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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Orexin-mediated motivated arousal and reward seeking. Peptides 2024; 180:171280. [PMID: 39159833 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The neuromodulator orexin has been identified as a key factor for motivated arousal including recent evidence that sleep deprivation-induced enhancement of reward behavior is modulated by orexin. While orexin is not necessary for either reward or arousal behavior, orexin neurons' broad projections, ability to sense the internal state of the animal, and high plasticity of signaling in response to natural rewards and drugs of abuse may underlie heightened drug seeking, particularly in a subset of highly motivated reward seekers. As such, orexin receptor antagonists have gained deserved attention for putative use in addiction treatments. Ongoing and future clinical trials are expected to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin receptor antagonist treatment to promote abstinence, such as those with concurrent sleep disorders or high craving, while attention to methodological considerations will aid interpretation of the numerous preclinical studies investigating disparate aspects of the role of orexin in reward and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Research Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75126, USA; Departments of Psychiatry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
| | - Robert W Greene
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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2
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Braga A, Chiacchiaretta M, Pellerin L, Kong D, Haydon PG. Astrocytic metabolic control of orexinergic activity in the lateral hypothalamus regulates sleep and wake architecture. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5979. [PMID: 39013907 PMCID: PMC11252394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity undergoes significant changes during vigilance states, accompanied by an accommodation of energy demands. While the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle has shown that lactate is the primary energy substrate for sustaining neuronal activity in multiple brain regions, its role in regulating sleep/wake architecture is not fully understood. Here we investigated the involvement of astrocytic lactate supply in maintaining consolidated wakefulness by downregulating, in a cell-specific manner, the expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the lateral hypothalamus of transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that reduced expression of MCT4 in astrocytes disrupts lactate supply to wake-promoting orexin neurons, impairing wakefulness stability. Additionally, we show that MCT2-mediated lactate uptake is necessary for maintaining tonic firing of orexin neurons and stabilizing wakefulness. Our findings provide both in vivo and in vitro evidence supporting the role of astrocyte-to-orexinergic neuron lactate shuttle in regulating proper sleep/wake stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Braga
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Martina Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Inserm U1313, University and CHU of Poitiers, 86021, Poitiers, France
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Ramirez-Plascencia OD, De Luca R, Machado NLS, Eghlidi D, Khanday MA, Bandaru SS, Raffin F, Vujovic N, Arrigoni E, Saper CB. A hypothalamic circuit for circadian regulation of corticosterone secretion. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4718850. [PMID: 39041039 PMCID: PMC11261983 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4718850/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The secretion of cortisol in humans and corticosterone (Cort) in rodents follows a daily rhythm which is important in readying the individual for the daily active cycle and is impaired in chronic depression. This rhythm is orchestrated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which governs the activity of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that produce the corticotropin-releasing hormone (PVHCRH neurons). The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) serves as a crucial intermediary, being innervated by the SCN both directly and via relays in the subparaventricular zone, and projecting axons to the PVH, thereby exerting influence over the cortisol/corticosterone rhythm. However, the role and synaptic mechanisms by which DMH neurons regulate the daily rhythm of Cort secretion has not been explored. We found that either ablating or acutely inhibiting the DMH glutamatergic (DMHVglut2) neurons resulted in a 40-70% reduction in the daily peak of Cort. Deletion of the Vglut2 gene within the DMH produced a similar effect, highlighting the indispensable role of glutamatergic signaling. Chemogenetic stimulation of DMHVglut2 neurons led to an increase of Cort levels, and optogenetic activation of their terminals in the PVH in hypothalamic slices directly activated PVHCRH neurons through glutamate release (the DMHVglut2 → PVHCRH pathway). Similarly, ablating, inhibiting, or disrupting GABA transmission by DMH GABAergic (DMHVgat) neurons diminished the circadian peak of Cort, particularly under constant darkness conditions. Chemogenetic stimulation of DMHVgat neurons increased Cort, although with a lower magnitude compared to DMHVglut2 neuron stimulation, suggesting a role in disinhibiting PVHCRH neurons. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that rostral DMHVgat neurons project directly to GABAergic neurons in the caudal ventral part of the PVH and adjacent peri-PVH area (cvPVH), which directly inhibit PVHCRH neurons, and that activating the DMHVgat terminals in the cvPVH in brain slices reduced GABAergic afferent input onto the PVHCRH neurons. Finally, ablation of cvPVHVgat neurons resulted in increased Cort release at the onset of the active phase, affirming the pivotal role of the DMHVgat → cvPVHVgat → PVHCRH pathway in Cort secretion. In summary, our study delineates two parallel pathways transmitting temporal information to PVHCRH neurons, collectively orchestrating the daily surge in Cort in anticipation of the active phase. These findings are crucial to understand the neural circuits regulating Cort secretion, shedding light on the mechanisms governing this physiological process and the coordinated interplay between SCN, DMH, and PVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar D. Ramirez-Plascencia
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Natalia L. S. Machado
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dominique Eghlidi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mudasir A. Khanday
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sathyajit S. Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Francesca Raffin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Nina Vujovic
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Clifford B. Saper
