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Jørgensen ME, Houston K, Jørgensen HJL, Thomsen HC, Tekaat L, Krogh CT, Mellor SB, Braune KB, Damm ML, Pedas PR, Voss C, Rasmussen MW, Nielsen K, Skadhauge B, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Dockter C, Sørensen M. Disentangling hydroxynitrile glucoside biosynthesis in a barley (Hordeum vulgare) metabolon provides access to elite malting barleys for ethyl carbamate-free whisky production. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:364-382. [PMID: 38652034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Barley produces several specialized metabolites, including five α-, β-, and γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (HNGs). In malting barley, presence of the α-HNG epiheterodendrin gives rise to undesired formation of ethyl carbamate in the beverage production, especially after distilling. Metabolite-GWAS identified QTLs and underlying gene candidates possibly involved in the control of the relative and absolute content of HNGs, including an undescribed MATE transporter. By screening 325 genetically diverse barley accessions, we discovered three H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (wild barley) lines with drastic changes in the relative ratios of the five HNGs. Knock-out (KO)-lines, isolated from the barley FIND-IT resource and each lacking one of the functional HNG biosynthetic genes (CYP79A12, CYP71C103, CYP71C113, CYP71U5, UGT85F22 and UGT85F23) showed unprecedented changes in HNG ratios enabling assignment of specific and mutually dependent catalytic functions to the biosynthetic enzymes involved. The highly similar relative ratios between the five HNGs found across wild and domesticated barley accessions indicate assembly of the HNG biosynthetic enzymes in a metabolon, the functional output of which was reconfigured in the absence of a single protein component. The absence or altered ratios of the five HNGs in the KO-lines did not change susceptibility to the fungal phytopathogen Pyrenophora teres causing net blotch. The study provides a deeper understanding of the organization of HNG biosynthesis in barley and identifies a novel, single gene HNG-0 line in an elite spring barley background for direct use in breeding of malting barley, eliminating HNGs as a source of ethyl carbamate formation in whisky production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten E Jørgensen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Kelly Houston
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Hans Jørgen L Jørgensen
- Section for Plant and Soil Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne C Thomsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Linda Tekaat
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Timmermann Krogh
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silas B Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mette L Damm
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Pai Rosager Pedas
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Cynthia Voss
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper Nielsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mohammed S Motawia
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Pharmatech, Københavnsvej 216, 4600, Køge, Denmark
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Diaz-Bárcena A, Fernandez-Pacios L, Giraldo P. Structural Characterization and Molecular Dynamics Study of the REPI Fusion Protein from Papaver somniferum L. Biomolecules 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 38275743 PMCID: PMC10813097 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
REPI is a pivotal point enzyme in plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism as it promotes the evolution of the biosynthetic branch of morphinan alkaloids. Experimental studies of its activity led to the identification of two modules (DRS and DRR) that catalyze two sequential steps of the epimerization of (S)- to (R)-reticuline. Recently, special attention has been paid to its genetic characterization and evolutionary history, but no structural analyses of the REPI protein have been conducted to date. We present here a computational structural characterization of REPI with heme and NADP cofactors in the apo state and in three complexes with substrate (S)-reticuline in DRS and intermediate 1,2-dehydroreticuline in DRS and in DRR. Since no experimental structure exists for REPI, we used its AlphaFold model as a scaffold to build up these four systems, which were submitted to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A comparison of MD results for the four systems revealed key dynamic changes associated with cofactor and ligand binding and provided a dynamic picture of the evolution of their structures and interactions. We also explored the possible dynamic occurrence of tunnels and electrostatic highways potentially involved in alternative mechanisms for channeling the intermediate from DRS to DRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Diaz-Bárcena
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-P.); (P.G.)
