1
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Jaafar L, Anderson CT. Architecture and functions of stomatal cell walls in eudicots and grasses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:195-204. [PMID: 38757189 PMCID: PMC11232514 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like all plant cells, the guard cells of stomatal complexes are encased in cell walls that are composed of diverse, interacting networks of polysaccharide polymers. The properties of these cell walls underpin the dynamic deformations that occur in guard cells as they expand and contract to drive the opening and closing of the stomatal pore, the regulation of which is crucial for photosynthesis and water transport in plants. SCOPE Our understanding of how cell wall mechanics are influenced by the nanoscale assembly of cell wall polymers in guard cell walls, how this architecture changes over stomatal development, maturation and ageing and how the cell walls of stomatal guard cells might be tuned to optimize stomatal responses to dynamic environmental stimuli is still in its infancy. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss advances in our ability to probe experimentally and to model the structure and dynamics of guard cell walls quantitatively across a range of plant species, highlighting new ideas and exciting opportunities for further research into these actively moving plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jaafar
- Department of Biology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Bioscience Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Bioscience Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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2
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Hoffmann N, McFarlane HE. Xyloglucan side chains enable polysaccharide secretion to the plant cell wall. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00384-8. [PMID: 38971156 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential for growth. The cell wall hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) is produced in the Golgi apparatus before secretion. Loss of the Arabidopsis galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) decreases XyG d-galactose side chains and causes intracellular aggregations and dwarfism. It is unknown how changing XyG synthesis can broadly impact organelle organization and growth. We show that intracellular aggregations are not unique to mur3 and are found in multiple mutant lines with reduced XyG D-galactose side chains. mur3 aggregations disrupt subcellular trafficking and induce formation of intracellular cell-wall-like fragments. Addition of d-galacturonic acid onto XyG can restore growth and prevent mur3 aggregations. These results indicate that the presence, but not the composition, of XyG side chains is essential, likely by ensuring XyG solubility. Our results suggest that XyG polysaccharides are synthesized in a highly substituted form for efficient secretion and then later modified by cell-wall-localized enzymes to fine-tune cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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3
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Luo C, Akhtar M, Min W, Bai X, Ma T, Liu C. Domain of unknown function (DUF) proteins in plants: function and perspective. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:397-410. [PMID: 38158398 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Domains of unknown function (DUFs), which are deposited in the protein family database (Pfam), are protein domains with conserved amino acid sequences and uncharacterized functions. Proteins with the same DUF were classified as DUF families. Although DUF families are generally not essential for the survival of plants, they play roles in plant development and adaptation. Characterizing the functions of DUFs is important for deciphering biological puzzles. DUFs were generally studied through forward and reverse genetics. Some novelty approaches, especially the determination of crystal structures and interaction partners of the DUFs, should attract more attention. This review described the identification of DUF genes by genome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses, summarized the function of DUF-containing proteins, and addressed the prospects for future studies in DUFs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Luo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Maryam Akhtar
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Weifang Min
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiaorong Bai
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Tianli Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
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5
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Cosgrove DJ. Structure and growth of plant cell walls. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:340-358. [PMID: 38102449 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells build nanofibrillar walls that are central to plant growth, morphogenesis and mechanics. Starting from simple sugars, three groups of polysaccharides, namely, cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, with very different physical properties are assembled by the cell to make a strong yet extensible wall. This Review describes the physics of wall growth and its regulation by cellular processes such as cellulose production by cellulose synthase, modulation of wall pH by plasma membrane H+-ATPase, wall loosening by expansin and signalling by plant hormones such as auxin and brassinosteroid. In addition, this Review discusses the nuanced roles, properties and interactions of cellulose, matrix polysaccharides and cell wall proteins and describes how wall stress and wall loosening cooperatively result in cell wall growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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6
