1
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Hoffmann N, Mohammad E, McFarlane HE. Disrupting cell wall integrity impacts endomembrane trafficking to promote secretion over endocytic trafficking. J Exp Bot 2024:erae195. [PMID: 38676707 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall provides a strong yet flexible barrier to protect cells from the external environment. Modifications of the cell wall, either during development or under stress conditions, can induce cell wall integrity responses and ultimately lead to alterations in gene expression, hormone production, and cell wall composition. These changes in cell wall composition presumably require remodelling of the secretory pathway to facilitate synthesis and secretion of cell wall components and cell wall synthesis enzymes from the Golgi apparatus. Here, we used a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy to examine the short-term and constitutive impact of isoxaben, which reduces cellulose biosynthesis, and Driselase, a cocktail of cell-wall-degrading fungal enzymes, on cellular processes during cell wall integrity responses. We show that both treatments altered organelle morphology and triggered rebalancing of the secretory pathway to promote secretion while reducing endocytic trafficking. The actin cytoskeleton was less dynamic following cell wall modification, and organelle movement was reduced. These results demonstrate active remodelling of the endomembrane system and actin cytoskeleton following changes to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Eskandar Mohammad
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
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2
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Lathe RS, McFarlane HE, Kesten C, Wang L, Khan GA, Ebert B, Ramírez-Rodríguez EA, Zheng S, Noord N, Frandsen K, Bhalerao RP, Persson S. NKS1/ELMO4 is an integral protein of a pectin synthesis protein complex and maintains Golgi morphology and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321759121. [PMID: 38579009 PMCID: PMC11009649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321759121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjacent plant cells are connected by specialized cell wall regions, called middle lamellae, which influence critical agricultural characteristics, including fruit ripening and organ abscission. Middle lamellae are enriched in pectin polysaccharides, specifically homogalacturonan (HG). Here, we identify a plant-specific Arabidopsis DUF1068 protein, called NKS1/ELMO4, that is required for middle lamellae integrity and cell adhesion. NKS1 localizes to the Golgi apparatus and loss of NKS1 results in changes to Golgi structure and function. The nks1 mutants also display HG deficient phenotypes, including reduced seedling growth, changes to cell wall composition, and tissue integrity defects. These phenotypes are comparable to qua1 and qua2 mutants, which are defective in HG biosynthesis. Notably, genetic interactions indicate that NKS1 and the QUAs work in a common pathway. Protein interaction analyses and modeling corroborate that they work together in a stable protein complex with other pectin-related proteins. We propose that NKS1 is an integral part of a large pectin synthesis protein complex and that proper function of this complex is important to support Golgi structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Lathe
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam14476, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3G5, Canada
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Kesten
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Liu Wang
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum44780, Germany
| | | | - Shuai Zheng
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Niels Noord
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Kristian Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam14476, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, University of AdelaideJoint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
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3
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Mohammad E, McFarlane HE. Two roads diverge for cellulose synthase complex trafficking. Trends Plant Sci 2024:S1360-1385(24)00056-6. [PMID: 38508898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose, an abundant and essential component of plant cell walls, is made by cellulose synthase complexes at the plasma membrane (PM). Recently, Liu et al. uncovered molecular mechanisms that suggest the existence of two distinct pathways for cellulose synthase trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Mohammad
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto; 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ONT, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto; 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ONT, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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4
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Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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5
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Monaghan J, Brady SM, Haswell ES, Roy S, Schwessinger B, McFarlane HE. Running a research group in the next generation: combining sustainable and reproducible research with values-driven leadership. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:1-6. [PMID: 36563102 PMCID: PMC9786824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2021, we held a community workshop at the International Congress of Arabidopsis Research (ICAR) aimed at early career researchers and focused on values-based lab leadership. Here, we elaborate on ideas emerging from the workshop that we hope will allow current and future group leaders to reflect on and adjust to the rapidly evolving nature of the academic scientific enterprise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, Davis CA, USA
| | | | - Sonali Roy
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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6
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Zhu Y, McFarlane HE. Regulation of cellulose synthesis via exocytosis and endocytosis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 69:102273. [PMID: 35987011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is a critical component of plant cell walls. Cellulose is made at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) enzymes organized into large, multi-subunit cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Although CESAs are only active at the plasma membrane, fluorescently-tagged CESAs also substantially label the Golgi apparatus and other intracellular compartments, even when cellulose synthesis rates are high. These data imply that CESA activity is regulated by trafficking to the plasma membrane (exocytosis) and removal from the plasma membrane (endocytosis), as well as recycling of endocytosed CESAs back to the plasma membrane. Key molecular components and events of CESA exocytosis and endocytosis have recently been defined, primarily using mutant analysis and live-cell imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we integrate these data into a working model of CESA regulation by exocytosis and endocytosis and highlight key outstanding questions. We present the hypothesis that cycling of CESAs between the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system is important for regulating cellulose synthesis and for maintaining a robust population of active CSCs in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St. Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St. Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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7
