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Luo X, Wan R, Zhang Z, Song M, Yan L, Xu J, Yang H, Lu B. 3D-Printed Hydrogel-Based Flexible Electrochromic Device for Wearable Displays. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404679. [PMID: 39120556 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electrochromic devices (FECDs) are widely explored for diverse applications including wearable electronics, camouflage, and smart windows. However, the manufacturing process of patterned FECDs remains complex, costly, and non-customizable. To address this challenge, a strategy is proposed to prepare integrated FECDs via multi-material direct writing 3D printing. By designing novel viologen/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel inks and systematically evaluating the printability of various inks, seamless interface integration can be achieved, enabling streamlined manufacturing of patterned FECDs with continuous production capabilities. The resultant 3D-printed FECDs exhibit excellent electrochromic and mechanical properties, including high optical contrast (up to 54% at 360 nm), nice cycling stability (less than 5% electroactivity reduction after 10 000 s), and mechanical stability (less than 19% optimal contrast decrease after 5000 cycles of bending). The potential applications of these 3D-printed hydrogel-based FECDs are further demonstrated in wearable electronics, camouflage, and smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Rongtai Wan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Manting Song
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Yan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Hanjun Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Baoyang Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
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2
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Wu P, Li P, Chen M, Rao J, Chen G, Bian J, Lü B, Peng F. 3D Printed Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials Enabled by Edible Natural Konjac Glucomannan. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402666. [PMID: 38632497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Shaping room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials into 3D bodies is important for stereoscopic optoelectronic displays but remains challenging due to their poor processability and mechanical properties. Here, konjac glucomannan (KGM) is employed to anchor arylboronic acids with various π conjugations via a facile B─O covalent reaction to afford printable inks, using which full-color high-fidelity 3D RTP objects with high mechanical strength can be obtained via direct ink writing-based 3D printing and freeze-drying. The doubly rigid structure supplied by the synergy of hydrogen bonding and B─O covalent bonding can protect the triplet excitons; thus, the prepared 3D RTP object shows a striking lifetime of 2.14 s. The printed counterparts are successfully used for 3D anti-counterfeiting and can be recycled and reprinted nondestructively by dissolving in water. This success expands the scope of printable 3D luminescent materials, providing an eco-friendly platform for the additive manufacturing of sophisticated 3D RTP architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Division of Analysis, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- Analytical Instrumentation Center of Peking, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jun Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Gegu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Baozhong Lü
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing, 100083, China
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3
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Liu Y, Xu M, Long H, Vasiliev RB, Li S, Meng H, Chang S. Alternating current electroluminescence devices: recent advances and functional applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39034868 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable smart devices and visualisation sensors based on alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) have received considerable attention in recent years. Due to the unique properties of ACEL devices, such as high mechanical strength, adaptability to complex environments, and no need for energy level matching, ACEL is suitable for multifunctional applications and visualisation sensing platforms. This review comprehensively outlines the latest developments in ACEL devices, starting with an analysis of the mechanism, classification, and optimisation strategies of ACEL. It introduces the functional applications of ACEL in multicolour displays, high-durability displays, stretchable and wearable displays, and autonomous function displays. Particularly, it emphasises the research progress of ACEL in sensory displays under interactive conditions such as liquid sensing, environmental factor sensing, kinetic energy sensing, and biosensing. Finally, it forecasts the challenges and new opportunities faced by future functional and interactive ACEL devices in fields such as artificial intelligence, smart robotics, and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Faculty of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518115, China.
- Platform for Applied Nanophotonics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Technology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518115, China
| | - Meili Xu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hui Long
- Faculty of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518115, China.
- Department of Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman B Vasiliev
- Department of Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Shukui Li
- Faculty of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518115, China.
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shuai Chang
- Faculty of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518115, China.
