1
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Rossi C, Sinding MHS, Mullin VE, Scheu A, Erven JAM, Verdugo MP, Daly KG, Ciucani MM, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Diquelou D, Manin A, Bangsgaard P, Collins M, Lord TC, Zeibert V, Zorzin R, Vinter M, Timmons Z, Kitchener AC, Street M, Haruda AF, Tabbada K, Larson G, Frantz LAF, Gehlen B, Alhaique F, Tagliacozzo A, Fornasiero M, Pandolfi L, Karastoyanova N, Sørensen L, Kiryushin K, Ekström J, Mostadius M, Grandal-d'Anglade A, Vidal-Gorosquieta A, Benecke N, Kropp C, Grushin SP, Gilbert MTP, Merts I, Merts V, Outram AK, Rosengren E, Kosintsev P, Sablin M, Tishkin AA, Makarewicz CA, Burger J, Bradley DG. The genomic natural history of the aurochs. Nature 2024; 635:136-141. [PMID: 39478219 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
Now extinct, the aurochs (Bos primigenius) was a keystone species in prehistoric Eurasian and North African ecosystems, and the progenitor of cattle (Bos taurus), domesticates that have provided people with food and labour for millennia1. Here we analysed 38 ancient genomes and found 4 distinct population ancestries in the aurochs-European, Southwest Asian, North Asian and South Asian-each of which has dynamic trajectories that have responded to changes in climate and human influence. Similarly to Homo heidelbergensis, aurochsen first entered Europe around 650 thousand years ago2, but early populations left only trace ancestry, with both North Asian and European B. primigenius genomes coalescing during the most recent glaciation. North Asian and European populations then appear separated until mixing after the climate amelioration of the early Holocene. European aurochsen endured the more severe bottleneck during the Last Glacial Maximum, retreating to southern refugia before recolonizing from Iberia. Domestication involved the capture of a small number of individuals from the Southwest Asian aurochs population, followed by early and pervasive male-mediated admixture involving each ancestral strain of aurochs after domestic stocks dispersed beyond their cradle of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Rossi
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Victoria E Mullin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amelie Scheu
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jolijn A M Erven
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kevin G Daly
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marta Maria Ciucani
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Matthew D Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Deborah Diquelou
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurélie Manin
- Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pernille Bangsgaard
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Collins
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Viktor Zeibert
- Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Roberto Zorzin
- Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Zena Timmons
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Street
- LEIZA, Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, Neuwied, Germany
| | - Ashleigh F Haruda
- Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristina Tabbada
- Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Greger Larson
- Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurent A F Frantz
- Palaeogenomics Group, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Birgit Gehlen
- Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesca Alhaique
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tagliacozzo
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Pandolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nadezhda Karastoyanova
- Department of Paleontology and Mineralogy, National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Kirill Kiryushin
- Department of Recreational Geography, Service, Tourism and Hospitality, Institute of Geography, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
| | - Jonas Ekström
- The Biological Museum, Lund University, Arkivcentrum Syd, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Mostadius
- The Biological Museum, Lund University, Arkivcentrum Syd, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Norbert Benecke
- German Archaeological Institute, Central Department, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Kropp
- Lauresham Laboratory for Experimental Archaeology, UNESCO-Welterbestätte Kloster Lorsch, Lorsch, Germany
| | - Sergei P Grushin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilja Merts
- Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Viktor Merts
- Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Alan K Outram
- Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erika Rosengren
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Lund University Historical Museum, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pavel Kosintsev
- Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
- Department of History, Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Sablin
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
| | - Cheryl A Makarewicz
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joachim Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Liang X, Kuang W. Large-scale fossil records analysis reveals prehistoric extinction mechanisms of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis). Integr Zool 2024; 19:1233-1235. [PMID: 39210680 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Climate oscillations and prehistoric human activity during the Middle-Late Pleistocene profoundly affected the population fluctuations and extinctions of megafauna, especially the extinct woolly rhinoceros. Fordham et al. (2024) recently proposed new solutions based on fossil records, paleoclimates, and prehistoric human activities data to reconstruct an explicit process-driven model, resulting in high-resolution population dynamics of the woolly rhinoceros. This study revealed the mechanisms of the woolly rhinoceros extinction: climate-driven habitat fragmentation combined with low but persistent levels of human hunting weakened metapopulation processes, leading to their extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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3