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McKay DW, McFarlane HE, Qu Y, Situmorang A, Gilliham M, Wege S. Plant Trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome pH regulation requires Cation Chloride Cotransporter (CCC1). eLife 2022; 11:70701. [PMID: 34989335 PMCID: PMC8791640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cells maintain a low luminal pH in the trans-Golgi-network/early endosome (TGN/EE), the organelle in which the secretory and endocytic pathways intersect. Impaired TGN/EE pH regulation translates into severe plant growth defects. The identity of the proton pump and proton/ion antiporters that regulate TGN/EE pH have been determined, but an essential component required to complete the TGN/EE membrane transport circuit remains unidentified − a pathway for cation and anion efflux. Here, we have used complementation, genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, and pharmacological treatments to demonstrate that Arabidopsis cation chloride cotransporter (CCC1) is this missing component necessary for regulating TGN/EE pH and function. Loss of CCC1 function leads to alterations in TGN/EE-mediated processes including endocytic trafficking, exocytosis, and response to abiotic stress, consistent with the multitude of phenotypic defects observed in ccc1 knockout plants. This discovery places CCC1 as a central component of plant cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W McKay
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yue Qu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Apriadi Situmorang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
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8
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Larson RT, McFarlane HE. Small but Mighty: An Update on Small Molecule Plant Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:1828-1838. [PMID: 34245306 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth. It provides mechanical support to growing plant cells and important raw materials for paper, textiles and biofuel feedstocks. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are invaluable tools for studying cellulose biosynthesis and can be important herbicides for controlling weed growth. Here, we review CBIs with particular focus on the most widely used CBIs and recently discovered CBIs. We discuss the effects of these CBIs on plant growth and development and plant cell biology and summarize what is known about the mode of action of these different CBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegan T Larson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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9
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Abstract
We describe sample preparation and visualization of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthases in cellulose synthase complexes at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis hypocotyl epidermal cells using live-cell imaging via spinning disk microscopy. We present a technique for sample mounting that may be suitable for imaging other samples. Additionally, we offer free, open-source solutions for image analysis and provide extensive troubleshooting suggestions. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to McFarlane et al., 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jenny Jiahui Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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10
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McFarlane HE, Mutwil-Anderwald D, Verbančič J, Picard KL, Gookin TE, Froehlich A, Chakravorty D, Trindade LM, Alonso JM, Assmann SM, Persson S. A G protein-coupled receptor-like module regulates cellulose synthase secretion from the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1484-1497.e7. [PMID: 33878345 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane of plant cells by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). CSCs are assembled in the endomembrane system and then trafficked to the plasma membrane. Because CESAs are only active in the plasma membrane, control of CSC secretion regulates cellulose synthesis. We identified members of a family of seven transmembrane domain-containing proteins (7TMs) that are important for cellulose production during cell wall integrity stress. 7TMs are often associated with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein signaling and we found that mutants affecting the Gβγ dimer phenocopied the 7tm mutants. Unexpectedly, the 7TMs localized to the Golgi/trans-Golgi network where they interacted with G protein components. Here, the 7TMs and Gβγ regulated CESA trafficking but did not affect general protein secretion. Our results outline how a G protein-coupled module regulates CESA trafficking and reveal that defects in this process lead to exacerbated responses to cell wall integrity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Daniela Mutwil-Anderwald
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; School of the Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001 TAS, Australia
| | - Timothy E Gookin
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anja Froehlich
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Chakravorty
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Ramírez-Rodríguez EA, McFarlane HE. Insights from the Structure of a Plant Cellulose Synthase Trimer. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:4-7. [PMID: 33008741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential component of plant cell walls and the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Despite its chemical simplicity, questions remain regarding the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of a simplified plant cellulose synthase enzyme complex provides new insights into assembly, localization, and regulation of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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12
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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13
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Watkins JL, Li M, McQuinn RP, Chan KX, McFarlane HE, Ermakova M, Furbank RT, Mares D, Dong C, Chalmers KJ, Sharp P, Mather DE, Pogson BJ. A GDSL Esterase/Lipase Catalyzes the Esterification of Lutein in Bread Wheat. Plant Cell 2019; 31:3092-3112. [PMID: 31575724 PMCID: PMC6925002 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophylls are a class of carotenoids that are important micronutrients for humans. They are often found esterified with fatty acids in fruits, vegetables, and certain grains, including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Esterification promotes the sequestration and accumulation of carotenoids, thereby enhancing stability, particularly in tissues such as in harvested wheat grain. Here, we report on a plant xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) that is both necessary and sufficient for xanthophyll esterification in bread wheat grain. XAT contains a canonical Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL) motif and is encoded by a member of the GDSL esterase/lipase gene family. Genetic evidence from allelic variants of wheat and transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) calli demonstrated that XAT catalyzes the formation of xanthophyll esters. XAT has broad substrate specificity and can esterify lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin using multiple acyl donors, yet it has a preference for triacylglycerides, indicating that the enzyme acts via transesterification. A conserved amino acid, Ser-37, is required for activity. Despite xanthophylls being synthesized in plastids, XAT accumulated in the apoplast. Based on analysis of substrate preferences and xanthophyll ester formation in vitro and in vivo using xanthophyll-accumulating rice callus, we propose that disintegration of the cellular structure during wheat grain desiccation facilitates access to lutein-promoting transesterification.plantcell;31/12/3092/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta L Watkins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Kai Xun Chan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Daryl Mares