- Platform for Applied Nanophotonics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Technology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518115, China
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4
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Huang Z, Yu S, Xu Y, Cao Z, Zhang J, Guo Z, Wu T, Liao Q, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Liao X. In-Sensor Tactile Fusion and Logic for Accurate Intention Recognition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407329. [PMID: 38966893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Touch control intention recognition is an important direction for the future development of human-machine interactions (HMIs). However, the implementation of parallel-sensing functional modules generally requires a combination of different logical blocks and control circuits, which results in regional redundancy, redundant data, and low efficiency. Here, a location-and-pressure intelligent tactile sensor (LPI tactile sensor) unprecedentedly combined with sensing, computing, and logic is proposed, enabling efficient and ultrahigh-resolution action-intention interaction. The LPI tactile sensor eliminates the need for data transfer among the functional units through the core integration design of the layered structure. It actuates in-sensor perception through feature transmission, fusion, and differentiation, thereby revolutionizing the traditional von Neumann architecture. While greatly simplifying the data dimensionality, the LPI tactile sensor achieves outstanding resolution sensing in both location (<400 µm) and pressure (75 Pa). Synchronous feature fusion and decoding support the high-fidelity recognition of action and combinatorial logic intentions. Benefiting from location and pressure synergy, the LPI tactile sensor demonstrates robust privacy as an encrypted password device and interaction intelligence through pressure enhancement. It can recognize continuous touch actions in real time, map real intentions to target events, and promote accurate and efficient intention-driven HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shifan Yu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yijing Xu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhicheng Cao
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ziquan Guo
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tingzhu Wu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices for Post-Moore Chips Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinqin Liao
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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5
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Yue Y, Yang X, Yang K, Li K, Liu Z, Wang F, Zhang R, Huang J, Wang Z, Zhang L, Xin G. Highly Thermally Conductive Super-Aligned Boron Nitride Nanotube Films for Flexible Electronics Thermal Management. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33971-33980. [PMID: 38898423 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics toward high integration, miniaturization, and multifunctionality, leading to a dramatic increase in power density. However, the low thermal conductivity of flexible substrates impedes efficient heat dissipation and device performance improvement. In this work, we propose a template-assisted chemical conversion strategy for obtaining boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) films with high thermal conductivity and great flexibility. Aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) films have been adopted as templates; a low-temperature chemical conversion followed by a high-temperature annealing has been carried out to produce a highly ordered BNNT film. Benefiting from the high orientation order, the BNNT film exhibits an exceptional thermal conductivity of 45.5 W m-1 K-1 and presents excellent heat dissipation capability, much superior to the commonly used polyimide film. Furthermore, the BNNT film demonstrated excellent flexibility and high insulation resistance. The test of integration with film resistors demonstrated its potential as a thermally conductive substrate for electronics cooling. This work provides a solution for the effective thermal management of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yue
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoran Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kangyong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zexin Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fanfan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lifu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guoqing Xin
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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6
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Lin Z, Qiu X, Cai Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Lin X, Zhang J, Hu X, Bai H. High internal phase emulsions gel ink for direct-ink-writing 3D printing of liquid metal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4806. [PMID: 38839743 PMCID: PMC11153652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
3D printing of liquid metal remains a big challenge due to its low viscosity and large surface tension. In this study, we use Carbopol hydrogel and liquid gallium-indium alloy to prepare a liquid metal high internal phase emulsion gel ink, which can be used for direct-ink-writing 3D printing. The high volume fraction (up to 82.5%) of the liquid metal dispersed phase gives the ink excellent elastic properties, while the Carbopol hydrogel, as the continuous phase, provides lubrication for the liquid metal droplets, ensuring smooth flow of the ink during shear extrusion. These enable high-resolution and shape-stable 3D printing of three-dimensional structures. Moreover, the liquid metal droplets exhibit an electrocapillary phenomenon in the Carbopol hydrogel, which allows for demulsification by an electric field and enables electrical connectivity between droplets. We have also achieved the printing of ink on flexible, non-planar structures, and demonstrated the potential for alternating printing with various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Lin
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Qiu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Zhouqishuo Cai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Jialiang Li
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xinping Lin
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Jinmeng Zhang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China.
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7
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Zhu Y, Hong A, Yoon S, Park J, Yang H, Kwak J, Yoon J. Bright Bifacial White-Light Illumination by Highly Deformable Electroluminescent Devices Based on Transparent Ionic-Hydrogel Electrodes and Quantum-Dot Color Conversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400704. [PMID: 38712580 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Deformable alternating-current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices are of increasing interest because of their potential to drive innovation in soft optoelectronics. Despite the research focus on efficient white ACEL devices, achieving deformable devices with high luminance remains difficult. In this study, this challenge is addressed by fabricating white ACEL devices using color-conversion materials, transparent and durable hydrogel electrodes, and high-k nanoparticles. The incorporation of quantum dots enables the highly efficient generation of red and green light through the color conversion of blue electroluminescence. Although the ionic-hydrogel electrode provides high toughness, excellent light transmittance, and superior conductivity, the luminance of the device is remarkably enhanced by the incorporation of a high-k dielectric, BaTiO3. The fabricated ACEL device uniformly emits very bright white light (489 cd m-2) with a high color-rendering index (91) from both the top and bottom. The soft and tough characteristics of the device allow seamless operation in various deformed states, including bending, twisting, and stretching up to 400%, providing a promising platform for applications in a wide array of soft optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhu