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Cui M, Meng P, Wang S, Feng Q, Liu G, Zhao P. Differential effects of AKT1 and AKT2 on sleep-wake activity under basal conditions and in response to LPS challenge in mice. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:411-421. [PMID: 38962788 PMCID: PMC11217225 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-024-00519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious challenge can trigger alterations in sleep-wake behavior. Accumulating evidence has shown that the serine/threonine kinases Akt1 and Akt2 are important targets in both physiological and infectious signaling processes. However, the involvement of Akt1 and Akt2 in sleep-wake activity under basal conditions and in response to inflammatory stimulation has not been established. In the present study, we assessed the precise role of Akt1 and Akt2 in sleep-wake behavior using electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) data from Akt1- and Akt2-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The results showed that both Akt1 and Akt2 deficiency affect sleep-wake activity, as indicated by reduced nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased wakefulness in mutant mice compared to WT mice. Sleep amount and intensity (delta, theta and alpha activity) at night were also drastically attenuated in Akt1- and Akt2-deficient mice. Moreover, since Akt1 and Akt2 are involved in immune responses, we assessed their roles in the sleep response to the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) throughout the following 24 h. We observed that the decrease in wakefulness and increase in NREM sleep induced by LPS were restored in Akt1 knockout mice but not in Akt2 knockout mice. Correspondingly, the decrease in the number of positive orexin-A neurons induced by LPS was abrogated in Akt1 knockout mice but not in Akt2 knockout mice. Our results revealed that both Akt1 and Akt2 deficiency affect the sleep response under basal conditions, but only Akt1 deficiency protects against the aberrant changes in sleep behavior induced by peripheral immune challenge. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-024-00519-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cui
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Meng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214000 Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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5
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Gao Z, Guan J, Yin S, Liu F. The role of ATP in sleep-wake regulation: In adenosine-dependent and -independent manner. Sleep Med 2024; 119:147-154. [PMID: 38678758 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
ATP plays a crucial role as an energy currency in the body's various physiological functions, including the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Evidence from genetics and pharmacology demonstrates a strong association between ATP metabolism and sleep. With the advent of new technologies such as optogenetics, genetically encoded biosensors, and novel ATP detection methods, the dynamic changes in ATP levels between different sleep states have been further uncovered. The classic mechanism for regulating sleep by ATP involves its conversion to adenosine, which increases sleep pressure when accumulated extracellularly. However, emerging evidence suggests that ATP can directly bind to P2 receptors and influence sleep-wake regulation through both adenosine-dependent and independent pathways. The outcome depends on the brain region where ATP acts and the expression type of P2 receptors. This review summarizes the experimental evidence on the relationship between ATP levels and changes in sleep states and outlines the mechanisms by which ATP is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle through both adenosine-dependent and independent pathways. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research basis and progress in this field and promote further investigations into the specific mechanisms of ATP in regulating sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shankai Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Di Marco T, Scammell TE, Sadeghi K, Datta AN, Little D, Tjiptarto N, Djonlagic I, Olivieri A, Zammit G, Krystal A, Pathmanathan J, Donoghue J, Hubbard J, Dauvilliers Y. Hyperarousal features in the sleep architecture of individuals with and without insomnia. J Sleep Res 2024:e14256. [PMID: 38853521 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Sleep architecture encodes relevant information on the structure of sleep and has been used to assess hyperarousal in insomnia. This study investigated whether polysomnography-derived sleep architecture displays signs of hyperarousal in individuals with insomnia compared with individuals without insomnia. Data from Phase 3 clinical trials, private clinics and a cohort study were analysed. A comprehensive set of sleep architecture features previously associated with hyperarousal were retrospectively analysed focusing on sleep-wake transition probabilities, electroencephalographic spectra and sleep spindles, and enriched with a novel machine learning algorithm called the Wake Electroencephalographic Similarity Index. This analysis included 1710 individuals with insomnia and 1455 individuals without insomnia. Results indicate that individuals with insomnia had a higher likelihood of waking from all sleep stages, and showed increased relative alpha during Wake and N1 sleep and increased theta power during Wake when compared with individuals without insomnia. Relative delta power was decreased and Wake Electroencephalographic Similarity Index scores were elevated across all sleep stages except N3, suggesting more wake-like activity during these stages in individuals with insomnia. Additionally, sleep spindle density was decreased, and spindle dispersion was increased in individuals with insomnia. These findings suggest that insomnia is characterized by a dysfunction in sleep quality with a continuous hyperarousal, evidenced by changes in sleep-wake architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Di Marco
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - David Little
- Beacon Biosignals, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ina Djonlagic
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gary Zammit
- Clinilabs Drug Development Corporation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Krystal
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Centre National de Référence Narcolepsie, Unité du Sommeil, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Université de Montpellier, INSERM INM, Montpellier, France
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7
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Benoit E, Lyons DG, Rihel J. Noradrenergic tone is not required for neuronal activity-induced rebound sleep in zebrafish. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:279-298. [PMID: 37480493 PMCID: PMC11233345 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Sleep pressure builds during wakefulness, but the mechanisms underlying this homeostatic process are poorly understood. One zebrafish model suggests that sleep pressure increases as a function of global neuronal activity, such as during sleep deprivation or acute exposure to drugs that induce widespread brain activation. Given that the arousal-promoting noradrenergic system is important for maintaining heightened neuronal activity during wakefulness, we hypothesised that genetic and pharmacological reduction of noradrenergic tone during drug-induced neuronal activation would dampen subsequent rebound sleep in zebrafish larvae. During stimulant drug treatment, dampening noradrenergic tone with the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine unexpectedly enhanced subsequent rebound sleep, whereas enhancing noradrenergic signalling with a cocktail of α1- and β-adrenoceptor agonists did not enhance rebound sleep. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated elimination of the dopamine β-hydroxylase (dbh) gene, which encodes an enzyme required for noradrenalin synthesis, enhanced baseline sleep in larvae but did not prevent additional rebound sleep following acute induction of neuronal activity. Across all drug conditions, c-fos expression immediately after drug exposure correlated strongly with the amount of induced rebound sleep, but was inversely related to the strength of noradrenergic modulatory tone. These results are consistent with a model in which increases in neuronal activity, as reflected by brain-wide levels of c-fos induction, drive a sleep pressure signal that promotes rebound sleep independently of noradrenergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Benoit