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Chongmei Dong
- Plant Breeding Institute and Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Kenneth J Chalmers
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Sharp
- Plant Breeding Institute and Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Diane E Mather
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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14
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Parsons HT, Stevens TJ, McFarlane HE, Vidal-Melgosa S, Griss J, Lawrence N, Butler R, Sousa MML, Salemi M, Willats WGT, Petzold CJ, Heazlewood JL, Lilley KS. Separating Golgi Proteins from Cis to Trans Reveals Underlying Properties of Cisternal Localization. Plant Cell 2019; 31:2010-2034. [PMID: 31266899 PMCID: PMC6751122 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The order of enzymatic activity across Golgi cisternae is essential for complex molecule biosynthesis. However, an inability to separate Golgi cisternae has meant that the cisternal distribution of most resident proteins, and their underlying localization mechanisms, are unknown. Here, we exploit differences in surface charge of intact cisternae to perform separation of early to late Golgi subcompartments. We determine protein and glycan abundance profiles across the Golgi; over 390 resident proteins are identified, including 136 new additions, with over 180 cisternal assignments. These assignments provide a means to better understand the functional roles of Golgi proteins and how they operate sequentially. Protein and glycan distributions are validated in vivo using high-resolution microscopy. Results reveal distinct functional compartmentalization among resident Golgi proteins. Analysis of transmembrane proteins shows several sequence-based characteristics relating to pI, hydrophobicity, Ser abundance, and Phe bilayer asymmetry that change across the Golgi. Overall, our results suggest that a continuum of transmembrane features, rather than discrete rules, guide proteins to earlier or later locations within the Golgi stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet T Parsons
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tim J Stevens
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, , Australia
| | - Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Johannes Griss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Lawrence
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Butler
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Mirta M L Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, , Australia
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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15
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Kesten C, Wallmann A, Schneider R, McFarlane HE, Diehl A, Khan GA, van Rossum BJ, Lampugnani ER, Szymanski WG, Cremer N, Schmieder P, Ford KL, Seiter F, Heazlewood JL, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Oschkinat H, Persson S. The companion of cellulose synthase 1 confers salt tolerance through a Tau-like mechanism in plants. Nat Commun 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 30787279 PMCID: PMC6382854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are filamentous structures necessary for cell division, motility and morphology, with dynamics critically regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Here we outline the molecular mechanism by which the MAP, COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CC1), controls microtubule bundling and dynamics to sustain plant growth under salt stress. CC1 contains an intrinsically disordered N-terminus that links microtubules at evenly distributed points through four conserved hydrophobic regions. By NMR and live cell analyses we reveal that two neighboring residues in the first hydrophobic binding motif are crucial for the microtubule interaction. The microtubule-binding mechanism of CC1 is reminiscent to that of the prominent neuropathology-related protein Tau, indicating evolutionary convergence of MAP functions across animal and plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kesten
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arndt Wallmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - René Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne Diehl
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barth-Jan van Rossum
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Witold G Szymanski
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nils Cremer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina L Ford
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Florian Seiter
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR-supported Structural Biology, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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16
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Ebert B, Rautengarten C, McFarlane HE, Rupasinghe T, Zeng W, Ford K, Scheller HV, Bacic A, Roessner U, Persson S, Heazlewood JL. A Golgi UDP-GlcNAc transporter delivers substrates for N-linked glycans and sphingolipids. Nat Plants 2018; 4:792-801. [PMID: 30224661 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation requires activated glycosyl donors in the form of nucleotide sugars to drive processes such as post-translational protein modifications and glycolipid and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Most of these reactions occur in the Golgi, requiring cytosolic-derived nucleotide sugars, which need to be actively transferred into the Golgi lumen by nucleotide sugar transporters. We identified a Golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana with affinity for UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and assigned it UDP-GlcNAc transporter 1 (UGNT1). Profiles of N-glycopeptides revealed that plants carrying the ugnt1 loss-of-function allele are virtually devoid of complex and hybrid N-glycans. Instead, the N-glycopeptide population from these alleles exhibited high-mannose structures, representing structures prior to the addition of the first GlcNAc in the Golgi. Concomitantly, sphingolipid profiling revealed that the biosynthesis of GlcNAc-containing glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) is also reliant on this transporter. By contrast, plants carrying the loss-of-function alleles affecting ROCK1, which has been reported to transport UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, exhibit no changes in N-glycan or GIPC profiles. Our findings reveal that plants contain a single UDP-GlcNAc transporter that delivers an essential substrate for the maturation of N-glycans and the GIPC class of sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristina Ford
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, McFarlane HE, Obata T, Richter AS, Lohse M, Grimm B, Persson S, Fernie AR, Giavalisco P. Inhibition of TOR Represses Nutrient Consumption, Which Improves Greening after Extended Periods of Etiolation. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:101-117. [PMID: 30049747 PMCID: PMC6130015 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon illumination, etiolated seedlings experience a transition from heterotrophic to photoautotrophic growth. During this process, the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway provides chlorophyll for photosynthesis. This pathway has to be tightly controlled to prevent the accumulation of photoreactive metabolites and to provide stoichiometric amounts of chlorophyll for its incorporation into photosynthetic protein complexes. Therefore, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to synchronize the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and chlorophyll-binding proteins. Two phytochrome-interacting factors (PIF1 and PIF3) and the DELLA proteins, which are controlled by the gibberellin pathway, are key regulators of this process. Here, we show that impairment of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) activity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), either by mutation of the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B or by treatment with TOR inhibitors, leads to a significantly reduced accumulation of the photoreactive chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide in darkness but an increased greening rate of etiolated seedlings after exposure to light. Detailed profiling of metabolic, transcriptomic, and physiological parameters revealed that the TOR-repressed lines not only grow slower, they grow in a nutrient-saving mode, which allows them to resist longer periods of low nutrient availability. Our results also indicated that RAPTOR1B acts upstream of the gibberellin-DELLA pathway and its mutation complements the repressed greening phenotype of pif1 and pif3 after etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lohse