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Gutkowska M, Buszewicz D, Zajbt-Łuczniewska M, Radkiewicz M, Nowakowska J, Swiezewska E, Surmacz L. Medium-chain-length polyprenol (C45-C55) formation in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis is brassinosteroid-dependent. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154126. [PMID: 37948907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are important plant hormones influencing, among other processes, chloroplast development, the electron transport chain during light reactions of photosynthesis, and the Calvin-Benson cycle. Medium-chain-length polyprenols built of 9-11 isoprenoid units (C45-C55 carbons) are a class of isoprenoid compounds present in abundance in thylakoid membranes. They are synthetized in chloroplast by CPT7 gene from Calvin cycle derived precursors on MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. C45-C55 polyprenols affect thylakoid membrane ultra-structure and hence influence photosynthetic apparatus performance in plants such as Arabidopsis and tomato. So far nothing is known about the hormonal or environmental regulation of CPT7 gene expression. The aim of our study was to find out if medium-chain-length polyprenol biosynthesis in plants may be regulated by hormonal cues.We found that the CPT7 gene in Arabidopsis has a BZR1 binding element (brassinosteroid dependent) in its promoter. Brassinosteroid signaling mutants in Arabidopsis accumulate a lower amount of medium-chain-length C45-C55 polyprenols than control plants. At the same time carotenoid and chlorophyll content is increased, and the amount of PsbD1A protein coming from photosystem II does not undergo a significant change. On contrary, treatment of WT plants with epi-brassinolide increases C45-C55 polyprenols content. We also report decreased transcription of MEP enzymes (besides C45-C55 polyprenols, precursors of numerous isoprenoids, e.g. phytol, carotenoids are derived from this pathway) and genes encoding biosynthesis of medium-chain-length polyprenol enzymes in brassinosteroid perception mutant bri1-116. Taken together, we document that brassinosteroids affect biosynthetic pathway of C45-C55 polyprenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gutkowska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, bldg. 37, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Daniel Buszewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Zajbt-Łuczniewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Radkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Nowakowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Bajguz A, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A. Biosynthetic Pathways of Hormones in Plants. Metabolites 2023; 13:884. [PMID: 37623827 PMCID: PMC10456939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific amino acids, such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and arginine, contribute to the production of various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, and polyamines. Isoprenoids are the foundation of five phytohormone categories: cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Furthermore, lipids, i.e., α-linolenic acid, function as a precursor for jasmonic acid. The biosynthesis routes of these different plant hormones are intricately complex. Understanding of these processes can greatly enhance our knowledge of how these hormones regulate plant growth, development, and physiology. This review focuses on detailing the biosynthetic pathways of phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
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Tamošiūnas PL, Pērkons I, Kukk K. Yeast-based system for in vivo evaluation of alleles of the anthocyanin production pathway. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:156. [PMID: 37039815 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce anthocyanins to incite the pollination and seed dispersion performed by pigment-attracted animals. These natural blue-to-red-coloured pigments can be used as food colourants and antioxidants. For this purpose, microbial bioproduction of anthocyanins has become of industrial interest in recent years. 20 new alleles of anthocyanin production pathway genes were extracted and characterised for protein expression level and stability using a developed single-PCR product gene-entry system for tagged protein synthesis in yeast S. cerevisiae. Enzymatic activities of these proteins in the episomally complemented in vivo systems were compared by HPLC-MS analysis. Results show that the codon optimisation of the anthocyanin pathway genes is not essential for the effective heterologous expression in yeast. Elevating the cellular abundance of CHS and F3H enzymes can increase anthocyanidin production from supplemented precursors. New alleles VmF3Hv1 and VuCHS were shown to have the best performance in the analysed system. System complementation with flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase substantially increases total anthocyanidin production. The described single-entry yeast episomal complementation system is a convenient and rapid tool for the complex evaluation of new alleles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingus Pērkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes st. 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Kaia Kukk
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites st. 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
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6
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The protein conformational basis of isoflavone biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1249. [PMID: 36376429 PMCID: PMC9663428 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoids play important roles in plant defense and also exhibit a range of mammalian health-promoting activities. Their biosynthesis is initiated by two enzymes with unusual catalytic activities; 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase (2-HIS), a membrane-bound cytochrome P450 catalyzing a coupled aryl-ring migration and hydroxylation, and 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase (2-HID), a member of a large carboxylesterase family that paradoxically catalyzes dehydration of 2-hydroxyisoflavanones to isoflavone. Here we report the crystal structures of 2-HIS from Medicago truncatula and 2-HID from Pueraria lobata. The 2-HIS structure reveals a unique cytochrome P450 conformation and heme and substrate binding mode that facilitate the coupled aryl-ring migration and hydroxylation reactions. The 2-HID structure reveals the active site architecture and putative catalytic residues for the dual dehydratase and carboxylesterase activities. Mutagenesis studies revealed key residues involved in substrate binding and specificity. Understanding the structural basis of isoflavone biosynthesis will facilitate the engineering of new bioactive isoflavonoids. The structure and function of two isoflavone biosynthetic enzymes are reported revealing a novel cytochrome P450 conformation and identification of key residues for dual dehydratase and carboxylesterase activities