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Declan G Lyons
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Demiral S, Lildharrie C, Lin E, Benveniste H, Volkow N. Blink-related arousal network surges are shaped by cortical vigilance states. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4271439. [PMID: 38766129 PMCID: PMC11100883 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4271439/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The vigilance state and the excitability of cortical networks impose wide-range effects on brain dynamics that arousal surges could promptly modify. We previously reported an association between spontaneous eye-blinks and BOLD activation in the brain arousal ascending network (AAN) and in thalamic nuclei based on 3T MR resting state brain images. Here we aimed to replicate our analyses using 7T MR images in a larger cohort of participants collected from the Human Connectome Project (HCP), which also contained simultaneous eye-tracking recordings, and to assess the interaction between the blink-associated arousal surges and the vigilance states. For this purpose, we compared blink associated BOLD activity under a vigilant versus a drowsy state, a classification made based on the pupillary data obtained during the fMRI scans. We conducted two main analyses: i) Cross-correlation analysis between the BOLD signal and blink events (eye blink time-series were convolved with the canonical and also with the temporal derivative of the Hemodynamic Response Function, HRF) within preselected regions of interests (ROIs) (i.e., brainstem AAN, thalamic and cerebellar nuclei) together with an exploratory voxel-wise analyses to assess the whole-brain, and ii) blink-event analysis of the BOLD signals to reveal the signal changes onset to the blinks in the preselected ROIs. Consistent with our prior findings on 3T MRI, we showed significant positive cross correlations between BOLD peaks in brainstem and thalamic nuclei that preceded or were overlapping with blink moments and that sharply decreased post-blink. Whole brain analysis revealed blink-related activation that was strongest in cerebellum, insula, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex. Drowsiness impacted HRF BOLD (enhancing it), time-to-peak (delaying it) and post-blink BOLD activity (accentuating decreases). Responses in the drowsy state could be related to the differences in the excitability of cortical, subcortical and cerebellar tissue, such that cerebellar and thalamic regions involved in visual attention processing were more responsive for the vigilant state, but AAN ROIs, as well as cerebellar and thalamic ROIs connected to pre-motor, frontal, temporal and DMN regions were less responsive. Such qualitative and quantitative differences in the blink related BOLD signal changes could reflect delayed cortical processing and the ineffectiveness of arousal surges during states of drowsiness. Future studies that manipulate arousal are needed to corroborate a mechanistic interaction of arousal surges with vigilance states and cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Demiral
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - Christina Lildharrie
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - Esther Lin
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
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Shan L, Wu Y, Lao J, Ma M, Luo X, Zheng K, Hu W, Kang Y, Wang F, Liu Y, Xu Y, Jin X. The positive impact of smoking on poor sleep quality is moderated by IGF1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid: a case-control study among Chinese adults. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1392732. [PMID: 38800060 PMCID: PMC11116786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1392732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous research indicates associations between cigarette smoking, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and sleep disturbances. This study aimed to examine the association between smoking and sleep quality and investigate the moderating role of IGF1. Methods This case-control study involved 146 Chinese adult males (53 active smokers and 93 non-smokers) from September 2014 to January 2016. Sleep quality and disturbances were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which includes seven scales. Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were utilized to examine the link between IGF1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and PSQI scores. The effect of IGF1 was assessed using the moderation effect and simple slope analysis, with adjustments made for potential confounders. Results Active smokers exhibited significantly higher global PSQI scores and lower IGF1 levels in CSF compared to non-smokers. A significant negative correlation was observed between IGF1 and PSQI scores (â = -0.28, P < 0.001), with a stronger association in non-smokers (Pearson r = -0.30) compared to smokers (Pearson r = -0.01). Smoking was associated with higher global PSQI scores (â = 0.282, P < 0.001), and this association was moderated by IGF1 levels in CSF (â = 0.145, P < 0.05), with a stronger effect at high IGF1 levels (Bsimple = 0.402, p < 0.001) compared to low IGF1 levels (Bsimple = 0.112, p = 0.268). Four subgroup analysis revealed similar results for sleep disturbances (Bsimple = 0.628, P < 0.001), with a marginal moderation effect observed on subjective sleep quality (Bsimple = 0.150, P = 0.070). However, independent associations rather than moderating effects were observed between IGF1 and sleep efficiency and daytime disturbance. Conclusion We provided evidence to demonstrate the moderation effect of IGF1 on the relationship between smoking and sleep in CSF among Chinese adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuyu Wu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Lao
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingwei Ma
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ke Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiming Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Yimin Kang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Infection Control Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoya Jin