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyoung Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - SukYoung Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongbin Park
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Luo Z, Chen W, Lai M, Shi S, Chen P, Yang X, Chen Z, Wang B, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Fully Printable and Reconfigurable Hufu-type Electroluminescent Devices for Visualized Encryption. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313909. [PMID: 38349232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Hufu, serving as evidence of imperial authorization in ancient China, comprises two parts in the form of tiger-shaped tallies that only become effective when matched. Drawing inspiration from the concept of Hufu, a reconfigurable electroluminescent (EL) device is designed by separating conventional integral devices into two parts that contain the EL layer (part A) and the transparent electrode (part B), respectively. The key to realizing such strategy is employing an adhesive and stretchable polymer gel composite as the transparent electrodes for the EL devices. The polymer gel composite facilitates robust yet reversible contact between the EL layer and transparent electrode, enabling high-performance and stretchable EL devices that can be readily disassembled and reassembled: the EL devices can maintain ≈81% of their initial luminance after 1000 times of repeated disassembly and reassembly. Moreover, the precursor ink of the polymer gel composite is compatible with a wide variety of coating and printing technologies, such as spin-coating, inkjet printing, dispensing, and brush painting. Importantly, the reconfigurable feature of the devices opens up a new path to encryption display systems, and as a proof-of-concept, EL encrypted password, and content-changeable digital clock are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Lai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shiyang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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9
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Mushtaq RT, Wei Q. Advancements in Soft Robotics: A Comprehensive Review on Actuation Methods, Materials, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1087. [PMID: 38675005 PMCID: PMC11054840 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The flexibility and adaptability of soft robots enable them to perform various tasks in changing environments, such as flower picking, fruit harvesting, in vivo targeted treatment, and information feedback. However, these fulfilled functions are discrepant, based on the varied working environments, driving methods, and materials. To further understand the working principle and research emphasis of soft robots, this paper summarized the current research status of soft robots from the aspects of actuating methods (e.g., humidity, temperature, PH, electricity, pressure, magnetic field, light, biological, and hybrid drive), materials (like hydrogels, shape-memory materials, and other flexible materials) and application areas (camouflage, medical devices, electrical equipment, and grippers, etc.). Finally, we provided some opinions on the technical difficulties and challenges of soft robots to comprehensively comprehend soft robots, lucubrate their applications, and improve the quality of our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.T.M.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.T.M.); (Q.W.)
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10
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Zhao Z, Cao Z, Wu Z, Du W, Meng X, Chen H, Wu Y, Jiang L, Liu M. Bicontinuous vitrimer heterogels with wide-span switchable stiffness-gated iontronic coordination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl2737. [PMID: 38457508 PMCID: PMC10923496 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it remains challenging to balance intrinsic stiffness with programmability in most vitrimers. Simultaneously, coordinating materials with gel-like iontronic properties for intrinsic ion transmission while maintaining vitrimer programmable features remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a phase-engineering strategy to fabricate bicontinuous vitrimer heterogel (VHG) materials. Such VHGs exhibited high mechanical strength, with an elastic modulus of up to 116 MPa, a high strain performance exceeding 1000%, and a switchable stiffness ratio surpassing 5 × 103. Moreover, highly programmable reprocessing and shape memory morphing were realized owing to the ion liquid-enhanced VHG network reconfiguration. Derived from the ion transmission pathway in the ILgel, which responded to the wide-span switchable mechanics, the VHG iontronics had a unique bidirectional stiffness-gated piezoresistivity, coordinating both positive and negative piezoresistive properties. Our findings indicate that the VHG system can act as a foundational material in various promising applications, including smart sensors, soft machines, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguang Zhao
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ziquan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Meng
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial, Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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11
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Oh E, Kane AQ, Truby RL. Architected Poly(ionic liquid) Composites with Spatially Programmable Mechanical Properties and Mixed Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10736-10745. [PMID: 38354100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Structural electrolytes present advantages over liquid varieties, which are critical to myriad applications. In particular, structural electrolytes based on polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (pILs) provide wide electrochemical windows, high thermal stability, nonvolatility, and modular chemistry. However, current methods of fabricating structural electrolytes from pILs and their composites present limitations. Recent advances have been made in 3D printing pIL electrolytes, but current printing techniques limit the complexity of forms that can be achieved, as well as the ability to control mechanical properties or conductivity. We introduce a method for fabricating architected pIL composites as structural electrolytes via embedded 3D (EMB3D) printing. We present a modular design for formulating ionic liquid (IL) monomer composite inks that can be printed into sparse, lightweight, free-standing lattices with different functionalities. In addition to characterizing the rheological and mechanical behaviors of IL monomer inks and pIL lattices, we demonstrate the self-sensing capabilities of our printed