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Hasegawa R, Arakawa T, Fujita K, Tanaka Y, Ookawa Z, Sakamoto S, Takasaki H, Ikeda M, Yamagami A, Mitsuda N, Nakano T, Ohme-Takagi M. Arabidopsis homeobox-leucine zipper transcription factor BRASSINOSTEROID-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 regulates leaf greenness by suppressing BR signaling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:209-214. [PMID: 35937537 PMCID: PMC9300418 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) is a phytohormone that acts as important regulator of plant growth. To identify novel transcription factors that may be involved in unknown mechanisms of BR signaling, we screened the chimeric repressor expressing plants (CRES-T), in which transcription factors were converted into chimeric repressors by the fusion of SRDX plant-specific repression domain, to identify those that affect the expression of BR inducible genes. Here, we identified a homeobox-leucine zipper type transcription factor, BRASSINOSTEROID-RELATED-HOMEOBOX 3 (BHB3), of which a chimeric repressor expressing plants (BHB3-sx) significantly downregulated the expression of BAS1 and SAUR-AC1 that are BR inducible genes. Interestingly, ectopic expression of BHB3 (BHB3-ox) also repressed the BR inducible genes and shorten hypocotyl that would be similar to a BR-deficient phenotype. Interestingly, both BHB3-sx and BHB3-ox showed pale green phenotype, in which the expression of genes related photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents were significantly decreased. We found that BHB3 contains three motifs similar to the conserved EAR-repression domain, suggesting that BHB3 may act as a transcriptional repressor. These results indicate that BHB3 might play an important role not only to the BR signaling but also the regulation of greenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoki Arakawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fujita
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zen Ookawa
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hironori Takasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Miho Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Science and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
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Hasegawa R, Fujita K, Tanaka Y, Takasaki H, Ikeda M, Yamagami A, Mitsuda N, Nakano T, Ohme-Takagi M. Arabidopsis zinc finger homeodomain transcription factor BRASSINOSTEROID-RELATED HOMEOBOX 2 acts as a positive regulator of brassinosteroid response. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:185-189. [PMID: 35937534 PMCID: PMC9300435 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brassinosteroid (BR) phytohormone is an important regulator of plant growth. To identify novel transcription factors that regulate BR responses, we screened chimeric repressor gene silencing technology (CRES-T) plants, in which transcription factors were converted into chimeric repressors by the fusion of SRDX plant-specific repression domain, with brassinazole (Brz), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. We identified that a line that expressed the chimeric repressor for zinc finger homeobox transcription factor, BRASSINOSTEORID-RELATED-HOMEOBOX-2 (BHB2-sx), exhibited Brz-hypersensitive phenotype with shorter hypocotyl under dark, dwarf and round and dark green leaves similar to BR-deficient phenotype. Similar to BHB2-sx plants, bhb2 knockout mutant also exhibited Brz hypersensitive phenotype. In contrast, ectopic expression of BHB2 (BHB2-ox) showed hypocotyl elongation phenotype (BR excessive), showing decrease to Brz sensitivity. The expression of the DWF4 and CPD BR biosynthesis genes was repressed in BHB2-sx plants, whereas it was enhanced in BHB2-ox plants. The BR deficient-like phenotype of BHB2-sx plants was partially restored by treatment with brassinolide (BL), indicating that the BR deficient phenotype of BHB2-sx plant may be due to suppression of BR biosynthesis. Our results indicate that BHB2 is a positive regulator of BR response may be due to the promotion of BR biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fujita
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hironori Takasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Miho Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Science and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
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El Sherif DF, Soliman NH, Alshallash KS, Ahmed N, Ibrahim MAR, A. Al-Shammery K, Al-Khalaf AA. The Binary Mixtures of Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Chlorfenapyr, and Abamectin, against the House Fly Larvae, Musca domestica L. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103084. [PMID: 35630573 PMCID: PMC9146536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The house fly Musca domestica L. is one of the medical and veterinary pests that can develop resistance to different insecticides. Mixing insecticides is a new strategy for accelerating pest control; furthermore, it can overcome insect resistance to insecticides. This study aims to evaluate three insecticides, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, individually and their binary mixtures against 2nd instar larvae of M. domestica laboratory strain. Chlorfenapyr exhibited the most toxic effect on larvae, followed by abamectin then the lambda-cyhalothrin. The half-lethal concentrations (LC50) values were 3.65, 30.6, and 94.89 ppm, respectively. These results revealed that the high potentiation effect was the mixture of abamectin/chlorfenapyr in all the mixing ratios. In contrast, the tested combination of lambda-cyhalothrin/abamectin showed an antagonism effect at all mixing ratios against house fly larvae. The total protein, esterases, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P-450 activity were also measured in the current investigation in the larvae treated with chlorfenapyr. Our results indicate that GST may play a role in detoxifying chlorfenapyr in M. domestica larvae. The highest activity of glutathione-S-transferase was achieved in treated larvae with chlorfenapyr, and an increase in cytochrome P-450 activity in the larvae was observed post-treatment with Abamectin/chlorfenapyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa F. El Sherif
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (D.F.E.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Nagat H. Soliman
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Khalid S. Alshallash
- College of Science and Humanities-Huraymila, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nevin Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Mervat A. R. Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | | | - Areej A. Al-Khalaf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (D.F.E.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