- Infection Control Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Shiromani PJ, Vidal-Ortiz A. Most dynorphin neurons in the zona incerta-perifornical area are active in waking relative to non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye movement sleep. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae065. [PMID: 38447008 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynorphin is an endogenous opiate localized in many brain regions and spinal cord, but the activity of dynorphin neurons during sleep is unknown. Dynorphin is an inhibitory neuropeptide that is coreleased with orexin, an excitatory neuropeptide. We used microendoscopy to test the hypothesis that, like orexin, the dynorphin neurons are wake-active. Dynorphin-cre mice (n = 3) were administered rAAV8-Ef1a-Con/Foff 2.0-GCaMP6M into the zona incerta-perifornical area, implanted with a GRIN lens (gradient reflective index), and electrodes to the skull that recorded sleep. One month later, a miniscope imaged calcium fluorescence in dynorphin neurons during multiple bouts of wake, non-rapid-eye movement (NREM), and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. Unbiased data analysis identified changes in calcium fluorescence in 64 dynorphin neurons. Most of the dynorphin neurons (72%) had the highest fluorescence during bouts of active and quiet waking compared to NREM or REM sleep; a subset (20%) were REM-max. Our results are consistent with the emerging evidence that the activity of orexin neurons can be classified as wake-max or REM-max. Since the two neuropeptides are coexpressed and coreleased, we suggest that dynorphin-cre-driven calcium sensors could increase understanding of the role of this endogenous opiate in pain and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyattam J Shiromani
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Aurelio Vidal-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System Charleston, SC, USA
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Korkutata M, De Luca R, Fitzgerald B, Arrigoni E, Scammell TE. Afferent projections to the Calca /CGRP-expressing parabrachial neurons in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.593004. [PMID: 38766214 PMCID: PMC11100666 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.593004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB), located in the dorsolateral pons, contains primarily glutamatergic neurons which regulate responses to a variety of interoceptive and cutaneous sensory signals. The lateral PB subpopulation expressing the Calca gene which produces the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) relays signals related to threatening stimuli such as hypercarbia, pain, and nausea, yet the afferents to these neurons are only partially understood. We mapped the afferent projections to the lateral part of the PB in mice using conventional cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) retrograde tracing, and then used conditional rabies virus retrograde tracing to map monosynaptic inputs specifically targeting the PB Calca /CGRP neurons. Using vesicular GABA (vGAT) and glutamate (vGLUT2) transporter reporter mice, we found that lateral PB neurons receive GABAergic afferents from regions such as the lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral dorsal subnucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, substantia innominata, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Additionally, they receive glutamatergic afferents from the infralimbic and insular cortex, paraventricular nucleus, parasubthalamic nucleus, trigeminal complex, medullary reticular nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Using anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy, we then identified close axonal appositions between these afferents and PB Calca /CGRP neurons. Finally, we used channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping to test whether some of these inputs directly synapse upon the PB Calca /CGRP neurons. These findings provide a comprehensive neuroanatomical framework for understanding the afferent projections regulating the PB Calca /CGRP neurons.
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Stanyer EC, Hoffmann J, Holland PR. Orexins and primary headaches: an overview of the neurobiology and clinical impact. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:487-496. [PMID: 38517280 PMCID: PMC11034548 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2328728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary headaches, including migraines and cluster headaches, are highly prevalent disorders that significantly impact quality of life. Several factors suggest a key role for the hypothalamus, including neuroimaging studies, attack periodicity, and the presence of altered homeostatic regulation. The orexins are two neuropeptides synthesized almost exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus with widespread projections across the central nervous system. They are involved in an array of functions including homeostatic regulation and nociception, suggesting a potential role in primary headaches. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes current knowledge of the neurobiology of orexins, their involvement in sleep-wake regulation, nociception, and functions relevant to the associated symptomology of headache disorders. Preclinical reports of the antinociceptive effects of orexin-A in preclinical models are discussed, as well as clinical evidence for the potential involvement of the orexinergic system in headache. EXPERT OPINION Several lines of evidence support the targeted modulation of orexinergic signaling in primary headaches. Critically, orexins A and B, acting differentially via the orexin 1 and 2 receptors, respectively, demonstrate differential effects on trigeminal pain processing, indicating why dual-receptor antagonists failed to show clinical efficacy. The authors propose that orexin 1 receptor agonists or positive allosteric modulators should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Stanyer
- Headache Group, Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Sir Jules Thorne Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Headache Group, Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Philip R. Holland
- Headache Group, Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Vidal-Ortiz A, Blanco-Centurion C, Shiromani PJ. Unilateral optogenetic stimulation of Lhx6 neurons in the zona incerta increases REM sleep. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad217. [PMID: 37599437 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine how a waking brain falls asleep researchers have monitored and manipulated activity of neurons and glia in various brain regions. While imaging Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) neurons in the zona incerta (ZI) we found a subgroup that anticipates onset of NREM sleep (Blanco-Centurion C, Luo S, Vidal-Ortiz A, Swank C, Shiromani PJ. Activity of a subset of vesicular GABA-transporter neurons in the ventral ZI anticipates sleep onset. Sleep. 2021;44(6):zsaa268. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa268.). To differentiate the GABA subtype we now image and optogenetically manipulate the ZI neurons containing the transcription factor, Lhx6. In the first study, Lhx6-cre mice (n = 5; female = 4) were given rAAV-DJ-EF1a-DIO-GCaMP6M into the ZI (isofluorane anesthesia), a GRIN lens implanted, and 21days later sleep and fluorescence in individual Lhx6 neurons were recorded for 4 hours. Calcium fluorescence was detected in 132 neurons. 45.5% of the Lhx6 neurons were REM-max; 30.3% were wake-max; 11.4% were wake + REM max; 9% were NREM-max; and 3.8% had no change. The NREM-max group of neurons fluoresced 30 seconds ahead of sleep onset. The second study tested the effects of unilateral optogenetic stimulation of the ZI Lhx6 neurons (n = 14 mice) (AAV5-Syn-FLEX-rc[ChrimsonR-tdTomato]. Stimulation at 1 and 5 Hz (1 minute on- 4 minutes off) significantly increased percent REM sleep during the 4 hours stimulation period (last half of day cycle). The typical experimental approach is to stimulate neurons in both hemispheres, but here we found that low-frequency stimulation of ZI Lhx6 neurons in one hemisphere is sufficient to shift states of consciousness. Detailed mapping combined with mechanistic testing is necessary to identify local nodes that can shift the brain between wake-sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Vidal-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carlos Blanco-Centurion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Priyattam J Shiromani
