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Morabito A, Zerlaut Y, Dhanasobhon D, Berthaux E, Tzilivaki A, Moneron G, Cathala L, Poirazi P, Bacci A, DiGregorio D, Lourenço J, Rebola N. A dendritic substrate for temporal diversity of cortical inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.09.602783. [PMID: 39026855 PMCID: PMC11257522 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.602783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In the mammalian neocortex, GABAergic interneurons (INs) inhibit cortical networks in profoundly different ways. The extent to which this depends on how different INs process excitatory signals along their dendrites is poorly understood. Here, we reveal that the functional specialization of two major populations of cortical INs is determined by the unique association of different dendritic integration modes with distinct synaptic organization motifs. We found that somatostatin (SST)-INs exhibit NMDAR-dependent dendritic integration and uniform synapse density along the dendritic tree. In contrast, dendrites of parvalbumin (PV)-INs exhibit passive synaptic integration coupled with proximally enriched synaptic distributions. Theoretical analysis shows that these two dendritic configurations result in different strategies to optimize synaptic efficacy in thin dendritic structures. Yet, the two configurations lead to distinct temporal engagement of each IN during network activity. We confirmed these predictions with in vivo recordings of IN activity in the visual cortex of awake mice, revealing a rapid and linear recruitment of PV-INs as opposed to a long-lasting integrative activation of SST-INs. Our work reveals the existence of distinct dendritic strategies that confer distinct temporal representations for the two major classes of neocortical INs and thus dynamics of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziato Morabito
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Yann Zerlaut
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Dhanasak Dhanasobhon
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Emmanuelle Berthaux
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Alexandra Tzilivaki
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität zu Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gael Moneron
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Synapse and Circuit Dynamics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Cathala
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Alberto Bacci
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - David DiGregorio
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Synapse and Circuit Dynamics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Joana Lourenço
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Nelson Rebola
- ICM, Paris Brain Institute, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
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2
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Mizuta K, Sato M. Multiphoton imaging of hippocampal neural circuits: techniques and biological insights into region-, cell-type-, and pathway-specific functions. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:033406. [PMID: 38464393 PMCID: PMC10923542 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.3.033406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Significance The function of the hippocampus in behavior and cognition has long been studied primarily through electrophysiological recordings from freely moving rodents. However, the application of optical recording methods, particularly multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, in the last decade or two has dramatically advanced our understanding of hippocampal function. This article provides a comprehensive overview of techniques and biological findings obtained from multiphoton imaging of hippocampal neural circuits. Aim This review aims to summarize and discuss the recent technical advances in multiphoton imaging of hippocampal neural circuits and the accumulated biological knowledge gained through this technology. Approach First, we provide a brief overview of various techniques of multiphoton imaging of the hippocampus and discuss its advantages, drawbacks, and associated key innovations and practices. Then, we review a large body of findings obtained through multiphoton imaging by region (CA1 and dentate gyrus), cell type (pyramidal neurons, inhibitory interneurons, and glial cells), and cellular compartment (dendrite and axon). Results Multiphoton imaging of the hippocampus is primarily performed under head-fixed conditions and can reveal detailed mechanisms of circuit operation owing to its high spatial resolution and specificity. As the hippocampus lies deep below the cortex, its imaging requires elaborate methods. These include imaging cannula implantation, microendoscopy, and the use of long-wavelength light sources. Although many studies have focused on the dorsal CA1 pyramidal cells, studies of other local and inter-areal circuitry elements have also helped provide a more comprehensive picture of the information processing performed by the hippocampal circuits. Imaging of circuit function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and other brain disorders such as autism spectrum disorder has also contributed greatly to our understanding of their pathophysiology. Conclusions Multiphoton imaging has revealed much regarding region-, cell-type-, and pathway-specific mechanisms in hippocampal function and dysfunction in health and disease. Future technological advances will allow further illustration of the operating principle of the hippocampal circuits via the large-scale, high-resolution, multimodal, and minimally invasive imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Mizuta
- RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Department of Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropharmacology, Sapporo, Japan
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Szegedi V, Tiszlavicz Á, Furdan S, Douida A, Bakos E, Barzo P, Tamas G, Szucs A, Lamsa K. Aging-associated weakening of the action potential in fast-spiking interneurons in the human neocortex. J Biotechnol 2024; 389:1-12. [PMID: 38697361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the slowdown of neuronal processing and cognitive performance in the brain; however, the exact cellular mechanisms behind this deterioration in humans are poorly elucidated. Recordings in human acute brain slices prepared from tissue resected during brain surgery enable the investigation of neuronal changes with age. Although neocortical fast-spiking cells are widely implicated in neuronal network activities underlying cognitive processes, they are vulnerable to neurodegeneration. Herein, we analyzed the electrical properties of 147 fast-spiking interneurons in neocortex samples resected in brain surgery from 106 patients aged 11-84 years. By studying the electrophysiological features of action potentials and passive membrane properties, we report that action potential overshoot significantly decreases and spike half-width increases with age. Moreover, the action potential maximum-rise speed (but not the repolarization speed or the afterhyperpolarization amplitude) significantly changed with age, suggesting a particular weakening of the sodium channel current generated in the soma. Cell passive membrane properties measured as the input resistance, membrane time constant, and cell capacitance remained unaffected by senescence. Thus, we conclude that the action potential in fast-spiking interneurons shows a significant weakening in the human neocortex with age. This may contribute to the deterioration of cortical functions by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Szegedi
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tiszlavicz
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabina Furdan
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abdennour Douida
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emoke Bakos
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Pal Barzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Tamas
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Szucs
- Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karri Lamsa
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary.