structural electrolytes during cyclic compression. Finally, we use our inks and printing method to spatially program self-sensing capabilities in pIL lattices through heterogeneous architectures as well as ink compositions that provide mixed ionic-electronic conductivity. Our free-form approach to fabricating structural electrolytes in complex, 3D forms with programmable, anisotropic properties has broad potential use in next-generation sensors, soft robotics, bioelectronics, energy storage devices, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunBi Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander Q Kane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan L Truby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Li M, Han X, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Guo D, Xie G. Self-Reinforced Piezoelectric Response of an Electroluminescent Film for the Dual-Channel Signal Monitoring of Damaged Areas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3786-3794. [PMID: 38215212 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) show promise for monitoring damage in mechanical equipment. However, weak interfacial bonding between the reinforcing phase and the fluorinated material limits the feedback signal from the damaged area. In this study, we developed a PENG film capable of real-time identification of the damage location and extent. By incorporating core-shell barium titanate (BTO@PVDF-HFP) nanoparticles, we achieved enhanced piezoelectric characteristics, flexibility, and processability. The composite film exhibited an expanded output voltage range, reaching 41.8 V with an increase in frequency, load, and damage depth. Additionally, the film demonstrated self-powered electroluminescence (EL) during the wear process, thanks to its inherent ferroelectric properties and the presence of luminescent ZnS:Cu particles. Unlike conventional PENG electroluminescent devices, the PENG film exhibited luminescence at the damage location over a wide temperature range. Our findings offer a novel approach for realizing modular and miniaturized real-time damage mapping systems in the field of safety engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuanlin Zhang
- Superlubricity Engineering Research Center, Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoxin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Zheng S, Chen X, Shen K, Cheng Y, Ma L, Ming X. Hydrogen Bonds Reinforced Ionogels with High Sensitivity and Stable Autonomous Adhesion as Versatile Ionic Skins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4035-4044. [PMID: 38200632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Flexible wearable sensors have demonstrated enormous potential in various fields such as human health monitoring, soft robotics, and motion detection. Among them, sensors based on ionogels have garnered significant attention due to their wide range of applications. However, the fabrication of ionogels with high sensitivity and stable autonomous adhesion remains a challenge, thereby limiting their potential applications. Herein, we present an advanced ionogel (PACG-MBAA) with exceptional performances based on multiple hydrogen bonds, which is fabricated through one-step radical polymerization of N-acryloylglycine (ACG) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate (EMIES) in the presence of N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA). Compared with the ionogel (PAA-MBAA) formed by polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in EMIES, the resulting ionogel exhibits tunable mechanical strength (35-130 kPa) and Young's modulus comparable to human skin (60-70 kPa) owing to the multiple hydrogen bonds formation. Importantly, they demonstrate stable autonomous adhesion to various substrates and good self-healing capabilities. Furthermore, the ionogel-based sensor shows high sensitivity (with a gauge factor up to 6.16 in the tensile range of 300-700%), enabling the detection of both gross and subtle movements in daily human activities. By integration of the International Morse code, the ionogel-based sensor enables the encryption, decryption, and transmission of information, thus expanding its application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Xuelian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Kaixiang Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Science, Chan'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ming
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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14
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Niu H, Wei X, Li H, Yin F, Wang W, Seong R, Shin YK, Yao Z, Li Y, Kim E, Kim N. Micropyramid Array Bimodal Electronic Skin for Intelligent Material and Surface Shape Perception Based on Capacitive Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305528. [PMID: 38029346 PMCID: PMC10797442 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Developing electronic skins (e-skins) that are comparable to or even beyond human tactile perception holds significant importance in advancing the process of intellectualization. In this context, a machine-learning-motivated micropyramid array bimodal (MAB) e-skin based on capacitive sensing is reported, which enables spatial mapping applications based on bimodal sensing (proximity and pressure) implemented via fringing and iontronic effects, such as contactless measurement of 3D objects and contact recognition of Braille letters. Benefiting from the iontronic effect and single-micropyramid structure, the MAB e-skin in pressure mode yields impressive features: a maximum sensitivity of 655.3 kPa-1 (below 0.5 kPa), a linear sensitivity of 327.9 kPa-1 (0.5-15 kPa), and an ultralow limit of detection of 0.2 Pa. With the assistance of multilayer perceptron and convolutional neural network, the MAB e-skin can accurately perceive 6 materials and 10 surface shapes based on the training and learning using the collected datasets from proximity and pressure modes, thus allowing it to achieve the precise perception of different objects within one proximity-pressure cycle. The development of this MAB e-skin opens a new avenue for robotic skin and the expansion of advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- RFIC CentreDepartment of Electronics EngineeringNDAC CentreKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897South Korea
| | - Xiao Wei
- School of Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Feifei Yin
- RFIC CentreDepartment of Electronics EngineeringNDAC CentreKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897South Korea
| | - Wenxiao Wang
- RFIC CentreDepartment of Electronics EngineeringNDAC CentreKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897South Korea
| | - Ryun‐Sang Seong
- RFIC CentreDepartment of Electronics EngineeringNDAC CentreKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897South Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Zhao Yao
- College of Micro & Nano TechnologyQingdao UniversityQingdao266071China
| | - Yang Li
- School of MicroelectronicsShandong UniversityJinan250101China
| | - Eun‐Seong Kim
- RFIC CentreDepartment of Electronics EngineeringNDAC CentreKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897South Korea
| | - Nam‐Young Kim
- RFIC CentreDepartment of Electronics EngineeringNDAC CentreKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
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15
