1
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Yi J, Guo C, Ruan Z, Chen G, Wei H, Lu L, Gong S, Pan X, Shen X, Guan X, Dai D, Zhong K, Liu L. Anisotropy-free arrayed waveguide gratings on X-cut thin film lithium niobate platform of in-plane anisotropy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:147. [PMID: 38951501 PMCID: PMC11217451 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Arrayed waveguide grating is a versatile and scalable integrated light dispersion device, which has been widely adopted in various applications, including, optical communications and optical sensing. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate emerges as a promising photonic integration platform, due to its ability of shrinking largely the size of typical lithium niobate based optical devices. This would also enable multifunctional photonic integrated chips on a single lithium niobate substrate. However, due to the intrinsic anisotropy of the material, to build an arrayed waveguide grating on X-cut thin-film lithium niobate has never been successful. Here, a universal strategy to design anisotropy-free dispersive components on a uniaxial in-plane anisotropic photonic integration platform is introduced for the first time. This leads to the first implementation of arrayed waveguide gratings on X-cut thin-film lithium niobate with various configurations and high-performances. The best insertion loss of 2.4 dB and crosstalk of -24.1 dB is obtained for the fabricated arrayed waveguide grating devices. Applications of such arrayed waveguide gratings as a wavelength router and in a wavelength-division multiplexed optical transmission system are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changjian Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Higher-Education Mega-Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ziliang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gengxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haiqiang Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Higher-Education Mega-Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Liwang Lu
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Shengqi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaofu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaowan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Daoxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Kangping Zhong
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314000, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Panicker K, Ang TYL, Goh RJ, Leong V. Integrated photonics cascaded attenuation circuit towards single-photon detector calibration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21412-21421. [PMID: 38859495 DOI: 10.1364/oe.522039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Integrated photonics platforms are a key driver for advancing scalable photonics technologies. To rigorously characterize and calibrate on-chip integrated photodetectors for ultra-sensitive applications such as quantum sensing and photonic computing, a low-power calibration source down to single-photon levels is required. To date, such sources still largely rely on off-chip bulk or fiber optic setups to accurately attenuate a laser beam referenced to a sub-mW-level primary standard. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip integrated attenuation solution where a mW-level beam is coupled to a silicon nitride photonics circuit, and is attenuated by a series of cascaded directional couplers (DCs). With an integrated silicon photodetector, we measured an attenuation at 685 nm wavelength of up to 16.61 dB with an expanded uncertainty of 0.24 dB for one DC stage. With appropriate scattering mitigation, we infer from our results that a total attenuation of 149.5 dB (expanded uncertainty of 0.5 dB) can be obtained with 9 stages of cascaded DCs, thus allowing single-photon power levels to be obtained directly on-chip from a moderate-power laser source.
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3
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Li L, Santis LD, Harris IBW, Chen KC, Gao Y, Christen I, Choi H, Trusheim M, Song Y, Errando-Herranz C, Du J, Hu Y, Clark G, Ibrahim MI, Gilbert G, Han R, Englund D. Heterogeneous integration of spin-photon interfaces with a CMOS platform. Nature 2024; 630:70-76. [PMID: 38811730 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Colour centres in diamond have emerged as a leading solid-state platform for advancing quantum technologies, satisfying the DiVincenzo criteria1 and recently achieving quantum advantage in secret key distribution2. Blueprint studies3-5 indicate that general-purpose quantum computing using local quantum communication networks will require millions of physical qubits to encode thousands of logical qubits, presenting an open scalability challenge. Here we introduce a modular quantum system-on-chip (QSoC) architecture that integrates thousands of individually addressable tin-vacancy spin qubits in two-dimensional arrays of quantum microchiplets into an application-specific integrated circuit designed for cryogenic control. We demonstrate crucial fabrication steps and architectural subcomponents, including QSoC transfer by means of a 'lock-and-release' method for large-scale heterogeneous integration, high-throughput spin-qubit calibration and spectral tuning, and efficient spin state preparation and measurement. This QSoC architecture supports full connectivity for quantum memory arrays by spectral tuning across spin-photon frequency channels. Design studies building on these measurements indicate further scaling potential by means of increased qubit density, larger QSoC active regions and optical networking across QSoC modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lorenzo De Santis
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Isaac B W Harris
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin C Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yihuai Gao
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ian Christen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyeongrak Choi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Trusheim
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- DEVCOM, Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Yixuan Song
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carlos Errando-Herranz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jiahui Du
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yong Hu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve Clark
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed I Ibrahim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruonan Han
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Cheng Y, Feng L, He J, Song X, Han X, Ding Y, Wang C, Guo G, Zhang M, Dai D, Ren X. Cryogenic lithium-niobate-on-insulator optical filter. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1969-1972. [PMID: 38621053 DOI: 10.1364/ol.518418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits have garnered significant attention and experienced rapid development in recent years. To provide fundamental building blocks for scalable optical classical and quantum information processing, one important direction is to develop cryogenic compatible photonic integrated devices. Here, we prepare one optical filter on a lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform based on a multimode waveguide grating and verify its availability at temperature from 295 to 7 K. We find that the integrated optical filter still shows good quality under cryogenic conditions, and the shift of the working wavelength at different temperatures is well explained by the index variation of the material. These results advance LNOI integrated optical devices in applications under cryogenic conditions.