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Scheuer KS, Jansson AM, Zhao X, Jackson MB. Inter and intralaminar excitation of parvalbumin interneurons in mouse barrel cortex. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289901. [PMID: 38870124 PMCID: PMC11175493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are inhibitory fast-spiking cells with essential roles in directing the flow of information through cortical circuits. These neurons set the balance between excitation and inhibition and control rhythmic activity. PV interneurons differ between cortical layers in their morphology, circuitry, and function, but how their electrophysiological properties vary has received little attention. Here we investigate responses of PV interneurons in different layers of primary somatosensory barrel cortex (BC) to different excitatory inputs. With the genetically-encoded hybrid voltage sensor, hVOS, we recorded voltage changes in many L2/3 and L4 PV interneurons simultaneously, with stimulation applied to either L2/3 or L4. A semi-automated procedure was developed to identify small regions of interest corresponding to single responsive PV interneurons. Amplitude, half-width, and rise-time were greater for PV interneurons residing in L2/3 compared to L4. Stimulation in L2/3 elicited responses in both L2/3 and L4 with longer latency compared to stimulation in L4. These differences in latency between layers could influence their windows for temporal integration. Thus, PV interneurons in different cortical layers of BC respond in a layer specific and input specific manner, and these differences have potential roles in cortical computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Scheuer
- Cellular and Molecular Biology PhD Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Jansson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Meyer B. Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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5
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Friedenberger Z, Naud R. Dendritic excitability controls overdispersion. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 4:19-28. [PMID: 38177495 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The brain is an intricate assembly of intercommunicating neurons whose input-output function is only partially understood. The role of active dendrites in shaping spiking responses, in particular, is unclear. Although existing models account for active dendrites and spiking responses, they are too complex to analyze analytically and demand long stochastic simulations. Here we combine cable and renewal theory to describe how input fluctuations shape the response of neuronal ensembles with active dendrites. We found that dendritic input readily and potently controls interspike interval dispersion. This phenomenon can be understood by considering that neurons display three fundamental operating regimes: one mean-driven regime and two fluctuation-driven regimes. We show that these results are expected to appear for a wide range of dendritic properties and verify predictions of the model in experimental data. These findings have implications for the role of interspike interval dispersion in learning and for theories of attractor states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Friedenberger
- Centre for Neural Dynamics and Artificial Intelligence, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Naud
- Centre for Neural Dynamics and Artificial Intelligence, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Milicevic KD, Barbeau BL, Lovic DD, Patel AA, Ivanova VO, Antic SD. Physiological features of parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons contributing to high-frequency oscillations in the cerebral cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 6:100121. [PMID: 38616956 PMCID: PMC11015061 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory interneurons drive gamma oscillations (30-80 Hz), which underlie higher cognitive functions. In this review, we discuss two groups/aspects of fundamental properties of PV+ interneurons. In the first group (dubbed Before Axon), we list properties representing optimal synaptic integration in PV+ interneurons designed to support fast oscillations. For example: [i] Information can neither enter nor leave the neocortex without the engagement of fast PV+ -mediated inhibition; [ii] Voltage responses in PV+ interneuron dendrites integrate linearly to reduce impact of the fluctuations in the afferent drive; and [iii] Reversed somatodendritic Rm gradient accelerates the time courses of synaptic potentials arriving at the soma. In the second group (dubbed After Axon), we list morphological and biophysical properties responsible for (a) short synaptic delays, and (b) efficient postsynaptic outcomes. For example: [i] Fast-spiking ability that allows PV+ interneurons to outpace other cortical neurons (pyramidal neurons). [ii] Myelinated axon (which is only found in the PV+ subclass of interneurons) to secure fast-spiking at the initial axon segment; and [iii] Inhibitory autapses - autoinhibition, which assures brief biphasic voltage transients and supports postinhibitory rebounds. Recent advent of scientific tools, such as viral strategies to target PV cells and the ability to monitor PV cells via in vivo imaging during behavior, will aid in defining the role of PV cells in the CNS. Given the link between PV+ interneurons and cognition, in the future, it would be useful to carry out physiological recordings in the PV+ cell type selectively and characterize if and how psychiatric and neurological diseases affect initiation and propagation of electrical signals in this cortical sub-circuit. Voltage imaging may allow fast recordings of electrical signals from many PV+ interneurons simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina D. Milicevic
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Center for Laser Microscopy, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Brianna L. Barbeau