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Targenomix, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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18
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Chen HW, Persson S, Grebe M, McFarlane HE. Cellulose synthesis during cell plate assembly. Physiol Plant 2018; 164:17-26. [PMID: 29418000 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall surrounds and protects the cells. To divide, plant cells must synthesize a new cell wall to separate the two daughter cells. The cell plate is a transient polysaccharide-based compartment that grows between daughter cells and gives rise to the new cell wall. Cellulose constitutes a key component of the cell wall, and mutants with defects in cellulose synthesis commonly share phenotypes with cytokinesis-defective mutants. However, despite the importance of cellulose in the cell plate and the daughter cell wall, many open questions remain regarding the timing and regulation of cellulose synthesis during cell division. These questions represent a critical gap in our knowledge of cell plate assembly, cell division and growth. Here, we review what is known about cellulose synthesis at the cell plate and in the newly formed cross-wall and pose key questions about the molecular mechanisms that govern these processes. We further provide an outlook discussing outstanding questions and possible future directions for this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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19
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Schneider R, Tang L, Lampugnani ER, Barkwill S, Lathe R, Zhang Y, McFarlane HE, Pesquet E, Niittyla T, Mansfield SD, Zhou Y, Persson S. Two Complementary Mechanisms Underpin Cell Wall Patterning during Xylem Vessel Development. Plant Cell 2017; 29:2433-2449. [PMID: 28947492 PMCID: PMC5774576 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the plant vasculature was essential for the emergence of terrestrial life. Xylem vessels are solute-transporting elements in the vasculature that possess secondary wall thickenings deposited in intricate patterns. Evenly dispersed microtubule (MT) bands support the formation of these wall thickenings, but how the MTs direct cell wall synthesis during this process remains largely unknown. Cellulose is the major secondary wall constituent and is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthases (CesAs) whose catalytic activity propels them through the membrane. We show that the protein CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1 (CSI1)/POM2 is necessary to align the secondary wall CesAs and MTs during the initial phase of xylem vessel development in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). Surprisingly, these MT-driven patterns successively become imprinted and sufficient to sustain the continued progression of wall thickening in the absence of MTs and CSI1/POM2 function. Hence, two complementary principles underpin wall patterning during xylem vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Barkwill
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 160 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittyla
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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20
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McFarlane HE, Lee EK, van Bezouwen LS, Ross B, Rosado A, Samuels AL. Multiscale Structural Analysis of Plant ER-PM Contact Sites. Plant Cell Physiol 2017; 58:478-484. [PMID: 28100648 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites are recognized across eukaryotic systems as important nanostructures. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) contact sites (EPCS) are involved in excitation-contraction coupling, signaling, and plant responses to stress. In this report, we perform a multiscale structural analysis of Arabidopsis EPCS that combines live cell imaging, quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography over a developmental gradient. To place EPCS in the context of the entire cortical ER, we examined green fluorescent protein (GFP)-HDEL in living cells over a developmental gradient, then Synaptotagmin1 (SYT1)-GFP was used as a specific marker of EPCS. In all tissues examined, young, rapidly elongating cells showed lamellar cortical ER and higher density of SYT1-GFP puncta, while in mature cells the cortical ER network was tubular, highly dynamic and had fewer SYT1-labeled puncta. The higher density of EPCS in young cells was verified by quantitative TEM of cryo-fixed tissues. For all cell types, the size of each EPCS had a consistent range in length along the PM from 50 to 300 nm, with microtubules and ribosomes excluded from the EPCS. The structural characterization of EPCS in different plant tissues, and the correlation of EPCS densities over developmental gradients illustrate how ER-PM communication evolves in response to cellular expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura S van Bezouwen
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bradford Ross
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Steiner A, Rybak K, Altmann M, McFarlane HE, Klaeger S, Nguyen N, Facher E, Ivakov A, Wanner G, Kuster B, Persson S, Braun P, Hauser MT, Assaad FF. Cell cycle-regulated PLEIADE/AtMAP65-3 links membrane and microtubule dynamics during plant cytokinesis. Plant J 2016; 88:531-541. [PMID: 27420177 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the partitioning of the cytoplasm following nuclear division, requires extensive coordination between cell cycle cues, membrane trafficking and microtubule dynamics. Plant cytokinesis occurs within a transient membrane compartment known as the cell plate, to which vesicles are delivered by a plant-specific microtubule array, the phragmoplast. While membrane proteins required for cytokinesis are known, how these are coordinated with microtubule dynamics and regulated by cell cycle cues remains unclear. Here, we document physical and genetic interactions between Transport Protein Particle II (TRAPPII) tethering factors and microtubule-associated proteins of the PLEIADE/AtMAP65 family. These interactions do not specifically affect the recruitment of either TRAPPII or MAP65 proteins to the cell plate or midzone. Rather, and based on single versus double mutant phenotypes, it appears that they are required to coordinate cytokinesis with the nuclear division cycle. As MAP65 family members are known to be targets of cell cycle-regulated kinases, our results provide a conceptual framework for how membrane and microtubule dynamics may be coordinated with each other and with the nuclear cycle during plant cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- Botany, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Melina Altmann
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Postdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Susan Klaeger
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Ngoc Nguyen
- Botany, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Eva Facher
- Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximillians Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Postdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximillians Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Postdam, 14476, Germany
- School of Biosciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascal Braun
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Farhah F Assaad
- Botany, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
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22
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Zhang Y, Nikolovski N, Sorieul M, Vellosillo T, McFarlane HE, Dupree R, Kesten C, Schneider R, Driemeier C, Lathe R, Lampugnani E, Yu X, Ivakov A, Doblin MS, Mortimer JC, Brown SP, Persson S, Dupree P. Golgi-localized STELLO proteins regulate the assembly and trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11656. [PMID: 27277162 PMCID: PMC4906169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, cellulose is a key structural component of the plant cell wall. Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the endomembrane system and trafficked to the plasma membrane. While several proteins that affect CesA activity have been identified, components that regulate CSC assembly and trafficking remain unknown. Here we show that STELLO1 and 2 are Golgi-localized proteins that can interact with CesAs and control cellulose quantity. In the absence of STELLO function, the spatial distribution within the Golgi, secretion and activity of the CSCs are impaired indicating a central role of the STELLO proteins in CSC assembly. Point mutations in the predicted catalytic domains of the STELLO proteins indicate that they are glycosyltransferases facing the Golgi lumen. Hence, we have uncovered proteins that regulate CSC assembly in the plant Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nino Nikolovski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Tamara Vellosillo
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Kesten
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - René Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Edwin Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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23
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de Michele R, McFarlane HE, Parsons HT, Meents MJ, Lao J, González Fernández-Niño SM, Petzold CJ, Frommer WB, Samuels AL, Heazlewood JL. Free-Flow Electrophoresis of Plasma Membrane Vesicles Enriched by Two-Phase Partitioning Enhances the Quality of the Proteome from Arabidopsis Seedlings. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:900-13. [PMID: 26781341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plant plasma membrane is the interface between the cell and its environment undertaking a range of important functions related to transport, signaling, cell wall biosynthesis, and secretion. Multiple proteomic studies have attempted to capture the diversity of proteins in the plasma membrane using biochemical fractionation techniques. In this study, two-phase partitioning was combined with free-flow electrophoresis to produce a population of highly purified plasma membrane vesicles that were subsequently characterized by tandem mass spectroscopy. This combined high-quality plasma membrane isolation technique produced a reproducible proteomic library of over 1000 proteins with an extended dynamic range including plasma membrane-associated proteins. The approach enabled the detection of a number of putative plasma membrane proteins not previously identified by other studies, including peripheral membrane proteins. Utilizing multiple data sources, we developed a PM-confidence score to provide a value indicating association to the plasma membrane. This study highlights over 700 proteins that, while seemingly abundant at the plasma membrane, are mostly unstudied. To validate this data set, we selected 14 candidates and transiently localized 13 to the plasma membrane using a fluorescent tag. Given the importance of the plasma membrane, this data set provides a valuable tool to further investigate important proteins. The mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD001795.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de Michele
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science , Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), National Research Council of Italy , Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Harriet T Parsons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen C-1871, Denmark
| | - Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susana M González Fernández-Niño
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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24
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Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants require mechanisms to sense and respond to changes in their environment, including both biotic and abiotic factors. One of the most common plant adaptations to environmental changes is differential regulation of growth, which results in growth either away from adverse conditions or towards more favorable conditions. As cell walls shape plant growth, this differential growth response must be accompanied by alterations to the plant cell wall. Here, we review the impact of four abiotic factors (osmotic conditions, ionic stress, light, and temperature) on the synthesis of cellulose, an important component of the plant cell wall. Understanding how different abiotic factors influence cellulose production and addressing key questions that remain in this field can provide crucial information to cope with the need for increased crop production under the mounting pressures of a growing world population and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Pérez-Sancho J, Vanneste S, Lee E, McFarlane HE, Esteban Del Valle A, Valpuesta V, Friml J, Botella MA, Rosado A. The Arabidopsis synaptotagmin1 is enriched in endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites and confers cellular resistance to mechanical stresses. Plant Physiol 2015; 168:132-43. [PMID: 25792253 PMCID: PMC4424031 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) contact sites are evolutionarily conserved microdomains that have important roles in specialized metabolic functions such as ER-PM communication, lipid homeostasis, and Ca(2+) influx. Despite recent advances in knowledge about ER-PM contact site components and functions in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammals, relatively little is known about the functional significance of these structures in plants. In this report, we characterize the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phospholipid binding Synaptotagmin1 (SYT1) as a plant ortholog of the mammal extended synaptotagmins and yeast tricalbins families of ER-PM anchors. We propose that SYT1 functions at ER-PM contact sites because it displays a dual ER-PM localization, it is enriched in microtubule-depleted regions at the cell cortex, and it colocalizes with Vesicle-Associated Protein27-1, a known ER-PM marker. Furthermore, biochemical and physiological analyses indicate that SYT1 might function as an electrostatic phospholipid anchor conferring mechanical stability in plant cells. Together, the subcellular localization and functional characterization of SYT1 highlights a putative role of plant ER-PM contact site components in the cellular adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pérez-Sancho
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Eunkyoung Lee
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Alicia Esteban Del Valle
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Jiří Friml
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
| | - Abel Rosado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain (J.P.-S., A.E.d.V., V.V., M.A.B., A.R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.V., J.F.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 (E.L., H.E.M., A.R.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (H.E.M.)