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Zhou C, Yang Y, Tian J, Wu Y, An F, Li C, Zhang Y. 22R- but not 22S-hydroxycholesterol is recruited for diosgenin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:940-951. [PMID: 34816537 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin is an important compound in the pharmaceutical industry and it is biosynthesized in several eudicot and monocot species, herein represented by fenugreek (a eudicot), and Dioscorea zingiberensis (a monocot). Formation of diosgenin can be achieved by the early C22,16-oxidations of cholesterol followed by a late C26-oxidation. This study reveals that, in both fenugreek and D. zingiberensis, the early C22,16-oxygenase(s) shows strict 22R-stereospecificity for hydroxylation of the substrates. Evidence against the recently proposed intermediacy of 16S,22S-dihydroxycholesterol in diosgenin biosynthesis was also found. Moreover, in contrast to the eudicot fenugreek, which utilizes a single multifunctional cytochrome P450 (TfCYP90B50) to perform the early C22,16-oxidations, the monocot D. zingiberensis has evolved two separate cytochrome P450 enzymes, with DzCYP90B71 being specific for the 22R-oxidation and DzCYP90G6 for the C16-oxidation. We suggest that the DzCYP90B71/DzCYP90G6 pair represent more broadly conserved catalysts for diosgenin biosynthesis in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201 Jiufeng Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingyi Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Faliang An
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Changfu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201 Jiufeng Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201 Jiufeng Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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11
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Fujiyama K, Hino T, Nagano S. Diverse reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and biosynthesis of steroid hormone. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190021. [PMID: 35859988 PMCID: PMC9260165 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones modulate numerous physiological processes in various higher organisms. Research on the physiology, biosynthesis, and metabolic degradation of steroid hormones is crucial for developing drugs, agrochemicals, and anthelmintics. Most steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways, excluding those in insects, have been elucidated, and the roles of several cytochrome P450s (CYPs, P450s), heme (iron protoporphyrin IX)-containing monooxygenases, have been identified. Specifically, P450s of the animal steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and their three dimensional structures and reaction mechanisms have been extensively studied; however, the mechanisms of several uncommon P450 reactions involved in animal steroid hormone biosynthesis and structures and reaction mechanisms of various P450s involved in plant and insect steroid hormone biosynthesis remain unclear. Recently, we determined the crystal structure of P450 responsible for the first and rate-determining step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis and clarified the regio- and stereo-selectivity in the hydroxylation reaction mechanism. In this review, we have outlined the general catalytic cycle, reaction mechanism, and structure of P450s. Additionally, we have described the recent advances in research on the reaction mechanisms of steroid hormone biosynthesis-related P450s, some of which catalyze unusual P450 reactions including C–C bond cleavage reactions by utilizing either a heme–peroxo anion species or compound I as an active oxidizing species. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, Structure and mechanism of cytochrome P450s involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 61, p. 189–191 (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujiyama
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
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12
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Structural insights revealed by crystal structures of CYP76AH1 and CYP76AH1 in complex with its natural substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:125-130. [PMID: 34710827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CYP76AH1 is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which are famous natural products with activities against various heart diseases and others. CYP76AH1 is a membrane-associated typical plant class II cytochrome P450 enzyme and its catalytic mechanism has not to be clearly elucidated. Structural determination of eukaryotic P450 enzymes is extremely challenging. Recently, we solved the crystal structures of CYP76AH1 and CYP76AH1 in complex with its natural substrate miltiradiene. The structure of CYP76AH1 complexed with miltiradiene is the first plant cytochrome P450 structure in complex with natural substrate. The studies revealed a unique array pattern of amino acid residues, which may play an important role in orienting and stabilizing the substrate for catalysis. This work would provide structural insights into CYP76AH1 and related P450s and the basis to efficiently improve tanshinone production by synthetic biology techniques.
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13
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Liu LM, Zhang HQ, Cheng K, Zhang YM. Integrated Bioinformatics Analyses of PIN1, CKX, and Yield-Related Genes Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms for the Difference of Seed Number Per Pod Between Soybean and Cowpea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:749902. [PMID: 34912354 PMCID: PMC8667476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.749902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is limited advancement on seed number per pod (SNPP) in soybean breeding, resulting in low yield in China. To address this issue, we identified PIN1 and CKX gene families that regulate SNPP in Arabidopsis, analyzed the differences of auxin and cytokinin pathways, and constructed interaction networks on PIN1, CKX, and yield-related genes in soybean and cowpea. First, the relative expression level (REL) of PIN1 and the plasma membrane localization and phosphorylation levels of PIN1 protein were less in soybean than in cowpea, which make auxin transport efficiency lower in soybean, and its two interacted proteins might be involved in serine hydrolysis, so soybean has lower SNPP than cowpea. Then, the CKX gene family, along with its positive regulatory factor ROCK1, had higher REL and less miRNA regulation in soybean flowers than in cowpea ones. These lead to higher cytokinin degradation level, which further reduces the REL of PIN1 and decreases soybean SNPP. We found that VuACX4 had much higher REL than GmACX4, although the two genes essential in embryo development interact with the CKX gene family. Next, a tandem duplication experienced by legumes led to the differentiation of CKX3 into CKX3a and CKX3b, in which CKX3a is a key gene affecting ovule number. Finally, in the yield-related gene networks, three cowpea CBP genes had higher RELs than two soybean CBP genes, low RELs of three soybean-specific IPT genes might lead to a decrease in cytokinin synthesis, and some negative and positive SNPP regulation were found, respectively, in soybean and cowpea. These networks may explain the SNPP difference in the two crops. We deduced that ckx3a or ckx3a ckx6 ckx7 mutants, interfering CYP88A, and over-expressed DELLA increase SNPP in soybean. This study reveals the molecular mechanism for the SNPP difference in the two crops, and provides an important idea for increasing soybean yield.