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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14
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Tsuneoka Y, Funato H. Whole Brain Mapping of Orexin Receptor mRNA Expression Visualized by Branched In Situ Hybridization Chain Reaction. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0474-23.2024. [PMID: 38199807 PMCID: PMC10883752 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0474-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orexins, which are produced within neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area, play a pivotal role in the regulation of various behaviors, including sleep/wakefulness, reward behavior, and energy metabolism, via orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Despite the advanced understanding of orexinergic regulation of behavior at the circuit level, the precise distribution of orexin receptors in the brain remains unknown. Here, we develop a new branched in situ hybridization chain reaction (bHCR) technique to visualize multiple target mRNAs in a semiquantitative manner, combined with immunohistochemistry, which provided comprehensive distribution of orexin receptor mRNA and neuron subtypes expressing orexin receptors in mouse brains. Only a limited number of cells expressing both Ox1r and Ox2r were observed in specific brain regions, such as the dorsal raphe nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In many brain regions, Ox1r-expressing cells and Ox2r-expressing cells belong to different cell types, such as glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Moreover, our findings demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in Ox1r- or Ox2r-expressing populations of serotonergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons. The majority of orexin neurons did not express orexin receptors. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanism underlying the physiological and behavioral regulation mediated by the orexin system, as well as the development of therapeutic agents targeting orexin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 145-854, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 145-854, Japan
- International Institutes for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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15
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Luke R, Fraigne JJ, Peever J. Sleep: How stress keeps you up at night. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R23-R25. [PMID: 38194923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Stress disrupts sleep, but the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Novel findings in mice reveal a hypothalamic circuit that fragments sleep and promotes arousal after stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Luke
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jimmy J Fraigne
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John Peever
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Yin J, Tuo CM, Yu KY, Hu XH, Fan YY, Wu MN. Diurnal Characteristics of the Orexin System Genes and Its Effects on Pathology at Early Stage in 3xTg-AD Mice. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:632-643. [PMID: 37843792 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Orexin and its receptors are closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the expression of orexin system genes under physiological condition has circadian rhythm, the diurnal characteristics of orexin system genes, and its potential role in the pathogenesis in AD are unknown. In the present study, we hope to elucidate the diurnal characteristics of orexin system genes at the early stage of AD, and to investigate its potential role in the development of AD neuropathology. We firstly detected the mRNA levels of orexin system genes, AD risk genes and core clock genes (CCGs) in hypothalamus and hippocampus in 6-month-old male 3xTg-AD mice and C57BL/6J (wild type, WT) control mice, then analyzed diurnal expression profiles of all genes using JTK_CYCLE algorithm, and did the correlation analysis between expression of orexin system genes and AD risk genes or CCGs. In addition, the expression of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein were measured. The results showed that the diurnal mRNA expression profiles of PPO, OX1R, OX2R, Bace2, Bmal1, Per1, Per2 and Cry1 in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of OX1R, OX2R, Bace1, Bmal1, Per1 and Cry2 in the hippocampus in 3xTg-AD mice were different from that in WT mice. Furthermore, there is positive correlation between orexin system genes and AD risk genes or CCGs in the brain in 3xTg-AD mice. In addition, the expression of Aβ and p-tau in hippocampus in 3xTg-AD mice were significantly increased, and the expression of p-tau is higher in night than in day. These results indicate that the abnormal expression profiles of orexin system genes and its interaction with AD risk genes or CCGs might exert important role in the pathogenesis of AD, which will increase the expression of Aβ and p-tau, and accelerate the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chun-Mei Tuo
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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17
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Muehlan C, Roch C, Vaillant C, Dingemanse J. The orexin story and orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13902. [PMID: 37086045 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is present in up to one third of the adult population worldwide, and it can present independently or with other medical conditions such as mental, metabolic, or cardiovascular diseases, which highlights the importance of treating this multifaceted disorder. Insomnia is associated with an abnormal state of hyperarousal (increased somatic, cognitive, and cortical activation) and orexin has been identified as a key promotor of arousal and vigilance. The current standards of care for the treatment of insomnia recommend non-pharmacological interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy) as first-line treatment and, if behavioural interventions are not effective or available, pharmacotherapy. In contrast to most sleep medications used for decades (benzodiazepines and 'Z-drugs'), the new orexin receptor antagonists do not modulate the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, the main inhibitory mechanism of the central nervous system. Instead, they temporarily block the orexin pathway, causing a different pattern of effects, e.g., less morning or next-day effects, motor dyscoordination, and cognitive impairment. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs are the basis of the different characteristics explained in the package inserts, including the recommended starting dose. Orexin receptor antagonists seem to be devoid of any dependence and tolerance-inducing effects, rendering them a viable option for longer-term treatment. Safety studies did not show exacerbation of existing respiratory problems, but more real-world safety and pharmacovigilance experience is needed. This review provides an overview of the orexin history, the mechanism of action, the relation to insomnia, and key features of available drugs mediating orexin signalling.