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Liu Y, Li T, Zhu H, Cao L, Liang L, Liu D, Shen Q. Methionine inducing carbohydrate esterase secretion of Trichoderma harzianum enhances the accessibility of substrate glycosidic bonds. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:120. [PMID: 38664812 PMCID: PMC11046756 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of plant biomass into biochemicals is a promising way to alleviate energy shortage, which depends on efficient microbial saccharification and cellular metabolism. Trichoderma spp. have plentiful CAZymes systems that can utilize all-components of lignocellulose. Acetylation of polysaccharides causes nanostructure densification and hydrophobicity enhancement, which is an obstacle for glycoside hydrolases to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. The improvement of deacetylation ability can effectively release the potential for polysaccharide degradation. RESULTS Ammonium sulfate addition facilitated the deacetylation of xylan by inducing the up-regulation of multiple carbohydrate esterases (CE3/CE4/CE15/CE16) of Trichoderma harzianum. Mainly, the pathway of ammonium-sulfate's cellular assimilates inducing up-regulation of the deacetylase gene (Thce3) was revealed. The intracellular metabolite changes were revealed through metabonomic analysis. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing identified a novel differentially methylated region (DMR) that existed in the ThgsfR2 promoter, and the DMR was closely related to lignocellulolytic response. ThGsfR2 was identified as a negative regulatory factor of Thce3, and methylation in ThgsfR2 promoter released the expression of Thce3. The up-regulation of CEs facilitated the substrate deacetylation. CONCLUSION Ammonium sulfate increased the polysaccharide deacetylation capacity by inducing the up-regulation of multiple carbohydrate esterases of T. harzianum, which removed the spatial barrier of the glycosidic bond and improved hydrophilicity, and ultimately increased the accessibility of glycosidic bond to glycoside hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Li
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Cao
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lebin Liang
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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7
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Lathe RS, McFarlane HE, Kesten C, Wang L, Khan GA, Ebert B, Ramírez-Rodríguez EA, Zheng S, Noord N, Frandsen K, Bhalerao RP, Persson S. NKS1/ELMO4 is an integral protein of a pectin synthesis protein complex and maintains Golgi morphology and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321759121. [PMID: 38579009 PMCID: PMC11009649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321759121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjacent plant cells are connected by specialized cell wall regions, called middle lamellae, which influence critical agricultural characteristics, including fruit ripening and organ abscission. Middle lamellae are enriched in pectin polysaccharides, specifically homogalacturonan (HG). Here, we identify a plant-specific Arabidopsis DUF1068 protein, called NKS1/ELMO4, that is required for middle lamellae integrity and cell adhesion. NKS1 localizes to the Golgi apparatus and loss of NKS1 results in changes to Golgi structure and function. The nks1 mutants also display HG deficient phenotypes, including reduced seedling growth, changes to cell wall composition, and tissue integrity defects. These phenotypes are comparable to qua1 and qua2 mutants, which are defective in HG biosynthesis. Notably, genetic interactions indicate that NKS1 and the QUAs work in a common pathway. Protein interaction analyses and modeling corroborate that they work together in a stable protein complex with other pectin-related proteins. We propose that NKS1 is an integral part of a large pectin synthesis protein complex and that proper function of this complex is important to support Golgi structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Lathe
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam14476, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3G5, Canada
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Kesten
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Liu Wang
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum44780, Germany
| | | | - Shuai Zheng
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Niels Noord
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Kristian Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam14476, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, University of AdelaideJoint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
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8
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Zhao W, Debnath D, Gautam I, Fernando LD, Wang T. Charting the solid-state NMR signals of polysaccharides: A database-driven roadmap. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:298-309. [PMID: 37724740 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) measurements of intact cell walls and cellular samples often generate spectra that are difficult to interpret due to the presence of many coexisting glycans and the structural polymorphism observed in native conditions. To overcome this analytical challenge, we present a statistical approach for analyzing carbohydrate signals using high-resolution ssNMR data indexed in a carbohydrate database. We generate simulated spectra to demonstrate the chemical shift dispersion and compare this with experimental data to facilitate the identification of important fungal and plant polysaccharides, such as chitin and glucans in fungi and cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectic polymers in plants. We also demonstrate that chemically distinct carbohydrates from different organisms may produce almost identical signals, highlighting the need for high-resolution spectra and validation of resonance assignments. Our study provides a means to differentiate the characteristic signals of major carbohydrates and allows us to summarize currently undetected polysaccharides in plants and fungi, which may inspire future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Debkumar Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Isha Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Liyanage D Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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9