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26
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Chen LQ, Lin IW, Qu XQ, Sosso D, McFarlane HE, Londoño A, Samuels AL, Frommer WB. A cascade of sequentially expressed sucrose transporters in the seed coat and endosperm provides nutrition for the Arabidopsis embryo. Plant Cell 2015; 27:607-19. [PMID: 25794936 PMCID: PMC4558658 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing plant embryos depend on nutrition from maternal tissues via the seed coat and endosperm, but the mechanisms that supply nutrients to plant embryos have remained elusive. Sucrose, the major transport form of carbohydrate in plants, is delivered via the phloem to the maternal seed coat and then secreted from the seed coat to feed the embryo. Here, we show that seed filling in Arabidopsis thaliana requires the three sucrose transporters SWEET11, 12, and 15. SWEET11, 12, and 15 exhibit specific spatiotemporal expression patterns in developing seeds, but only a sweet11;12;15 triple mutant showed severe seed defects, which include retarded embryo development, reduced seed weight, and reduced starch and lipid content, causing a "wrinkled" seed phenotype. In sweet11;12;15 triple mutants, starch accumulated in the seed coat but not the embryo, implicating SWEET-mediated sucrose efflux in the transfer of sugars from seed coat to embryo. This cascade of sequentially expressed SWEETs provides the feeding pathway for the plant embryo, an important feature for yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - I Winnie Lin
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Xiao-Qing Qu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Davide Sosso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alejandra Londoño
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
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27
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McFarlane HE, Watanabe Y, Yang W, Huang Y, Ohlrogge J, Samuels AL. Golgi- and trans-Golgi network-mediated vesicle trafficking is required for wax secretion from epidermal cells. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:1250-60. [PMID: 24468625 PMCID: PMC3938617 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid secretion from epidermal cells to the plant surface is essential to create the protective plant cuticle. Cuticular waxes are unusual secretory products, consisting of a variety of highly hydrophobic compounds including saturated very-long-chain alkanes, ketones, and alcohols. These compounds are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but must be trafficked to the plasma membrane for export by ATP-binding cassette transporters. To test the hypothesis that wax components are trafficked via the endomembrane system and packaged in Golgi-derived secretory vesicles, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stem wax secretion was assayed in a series of vesicle-trafficking mutants, including gnom like1-1 (gnl1-1), transport particle protein subunit120-4, and echidna (ech). Wax secretion was dependent upon GNL1 and ECH. Independent of secretion phenotypes, mutants with altered ER morphology also had decreased wax biosynthesis phenotypes, implying that the biosynthetic capacity of the ER is closely related to its structure. These results provide genetic evidence that wax export requires GNL1- and ECH-dependent endomembrane vesicle trafficking to deliver cargo to plasma membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette transporters.
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28
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Abstract
Plant stature and development are governed by cell proliferation and directed cell growth. These parameters are determined largely by cell wall characteristics. Cellulose microfibrils, composed of hydrogen-bonded β-1,4 glucans, are key components for anisotropic growth in plants. Cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes. In higher plants, these complexes are assembled into hexameric rosettes in intracellular compartments and secreted to the plasma membrane. Here, the complexes typically track along cortical microtubules, which may guide cellulose synthesis, until the complexes are inactivated and/or internalized. Determining the regulatory aspects that control the behavior of cellulose synthase complexes is vital to understanding directed cell and plant growth and to tailoring cell wall content for industrial products, including paper, textiles, and fuel. In this review, we summarize and discuss cellulose synthesis and regulatory aspects of the cellulose synthase complex, focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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29
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McFarlane HE, Watanabe Y, Gendre D, Carruthers K, Levesque-Tremblay G, Haughn GW, Bhalerao RP, Samuels L. Cell wall polysaccharides are mislocalized to the Vacuole in echidna mutants. Plant Cell Physiol 2013; 54:1867-1880. [PMID: 24058145 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During cell wall biosynthesis, the Golgi apparatus is the platform for cell wall matrix biosynthesis and the site of packaging, of both matrix polysaccharides and proteins, into secretory vesicles with the correct targeting information. The objective of this study was to dissect the post-Golgi trafficking of cell wall polysaccharides using echidna as a vesicle traffic mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana and the pectin-secreting cells of the seed coat as a model system. ECHIDNA encodes a trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized protein, which was previously shown to be required for proper structure and function of the secretory pathway. In echidna mutants, some cell wall matrix polysaccharides accumulate inside cells, rather than being secreted to the apoplast. In this study, live cell imaging of fluorescent protein markers as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/immunoTEM of cryofixed seed coat cells were used to examine the consequences of TGN disorganization in echidna mutants under conditions of high polysaccharide production and secretion. While in wild-type seed coat cells, pectin is secreted to the apical surface, in echidna, polysaccharides accumulate in post-Golgi vesicles, the central lytic vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum-derived bodies. In contrast, proteins were partially mistargeted to internal multilamellar membranes in echidna. These results suggest that while secretion of both cell wall polysaccharides and proteins at the TGN requires ECHIDNA, different vesicle trafficking components may mediate downstream events in their secretion from the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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30