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Chen Y, Huang Z, Hu F, Peng J, Huang T, Liu X, Luo C, Xu L, Yue K. Microstructured Polyfluoroacrylate Elastomeric Dielectric Layer for Highly Stretchable Wide-Range Capacitive Pressure Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58700-58710. [PMID: 38065675 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive pressure sensors capable of replicating human tactile senses have garnered tremendous attention. Introducing microstructures into the dielectric layer is an effective approach to improve the sensitivity of the sensors. However, most reported processes to fabricate microstructured dielectric layers are complicated and time-consuming and usually have adverse effects on the mechanical properties. Herein, we report a mechanically strong and highly stretchable dielectric layer fabricated from a microstructured fluorinated elastomer with a high dielectric constant (5.8 at 1000 Hz) via a simple and low-cost thermal decomposition process. Capacitive pressure sensors based on this microstructured fluorinated elastomer dielectric layer and soft ionotronic electrodes illustrate an impressing stretchability (>300%), a high pressure sensitivity (17 MPa-1), a wide detection range (70 Pa-800 kPa), and a fast response time (below 300 ms). Moreover, the multipixel capacitive pressure sensors sensing array maintains the unique spatial tactile sensing performance even under significant tensile deformation. It is believed that our microstructured fluorinated elastomer dielectric layer might find wide applications in stretchable ionotronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenkai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Faqi Hu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianping Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Tianrui Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuan Luo
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liguo Xu
- College of Light Chemical Industry and Materials Engineering Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan 528333, China
| | - Kan Yue
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Tay RY, Song Y, Yao DR, Gao W. Direct-Ink-Writing 3D-Printed Bioelectronics. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2023; 71:135-151. [PMID: 38222250 PMCID: PMC10786343 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics has garnered significant momentum in recent years, driven by the ever-increasing demand for personalized health monitoring, remote patient management, and real-time physiological data collection. The elevated sophistication and advancement of these devices have thus led to the use of many new and unconventional materials which cannot be fulfilled through traditional manufacturing techniques. Three-dimension (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an emerging technology that opens new opportunities to fabricate next-generation bioelectronic devices. Some significant advantages include its capacity for material versatility and design freedom, rapid prototyping, and manufacturing efficiency with enhanced capabilities. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in 3D printing of bioelectronics, particularly direct ink writing (DIW), encompassing the methodologies, materials, and applications that have emerged in this rapidly evolving field. This review showcases the broad range of bioelectronic devices fabricated through 3D printing including wearable biophysical sensors, biochemical sensors, electrophysiological sensors, energy devices, multimodal systems, implantable devices, and soft robots. This review will also discuss the advantages, existing challenges, and outlook of applying DIW 3D printing for the development of bioelectronic devices toward healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Yingjie Tay
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Dickson R. Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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17
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Shan Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Dong L, Pei C, Jin Z, Sun Y, Liu T. Variable stiffness soft robotic gripper: design, development, and prospects. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 19:011001. [PMID: 37948756 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad0b8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The advent of variable stiffness soft robotic grippers furnishes a conduit for exploration and manipulation within uncharted, non-structured environments. The paper provides a comprehensive review of the necessary technologies for the configuration design of soft robotic grippers with variable stiffness, serving as a reference for innovative gripper design. The design of variable stiffness soft robotic grippers typically encompasses the design of soft robotic grippers and variable stiffness modules. To adapt to unfamiliar environments and grasp unknown objects, a categorization and discussion have been undertaken based on the contact and motion manifestations between the gripper and the things across various dimensions: points contact, lines contact, surfaces contact, and full-bodies contact, elucidating the advantages and characteristics of each gripping type. Furthermore, when designing soft robotic grippers, we must consider the effectiveness of object grasping methods but also the applicability of the actuation in the target environment. The actuation is the propelling force behind the gripping motion, holding utmost significance in shaping the structure of the gripper. Given the challenge of matching the actuation of robotic grippers with the target scenario, we reviewed the actuation of soft robotic grippers. We analyzed the strengths and limitations of various soft actuation, providing insights into the actuation design for soft robotic grippers. As a crucial technique for variable stiffness soft robotic grippers, variable stiffness technology can effectively address issues such as poor load-bearing capacity and instability caused by the softness of materials. Through a retrospective analysis of variable stiffness theory, we comprehensively introduce the development of variable stiffness theory in soft robotic grippers and showcase the application of variable stiffness grasping technology through specific case studies. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of variable stiffness grasping robots from several perspectives of applications and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlei Pei
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaopeng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Zhou H, Sun Y, Yang H, Tang Y, Lu Y, Zhou Z, Cao S, Zhang S, Chen S, Zhang Y, Pang H. Co 3 O 4 Quantum Dots Intercalation Liquid-Crystal Ordered-Layered-Structure Optimizing the Performance of 3D-Printing Micro-Supercapacitors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303636. [PMID: 37752758 PMCID: PMC10667828 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of near surface or surface mechanisms on electrochemical performance (lower specific capacitance density) hinders the development of 3D printed micro supercapacitors (MSCs). The reasonable internal structural characteristics of printed electrodes and the appropriate intercalation material can effectively compensate for the effects of surface or near-surface mechanisms. In this study, a layered structure is constructed inside an electrode using an ink with liquid-crystal characteristics, and the pore structure and oxidation active sites of the layered electrode are optimized by controlling the amount of Co3 O4 -quantum dots (Co3 O4 QDs). The Co3 O4 QDs are distributed in the pores of the electrode surface, and the insertion of Co3 O4 QDs can effectively compensate for the limitations of surface or near-surface mechanisms, thus effectively improving the pseudocapacitive characteristics of the 3D-printed MSCs. The 3D printed MSC exhibits a high area capacitance (306.13 mF cm-2 ) and energy density (34.44 µWh cm-2 at a power density of 0.108 mW cm-2 ). Therefore, selecting the appropriate materials to construct printable electrode structures and effectively adjusting material ratios for efficient 3D printing are expected to provide feasible solutions for the construction of various high-energy storage systems such as MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yijian Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yiyao Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Shuai Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Songtao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Songqing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE)School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