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Zeng D, Ford B, Doležel J, Karafiátová M, Hayden MJ, Rathjen TM, George TS, Brown LK, Ryan PR, Pettolino FA, Mathesius U, Delhaize E. A conditional mutation in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gene regulating root morphology. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:48. [PMID: 38345612 PMCID: PMC10861616 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Characterisation and genetic mapping of a key gene defining root morphology in bread wheat. Root morphology is central to plants for the efficient uptake up of soil water and mineral nutrients. Here we describe a conditional mutant of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that when grown in soil with high Ca2+ develops a larger rhizosheath accompanied with shorter roots than the wild type. In wheat, rhizosheath size is a reliable surrogate for root hair length and this was verified in the mutant which possessed longer root hairs than the wild type when grown in high Ca2+ soil. We named the mutant Stumpy and showed it to be due to a single semi-dominant mutation. The short root phenotype at high Ca2+ was due to reduced cellular elongation which might also explain the long root hair phenotype. Analysis of root cell walls showed that the polysaccharide composition of Stumpy roots is remodelled when grown at non-permissive (high) Ca2+ concentrations. The mutation mapped to chromosome 7B and sequencing of the 7B chromosomes in both wild type and Stumpy identified a candidate gene underlying the Stumpy mutation. As part of the process to determine whether the candidate gene was causative, we identified wheat lines in a Cadenza TILLING population with large rhizosheaths but accompanied with normal root length. This finding illustrates the potential of manipulating the gene to disconnect root length from root hair length as a means of developing wheat lines with improved efficiency of nutrient and water uptake. The Stumpy mutant will be valuable for understanding the mechanisms that regulate root morphology in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Zeng
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610101, China
| | - Brett Ford
- Grains Research and Development Corporation, Barton, ACT, 2600, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Karafiátová
- Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mathew J Hayden
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tina M Rathjen
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Lawrie K Brown
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter R Ryan
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Delhaize
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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10
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Siemianowski O, Rongpipi S, Del Mundo JT, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Gomez ED, Gomez EW, Anderson CT. Flexible Pectin Nanopatterning Drives Cell Wall Organization in Plants. JACS AU 2024; 4:177-188. [PMID: 38274264 PMCID: PMC10806874 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are abundant sources of materials and energy. Nevertheless, cell wall nanostructure, specifically how pectins interact with cellulose and hemicelluloses to construct a robust and flexible biomaterial, is poorly understood. X-ray scattering measurements are minimally invasive and can reveal ultrastructural, compositional, and physical properties of materials. Resonant X-ray scattering takes advantage of compositional differences by tuning the energy of the incident X-ray to absorption edges of specific elements in a material. Using Tender Resonant X-ray Scattering (TReXS) at the calcium K-edge to study hypocotyls of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, we detected distinctive Ca features that we hypothesize correspond to previously unreported Ca-Homogalacturonan (Ca-HG) nanostructures. When Ca-HG structures were perturbed by chemical and enzymatic treatments, cellulose microfibrils were also rearranged. Moreover, Ca-HG nanostructure was altered in mutants with abnormal cellulose, pectin, or hemicellulose content. Our results indicate direct structural interlinks between components of the plant cell wall at the nanoscale and reveal mechanisms that underpin both the structural integrity of these components and the molecular architecture of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Siemianowski
- Department
of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Faculty of
Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Street 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua T. Del Mundo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department
of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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11