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18
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Amidi A, Haldbo-Classen L, Kallehauge JF, Wu LM, Zachariae R, Lassen-Ramshad Y, Lukacova S, Høyer M. Radiation dose to sleep-relevant brain structures linked to impaired sleep quality in primary brain tumor patients. Acta Oncol 2023; 62:1520-1525. [PMID: 37688522 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2023.2249219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amidi
- Department of Psychology & Behavioural Sciences, Sleep and Circadian Psychology Research Group, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Unit for Psycho-oncology & Health Psychology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper F Kallehauge
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa M Wu
- Department of Psychology & Behavioural Sciences, Sleep and Circadian Psychology Research Group, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Unit for Psycho-oncology & Health Psychology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Robert Zachariae
- Department of Psychology & Behavioural Sciences, Sleep and Circadian Psychology Research Group, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Unit for Psycho-oncology & Health Psychology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Slavka Lukacova
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Høyer
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Feldmeyer D. Structure and function of neocortical layer 6b. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1257803. [PMID: 37744882 PMCID: PMC10516558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1257803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical layer 6b is considered by many to be a remnant of the subplate that forms during early stages of neocortical development, but its role in the adult is not well understood. Its neuronal complement has only recently become the subject of systematic studies, and its axonal projections and synaptic input structures have remained largely unexplored despite decades of research into neocortical function. In recent years, however, layer 6b (L6b) has attracted increasing attention and its functional role is beginning to be elucidated. In this review, I will attempt to provide an overview of what is currently known about the excitatory and inhibitory neurons in this layer, their pre- and postsynaptic connectivity, and their functional implications. Similarities and differences between different cortical areas will be highlighted. Finally, layer 6b neurons are highly responsive to several neuropeptides such as orexin/hypocretin, neurotensin and cholecystokinin, in some cases exclusively. They are also strongly controlled by neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The interaction of these neuromodulators with L6b microcircuitry and its functional consequences will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10 (INM-10), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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20
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Oishi Y, Saito YC, Sakurai T. GABAergic modulation of sleep-wake states. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108505. [PMID: 37541595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepine, a classical medication utilized in the treatment of insomnia, operates by augmenting the activity of the GABAA receptor. This underscores the significance of GABAergic neurotransmission in both the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Nevertheless, an increasing body of evidence substantiates the notion that GABA-mediated neurotransmission also assumes a vital role in promoting wakefulness in specific neuronal circuits. Despite the longstanding belief in the pivotal function of GABA in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, there exists a dearth of comprehensive documentation regarding the specific regions within the central nervous system where GABAergic neurons are crucial for these functions. In this review, we delve into the involvement of GABAergic neurons in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, with particular focus on those located in the preoptic area (POA) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Recent research, including our own, has further underscored the importance of GABAergic neurotransmission in these areas for the regulation of sleep-wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki C Saito
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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21
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Bouâouda H, Jha PK. Orexin and MCH neurons: regulators of sleep and metabolism. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1230428. [PMID: 37674517 PMCID: PMC10478345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1230428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake and fasting-feeding are tightly coupled behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions. The mammalian lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a functionally and anatomically complex brain region harboring heterogeneous cell populations that regulate sleep, feeding, and energy metabolism. Significant attempts were made to understand the cellular and circuit bases of LH actions. Rapid advancements in genetic and electrophysiological manipulation help to understand the role of discrete LH cell populations. The opposing action of LH orexin/hypocretin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons on metabolic sensing and sleep-wake regulation make them the candidate to explore in detail. This review surveys the molecular, genetic, and neuronal components of orexin and MCH signaling in the regulation of sleep and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Bouâouda
- Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawan Kumar Jha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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22
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Prokofeva K, Saito YC, Niwa Y, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Hirano A, Sakurai T. Structure and Function of Neuronal Circuits Linking Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus and Lateral Hypothalamic Area. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4075-4092. [PMID: 37117013 PMCID: PMC10255079 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1913-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how sleep-wakefulness cycles are regulated, it is essential to disentangle structural and functional relationships between the preoptic area (POA) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), since these regions play important yet opposing roles in the sleep-wakefulness regulation. GABA- and galanin (GAL)-producing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the POA (VLPOGABA and VLPOGAL neurons) are responsible for the maintenance of sleep, while the LHA contains orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) that are crucial for maintenance of wakefulness. Through the use of rabies virus-mediated neural tracing combined with in situ hybridization (ISH) in male and female orexin-iCre mice, we revealed that the vesicular GABA transporter (Vgat, Slc32a1)- and galanin (Gal)-expressing neurons in the VLPO directly synapse with orexin neurons in the LHA. A majority (56.3 ± 8.1%) of all VLPO input neurons connecting to orexin neurons were