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Zhao C, Yang J, Ma W. Transient Response and Ionic Dynamics in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:233. [PMID: 38954272 PMCID: PMC11219702 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has ushered in a new era in organic electronics, distinguishing itself through its application in a variety of domains, from high-speed logic circuits to sensitive biosensors, and neuromorphic devices like artificial synapses and organic electrochemical random-access memories. Despite recent strides in enhancing OECT performance, driven by the demand for superior transient response capabilities, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between charge and ion transport, alongside electron-ion interactions, as well as the optimization strategies, remains elusive. This review aims to bridge this gap by providing a systematic overview on the fundamental working principles of OECT transient responses, emphasizing advancements in device physics and optimization approaches. We review the critical aspect of transient ion dynamics in both volatile and non-volatile applications, as well as the impact of materials, morphology, device structure strategies on optimizing transient responses. This paper not only offers a detailed overview of the current state of the art, but also identifies promising avenues for future research, aiming to drive future performance advancements in diversified applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Nugraha MI, Ling Z, Aniés F, Ardhi REA, Gedda M, Naphade D, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Over 19% Efficient Inverted Organic Photovoltaics Featuring a Molecularly Doped Metal Oxide Electron-Transporting Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2310933. [PMID: 38949017 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Molecular doping is commonly utilized to tune the charge transport properties of organic semiconductors. However, applying this technique to electrically dope inorganic materials like metal oxide semiconductors is challenging due to the limited availability of molecules with suitable energy levels and processing characteristics. Herein, n-type doping of zinc oxide (ZnO) films is demonstrated using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate (CO2-DMI), a thermally activated organic n-type dopant. Adding CO2-DMI into the ZnO precursor solution and processing it atop a predeposited indium oxide (InOx) layer yield InOx/n-ZnO heterojunctions with increased electron field-effect mobility of 32.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 compared to 18.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the pristine InOx/ZnO bilayer. The improved electron transport originates from the ZnO's enhanced crystallinity, reduced hydroxyl concentrations, and fewer oxygen vacancy groups upon doping. Applying the optimally doped InOx/n-ZnO heterojunctions as the electron-transporting layers (ETLs) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) yields cells with improved power conversion efficiency of 19.06%, up from 18.3% for devices with pristine ZnO, and 18.2% for devices featuring the undoped InOx/ZnO ETL. It is shown that the all-around improved OPV performance originates from synergistic effects associated with CO2-DMI doping of the thermally grown ZnO, highlighting its potential as an electronic dopant for ZnO and potentially other metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Zhaoheng Ling
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryanda Enggar Anugrah Ardhi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murali Gedda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti Naphade
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou Campus, Athens, GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Henry Royce Institute and Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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3
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Kimpel J, Kim Y, Asatryan J, Martín J, Kroon R, Müller C. High-mobility organic mixed conductors with a low synthetic complexity index via direct arylation polymerization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7679-7688. [PMID: 38784738 PMCID: PMC11110131 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Through direct arylation polymerization, a series of mixed ion-electron conducting polymers with a low synthetic complexity index is synthesized. A thieno[3,2-b]thiophene monomer with oligoether side chains is used in direct arylation polymerization together with a wide range of aryl bromides with varying electronic character from electron-donating thiophene to electron-accepting benzothiadiazole. The obtained polymers are less synthetically complex than other mixed ion-electron conducting polymers due to higher yield, fewer synthetic steps and less toxic reagents. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a newly synthesized copolymer comprising thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with oligoether side chains and bithiophene exhibit excellent device performance. A high charge-carrier mobility of up to μ = 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 was observed, obtained by dividing the figure of merit [μC*] from OECT measurements by the volumetric capacitance C* from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which reached a value of more than 215 F cm-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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4