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Gendre D, McFarlane HE, Johnson E, Mouille G, Sjödin A, Oh J, Levesque-Tremblay G, Watanabe Y, Samuels L, Bhalerao RP. Trans-Golgi network localized ECHIDNA/Ypt interacting protein complex is required for the secretion of cell wall polysaccharides in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2013; 25:2633-46. [PMID: 23832588 PMCID: PMC3753388 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of cell wall polysaccharides through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is required for plant cell elongation. However, the components mediating the post-Golgi secretion of pectin and hemicellulose, the two major cell wall polysaccharides, are largely unknown. We identified evolutionarily conserved YPT/RAB GTPase Interacting Protein 4a (YIP4a) and YIP4b (formerly YIP2), which form a TGN-localized complex with ECHIDNA (ECH) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The localization of YIP4 and ECH proteins at the TGN is interdependent and influences the localization of VHA-a1 and SYP61, which are key components of the TGN. YIP4a and YIP4b act redundantly, and the yip4a yip4b double mutants have a cell elongation defect. Genetic, biochemical, and cell biological analyses demonstrate that the ECH/YIP4 complex plays a key role in TGN-mediated secretion of pectin and hemicellulose to the cell wall in dark-grown hypocotyls and in secretory cells of the seed coat. In keeping with these observations, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy analysis revealed that the ech and yip4a yip4b mutants exhibit changes in their cell wall composition. Overall, our results reveal a TGN subdomain defined by ECH/YIP4 that is required for the secretion of pectin and hemicellulose and distinguishes the role of the TGN in secretion from its roles in endocytic and vacuolar trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gendre
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Errin Johnson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Jaesung Oh
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
- Address correspondence to
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31
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Sampathkumar A, Gutierrez R, McFarlane HE, Bringmann M, Lindeboom J, Emons AM, Samuels L, Ketelaar T, Ehrhardt DW, Persson S. Patterning and lifetime of plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase is dependent on actin organization in Arabidopsis interphase cells. Plant Physiol 2013; 162:675-88. [PMID: 23606596 PMCID: PMC3668062 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons regulate cell shape across phyla, from bacteria to metazoans. In organisms with cell walls, the wall acts as a primary constraint of shape, and generation of specific cell shape depends on cytoskeletal organization for wall deposition and/or cell expansion. In higher plants, cortical microtubules help to organize cell wall construction by positioning the delivery of cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes and guiding their trajectories to orient newly synthesized cellulose microfibrils. The actin cytoskeleton is required for normal distribution of CesAs to the plasma membrane, but more specific roles for actin in cell wall assembly and organization remain largely elusive. We show that the actin cytoskeleton functions to regulate the CesA delivery rate to, and lifetime of CesAs at, the plasma membrane, which affects cellulose production. Furthermore, quantitative image analyses revealed that actin organization affects CesA tracking behavior at the plasma membrane and that small CesA compartments were associated with the actin cytoskeleton. By contrast, localized insertion of CesAs adjacent to cortical microtubules was not affected by the actin organization. Hence, both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons play important roles in regulating CesA trafficking, cellulose deposition, and organization of cell wall biogenesis.
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32
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Lam P, Zhao L, McFarlane HE, Aiga M, Lam V, Hooker TS, Kunst L. RDR1 and SGS3, components of RNA-mediated gene silencing, are required for the regulation of cuticular wax biosynthesis in developing inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2012; 159:1385-95. [PMID: 22689894 PMCID: PMC3425185 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective layer that coats the primary aerial surfaces of land plants and mediates plant interactions with the environment. It is synthesized by epidermal cells and is composed of a cutin polyester matrix that is embedded and covered with cuticular waxes. Recently, we have discovered a novel regulatory mechanism of cuticular wax biosynthesis that involves the ECERIFERUM7 (CER7) ribonuclease, a core subunit of the exosome. We hypothesized that at the onset of wax production, the CER7 ribonuclease degrades an mRNA specifying a repressor of CER3, a wax biosynthetic gene whose protein product is required for wax formation via the decarbonylation pathway. In the absence of this repressor, CER3 is expressed, leading to wax production. To identify the putative repressor of CER3 and to unravel the mechanism of CER7-mediated regulation of wax production, we performed a screen for suppressors of the cer7 mutant. Our screen resulted in the isolation of components of the RNA-silencing machinery, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE1 and SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3, implicating RNA silencing in the control of cuticular wax deposition during inflorescence stem development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mytyl Aiga
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanya S. Hooker
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Samuels L, McFarlane HE. Plant cell wall secretion and lipid traffic at membrane contact sites of the cell cortex. Protoplasma 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S19-23. [PMID: 22160188 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall secretion is the result of dynamic vesicle fusion events at the plasma membrane. The importance of the lipid bilayer environment of the plasma membrane and its interactions with the endomembrane system through vesicle traffic are well recognized. Recent advances in yeast molecular biology and biochemistry lead us to re-examine the hypothesis that non-vesicular traffic of lipids through close contact sites of the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum could also be important in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Non-vesicular traffic is the extraction and transfer of individual lipid molecules from a donor bilayer to a target bilayer, usually with the assistance of lipid transfer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Harpaz-Saad S, McFarlane HE, Xu S, Divi UK, Forward B, Western TL, Kieber JJ. Cellulose synthesis via the FEI2 RLK/SOS5 pathway and cellulose synthase 5 is required for the structure of seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2011; 68:941-53. [PMID: 21883548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and many other plants are surrounded by a pectinaceous