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14
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Villard C, Munakata R, Kitajima S, van Velzen R, Schranz ME, Larbat R, Hehn A. A new P450 involved in the furanocoumarin pathway underlies a recent case of convergent evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1923-1939. [PMID: 33978969 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Furanocoumarins are phytoalexins often cited as an example to illustrate the arms race between plants and herbivorous insects. They are distributed in a limited number of phylogenetically distant plant lineages, but synthesized through a similar pathway, which raised the question of a unique or multiple emergence in higher plants. The furanocoumarin pathway was investigated in the fig tree (Ficus carica, Moraceae). Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches led to the identification of CYP76F112, a cytochrome P450 catalyzing an original reaction. CYP76F112 emergence was inquired using phylogenetics combined with in silico modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. CYP76F112 was found to convert demethylsuberosin into marmesin with a very high affinity. This atypical cyclization reaction represents a key step within the polyphenol biosynthesis pathway. CYP76F112 evolutionary patterns suggests that the marmesin synthase activity appeared recently in the Moraceae family, through a lineage-specific expansion and diversification. The characterization of CYP76F112 as the first known marmesin synthase opens new prospects for the use of the furanocoumarin pathway. It also supports the multiple acquisition of furanocoumarin in angiosperms by convergent evolution, and opens new perspectives regarding the ability of cytochromes P450 to evolve new functions related to plant adaptation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Villard
- LAE, Université de Lorraine-INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Robin van Velzen
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Romain Larbat
- LAE, Université de Lorraine-INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- LAE, Université de Lorraine-INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
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15
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Chemical Synthesis of Triazole-Derived Suppressors of Strigolactone Functions. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34028676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1429-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Triazole is a five-membered heteroring consists of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms and exhibits a wide range of biological activities. The basic heterocyclic rings are 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole. Here we describe the chemical synthetic methods for triazole derivatives that can suppress the function of SL by inhibiting SL biosynthesis pathway or SL perception sites such as D14.
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16
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Hansen CC, Nelson DR, Møller BL, Werck-Reichhart D. Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1244-1265. [PMID: 34216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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17
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Bolortuya B, Kawabata S, Yamagami A, Davaapurev BO, Takahashi F, Inoue K, Kanatani A, Mochida K, Kumazawa M, Ifuku K, Jigjidsuren S, Battogtokh T, Udval G, Shinozaki K, Asami T, Batkhuu J, Nakano T. Transcriptome Analysis of Chloris virgata, Which Shows the Fastest Germination and Growth in the Major Mongolian Grassland Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:684987. [PMID: 34262584 PMCID: PMC8275185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.684987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants in Mongolian grasslands are exposed to short, dry summers and long, cold winters. These plants should be prepared for fast germination and growth activity in response to the limited summer rainfall. The wild plant species adapted to the Mongolian grassland environment may allow us to explore useful genes, as a source of unique genetic codes for crop improvement. Here, we identified the Chloris virgata Dornogovi accession as the fastest germinating plant in major Mongolian grassland plants. It germinated just 5 h after treatment for germination initiation and showed rapid growth, especially in its early and young development stages. This indicates its high growth potential compared to grass crops such as rice and wheat. By assessing growth recovery after animal bite treatment (mimicked by cutting the leaves with scissors), we found that C. virgata could rapidly regenerate leaves after being damaged, suggesting high regeneration potential against grazing. To analyze the regulatory mechanism involved in the high growth potential of C. virgata, we performed RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis and illustrated a comprehensive gene expression map of the species. Through de novo transcriptome assembly with the RNA-seq reads from whole organ samples of C. virgata at the germination stage (2 days after germination, DAG), early young development stage (8 DAG), young development stage (17 DAG), and adult development stage (28 DAG), we identified 21,589 unified transcripts (contigs) and found that 19,346 and 18,156 protein-coding transcripts were homologous to those in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. The best-aligned sequences were annotated with gene ontology groups. When comparing the transcriptomes across developmental stages, we found an over-representation of genes involved in growth regulation in the early development stage in C. virgata. Plant development is tightly regulated by phytohormones such as brassinosteroids, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Moreover, our transcriptome map demonstrated the expression profiles of orthologs involved in the biosynthesis of these phytohormones and their signaling networks. We discuss the possibility that C. virgata phytohormone signaling and biosynthesis genes regulate early germination and growth advantages. Comprehensive transcriptome information will provide a useful resource for gene discovery and facilitate a deeper understanding of the diversity of the regulatory systems that have evolved in C. virgata while adapting to severe environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byambajav Bolortuya
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bekh-Ochir Davaapurev
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Fuminori Takahashi
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Komaki Inoue
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Asaka Kanatani
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minoru Kumazawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sodnomdarjaa Jigjidsuren
- Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tugsjargal Battogtokh
- Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gombosuren Udval
- Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javzan Batkhuu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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18