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Tarkowski ŁP, Clochard T, Blein-Nicolas M, Zivy M, Baillau T, Abadie C, Morère-Le Paven MC, Limami AM, Tcherkez G, Montrichard F. The nitrate transporter-sensor MtNPF6.8 regulates the branched chain amino acid/pantothenate metabolic pathway in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) root tip. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108213. [PMID: 38043253 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for plants, and it is preferentially absorbed in the form of nitrate by roots, which adapt to nitrate fluctuations by remodelling their architecture. Although core mechanisms of the response to nitrate availability are relatively well-known, signalling events controlling root growth and architecture have not all been identified, in particular in Legumes. However, the developmental effect of nitrate in Legumes is critical since external nitrate not only regulates root architecture but also N2-fixing nodule development. We have previously shown that in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), the nitrate transporter MtNPF6.8 is required for nitrate sensitivity in root tip. However, uncertainty remains as to whether nitrogen metabolism itself is involved in the MtNPF6.8-mediated response. Here, we examine the metabolic effects of MtNPF6.8-dependent nitrate signalling using metabolomics and proteomics in WT and mtnpf6.8 root tips in presence or absence of nitrate. We found a reorchestration of metabolism due to the mutation, in favour of the branched chain amino acids/pantothenate metabolic pathway, and lipid catabolism via glyoxylate. That is, the mtnpf6.8 mutation was likely associated with a specific rerouting of acetyl-CoA production (glyoxylic cycle) and utilisation (pantothenate and branched chain amino acid synthesis). In agreement with our previous findings, class III peroxidases were confirmed as the main protein class responsive to nitrate, although in an MtNPF6.8-independent fashion. Our data rather suggest the involvement of other pathways within mtnpf6.8 root tips, such as Ca2+ signalling or cell wall methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mélisande Blein-Nicolas
- GQE - Le Moulon, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- GQE - Le Moulon, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Baillau
- GQE - Le Moulon, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cyril Abadie
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Anis M Limami
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France; Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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12
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Jia H, Lei Y, Pan S, Zhu J, Shen Z, Tang L, Hou D. The impacts of exogenous phosphorus on Cd absorption in perennial ryegrass root cell: Kinetic and mechanism study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108220. [PMID: 38039583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is critical to plants in metal-contaminated soils because it participates in various biochemical reactions during plant growth. However, the mechanisms of P in mitigating the toxicity of heavy metals to ryegrass root is still veiled. In this study, the physiological and biochemical dynamics of the ryegrass root under various cadmium (Cd) and P conditions were investigated in a hydroponic system. Cd stress decreased the length of the ryegrass root, but P application enhanced the root elongation to reduce the Cd concentration in the root. Both Cd and P dosages were positively correlated with hemicellulose 1 content, pectin content, and PME activity, while having a negative effect on cellulose content. Moreover, the addition of 80 mg L-1 P increased the contents of pectin and hemicellulose 1 by 2.5 and 5.8% even with 4 mg L-1 Cd. In addition, P supply increased pectin methylesterbase activity under Cd stress, which further changed the extra-cytoplasmic structures and cell wall composition. Thus, exogenous P promoted the immobilization of Cd onto the cell wall and protected protoplast primarily through indirectly regulating the binding capacity of the root cell wall for Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jia
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuze Lei
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shizhen Pan
- Department of Environment in Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Jiaxing, 314006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Earth and Engineering Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Lingyi Tang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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13
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Fernando LD, Zhao W, Gautam I, Ankur A, Wang T. Polysaccharide assemblies in fungal and plant cell walls explored by solid-state NMR. Structure 2023; 31:1375-1385. [PMID: 37597511 PMCID: PMC10843855 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of macromolecular complexes within their natural cellular environment presents a significant challenge. Recent applications of solid-state NMR (ssNMR) techniques on living fungal cells and intact plant tissues have greatly enhanced our understanding of the structure of extracellular matrices. Here, we selectively highlight the most recent progress in this field. Specifically, we discuss how ssNMR can provide detailed insights into the chemical composition and conformational structure of pectin, and the consequential impact on polysaccharide interactions and cell wall organization. We elaborate on the use of ssNMR data to uncover the arrangement of the lignin-polysaccharide interface and the macrofibrillar structure in native plant stems or during degradation processes. We also comprehend the dynamic structure of fungal cell walls under various morphotypes and stress conditions. Finally, we assess how the combination of NMR with other techniques can enhance our capacity to address unresolved structural questions concerning these complex macromolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyanage D Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wancheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Isha Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ankur Ankur
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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14