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5
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Lomonte E, Stappers M, Krämer L, Pernice WHP, Lenzini F. Scalable and efficient grating couplers on low-index photonic platforms enabled by cryogenic deep silicon etching. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4256. [PMID: 38383577 PMCID: PMC10881461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient fiber-to-chip couplers for multi-port access to photonic integrated circuits are paramount for a broad class of applications, ranging, e.g., from telecommunication to photonic computing and quantum technologies. Grating-based approaches are often desirable for providing out-of-plane access to the photonic circuits. However, on photonic platforms characterized by a refractive index ≃ 2 at telecom wavelength, such as silicon nitride or thin-film lithium niobate, the limited scattering strength has thus far hindered the achievement of coupling efficiencies comparable to the ones attainable in silicon photonics. Here we present a flexible strategy for the realization of highly efficient grating couplers on such low-index photonic platforms. To simultaneously reach a high scattering efficiency and a near-unitary modal overlap with optical fibers, we make use of self-imaging gratings designed with a negative diffraction angle. To ensure high directionality of the diffracted light, we take advantage of a metal back-reflector patterned underneath the grating structure by cryogenic deep reactive ion etching of the silicon handle. Using silicon nitride as a testbed material, we experimentally demonstrate coupling efficiency up to - 0.55 dB in the telecom C-band with high chip-scale device yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lomonte
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maik Stappers
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Linus Krämer
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Francesco Lenzini
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Yang Y, Chapman RJ, Haylock B, Lenzini F, Joglekar YN, Lobino M, Peruzzo A. Programmable high-dimensional Hamiltonian in a photonic waveguide array. Nat Commun 2024; 15:50. [PMID: 38167664 PMCID: PMC10761861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Waveguide lattices offer a compact and stable platform for a range of applications, including quantum walks, condensed matter system simulation, and classical and quantum information processing. However, to date, waveguide lattice devices have been static and designed for specific applications. We present a programmable waveguide array in which the Hamiltonian terms can be individually electro-optically tuned to implement various Hamiltonian continuous-time evolutions on a single device. We used a single array with 11 waveguides in lithium niobate, controlled via 22 electrodes, to perform a range of experiments that realized the Su-Schriffer-Heeger model, the Aubrey-Andre model, and Anderson localization, which is equivalent to over 2500 static devices. Our architecture's micron-scale local electric fields overcome the cross-talk limitations of thermo-optic phase shifters in other platforms such as silicon, silicon-nitride, and silica. Electro-optic control allows for ultra-fast and more precise reconfigurability with lower power consumption, and with quantum input states, our platform can enable the study of multiple condensed matter quantum dynamics with a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Robert J Chapman
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- ETH Zurich, Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben Haylock
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Lenzini
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yogesh N Joglekar
- Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA.
| | - Mirko Lobino
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Peruzzo
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory and Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Advanced Research Department, Paris, France.