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19
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Liu X, Xu J. Three/Four-Dimensional Printed PLA Nano/Microstructures: Crystallization Principles and Practical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13691. [PMID: 37761994 PMCID: PMC10531236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional methods, three/four-dimensional (3D/4D) printing technologies allow rapid prototyping and mass customization, which are ideal for preparing nano/microstructures of soft polymer materials. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer material widely used in additive manufacturing (AM) because of its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Unfortunately, owing to its intrinsically poor nucleation ability, a PLA product is usually in an amorphous state after industrial processing, leading to some undesirable properties such as a barrier property and low thermal resistance. Crystallization mediation offers a most practical way to improve the properties of PLA products. Herein, we summarize and discuss 3D/4D printing technologies in the processing of PLA nano/microstructures, focusing on crystallization principles and practical applications including bio-inspired structures, flexible electronics and biomedical engineering mainly reported in the last five years. Moreover, the challenges and prospects of 3D/4D printing technologies in the fabrication of high-performance PLA materials nano/microstructures will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jianwei Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
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20
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Motovilova E, Ching T, Vincent J, Shin J, Tan ET, Taracila V, Robb F, Hashimoto M, Sneag DB, Winkler SA. Dual-Channel Stretchable, Self-Tuning, Liquid Metal Coils and Their Fabrication Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7588. [PMID: 37688046 PMCID: PMC10490642 DOI: 10.3390/s23177588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging represent an emerging and rapidly growing field. The main advantage of such coil designs is their conformal nature, enabling a closer anatomical fit, patient comfort, and freedom of movement. Previously, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept single element stretchable coil design with a self-tuning smart geometry. In this work, we evaluate the feasibility of scaling this coil concept to a multi-element coil array and the associated engineering and manufacturing challenges. To this goal, we study a dual-channel coil array using full-wave simulations, bench testing, in vitro, and in vivo imaging in a 3 T scanner. We use three fabrication techniques to manufacture dual-channel receive coil arrays: (1) single-layer casting, (2) double-layer casting, and (3) direct-ink-writing. All fabricated arrays perform equally well on the bench and produce similar sensitivity maps. The direct-ink-writing method is found to be the most advantageous fabrication technique for fabrication speed, accuracy, repeatability, and total coil array thickness (0.6 mm). Bench tests show excellent frequency stability of 128 ± 0.6 MHz (0% to 30% stretch). Compared to a commercial knee coil array, the stretchable coil array is more conformal to anatomy and provides 50% improved signal-to-noise ratio in the region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Motovilova
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Terry Ching
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | | | - James Shin
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ek Tsoon Tan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Darryl B. Sneag
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Wu Q, Xu Y, Han S, Zhu J, Chen A, Zhang J, Chen Y, Yang X, Huang J, Guan L. A liquid-free conducting ionoelastomer for 3D printable multifunctional self-healing electronic skin with tactile sensing capabilities. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3610-3621. [PMID: 37334834 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive elastomers with both softness and conductivity are widely used in the field of flexible electronics. Nonetheless, conductive elastomers typically exhibit prominent problems such as solvent volatilization and leakage, and poor mechanical and conductive properties, which limit their applications in electronic skin (e-skin). In this work, a liquid-free conductive ionogel (LFCIg) with excellent performance was fabricated by utilizing the innovative double network design approach based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The double-network LFCIg is cross-linked by dynamic non-covalent bonds, which exhibit excellent mechanical properties (2100% strain while sustaining a fracture strength of 1.23 MPa) and >90% self-healing efficiency, and a superb electrical conductivity of 23.3 mS m-1 and 3D printability. Moreover, the conductive elastomer based on LFCIg has been developed into a stretchable strain sensor that achieves accurate response recognition, classification, and identification of different robot gestures. More impressively, an e-skin with tactile sensing functions is produced by in situ 3D printing of sensor arrays on flexible electrodes to detect light weight objects and recognize the resulting spatial pressure variations. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the designed LFCIg has unparalleled advantages and presents wide application potential in flexible robotics, e-skin and physiological signal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yidan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Songjiu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jundong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Anbang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianren Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lunhui Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China
- A College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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22