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Gao Y, Ke Y, Wang T, Shi Y, Wang C, Ding S, Wang Y, Deng Y, Hu W, Geng Y. An n-Type Conjugated Polymer with Low Crystallinity for High-Performance Organic Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402642. [PMID: 38453641 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) with low crystallinity are promising candidates for application in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), particularly in flexible devices, because the disordered structures of these CPs can effectively accommodate dopants and ensure robust resistance to bending. However, n-doped CPs usually exhibit poor thermoelectric performance, which hinders the development of high-performance thermoelectric generators. Herein, we report an n-type CP (ThDPP-CNBTz) comprising two acceptor units: a thiophene-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole and a cyano-functionalized benzothiadiazole. ThDPP-CNBTz shows a low LUMO energy level of below -4.20 eV and features low crystallinity, enabling high doping efficiency. Moreover, the dual-acceptor design enhances polaron delocalization, resulting in good thermoelectric performance. After n-doping, ThDPP-CNBTz exhibits an average electrical conductivity (σ) of 50.6 S cm-1 and a maximum power factor (PF) of 126.8 μW m-1 K-2, which is among the highest values reported for solution-processed n-type CPs to date. Additionally, a solution-processed flexible OTE device based on doped ThDPP-CNBTz exhibits a maximum PF of 70 μW m-1 K-2; the flexible device also shows remarkable resistance to bending strain, with only a marginal change in σ after 600 bending cycles. The findings presented in this work will advance the development of n-type CPs for OTE devices, and flexible devices in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhe Ke
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Ding
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yupu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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5
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Quill TJ, LeCroy G, Marks A, Hesse SA, Thiburce Q, McCulloch I, Tassone CJ, Takacs CJ, Giovannitti A, Salleo A. Charge Carrier Induced Structural Ordering And Disordering in Organic Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310157. [PMID: 38198654 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Operational stability underpins the successful application of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) in a wide range of fields, including biosensing, neuromorphic computing, and wearable electronics. In this work, both the operation and stability of a p-type OMIEC material of various molecular weights are investigated. Electrochemical transistor measurements reveal that device operation is very stable for at least 300 charging/discharging cycles independent of molecular weight, provided the charge density is kept below the threshold where strong charge-charge interactions become likely. When electrochemically charged to higher charge densities, an increase in device hysteresis and a decrease in conductivity due to a drop in the hole mobility arising from long-range microstructural disruptions are observed. By employing operando X-ray scattering techniques, two regimes of polaron-induced structural changes are found: 1) polaron-induced structural ordering at low carrier densities, and 2) irreversible structural disordering that disrupts charge transport at high carrier densities, where charge-charge interactions are significant. These operando measurements also reveal that the transfer curve hysteresis at high carrier densities is accompanied by an analogous structural hysteresis, providing a microstructural basis for such instabilities. This work provides a mechanistic understanding of the structural dynamics and material instabilities of OMIEC materials during device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah A Hesse
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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6
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Surgailis J, Flagg LQ, Richter LJ, Druet V, Griggs S, Wu X, Moro S, Ohayon D, Kousseff CJ, Marks A, Maria IP, Chen H, Moser M, Costantini G, McCulloch I, Inal S. The Role of Side Chains and Hydration on Mixed Charge Transport in n-Type Polymer Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313121. [PMID: 38554042 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Introducing ethylene glycol (EG) side chains to a conjugated polymer backbone is a well-established synthetic strategy for designing organic mixed ion-electron conductors (OMIECs). However, the impact that film swelling has on mixed conduction properties has yet to be scoped, particularly for electron-transporting (n-type) OMIECs. Here, the authors investigate the effect of the length of branched EG chains on mixed charge transport of n-type OMIECs based on a naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-bithiophene backbone. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to establish the similarities between the common-backbone films in dry conditions. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) and in situ GIWAXS measurements reveal stark changes in film swelling properties and microstructure during electrochemical doping, depending on the side chain length. It is found that even in the loss of the crystallite content upon contact with the aqueous electrolyte, the films can effectively transport charges and that it is rather the high water content that harms the electronic interconnectivity within the OMIEC films. These results highlight the importance of controlling water uptake in the films to impede charge transport in n-type electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokūbas Surgailis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Materials Science and Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lee J Richter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Materials Science and Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stefania Moro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina J Kousseff
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iuliana P Maria
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Hu Chen