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Fanani MZ, Sawai S, Seki H, Ishimori M, Ohyama K, Fukushima EO, Sudo H, Saito K, Muranaka T. Allylic Hydroxylation Activity Is a Source of Saponin Chemodiversity in the Genus Glycyrrhiza. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:262-271. [PMID: 33439252 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) produces glycyrrhizin, a valuable triterpenoid saponin, which exhibits persistent sweetness and broad pharmacological activities. In the genus Glycyrrhiza, three species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhiza inflata, produce glycyrrhizin as their main triterpenoid saponin, which has a ketone group at C-11. Other Glycyrrhiza species produce mainly oleanane-type saponins, which harbor homoannular or heteroannular diene structures that lack the C-11 ketone. Although the glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway has been fully elucidated, the pathway involving saponins with diene structures remains unclear. CYP88D6 from G. uralensis is a key enzyme in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis, catalyzing the sequential two-step oxidation of β-amyrin at position C-11 to produce 11-oxo-β-amyrin. In this study, we evaluated the functions of CYP88D6 homologs from the glycyrrhizin-producing species G. glabra and G. inflata and from the non-glycyrrhizin-producing species Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora and Glycyrrhiza macedonica, using yeast engineered to supply β-amyrin as a substrate. Yeast expressing CYP88D6 homologs from glycyrrhizin-producing species produced 11-oxo-β-amyrin. However, yeast expressing CYP88D6 homologs (such as CYP88D15) from the non-glycyrrhizin-producing Glycyrrhiza species accumulated oleana-9(11),12-dien-3β-ol and oleana-11,13(18)-dien-3β-ol; these diene compounds are non-enzymatic or yeast endogenous enzymatic dehydration derivatives of 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin, a direct reaction product of CYP88D15. These results suggest that the activities of CYP88D6 homologs, particularly their ability to catalyze the second oxidation, could influence glycyrrhizin productivity and diversify the chemical structures of saponins in Glycyrrhiza plants. A synthetic biological approach to engineer CYP88D15 could enable the production of pharmacologically active saponins with diene structures, such as saikosaponins, whose biosynthetic pathways have yet to be fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Much Z Fanani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoru Sawai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd, Chiba, 285-0801 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Masato Ishimori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551 Japan
| | - Ery O Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- Translational Plant Research Group, Universidad Regional Amaz�nica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Hiroshi Sudo
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd, Chiba, 285-0801 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
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19
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Wang H, Wang Q, Liu Y, Liao X, Chu H, Chang H, Cao Y, Li Z, Zhang T, Cheng J, Jiang H. PCPD: Plant cytochrome P450 database and web-based tools for structural construction and ligand docking. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:102-109. [PMID: 33997360 PMCID: PMC8094579 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cytochrome P450s play key roles in the diversification and functional modification of plant natural products. Although over 200,000 plant P450 gene sequences have been recorded, only seven crystalized P450 genes severely hampered the functional characterization, gene mining and engineering of important P450s. Here, we combined Rosetta homologous modeling and MD-based refinement to construct a high-resolution P450 structure prediction process (PCPCM), which was applied to 181 plant P450s with identified functions. Furthermore, we constructed a ligand docking process (PCPLD) that can be applied for plant P450s virtual screening. 10 examples of virtual screening indicated the process can reduce about 80% screening space for next experimental verification. Finally, we constructed a plant P450 database (PCPD: http://p450.biodesign.ac.cn/), which includes the sequences, structures and functions of the 181 plant P450s, and a web service based on PCPCM and PCPLD. Our study not only developed methods for the P450-specific structure analysis, but also introduced a universal approach that can assist the mining and functional analysis of P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huanyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Hong Chang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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20
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Marlow B, Kuenze G, Li B, Sanders CR, Meiler J. Structural determinants of cholesterol recognition in helical integral membrane proteins. Biophys J 2021; 120:1592-1604. [PMID: 33640379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an integral component of mammalian membranes. It has been shown to modulate membrane fluidity and dynamics and alter integral membrane protein function. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms of how cholesterol impacts protein function is complicated by limited and conflicting structural data. Because of the nature of the crystallization and cryo-EM structure determination, it is difficult to distinguish between specific and biologically relevant interactions and a nonspecific association. The only widely recognized search algorithm for cholesterol-integral-membrane-protein interaction sites is sequence based, i.e., searching for the so-called "Cholesterol Recognition/interaction Amino acid Consensus" motif. Although these motifs are present in numerous integral membrane proteins, there is inconclusive evidence to support their necessity or sufficiency for cholesterol binding. Here, we leverage the increasing number of experimental cholesterol-integral-membrane-protein structures to systematically analyze putative interaction sites based on their spatial arrangement and evolutionary conservation. This analysis creates three-dimensional representations of general cholesterol interaction sites that form clusters across multiple integral membrane protein classes. We also classify cholesterol-integral-membrane-protein interaction sites as either likely-specific or nonspecific. Information gleaned from our characterization will eventually enable a structure-based approach to predict and design cholesterol-integral-membrane-protein interaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennica Marlow
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Georg Kuenze
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bian Li