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Weber JN, Minner-Meinen R, Behnecke M, Biedendieck R, Hänsch VG, Hercher TW, Hertweck C, van den Hout L, Knüppel L, Sivov S, Schulze J, Mendel RR, Hänsch R, Kaufholdt D. Moonlighting Arabidopsis molybdate transporter 2 family and GSH-complex formation facilitate molybdenum homeostasis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:801. [PMID: 37532778 PMCID: PMC10397214 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) as essential micronutrient for plants, acts as active component of molybdenum cofactor (Moco). Core metabolic processes like nitrate assimilation or abscisic-acid biosynthesis rely on Moco-dependent enzymes. Although a family of molybdate transport proteins (MOT1) is known to date in Arabidopsis, molybdate homeostasis remained unclear. Here we report a second family of molybdate transporters (MOT2) playing key roles in molybdate distribution and usage. KO phenotype-analyses, cellular and organ-specific localization, and connection to Moco-biosynthesis enzymes via protein-protein interaction suggest involvement in cellular import of molybdate in leaves and reproductive organs. Furthermore, we detected a glutathione-molybdate complex, which reveals how vacuolar storage is maintained. A putative Golgi S-adenosyl-methionine transport function was reported recently for the MOT2-family. Here, we propose a moonlighting function, since clear evidence of molybdate transport was found in a yeast-system. Our characterization of the MOT2-family and the detection of a glutathione-molybdate complex unveil the plant-wide way of molybdate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Weber
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rieke Minner-Meinen
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Behnecke
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Veit G Hänsch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Hercher
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lena van den Hout
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lars Knüppel
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simon Sivov
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jutta Schulze
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf-R Mendel
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, , Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei District, PR China.
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Batth TS, Simonsen JL, Hernández-Rollán C, Brander S, Morth JP, Johansen KS, Nørholm MHH, Hoof JB, Olsen JV. A seven-transmembrane methyltransferase catalysing N-terminal histidine methylation of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4202. [PMID: 37452022 PMCID: PMC10349129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are oxidative enzymes that help break down lignocellulose, making them highly attractive for improving biomass utilization in industrial biotechnology. The catalytically essential N-terminal histidine (His1) of LPMOs is post-translationally modified by methylation in filamentous fungi to protect them from auto-oxidative inactivation, however, the responsible methyltransferase enzyme is unknown. Using mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics in combination with systematic CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening in Aspergillus nidulans, we identify the N-terminal histidine methyltransferase (NHMT) encoded by the gene AN4663. Targeted proteomics confirm that NHMT was solely responsible for His1 methylation of LPMOs. NHMT is predicted to encode a unique seven-transmembrane segment anchoring a soluble methyltransferase domain. Co-localization studies show endoplasmic reticulum residence of NHMT and co-expression in the industrial production yeast Komagataella phaffii with LPMOs results in His1 methylation of the LPMOs. This demonstrates the biotechnological potential of recombinant production of proteins and peptides harbouring this specific post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer S Batth
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jonas L Simonsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Brander
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja S Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jakob B Hoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Monteiro-Batista RDC, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. Harnessing enzyme cofactors and plant metabolism: an essential partnership. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1014-1036. [PMID: 36861364 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cofactors are fundamental to the catalytic activity of enzymes. Additionally, because plants are a critical source of several cofactors (i.e., including their vitamin precursors) within the context of human nutrition, there have been several studies aiming to understand the metabolism of coenzymes and vitamins in plants in detail. For example, compelling evidence has been brought forth regarding the role of cofactors in plants; specifically, it is becoming increasingly clear that an adequate supply of cofactors in plants directly affects their development, metabolism, and stress responses. Here, we review the state-of-the-art knowledge on the significance of coenzymes and their precursors with regard to general plant physiology and discuss the emerging functions attributed to them. Furthermore, we discuss how our understanding of the complex relationship between cofactors and plant metabolism can be used for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Monteiro-Batista
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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18