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7
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Kumar CHSSP, Klimov NN, Kuo PS. Optimization of waveguide fabrication processes in lithium-niobate-on-insulator platform. AIP ADVANCES 2024; 14:10.1063/6.0003522. [PMID: 38915883 PMCID: PMC11194688 DOI: 10.1063/6.0003522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN) is used in diverse applications such as spectroscopy, remote sensing, and quantum communications. The emergence of lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) technology and its commercial accessibility represent significant milestones. This technology aids in harnessing the full potential of LN's properties, such as achieving tight mode confinement and strong overlap with applied electric fields, which has enabled LNOI-based electro-optic modulators to have ultra-broad bandwidths with low-voltage operation and low power consumption. Consequently, LNOI devices are emerging as competitive contenders in the integrated photonics landscape. However, the nanofabrication, particularly LN etching, presents a notable challenge. LN is hard, dense, and chemically inert. It has anisotropic etch behavior and a propensity to produce material redeposition during the reactive-ion plasma etch process. These factors make fabricating low-loss LNOI waveguides (WGs) challenging. Recognizing the pivotal role of addressing these fabrication challenges for obtaining low-loss WGs, our research focuses on a systematic study of various process steps in fabricating LNOI WGs and other photonic structures. In particular, our study involves (i) careful selection of hard mask materials, (ii) optimization of inductively coupled plasma etch parameters, and finally, (iii) determining the optimal post-etch cleaning approach to remove redeposited material on the sidewalls of the etched photonic structures. Using the recipe established, we realized optical WGs with total (propagation and coupling) loss value of -10.5 dB, comparable to established values found in the literature. Our findings broaden our understanding of optimizing fabrication processes for low-loss lithium-niobate waveguides and can serve as an accessible resource in advancing LNOI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- CH. S. S. Pavan Kumar
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Nikolai N. Klimov
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Paulina S. Kuo
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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8
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Prencipe A, Gyger S, Baghban MA, Zichi J, Zeuner KD, Lettner T, Schweickert L, Steinhauer S, Elshaari AW, Gallo K, Zwiller V. Wavelength-Sensitive Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors on Thin Film Lithium Niobate Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9748-9752. [PMID: 37871304 PMCID: PMC10636877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate, because of its nonlinear and electro-optical properties, is one of the materials of choice for photonic applications. The development of nanostructuring capabilities of thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) permits fabrication of small footprint, low-loss optical circuits. With the recent implementation of on-chip single-photon detectors, this architecture is among the most promising for realizing on-chip quantum optics experiments. In this Letter, we report on the implementation of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on NbTiN on 300 nm thick TFLN ridge nano-waveguides. We demonstrate a waveguide-integrated wavelength meter based on the photon energy dependence of the superconducting detectors. The device operates at the telecom C- and L-bands and has a footprint smaller than 300 × 180 μm2 and critical currents between ∼12 and ∼14 μA, which ensures operation with minimum heat dissipation. Our results hold promise for future densely packed on-chip wavelength-multiplexed quantum communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Baghban
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Julien Zichi
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Katharina D. Zeuner
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lettner
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Lucas Schweickert
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Stephan Steinhauer
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ali W. Elshaari
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Katia Gallo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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9
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Thiele F, Hummel T, McCaughan AN, Brockmeier J, Protte M, Quiring V, Lengeling S, Eigner C, Silberhorn C, Bartley TJ. All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32717-32726. [PMID: 37859067 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Quantum photonic processing via electro-optic components typically requires electronic links across different operation environments, especially when interfacing cryogenic components such as superconducting single photon detectors with room-temperature control and readout electronics. However, readout and driving electronics can introduce detrimental parasitic effects. Here we show an all-optical control and readout of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD), completely electrically decoupled from room temperature electronics. We provide the operation power for the superconducting detector via a cryogenic photodiode, and readout single photon detection signals via a cryogenic electro-optic modulator in the same cryostat. This method opens the possibility for control and readout of superconducting circuits, and feedforward for photonic quantum computing.