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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De Vriese K, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:241-253. [PMID: 32929492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants stand out among eukaryotes due to the large variety of sterols and sterol derivatives that they can produce. These metabolites not only serve as critical determinants of membrane structures, but also act as signaling molecules, as growth-regulating hormones, or as modulators of enzyme activities. Therefore, it is critical to understand the wiring of the biosynthetic pathways by which plants generate these distinct sterols, to allow their manipulation and to dissect their precise physiological roles. Here, we review the complexity and variation of the biosynthetic routes of the most abundant phytosterols and cholesterol in the green lineage and how different enzymes in these pathways are conserved and diverged from humans, yeast, and even bacteria. Many enzymatic steps show a deep evolutionary conservation, while others are executed by completely different enzymes. This has important implications for the use and specificity of available human and yeast sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plants, and argues for the development of plant-tailored inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Dimaano NG, Iwakami S. Cytochrome P450-mediated herbicide metabolism in plants: current understanding and prospects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:22-32. [PMID: 32776423 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) have been at the center of herbicide metabolism research as a result of their ability to endow selectivity in crops and resistance in weeds. In the last 20 years, ≈30 P450s from diverse plant species have been revealed to possess herbicide-metabolizing function, some of which were demonstrated to play a key role in plant herbicide sensitivity. Recent research even demonstrated that some P450s from crops and weeds metabolize numerous herbicides from various chemical backbones, which highlights the importance of P450s in the current agricultural systems. However, due to the enormous number of plant P450s and the complexity of their function, expression and regulation, it remains a challenge to fully explore the potential of P450-mediated herbicide metabolism in crop improvement and herbicide resistance mitigation. Differences in the substrate specificity of each herbicide-metabolizing P450 are now evident. Comparisons of the substrate specificity and protein structures of P450s will be beneficial for the discovery of selective herbicides and may lead to the development of crops with higher herbicide tolerance by transgenics or genome-editing technologies. Furthermore, the knowledge will help design sound management strategies for weed resistance including the prediction of cross-resistance patterns. Overcoming the ambiguity of P450 function in plant xenobiotic pathways will unlock the full potential of this enzyme family in advancing global agriculture and food security. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niña Gracel Dimaano
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Satoshi Iwakami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Harada E, Murata J, Ono E, Toyonaga H, Shiraishi A, Hideshima K, Yamamoto MP, Horikawa M. (+)-Sesamin-oxidising CYP92B14 shapes specialised lignan metabolism in sesame. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1117-1128. [PMID: 32955771 PMCID: PMC7756453 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sesamum spp. (sesame) are known to accumulate a variety of lignans in a lineage-specific manner. In cultivated sesame (Sesamum indicum), (+)-sesamin, (+)-sesamolin and (+)-sesaminol triglucoside are the three major lignans found richly in the seeds. A recent study demonstrated that SiCYP92B14 is a pivotal enzyme that allocates the substrate (+)-sesamin to two products, (+)-sesamolin and (+)-sesaminol, through multiple reaction schemes including oxidative rearrangement of α-oxy-substituted aryl groups (ORA). In contrast, it remains unclear whether (+)-sesamin in wild sesame undergoes oxidation reactions as in S. indicum and how, if at all, the ratio of the co-products is tailored at the molecular level. Here, we functionally characterised SrCYP92B14 as a SiCYP92B14 orthologue from a wild sesame, Sesamum radiatum, in which we revealed accumulation of the (+)-sesaminol derivatives (+)-sesangolin and its novel structural isomer (+)-7´-episesantalin. Intriguingly, SrCYP92B14 predominantly produced (+)-sesaminol either through ORA or direct oxidation on the aromatic ring, while a relatively low but detectable level of (+)-sesamolin was produced. Amino acid substitution analysis suggested that residues in the putative distal helix and the neighbouring heme propionate of CYP92B14 affect the ratios of its co-products. These data collectively show that the bimodal oxidation mechanism of (+)-sesamin might be widespread across Sesamum spp., and that CYP92B14 is likely to be a key enzyme in shaping the ratio of (+)-sesaminol- and (+)-sesamolin-derived lignans from the biochemical and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erisa Harada
- Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences (SUNBOR)Bioorganic Research Institute8‐1‐1 Seikadai, SeikaSorakuKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Jun Murata
- Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences (SUNBOR)Bioorganic Research Institute8‐1‐1 Seikadai, SeikaSorakuKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ono
- Research InstituteSuntory Global Innovation Center Ltd (SIC)8‐1‐1 Seikadai, SeikaSorakuKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Hiromi Toyonaga
- Research InstituteSuntory Global Innovation Center Ltd (SIC)8‐1‐1 Seikadai, SeikaSorakuKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences (SUNBOR)Bioorganic Research Institute8‐1‐1 Seikadai, SeikaSorakuKyoto619‐0284Japan
| | - Kosuke Hideshima
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Toyama3190 GofukuToyama930‐8555Japan
| | - Masayuki P. Yamamoto
- Faculty of ScienceAcademic AssemblyUniversity of Toyama3190 GofukuToyama930‐8555Japan
| | - Manabu Horikawa
- Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences (SUNBOR)Bioorganic Research Institute8‐1‐1 Seikadai, SeikaSorakuKyoto619‐0284Japan
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Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the regulation of pigmentation in the purple variety of Dendrobium officinale. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17700. [PMID: 33077850 PMCID: PMC7573623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome from purple (Pr) and normal cultivated varieties (CK) of Dendrobium officinale to gain insights into the regulatory networks associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism and to identify the key regulatory genes of pigmentation. Metabolite and transcript profiling were conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) and RNA sequencing. Pr had more flavonoids in the stem than did CK. Metabolome analyses showed that 148 differential metabolites are involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, amino acids, purines, and organic acids. Among them, the delphinidin and quercetin derivatives were significantly higher in Pr. A total of 4927 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched (p ≤ 0.01) in 50 Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed significantly enriched phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phytohormone signal transduction in Pr versus CK. The expression levels of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) affected the flux of dihydroflavonol, which led to a color change in Pr. Moreover, DEG enrichment and metabolite analyses reflected flavonoid accumulation in Pr related to brassinosteroid (BR) and auxin metabolism. The results of this study elucidate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in D. officinale.
