of LD to bud from the ER toward the cytoplasm. The most important function of LD is the buffering of energy. But far beyond this, LD are actively integrated into physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, control of protein homeostasis, sequestration of toxic lipid metabolic intermediates, protection from stress, and proliferation of tumours. Besides, LD may serve as platforms for pathogen replication and defense. To accomplish these functions, from biogenesis to breakdown, eukaryotic LD have developed mechanisms to travel within the cytoplasm and to establish contact with other organelles. When nutrient deprivation occurs, LD undergo breakdown (lipolysis), which begins with the LD-associated members of the perilipins family PLIN2 and PLIN3 chaperone-mediated autophagy degradation (CMA), a specific type of autophagy that selectively degrades a subset of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes. Indeed, PLINs CMA degradation is a prerequisite for further true lipolysis, which occurs via cytosolic lipases or by lysosome luminal lipases when autophagosomes engulf portions of LD and target them to lysosomes. LD play a crucial role in several pathophysiological processes. Increased accumulation of LD in non-adipose cells is commonly observed in numerous infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections, and is gradually recognized as a prominent characteristic in a variety of cancers. This review discusses current evidence related to the modulation of LD biogenesis and breakdown caused by intracellular pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Fader Kaiser
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia S Romano
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M Cristina Vanrell
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian A Pocognoni
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julieta Jacob
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas y Tecnologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
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18
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Du Y, Fu X, Chu Y, Wu P, Liu Y, Ma L, Tian H, Zhu B. Biosynthesis and the Roles of Plant Sterols in Development and Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042332. [PMID: 35216448 PMCID: PMC8875669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are important components of the cell membrane and lipid rafts, which play a crucial role in various physiological and biochemical processes during development and stress resistance in plants. In recent years, many studies in higher plants have been reported in the biosynthesis pathway of plant sterols, whereas the knowledge about the regulation and accumulation of sterols is not well understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings in the field of plant sterols, including their biosynthesis, regulation, functions, as well as the mechanism involved in abiotic stress responses. These studies provide better knowledge on the synthesis and regulation of sterols, and the review also aimed to provide new insights for the global role of sterols, which is liable to benefit future research on the development and abiotic stress tolerance in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Du
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Xizhe Fu
- The College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China;
| | - Yiyang Chu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Peiwen Wu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Ye Liu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Lili Ma
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Huiqin Tian
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.D.); (Y.C.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence:
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