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Hegde C, Su J, Tan JMR, He K, Chen X, Magdassi S. Sensing in Soft Robotics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15277-15307. [PMID: 37530475 PMCID: PMC10448757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics is an exciting field of science and technology that enables robots to manipulate objects with human-like dexterity. Soft robots can handle delicate objects with care, access remote areas, and offer realistic feedback on their handling performance. However, increased dexterity and mechanical compliance of soft robots come with the need for accurate control of the position and shape of these robots. Therefore, soft robots must be equipped with sensors for better perception of their surroundings, location, force, temperature, shape, and other stimuli for effective usage. This review highlights recent progress in sensing feedback technologies for soft robotic applications. It begins with an introduction to actuation technologies and material selection in soft robotics, followed by an in-depth exploration of various types of sensors, their integration methods, and the benefits of multimodal sensing, signal processing, and control strategies. A short description of current market leaders in soft robotics is also included in the review to illustrate the growing demands of this technology. By examining the latest advancements in sensing feedback technologies for soft robots, this review aims to highlight the potential of soft robotics and inspire innovation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidanand Hegde
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Joel Ming Rui Tan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Casali
Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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Huang J, Yu Z, Wu P. 3D Printing of Ionogels with Complementary Functionalities Enabled by Self-Regulating Ink. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302891. [PMID: 37357146 PMCID: PMC10460849 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Shaping soft and conductive materials into sophisticated architectures through 3D printing is driving innovation in myriad applications, such as robotic counterparts that emulate the synergic functions of biological systems. Although recently developed multi-material 3D printing has enabled on-demand creation of intricate artificial counterparts from a wide range of functional viscoelastic materials. However, directly achieving complementary functionalities in one ink design remains largely unexplored, given the issues of printability and synergy among ink components. In this study, an easily accessible and self-regulating tricomponent ionogel-based ink design to address these challenges is reported. The resultant 3D printed objects, based on the same component but with varying ratios of ink formulations, exhibit distinct yet complementary properties. For example, their Young's modulus can differ by three orders of magnitude, and some structures are rigid while others are ductile and viscous. A theoretical model is also employed for predicting and controlling the printing resolution. By integrating complementary functionalities, one further demonstrates a representative bioinspired prototype of spiderweb, which mimics the sophisticated structure and multiple functions of a natural spiderweb, even working and camouflaging underwater. This ink design strategy greatly extends the material choice and can provide valuable guidance in constructing diverse artificial systems by 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zhenchuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCenter for Advanced Low‐Dimension MaterialsDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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24
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Wei J, Pan F, Ping H, Yang K, Wang Y, Wang Q, Fu Z. Bioinspired Additive Manufacturing of Hierarchical Materials: From Biostructures to Functions. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0164. [PMID: 37303599 PMCID: PMC10254471 DOI: 10.34133/research.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Throughout billions of years, biological systems have evolved sophisticated, multiscale hierarchical structures to adapt to changing environments. Biomaterials are synthesized under mild conditions through a bottom-up self-assembly process, utilizing substances from the surrounding environment, and meanwhile are regulated by genes and proteins. Additive manufacturing, which mimics this natural process, provides a promising approach to developing new materials with advantageous properties similar to natural biological materials. This review presents an overview of natural biomaterials, emphasizing their chemical and structural compositions at various scales, from the nanoscale to the macroscale, and the key mechanisms underlying their properties. Additionally, this review describes the designs, preparations, and applications of bioinspired multifunctional materials produced through additive manufacturing at different scales, including nano, micro, micro-macro, and macro levels. The review highlights the potential of bioinspired additive manufacturing to develop new functional materials and insights into future directions and prospects in this field. By summarizing the characteristics of natural biomaterials and their synthetic counterparts, this review inspires the development of new materials that can be utilized in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Institute for Advanced Study,
Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Hang Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Institute for Advanced Study,
Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Institute for Advanced Study,
Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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25
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Gao D, Thangavel G, Lee J, Lv J, Li Y, Ciou JH, Xiong J, Park T, Lee PS. A supramolecular gel-elastomer system for soft iontronic adhesives. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1990. [PMID: 37031201 PMCID: PMC10082814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroadhesion provides a promising route to augment robotic functionalities with continuous, astrictive, and reversible adhesion force. However, the lack of suitable conductive/dielectric materials and processing capabilities have impeded the integration of electroadhesive modules into soft robots requiring both mechanical compliance and robustness. We present herein an iontronic adhesive based on a dynamically crosslinked gel-elastomer system, including an ionic organohydrogel as adhesive electrodes and a resilient polyurethane with high electrostatic energy density as dielectric layers. Through supramolecular design and synthesis, the dual-material system exhibits cohesive heterolayer bonding and autonomous self-healing from damages. Iontronic soft grippers that seamlessly integrate actuation, adhesive prehension, and exteroceptive sensation are devised via additive manufacturing. The grippers can capture soft and deformable items, bear high payload under reduced voltage input, and rapidly release foreign objects in contrast to electroadhesives. Our materials and iontronic mechanisms pave the way for future advancement in adhesive-enhanced multifunctional soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gurunathan Thangavel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute (TII), Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, P.O Box 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Junwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jing-Hao Ciou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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26