- KAUST, KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- KAUST, KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Simatos D, Jacobs IE, Dobryden I, Nguyen M, Savva A, Venkateshvaran D, Nikolka M, Charmet J, Spalek LJ, Gicevičius M, Zhang Y, Schweicher G, Howe DJ, Ursel S, Armitage J, Dimov IB, Kraft U, Zhang W, Alsufyani M, McCulloch I, Owens RM, Claesson PM, Knowles TPJ, Sirringhaus H. Effects of Processing-Induced Contamination on Organic Electronic Devices. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300476. [PMID: 37661594 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are a family of pi-conjugated compounds used in many applications, such as displays, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, their susceptibility to processing-induced contamination is not well understood. Here, it is shown that many organic electronic devices reported so far may have been unintentionally contaminated, thus affecting their performance, water uptake, and thin film properties. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to detect and quantify contaminants originating from the glovebox atmosphere and common laboratory consumables used during device fabrication. Importantly, this in-depth understanding of the sources of contamination allows the establishment of clean fabrication protocols, and the fabrication of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with improved performance and stability. This study highlights the role of unintentional contaminants in organic electronic devices, and demonstrates that certain stringent processing conditions need to be met to avoid scientific misinterpretation, ensure device reproducibility, and facilitate performance stability. The experimental procedures and conditions used herein are typical of those used by many groups in the field of solution-processed organic semiconductors. Therefore, the insights gained into the effects of contamination are likely to be broadly applicable to studies, not just of OFETs, but also of other devices based on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Illia Dobryden
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Bioeconomy and Health, Department of Material and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 11486, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Małgorzata Nguyen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OAS, UK
| | - Deepak Venkateshvaran
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jérôme Charmet
- School of Engineering-HE-Arc Ingénierie, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mindaugas Gicevičius
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John Armitage
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OAS, UK
| | - Per M Claesson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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8
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Kim J, Ren X, Zhang Y, Fazzi D, Manikandan S, Andreasen JW, Sun X, Ursel S, Un H, Peralta S, Xiao M, Town J, Marathianos A, Roesner S, Bui T, Ludwigs S, Sirringhaus H, Wang S. Efficient N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Field-Effect Transistors Based on PNDI-Copolymers Bearing Fluorinated Selenophene-Vinylene-Selenophenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303837. [PMID: 37551064 PMCID: PMC10582458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are less developed than their p-type counterparts. Herein, polynaphthalenediimide (PNDI)-based copolymers bearing novel fluorinated selenophene-vinylene-selenophene (FSVS) units as efficient materials for both n-type OECTs and n-type OFETs are reported. The PNDI polymers with oligo(ethylene glycol) (EG7) side chains P(NDIEG7-FSVS), affords a high µC* of > 0.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , outperforming the benchmark n-type Pg4NDI-T2 and Pg4NDI-gT2 by two orders of magnitude. The deep-lying LUMO of -4.63 eV endows P(NDIEG7-FSVS) with an ultra-low threshold voltage of 0.16 V. Moreover, the conjugated polymer with octyldodecyl (OD) side chains P(NDIOD-FSVS) exhibits a surprisingly low energetic disorder with an Urbach energy of 36 meV and an ultra-low activation energy of 39 meV, resulting in high electron mobility of up to 0.32 cm2 V-1 s-1 in n-type OFETs. These results demonstrate the great potential for simultaneously achieving a lower LUMO and a tighter intermolecular packing for the next-generation efficient n-type organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
- Present address:
Department of Textile System Eng.Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu41566Republic of Korea
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia F. Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Suraj Manikandan
- Department of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Xiuming Sun
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology(IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Hio‐Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Sébastien Peralta
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - James Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Stefan Roesner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Thanh‐Tuan Bui
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology(IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
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9
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Berl AJ, Sklar JH, Yun YJ, Kalow JA. Side-Chain Engineering in Hydrophilic n-Type π-Conjugated Polymers for Enhanced Reactivity. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:503-509. [PMID: 37011181 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Minor changes to side chains in conjugated polymers (CPs) can have pronounced effects on polymer properties by altering backbone planarity, solubility, and interaction with ions. Here, we report the photocontrolled synthesis of hydrophilic CPs from Grignard monomers and find that switching from alkyl to oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains changes their photoreactivity. Specifically, installing hydrophilic side chains on the same monomer core yields higher molecular weight polymers and allows polymerization to proceed with lower-energy red light. Additionally, we discover a side chain decomposition pathway for N-OEG monomers, which are prevalent in CP research. Decomposition can be overcome by adding an extra methylene unit in the side chains without compromising polymer molecular weight or hydrophilicity. Importantly, this polymerization does not require transition metal catalysts and is a promising approach to the preparation of n-type conjugated block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan H Sklar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Young Ju Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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