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Parra-Rojas JP, Sepúlveda-Orellana P, Sanhueza D, Salinas-Grenet H, Temple H, Dupree P, Saez-Aguayo S, Orellana A. GoSAMTs are required for pectin methyl-esterification and mucilage release in seed coat epidermal cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099573. [PMID: 36844056 PMCID: PMC9946043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GoSAMTs play a role in the methylation of polysaccharides synthesized by the Golgi. Pectin homogalacturonan (HG) methyl-esterification is essential for the proper function of this polysaccharide in cell walls. In order to better understand the role of GoSAMTs in HG biosynthesis, we analyzed mucilage methyl-esterification in gosamt mutants. METHODS To determine the function of GoSAMT1 and GoSAMT2 in HG methyl-esterification we utilized epidermal cells of seed coats, as these structures produce mucilage, which is a pectic matrix. We evaluated differences in seed surface morphology and quantified mucilage release. We measured methanol release, and used antibodies and confocal microscopy to analyze HG methyl-esterification in mucilage. RESULTS We observed morphological differences on the seed surface and delayed, uneven mucilage release in gosamt1-1gosamt2-1 double mutants. We also found changes in the distal wall length indicating abnormal cell wall breakage in this double mutant. Using methanol release and immunolabeling, we confirmed that GoSAMT1 and GoSAMT2 are involved in HG methyl-esterification in mucilage. However, we did not find evidence of decreasing HG in the gosamt mutants. Confocal microscopy analyses detected different patterns in the adherent mucilage and a greater number of low-methyl-esterified domains near the seed coat surface, which correlates with a greater number of "egg-box" structures in this region. We also detected a shift in the partitioning between the Rhamnogalacturonan-I soluble and adherent layers of the double mutant, which correlated with increased amounts of arabinose and arabinogalactan-protein in the adherent mucilage. DISCUSSION The results show that the HG synthesized in gosamt mutant plants is less methyl esterified, resulting in more egg-box structures, which stiffen the cell walls in epidermal cells and change the rheological properties of the seed surface. The increased amounts of arabinose and arabinogalactan-protein in adherent mucilage, also suggests that compensation mechanisms were triggered in the gosamt mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Parra-Rojas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millenium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sepúlveda-Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Salinas-Grenet
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millenium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Voiniciuc C. It's time to go glyco in cell wall bioengineering. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 71:102313. [PMID: 36411187 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the structure of cellulose, hemicellulose or pectin in plant cell walls can modulate growth, disease resistance, biomass yield and other important agronomic traits. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides force us to re-examine old assumptions about the assembly and functions of cell wall components. The engineering of living or hybrid materials in microorganisms could be adapted to plant biopolymers or to inspire the development of new plant-based composites. High-throughput cellular factories and synthetic biology toolkits could unveil the biological roles and biotechnological potential of the large, unexplored space of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Increasing automation and enhanced carbohydrate detection methods are unlocking new routes to design plant glycans for a sustainable bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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20
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Metabolomic Changes as Key Factors of Green Plant Regeneration Efficiency of Triticale In Vitro Anther Culture. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010163. [PMID: 36611956 PMCID: PMC9818285 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Green plant regeneration efficiency (GPRE) via in vitro anther culture results from biochemical pathways and cycle dysfunctions that may affect DNA and histone methylation, with gene expression influencing whole cell functioning. The reprogramming from gametophytic to sporophytic fate is part of the phenomenon. While DNA methylation and sequence changes related to the GPRE have been described, little attention was paid to the biochemical aspects of the phenomenon. Furthermore, only a few theoretical models that describe the complex relationships between biochemical aspects of GPRE and the role of Cu(II) ions in the induction medium and as cofactors of enzymatic reactions have been developed. Still, none of these models are devoted directly to the biochemical level. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used in the current study to analyze triticale regenerants derived under various in vitro tissue culture conditions, including different Cu(II) and Ag(I) ion concentrations in the induction medium and anther culture times. The FTIR spectra of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), glutathione, and pectins in parallel with the Cu(II) ions, as well as the evaluated GPRE values, were put into the structural equation model (SEM). The data demonstrate the relationships between SAM, glutathione, pectins, and Cu(II) in the induction medium and how they affect GPRE. The SEM reflects the cell functioning under in vitro conditions and varying Cu(II) concentrations. In the presented model, the players are the Krebs and Yang cycles, the transsulfuration pathway controlled by Cu(II) ions acting as cofactors of enzymatic reactions, and the pectins of the primary cell wall.
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21
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Armed for accessibility. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:597. [PMID: 35729267 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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