double-positive for Vgat and Gal Using projection-specific rabies virus-mediated tracing in male and female Vgat-ires-Cre and Gal-Cre mice, we discovered that VLPOGABA and VLPOGAL neurons that send projections to the LHA received innervations from similarly distributed input neurons in many brain regions, with the POA and LHA being among the main upstream areas. Additionally, we found that acute optogenetic excitation of axons of VLPOGABA neurons, but not VLPOGAL neurons, in the LHA of male Vgat-ires-Cre mice induced wakefulness. This study deciphers the connectivity between the VLPO and LHA, provides a large-scale map of upstream neuronal populations of VLPO→LHA neurons, and reveals a previously uncovered function of the VLPOGABA→LHA pathway in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We identified neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) that are positive for vesicular GABA transporter (Vgat) and/or galanin (Gal) and serve as presynaptic partners of orexin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). We depicted monosynaptic input neurons of GABA- and galanin-producing neurons in the VLPO that send projections to the LHA throughout the entire brain. Their input neurons largely overlap, suggesting that they comprise a common neuronal population. However, acute excitatory optogenetic manipulation of the VLPOGABA→LHA pathway, but not the VLPOGAL→LHA pathway, evoked wakefulness. This study shows the connectivity of major components of the sleep/wake circuitry in the hypothalamus and unveils a previously unrecognized function of the VLPOGABA→LHA pathway in sleep-wakefulness regulation. Furthermore, we suggest the existence of subpopulations of VLPOGABA neurons that innervate LHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Prokofeva
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki C Saito
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Niwa
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Arisa Hirano
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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23
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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Corresponding author. Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Ma C, Zhou N, Ma K, Niu J, Mi T, He Z, Wen Y, Liu C, He Z, Niu J. Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the ventrolateral preoptic area mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1122803. [PMID: 36998723 PMCID: PMC10043189 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1122803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionFear and sleep impairments common co-exist, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hypothalamic orexinergic neurons are involved in the regulation of sleep-wake and fear expression. The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) is an essential brain region to promote sleep, and orexinergic axonal fibers projecting to the VLPO are involved in the maintenance of sleep-wake. Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the VLPO might mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.MethodsTo verify above hypothesis, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) were recorded for analysis of sleep-wake states before and 24 h after conditioned fear training. The retrograde tracing technique and immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the projections from the hypothalamic orexin neurons to the VLPO and to observe their activation in mice with conditioned fear. Moreover, optogenetic activation or inhibition of hypothalamic orexin-VLPO pathways was performed to observe whether the sleep-wake can be regulated in mice with conditioned fear. Finally, orexin-A and orexin receptor antagonist was administered into the VLPO to certify the function of hypothalamic orexin-VLPO pathways on mediating sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.ResultsIt was found that there was a significant decrease in the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and a significant increase in the wakefulness time in mice with conditioned fear. The results of retrograde tracing technique and immunofluorescence staining showed that hypothalamic orexin neurons projected to the VLPO and observed the CTB labeled orexin neurons were significantly activated (c-Fos+) in the hypothalamus in mice with conditioned fear. Optogenetic activation of hypothalamic orexin to the VLPO neural pathways significantly decreased NREM and REM sleep time and increased wakefulness time in mice with conditioned fear. A significant decrease in NREM and REM sleep time and an increase in wakefulness time were observed after the injection of orexin-A into the VLPO, and the effects of orexin-A in the VLPO were blocked by a pre-administrated dual orexin antagonist (DORA).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the neural pathways from hypothalamic orexinergic neurons to the VLPO mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifen Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiandong Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting Mi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhenquan He
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujun Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhongyi He
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongyi He,
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Jianguo Niu,
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Sex-dependent role of orexin deficiency in feeding behavior and affective state of mice following intermittent access to a Western diet - Implications for binge-like eating behavior. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114069. [PMID: 36572152 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder is a debilitating disease characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption and associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Despite a growing body of research investigating the neurobiological underpinnings of eating disorders, specific treatments are lacking. Given its fundamental role in feeding behaviors, we investigated the role of the orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide system in binge-like eating and associated phenotypes. Specifically, we submitted female and male orexin-deficient mice to a paradigm of intermittent access (once weekly for 24 h) to a Western diet (WD) to induce binge-like eating. Additionally, we measured their anxiety-like behavior and plasma corticosterone levels. All mice showed binge-like eating in response to the intermittent WD access, but females did so to a greater extent than males. While orexin deficiency did not affect binge-like eating in this paradigm, we found that female orexin-deficient mice generally weighed more, and they expressed increased hypophagia and stress levels compared to wild-type mice following binge-like eating episodes. These detrimental effects of orexin deficiency were marginal or absent in males. Moreover, male wild-type mice expressed post-binge anxiety, but orexin-deficient mice did not. In conclusion, these results extend our knowledge of orexin's role in dysregulated eating and associated negative affective states, and contribute to the growing body of evidence indicating a sexual dimorphism of the orexin system. Considering that many human disorders, and especially eating disorders, have a strong sex bias, our findings further emphasize the importance of testing both female and male subjects.