mucilage that aids in seed hydration and germination. Mucilage is synthesized during seed development within maternally derived seed coat mucilage secretory cells (MSCs), and is released to surround the seed upon imbibition. The FEI1/FEI2 receptor-like kinases and the SOS5 extracellular GPI-anchored protein were shown previously to act on a pathway that regulates the synthesis of cellulose in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we demonstrate that both FEI2 and SOS5 also play a role in the synthesis of seed mucilage. Disruption of FEI2 or SOS5 leads to a reduction in the rays of cellulose observed across the seed mucilage inner layer, which alters the structure of the mucilage in response to hydration. Mutations in CESA5, which disrupts an isoform of cellulose synthase involved in primary cell wall synthesis, result in a similar seed mucilage phenotype. The data indicate that CESA5-derived cellulose plays an important role in the synthesis and structure of seed coat mucilage and that the FEI2/SOS5 pathway plays a role in the regulation of cellulose synthesis in MSCs. Moreover, these results establish a novel structural role for cellulose in anchoring the pectic component of seed coat mucilage to the seed surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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McFarlane HE, Shin JJ, Bird DA, Samuels AL. Arabidopsis ABCG transporters, which are required for export of diverse cuticular lipids, dimerize in different combinations. Plant Cell 2010; 22:3066-75. [PMID: 20870961 PMCID: PMC2965547 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.077974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters play diverse roles, including lipid transport, in all kingdoms. ABCG subfamily transporters that are encoded as half-transporters require dimerization to form a functional ABC transporter. Different dimer combinations that may transport diverse substrates have been predicted from mutant phenotypes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutant analyses have shown that ABCG11/WBC11 and ABCG12/CER5 are required for lipid export from the epidermis to the protective cuticle. The objective of this study was to determine whether ABCG11 and ABCG12 interact with themselves or each other using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and protein traffic assays in vivo. With BiFC, ABCG11/ABCG12 heterodimers and ABCG11 homodimers were detected, while ABCG12 homodimers were not. Fluorescently tagged ABCG11 or ABCG12 was localized in the stem epidermal cells of abcg11 abcg12 double mutants. ABCG11 could traffic to the plasma membrane in the absence of ABCG12, suggesting that ABCG11 is capable of forming flexible dimer partnerships. By contrast, ABCG12 was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of ABCG11, indicating that ABCG12 is only capable of forming a dimer with ABCG11 in epidermal cells. Emerging themes in ABCG transporter biology are that some ABCG proteins are promiscuous, having multiple partnerships, while other ABCG transporters form obligate heterodimers for specialized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - John J.H. Shin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | | | - A. Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Address correspondence to
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Young RE, McFarlane HE, Hahn MG, Western TL, Haughn GW, Samuels AL. Analysis of the Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis seed coat cells during polarized secretion of pectin-rich mucilage. Plant Cell 2008; 20:1623-38. [PMID: 18523060 PMCID: PMC2483359 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.058842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat cells includes a secretory phase where large amounts of pectinaceous mucilage are deposited to a specific domain of the cell wall. During this phase, Golgi stacks had cisternae with swollen margins and trans-Golgi networks consisting of interconnected vesicular clusters. The proportion of Golgi stacks producing mucilage was determined by immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy using an antimucilage antibody, CCRC-M36. The large percentage of stacks found to contain mucilage supports a model where all Golgi stacks produce mucilage synchronously, rather than having a subset of specialist Golgi producing pectin product. Initiation of mucilage biosynthesis was also correlated with an increase in the number of Golgi stacks per cell. Interestingly, though the morphology of individual Golgi stacks was dependent on the volume of mucilage produced, the number was not, suggesting that proliferation of Golgi stacks is developmentally programmed. Mapping the position of mucilage-producing Golgi stacks within developing seed coat cells and live-cell imaging of cells labeled with a trans-Golgi marker showed that stacks were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm rather than clustered at the site of secretion. These data indicate that the destination of cargo has little effect on the location of the Golgi stack within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Young
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
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McFarlane HE, Young RE, Wasteneys GO, Samuels AL. Cortical microtubules mark the mucilage secretion domain of the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis seed coat cells. Planta 2008; 227:1363-75. [PMID: 18309515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During their differentiation Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat cells undergo a brief but intense period of secretory activity that leads to dramatic morphological changes. Pectic mucilage is secreted to one domain of the plasma membrane and accumulates under the primary cell wall in a ring-shaped moat around an anticlinal cytoplasmic column. Using cryofixation/transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence, the cytoskeletal architecture of seed coat cells was explored, with emphasis on its organization, function and the large amount of pectin secretion at 7 days post-anthesis. The specific domain of the plasma membrane where mucilage secretion is targeted was lined by abundant cortical microtubules while the rest of the cortical cytoplasm contained few microtubules. Actin microfilaments, in contrast, were evenly distributed around the cell. Disruption of the microtubules in the temperature-sensitive mor1-1 mutant affected the eventual release of mucilage from mature seeds but did not appear to alter the targeted secretion of vesicles to the mucilage pocket, the shape of seed coat cells or their secondary cell wall deposition. The concentration of cortical microtubules at the site of high vesicle secretion in the seed coat may utilize the same mechanisms required for the formation of preprophase bands or the bands of microtubules associated with spiral secondary cell wall thickening during protoxylem development.
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