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Darko D. Lovic
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Center for Laser Microscopy, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aayushi A. Patel
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Violetta O. Ivanova
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Srdjan D. Antic
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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7
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Qin L, Liang X, Qi Y, Luo Y, Xiao Q, Huang D, Zhou C, Jiang L, Zhou M, Zhou Y, Tang J, Tang Y. MPFC PV + interneurons are involved in the antidepressant effects of running exercise but not fluoxetine therapy. Neuropharmacology 2023:109669. [PMID: 37473999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder. Previous studies have shown that running exercise reverses depression-like behavior faster and more effectively than fluoxetine therapy. GABAergic interneurons, including the PV+ interneuron subtype, in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) are involved in pathological changes of depression. It was unknown whether running exercise and fluoxetine therapy reverse depression-like behavior via GABAergic interneurons or the PV+ interneurons subtype in MPFC. To address this issue, we subjected mice with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to a 4-week running exercise or fluoxetine therapy. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that running exercise enriched GABAergic synaptic pathways in the MPFC of CUS-exposed mice. However, the number of PV+ interneurons but not the total number of GABAergic interneurons in the MPFC of mice exposed to CUS reversed by running exercise, not fluoxetine therapy. Running exercise increased the relative gene expression levels of the PV gene in the MPFC of CUS-exposed mice without altering other subtypes of GABAergic interneurons. Moreover, running exercise and fluoxetine therapy both significantly improved the length, area and volume of dendrites and the spine morphology of PV+ interneurons in the MPFC of mice exposed to CUS. However, running exercise but not fluoxetine therapy improved the dendritic complexity level of PV+ interneurons in the MPFC of mice exposed to CUS. In summary, the number and dendritic complexity level of PV+ interneurons may be important therapeutic targets for the mechanism by which running exercise reverses depression-like behavior faster and more effectively than fluoxetine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Department of Radioactive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Dujuan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Chunni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yuning Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
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Scheuer KS, Jansson AM, Zhao X, Jackson MB. Inter and Intralaminar Excitation of Parvalbumin Interneurons in Mouse Barrel Cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543448. [PMID: 37398428 PMCID: PMC10312540 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are inhibitory fast-spiking cells with essential roles in directing the flow of information through cortical circuits. These neurons set the balance between excitation and inhibition, control rhythmic activity, and have been linked to disorders including autism spectrum and schizophrenia. PV interneurons differ between cortical layers in their morphology, circuitry, and function, but how their electrophysiological properties vary has received little attention. Here we investigate responses of PV interneurons in different layers of primary somatosensory barrel cortex (BC) to different excitatory inputs. With the genetically-encoded hybrid voltage sensor, hVOS, we recorded voltage changes simultaneously in many L2/3 and L4 PV interneurons to stimulation in either L2/3 or L4. Decay-times were consistent across L2/3 and L4. Amplitude, half-width, and rise-time were greater for PV interneurons residing in L2/3 compared to L4. Stimulation in L2/3 elicited responses in both L2/3 and L4 with longer latency compared to stimulation in L4. These differences in latency between layers could influence their windows for temporal integration. Thus PV interneurons in different cortical layers of BC show differences in response properties with potential roles in cortical computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Scheuer
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| | - Anna M Jansson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| | - Meyer B Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
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The Grossberg Code: Universal Neural Network Signatures of Perceptual Experience. INFORMATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/info14020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two universal functional principles of Grossberg’s Adaptive Resonance Theory decipher the brain code of all biological learning and adaptive intelligence. Low-level representations of multisensory stimuli in their immediate environmental context are formed on the basis of bottom-up activation and under the control of top-down matching rules that integrate high-level, long-term traces of contextual configuration. These universal coding principles lead to the establishment of lasting brain signatures of perceptual experience in all living species, from aplysiae to primates. They are re-visited in this concept paper on the basis of examples drawn from the original code and from some of the most recent related empirical findings on contextual modulation in the brain, highlighting the potential of Grossberg’s pioneering insights and groundbreaking theoretical work for intelligent solutions in the domain of developmental and cognitive robotics.
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