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Li J, Li J, Tang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Wu H, Shen B, Su M, Liu M, Li F. Touchable Gustation via a Hoffmeister Gel Iontronic Sensor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5129-5139. [PMID: 36876910 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A particular sense, touchable gustation, was achieved. We proposed a chemical-mechanical interface strategy with an iontronic sensor device. A conductive hydrogel, amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) assisted poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), was employed as the dielectric layer of the gel iontronic sensor. The Hofmeister effect of the ATMP-PVA hydrogel was well investigated to establish the quantitative description of the gel elasticity modulus to chemical cosolvents. The mechanical properties of hydrogels can be transduced extensively and reversibly by regulating the aggregation state of polymer chains with hydrated ions or cosolvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of ATMP-PVA hydrogel microstructures stained with different soaked cosolvents present different networks. The information on different chemical components will be stored in the ATMP-PVA gels. The flexible gel iontronic sensor with a hierarchical pyramid structure performed high linear sensitivity of 3224.2 kPa-1 and wide pressure response in the range of 0-100 kPa. The finite element analysis proved the pressure distribution at the gel interface of the gel iontronic sensor and the capacitation-stress response relation. Various cations, anions, amino acids, and saccharides can be discriminated, classified, and quantified with the gel iontronic sensor. The Hofmeister effect regulated chemical-mechanical interface performs the response and conversion of biological/chemical signals into electrical output in real time. The particular function to tactile with gustation percept will contribute promising applications in the human-machine interaction, humanoid robot, clinic treatment, or athletic training optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianliang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongtao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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27
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Xie J, Zhao Y, Zhu D, Yan J, Li J, Qiao M, He G, Deng S. A Machine Learning-Combined Flexible Sensor for Tactile Detection and Voice Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12551-12559. [PMID: 36808950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent sensors have attracted substantial attention for various applications, including wearable electronics, artificial intelligence, healthcare monitoring, and human-machine interactions. However, there still remains a critical challenge in developing a multifunctional sensing system for complex signal detection and analysis in practical applications. Here, we develop a machine learning-combined flexible sensor for real-time tactile sensing and voice recognition through laser-induced graphitization. The intelligent sensor with a triboelectric layer can convert local pressure to an electrical signal through a contact electrification effect without external bias, which has a characteristic response behavior when exposed to various mechanical stimuli. With the special patterning design, a smart human-machine interaction controlling system composed of a digital arrayed touch panel is constructed to control electronic devices. Based on machine learning, the real-time monitoring and recognition of the changes of voice are achieved with high accuracy. The machine learning-empowered flexible sensor provides a promising platform for the development of flexible tactile sensing, real-time health detection, human-machine interaction, and intelligent wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dezhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianfeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengfa Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Jian N, Guo R, Zuo L, Sun Y, Xue Y, Liu J, Zhang K. Bioinspired Self-Growing Hydrogels by Harnessing Interfacial Polymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210609. [PMID: 36585822 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The production of natural materials is achieved through a bottom-up approach, in which materials spontaneously grow and adapt to the external environment. Synthetic materials are specifically designed and fabricated as engineered materials; however, they are far away from these natural self-growing attributes. Thus, design and fabrication of synthetic material systems to replicate the self-growing characteristics of those natural prototypes (i.e., hairs and nails) remains challenging. Inspired by the self-growing behaviors of keratin proteins, here the fabrication of synthetic hydrogels (i.e., polyacrylamide (PAAm)) from the free radical polymerization at the interface between AAm precursor solution and liquid metals (i.e., eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn)) is reported. The newly formed hydrogel materials at the EGaIn/AAm precursor interface gradually push the whole hydrogel upward, enabling the self-growing of these synthetic hydrogel materials. This work not only endows the fabrication of synthetic materials with unprecedented self-growing characters, but also broadens the potential applications of self-growing materials in actuation and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Jian
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zuo
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Sun
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan, 063000, P. R. China
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29
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3D printing of thermosets with diverse rheological and functional applicabilities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:245. [PMID: 36646723 PMCID: PMC9842742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermosets such as silicone are ubiquitous. However, existing manufacturing of thermosets involves either a prolonged manufacturing cycle (e.g., reaction injection molding), low geometric complexity (e.g., casting), or limited processable materials (e.g., frontal polymerization). Here, we report an in situ dual heating (ISDH) strategy for the rapid 3D printing of thermosets with complex structures and diverse rheological properties by incorporating direct ink writing (DIW) technique and a heating-accelerated in situ gelation mechanism. Enabled by an integrated Joule heater at the printhead, extruded thermosetting inks can quickly cure in situ, allowing for DIW of various thermosets with viscosities spanning five orders of magnitude, printed height over 100 mm, and high resolution of 50 μm. We further demonstrate DIW of a set of heterogenous thermosets using multiple functional materials and present a hybrid printing of a multilayer soft electronic circuit. Our ISDH strategy paves the way for fast manufacturing of thermosets for various emerging fields.
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30
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Tao Y, Liang X, Zhang J, Lei IM, Liu J. Polyurethane vitrimers: Chemistry, properties and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xiangyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenzhen China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Iek Man Lei
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau Macau China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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