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Canesin LEC, Vilaça ST, Oliveira RRM, Al-Ajli F, Tracey A, Sims Y, Formenti G, Fedrigo O, Banhos A, Sanaiotti TM, Farias IP, Jarvis ED, Oliveira G, Hrbek T, Solferini V, Aleixo A. A reference genome for the Harpy Eagle reveals steady demographic decline and chromosomal rearrangements in the origin of Accipitriformes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19925. [PMID: 39261501 PMCID: PMC11390914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is an iconic species that inhabits forested landscapes in Neotropical regions, with decreasing population trends mainly due to habitat loss, and currently classified as vulnerable. Here, we report on a chromosome-scale genome assembly for a female individual combining long reads, optical mapping, and chromatin conformation capture reads. The final assembly spans 1.35 Gb, with N50scaffold equal to 58.1 Mb and BUSCO completeness of 99.7%. We built the first extensive transposable element (TE) library for the Accipitridae to date and identified 7,228 intact TEs. We found a burst of an unknown TE ~ 13-22 million years ago (MYA), coincident with the split of the Harpy Eagle from other Harpiinae eagles. We also report a burst of solo-LTRs and CR1 retrotransposons ~ 31-33 MYA, overlapping with the split of the ancestor to all Harpiinae from other Accipitridae subfamilies. Comparative genomics with other Accipitridae, the closely related Cathartidae and Galloanserae revealed major chromosome-level rearrangements at the basal Accipitriformes genome, in contrast to a conserved ancient genome architecture for the latter two groups. A historical demography reconstruction showed a rapid decline in effective population size over the last 20,000 years. This reference genome serves as a crucial resource for future conservation efforts towards the Harpy Eagle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sibelle T Vilaça
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale - Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITV-DS), Belém, Brazil
| | - Renato R M Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale - Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITV-DS), Belém, Brazil
| | - Farooq Al-Ajli
- Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Katara Biodiversity Genomics Program, Katara Cultural Village Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ying Sims
- Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Aureo Banhos
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erich D Jarvis
- Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), New York, USA
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale - Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITV-DS), Belém, Brazil
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Trinity University, San Antonio, USA
| | - Vera Solferini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale - Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITV-DS), Belém, Brazil.
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4
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Bradshaw CJA, Saltré F, Crabtree SA, Reepmeyer C, Moutsiou T. Small populations of Palaeolithic humans in Cyprus hunted endemic megafauna to extinction. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240967. [PMID: 39288802 PMCID: PMC11496721 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothesized main drivers of megafauna extinctions in the late Quaternary have wavered between over-exploitation by humans and environmental change, with recent investigations demonstrating more nuanced synergies between these drivers depending on taxon, spatial scale, and region. However, most studies still rely on comparing archaeologically based chronologies of timing of initial human arrival into naïve ecosystems and palaeontologically inferred dates of megafauna extinctions. Conclusions arising from comparing chronologies also depend on the reliability of dated evidence, dating uncertainties, and correcting for the low probability of preservation (Signor-Lipps effect). While some models have been developed to test the susceptibility of megafauna to theoretical offtake rates, none has explicitly linked human energetic needs, prey choice, and hunting efficiency to examine the plausibility of human-driven extinctions. Using the island of Cyprus in the terminal Pleistocene as an ideal test case because of its late human settlement (~14.2-13.2 ka), small area (~11 000 km2), and low megafauna diversity (2 species), we developed stochastic models of megafauna population dynamics, with offtake dictated by human energetic requirements, prey choice, and hunting-efficiency functions to test whether the human population at the end of the Pleistocene could have caused the extinction of dwarf hippopotamus (Phanourios minor) and dwarf elephants (Palaeoloxodon cypriotes). Our models reveal not only that the estimated human population sizes (n = 3000-7000) in Late Pleistocene Cyprus could have easily driven both species to extinction within < 1000 years, the model predictions match the observed, Signor-Lipps-corrected chronological sequence of megafauna extinctions inferred from the palaeontological record (P. minor at ~12-11.1 ka, followed by P. cypriotes at ~10.3-9.1 ka).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J. A. Bradshaw