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Biosynthesis and Industrial Production of Androsteroids. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091144. [PMID: 32899410 PMCID: PMC7570361 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are a group of organic compounds that include sex hormones, adrenal cortical hormones, sterols, and phytosterols. In mammals, steroid biosynthesis starts from cholesterol via multiple steps to the final steroid and occurs in the gonads, adrenal glands, and placenta. This highly regulated pathway involves several cytochrome P450, as well as different dehydrogenases and reductases. Steroids in mammals have also been associated with drug production. Steroid pharmaceuticals such as testosterone and progesterone represent the second largest category of marketed medical products. There heterologous production through microbial transformation of phytosterols has gained interest in the last couple of decades. Phytosterols being the plants sterols serve as inexpensive substrates for the production of steroid derivatives. Various genes and biochemical pathways involved in phytosterol degradation have been identified in many Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium species. Apart from an early investigation in mammals, presence of steroids such as androsteroids and progesterone has also been demonstrated in plants. Their main role is linked with growth, development, and reproduction. Even though plants share some chemical features with mammals, the biosynthesis is different, with the first C22 hydroxylation as an example. This is performed by CYP11A1 in mammals and CYP90B1 in plants. Moreover, the entire plant steroid biosynthesis is not fully elucidated. Knowing this pathway could provide new processes for the industrial biotechnological production of steroid hormones in plants.
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Liu X, Zhu X, Wang H, Liu T, Cheng J, Jiang H. Discovery and modification of cytochrome P450 for plant natural products biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:187-199. [PMID: 32637672 PMCID: PMC7332504 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are widespread in nature and play key roles in the diversification and functional modification of plant natural products. Over the last few years, there has been remarkable progress in plant P450s identification with the rapid development of sequencing technology, "omics" analysis and synthetic biology. However, challenges still persist in respect of crystal structure, heterologous expression and enzyme engineering. Here, we reviewed several research hotspots of P450 enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant natural products, including P450 databases, gene mining, heterologous expression and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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Abstract
Two cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP97A3 and CYP97C1, catalyze hydroxylations of the β- and ε-rings of α-carotene to produce lutein. Chirality is introduced at the C-3 atom of both rings, and the reactions are both pro-3R-stereospecific. We determined the crystal structures of CYP97A3 in substrate-free and complex forms with a nonnatural substrate and the structure of CYP97C1 in a detergent-bound form. The structures of CYP97A3 in different states show the substrate channel and the structure of CYP97C1 bound with octylthioglucoside confirms the binding site for the carotenoid substrate. Biochemical assays confirm that the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR)-ferredoxin pair is used as the redox partner. Details of the pro-3R stereospecificity are revealed in the retinal-bound CYP97A3 structure. Further analysis indicates that the CYP97B clan bears similarity to the β-ring-specific CYP97A clan. Overall, our research describes the molecular basis for the last steps of lutein biosynthesis.
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Espinoza RV, Sherman DH. Exploring the molecular basis for selective C-H functionalization in plant P450s. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:97-98. [PMID: 32551372 PMCID: PMC7292896 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa V. Espinoza
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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Bajguz A, Chmur M, Gruszka D. Comprehensive Overview of the Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Pathways: Substrates, Products, Inhibitors, and Connections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1034. [PMID: 32733523 PMCID: PMC7358554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) as a class of steroid plant hormones participate in the regulation of numerous developmental processes, including root and shoot growth, vascular differentiation, fertility, flowering, and seed germination, as well as in responding to environmental stresses. During four decades of research, the BR biosynthetic pathways have been well studied with forward- and reverse genetics approaches. The free BRs contain 27, 28, and 29 carbons within their skeletal structure: (1): 5α-cholestane or 26-nor-24α-methyl-5α-cholestane for C27-BRs; (2) 24α-methyl-5α-cholestane, 24β-methyl-5α-cholestane or 24-methylene-5α-cholestane for C28-BRs; (3) 24α-ethyl-5α-cholestane, 24(Z)-ethylidene-5α-cholestane, 25-methyl-5α-campestane or 24-methylene-25-methyl-5α-cholestane for C29-BRs, as well as different kinds and orientations of oxygenated functions in A- and B-ring. These alkyl substituents are also common structural features of sterols. BRs are derived from sterols carrying the same side chain. The C27-BRs without substituent at C-24 are biosynthesized from cholesterol. The C28-BRs carrying either an α-methyl, β-methyl, or methylene group are derived from campesterol, 24-epicampesterol or 24-methylenecholesterol, respectively. The C29-BRs with an α-ethyl group are produced from sitosterol. Furthermore, the C29 BRs carrying methylene at C-24 and an additional methyl group at C-25 are derived from 24-methylene-25-methylcholesterol. Generally, BRs are biosynthesized via cycloartenol and cycloartanol dependent pathways. Till now, more than 17 compounds were characterized as inhibitors of the BR biosynthesis. For nine of the inhibitors (e.g., brassinazole and YCZ-18) a specific target reaction within the BR biosynthetic pathway has been identified. Therefore, the review highlights comprehensively recent advances in our understanding of the BR biosynthesis, sterol precursors, and dependencies between the C27-C28 and C28-C29 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Andrzej Bajguz,
| | - Magdalena Chmur
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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