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10
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Luo W, Cao L, Shi Y, Wan L, Zhang H, Li S, Chen G, Li Y, Li S, Wang Y, Sun S, Karim MF, Cai H, Kwek LC, Liu AQ. Recent progress in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication and internet. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:175. [PMID: 37443095 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant progress in quantum communication and quantum internet with the emerging quantum photonic chips, whose characteristics of scalability, stability, and low cost, flourish and open up new possibilities in miniaturized footprints. Here, we provide an overview of the advances in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication, beginning with a summary of the prevalent photonic integrated fabrication platforms and key components for integrated quantum communication systems. We then discuss a range of quantum communication applications, such as quantum key distribution and quantum teleportation. Finally, the review culminates with a perspective on challenges towards high-performance chip-based quantum communication, as well as a glimpse into future opportunities for integrated quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lin Cao
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingxiao Wan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhang
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuyi Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuan Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sijin Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihai Sun
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 518100, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Leong Chuan Kwek
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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11
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Sund PI, Lomonte E, Paesani S, Wang Y, Carolan J, Bart N, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Midolo L, Pernice WHP, Lodahl P, Lenzini F. High-speed thin-film lithium niobate quantum processor driven by a solid-state quantum emitter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7268. [PMID: 37172083 PMCID: PMC10181174 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Scalable photonic quantum computing architectures pose stringent requirements on photonic processing devices. The needs for low-loss high-speed reconfigurable circuits and near-deterministic resource state generators are some of the most challenging requirements. Here, we develop an integrated photonic platform based on thin-film lithium niobate and interface it with deterministic solid-state single-photon sources based on quantum dots in nanophotonic waveguides. The generated photons are processed with low-loss circuits programmable at speeds of several gigahertz. We realize a variety of key photonic quantum information processing functionalities with the high-speed circuits, including on-chip quantum interference, photon demultiplexing, and reprogrammability of a four-mode universal photonic circuit. These results show a promising path forward for scalable photonic quantum technologies by merging integrated photonics with solid-state deterministic photon sources in a heterogeneous approach to scaling up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik I Sund
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Emma Lomonte
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Muenster 48149, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Stefano Paesani
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jacques Carolan
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolai Bart
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Muenster 48149, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Muenster 48149, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Francesco Lenzini
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Muenster 48149, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Muenster 48149, Germany
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12
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Zhu D, Chen C, Yu M, Shao L, Hu Y, Xin CJ, Yeh M, Ghosh S, He L, Reimer C, Sinclair N, Wong FNC, Zhang M, Lončar M. Spectral control of nonclassical light pulses using an integrated thin-film lithium niobate modulator. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:327. [PMID: 36396629 PMCID: PMC9672118 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the frequency and bandwidth of nonclassical light is essential for implementing frequency-encoded/multiplexed quantum computation, communication, and networking protocols, and for bridging spectral mismatch among various quantum systems. However, quantum spectral control requires a strong nonlinearity mediated by light, microwave, or acoustics, which is challenging to realize with high efficiency, low noise, and on an integrated chip. Here, we demonstrate both frequency shifting and bandwidth compression of heralded single-photon pulses using an integrated thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) phase modulator. We achieve record-high electro-optic frequency shearing of telecom single photons over terahertz range (±641 GHz or ±5.2 nm), enabling high visibility quantum interference between frequency-nondegenerate photon pairs. We further operate the modulator as a time lens and demonstrate over eighteen-fold (6.55 nm to 0.35 nm) bandwidth compression of single photons. Our results showcase the viability and promise of on-chip quantum spectral control for scalable photonic quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Changchen Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Linbo Shao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yaowen Hu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - C J Xin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Matthew Yeh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lingyan He
- HyperLight Corporation, 1 Bow Street, Suite 420, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian Reimer
- HyperLight Corporation, 1 Bow Street, Suite 420, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Neil Sinclair
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, and Alliance for Quantum Technologies (AQT), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Franco N C Wong
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mian Zhang
- HyperLight Corporation, 1 Bow Street, Suite 420, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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13
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Zatti L, Bergamasco N, Lomonte E, Lenzini F, Pernice W, Liscidini M. Spontaneous parametric downconversion in linearly uncoupled resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1766-1769. [PMID: 35363730 DOI: 10.1364/ol.453324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study degenerate spontaneous parametric downconversion in a structure composed of two linearly uncoupled resonators, in which the linear properties of the fundamental and second-harmonic field can be engineered independently. As an example, we show that in this system it is simple to generate photon pairs that are nearly uncorrelated in energy. These results extend the use of linearly uncoupled resonators to the case of second-order nonlinear interactions.
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