- Global Ecology | Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frédérik Saltré
- Global Ecology | Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefani A. Crabtree
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, 5200 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT84322, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM87501, USA
| | - Christian Reepmeyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Commission for Archaeology of Non-European Cultures, German Archaeological Institute, Dürenstr. 35-37, Bonn53173, Germany
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University Cairns, Nguma-bada campus, GPO Box 6811 Cairns, Queensland4870, Australia
| | - Theodora Moutsiou
- Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus, 12 Gladstone Street, Nicosia1095, Cyprus
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University Cairns, Cairns, Queensland4870, Australia
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5
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Svenning JC, Buitenwerf R, Le Roux E. Trophic rewilding as a restoration approach under emerging novel biosphere conditions. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R435-R451. [PMID: 38714176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Rewilding is a restoration approach that aims to promote self-regulating complex ecosystems by restoring non-human ecological processes while reducing human control and pressures. Rewilding is forward-looking in that it aims to enhance functionality for biodiversity, accepting and indeed promoting the dynamic nature of ecosystems, rather than fixating on static composition or structure. Rewilding is thus especially relevant in our epoch of increasingly novel biosphere conditions, driven by strong human-induced global change. Here, we explore this hypothesis in the context of trophic rewilding - the restoration of trophic complexity mediated by wild, large-bodied animals, known as 'megafauna'. This focus reflects the strong ecological impacts of large-bodied animals, their widespread loss during the last 50,000 years and their high diversity and ubiquity in the preceding 50 million years. Restoring abundant, diverse, wild-living megafauna is expected to promote vegetation heterogeneity, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling and biotic microhabitats. These are fundamental drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem function and are likely to gain importance for maintaining a biodiverse biosphere under increasingly novel ecological conditions. Non-native megafauna species may contribute to these effects as ecological surrogates of extinct species or by promoting ecological functionality within novel assemblages. Trophic rewilding has strong upscaling potential via population growth and expansion of wild fauna. It is likely to facilitate biotic adaptation to changing climatic conditions and resilience to ecosystem collapse, and to curb some negative impacts of globalization, notably the dominance of invasive alien plants. Finally, we discuss the complexities of realizing the biodiversity benefits that trophic rewilding offers under novel biosphere conditions in a heavily populated world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Robert Buitenwerf
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Le Roux
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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6
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Trepel J, le Roux E, Abraham AJ, Buitenwerf R, Kamp J, Kristensen JA, Tietje M, Lundgren EJ, Svenning JC. Meta-analysis shows that wild large herbivores shape ecosystem properties and promote spatial heterogeneity. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:705-716. [PMID: 38337048 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Megafauna (animals ≥45 kg) have probably shaped the Earth's terrestrial ecosystems for millions of years with pronounced impacts on biogeochemistry, vegetation, ecological communities and evolutionary processes. However, a quantitative global synthesis on the generality of megafauna effects on ecosystems is lacking. Here we conducted a meta-analysis of 297 studies and 5,990 individual observations across six continents to determine how wild herbivorous megafauna influence ecosystem structure, ecological processes and spatial heterogeneity, and whether these impacts depend on body size and environmental factors. Despite large variability in megafauna effects, we show that megafauna significantly alter soil nutrient availability, promote open vegetation structure and reduce the abundance of smaller animals. Other responses (14 out of 26), including, for example, soil carbon, were not significantly affected. Further, megafauna significantly increase ecosystem heterogeneity by affecting spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and the abundance and diversity of smaller animals. Given that spatial heterogeneity is considered an important driver of biodiversity across taxonomic groups and scales, these results support the hypothesis that megafauna may promote biodiversity at large scales. Megafauna declined precipitously in diversity and abundance since the late Pleistocene, and our results indicate that their restoration would substantially influence Earth's terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Trepel
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Elizabeth le Roux
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew J Abraham
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Buitenwerf
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeppe A Kristensen
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Tietje
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Erick J Lundgren
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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