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Mogavero MP, Silvani A, Lanza G, DelRosso LM, Ferini-Strambi L, Ferri R. Targeting Orexin Receptors for the Treatment of Insomnia: From Physiological Mechanisms to Current Clinical Evidence and Recommendations. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:17-38. [PMID: 36713640 PMCID: PMC9879039 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s201994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After a detailed description of orexins and their roles in sleep and other medical disorders, we discuss here the current clinical evidence on the effects of dual (DORAs) or selective (SORAs) orexin receptor antagonists on insomnia with the aim to provide recommendations for their further assessment in a context of personalized and precision medicine. In the last decade, many trials have been conducted with orexin receptor antagonists, which represent an innovative and valid therapeutic option based on the multiple mechanisms of action of orexins on different biological circuits, both centrally and peripherally, and their role in a wide range of medical conditions which are often associated with insomnia. A very interesting aspect of this new category of drugs is that they have limited abuse liability and their discontinuation does not seem associated with significant rebound effects. Further studies on the efficacy of DORAs are required, especially on children and adolescents and in particular conditions, such as menopause. Which DORA is most suitable for each patient, based on comorbidities and/or concomitant treatments, should be the focus of further careful research. On the contrary, studies on SORAs, some of which seem to be appropriate also in insomnia in patients with psychiatric diseases, are still at an early stage and, therefore, do not allow to draw definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Mogavero
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Silvani
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lourdes M DelRosso
- Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
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Estradiol-dependent hypocretinergic/orexinergic behaviors throughout the estrous cycle. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:15-25. [PMID: 36571628 PMCID: PMC9816302 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The female menstrual or estrous cycle and its associated fluctuations in circulating estradiol (E2), progesterone, and other gonadal hormones alter orexin or hypocretin peptide production and receptor activity. Depending on the estrous cycle phase, the transcription of prepro-orexin mRNA, post-translational modification of orexin peptide, and abundance of orexin receptors change in a brain region-specific manner. The most dramatic changes occur in the hypothalamus, which is considered the starting point of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis as well as the hub of orexin-producing neurons. Thus, hypothalamus-regulated behaviors, including arousal, feeding, reward processing, and the stress response depend on coordinated efforts between E2, progesterone, and the orexin system. Given the rise of orexin therapeutics for various neuropsychiatric conditions including insomnia and affective disorders, it is important to delineate the behavioral outcomes of this drug class in both sexes, as well as within different time points of the female reproductive cycle. OBJECTIVES Summarize how the menstrual or estrous cycle affects orexin system functionality in animal models in order to predict how orexin pharmacotherapies exert varying degrees of behavioral effects across the dynamic hormonal milieu.
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He Z, Wang X, Ma K, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Liu C, Sun T, Wang P, Rong W, Niu J. Selective activation of the hypothalamic orexinergic but not melanin-concentrating hormone neurons following pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1056706. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1056706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionSleep disorders are common comorbidities in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Since the lateral hypothalamic (LH) and the perifornical orexinergic (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are known to play opposing roles in the regulation of sleep and arousal, dysregulation of ORX and MCH neurons might contribute to the disturbance of sleep-wakefulness following epileptic seizures.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, rats were treated with lithium chloride and pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyograph (EMG) were recorded for analysis of sleep-wake states before and 24 h after SE. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry of c-Fos and ORX or MCH was performed on brain sections from the epileptic and control rats. In addition, anterograde and retrograde tracers in combination with c-Fos immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the possible activation of the amygdala to ORX neural pathways following seizures.ResultsIt was found that epileptic rats displayed prolonged wake phase and decreased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) phase compared to the control rats. Prominent neuronal activation was observed in the amygdala and the hypothalamus following seizures. Interestingly, in the LH and the perifornical nucleus, ORX but not MCH neurons were significantly activated (c-Fos+). Neural tracing showed that seizure-activated (c-Fos+) ORX neurons were closely contacted by axon terminals originating from neurons in the medial amygdala.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the spread of epileptic activity from amygdala to the hypothalamus causes selective activation of the wake-promoting ORX neurons but not sleep-promoting MCH neurons, which might contribute to the disturbance of sleep-wakefulness in TLE.
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Bergamini G, Coloma P, Massinet H, Steiner MA. What evidence is there for implicating the brain orexin system in neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1052233. [PMID: 36506416 PMCID: PMC9732550 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1052233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) affect people with dementia (PwD) almost universally across all stages of the disease, and regardless of its exact etiology. NPS lead to disability and reduced quality of life of PwD and their caregivers. NPS include hyperactivity (agitation and irritability), affective problems (anxiety and depression), psychosis (delusions and hallucinations), apathy, and sleep disturbances. Preclinical studies have shown that the orexin neuropeptide system modulates arousal and a wide range of behaviors via a network of axons projecting from the hypothalamus throughout almost the entire brain to multiple, even distant, regions. Orexin neurons integrate different types of incoming information (e.g., metabolic, circadian, sensory, emotional) and convert them into the required behavioral output coupled to the necessary arousal status. Here we present an overview of the behavioral domains influenced by the orexin system that may be relevant for the expression of some critical NPS in PwD. We also hypothesize on the potential effects of pharmacological interference with the orexin system in the context of NPS in PwD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bergamini
- CNS Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Preciosa Coloma
- Clinical Science, Global Clinical Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Helene Massinet
- CNS Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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