1
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Dabbs JD, Taylor CC, Holdren MS, Brewster SE, Quillin BT, Meng AQ, Dickie DA, Pate BH, Harman WD. Designing chemical systems for precision deuteration of medicinal building blocks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8473. [PMID: 39349937 PMCID: PMC11442640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods are lacking that can prepare deuterium-enriched building blocks, in the full range of deuterium substitution patterns at the isotopic purity levels demanded by pharmaceutical use. To that end, this work explores the regio- and stereoselective deuteration of tetrahydropyridine (THP), which is an attractive target for study due to the wide prevalence of piperidines in drugs. A series of d0-d8 tetrahydropyridine isotopomers were synthesized by the stepwise treatment of a tungsten-complexed pyridinium salt with H-/D- and H+/D+. The resulting decomplexed THP isotopomers and isotopologues were analyzed via molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy, a highly sensitive technique that distinguishes isotopomers and isotopologues by their unique moments of inertia. In order to demonstrate the medicinal relevance of this approach, eight unique deuterated isotopologues of erythro-methylphenidate were also prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Dabbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caleb C Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Martin S Holdren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah E Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian T Quillin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alvin Q Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - W Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Egbaria N, Agbaria M, Borin VA, Hoffman RE, Bogoslavsky B, Schapiro I, Nairoukh Z. The Conformational Behaviour of Fluorinated Tetrahydrothiopyran. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402260. [PMID: 38989892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study on the conformational behavior of diversely substituted 4-fluorotetrahydrothiopyran derivatives. Through quantum chemical simulations including DFT as well as NBO and NPA analysis, we elucidate the pivotal role of electrostatic interactions, occasionally complemented by hyperconjugative interactions, in stabilizing axial fluorine conformers. Less polar conformers were occasionally obtained, attributed to the interplay of electrostatic and hyperconjugative interactions. Experimental validation through NMR spectroscopy aligns with the computational analysis, thus providing a coherent understanding of the structural dynamics of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwar Egbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Veniamin A Borin
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of, Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy E Hoffman
- Institute of Chemistry, Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benny Bogoslavsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of, Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Bu F, Deng Y, Xu J, Yang D, Li Y, Li W, Lei A. Electrocatalytic reductive deuteration of arenes and heteroarenes. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07989-7. [PMID: 39208847 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of deuterium in organic molecules has widespread applications in medicinal chemistry and materials science1,2. For example, the deuterated drugs austedo3, donafenib4 and sotyktu5 have been recently approved. There are various methods for the synthesis of deuterated compounds with high deuterium incorporation6. However, the reductive deuteration of aromatic hydrocarbons-ubiquitous chemical feedstocks-to saturated cyclic compounds has rarely been achieved. Here we describe a scalable and general electrocatalytic method for the reductive deuteration and deuterodefluorination of (hetero)arenes using a prepared nitrogen-doped electrode and deuterium oxide (D2O), giving perdeuterated and saturated deuterocarbon products. This protocol has been successfully applied to the synthesis of 13 highly deuterated drug molecules. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the ruthenium-deuterium species, generated by electrolysis of D2O in the presence of a nitrogen-doped ruthenium electrode, are key intermediates that directly reduce aromatic compounds. This quick and cost-effective methodology for the preparation of highly deuterium-labelled saturated (hetero)cyclic compounds could be applied in drug development and metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zhang F, Sasmal HS, Rana D, Glorius F. Switchable and Chemoselective Arene Hydrogenation for Efficient Late Stage Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18682-18688. [PMID: 38934861 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of three-dimensional structures into drug molecules has demonstrated significant improvements in clinical success. Late-stage saturation of drug molecules provides a direct pathway for this transformation. However, achieving selective and controllable reduction of aromatic rings remains challenging, particularly when multiple aromatic rings coexist. Herein, we present the switchable and chemoselective hydrogenation of benzene and pyridine rings. The utility of the protocol has been comprehensively investigated in diversified substrates with the assistance of a fragment-screening technique. This approach provides convenient access to a diverse array of cyclohexane and piperidine compounds, prevalent in various bioactive molecules and drugs. Furthermore, it discloses promising avenues for applications in the late-stage switchable saturation of drugs, facilitating an increase in the fraction of sp3-carbons which holds the potential to enhance the medicinal properties of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debanjan Rana
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Chen Z, Song G, Qi L, Gunasekar R, Aïssa C, Robertson C, Steiner A, Xue D, Xiao J. Reductive Transamination of Pyridinium Salts to N-Aryl Piperidines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9352-9359. [PMID: 38872240 PMCID: PMC11232014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are found in numerous bioactive natural products and are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. While there are many methods for their synthesis, each has its limitations, such as scope and functional group tolerance. Herein, we describe a rhodium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of pyridinium salts to access N-(hetero)aryl piperidines. The reaction proceeds via a reductive transamination process, involving the initial formation of a dihydropyridine intermediate via reduction of the pyridinium ion with HCOOH, which is intercepted by water and then hydrolyzed. Subsequent reductive amination with an exogenous (hetero)aryl amine affords an N-(hetero)aryl piperidine. This reductive transamination method thus allows for access of N-(hetero)aryl piperidines from readily available pyridine derivatives, expanding the toolbox of dearomatization and skeletal editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Geyang Song
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education
and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Leiming Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | | | - Christophe Aïssa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Alexander Steiner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Dong Xue
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education
and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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6
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Shi Z, Lu L, Lu P. Pd/C-Catalyzed Stereoselective Arene Hydrogenation of Benzocyclobutenes Enabled by π-Bond Localization. Org Lett 2024; 26:5353-5357. [PMID: 38885207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
We developed here a Pd/C-catalyzed diastereoselective cis-hydrogenation of benzocyclobutene derivatives under mild conditions to deliver an array of bicyclo[4.2.0]octane scaffolds with up to five stereocenters. The π-bond localization enabled hydrogenation of the arene moiety to occur even at room temperature under 1 atm of a H2 atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shi
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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7
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Liang Y, Bian T, Yadav K, Zhou Q, Zhou L, Sun R, Zhang Z. Selective 1,4-syn-Addition to Cyclic 1,3-Dienes via Hybrid Palladium Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1191-1200. [PMID: 38947211 PMCID: PMC11212138 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
1,4-cis-Disubstituted cyclic compounds play a pivotal role in pharmaceutical development, offering enhanced potency and bioavailability. However, their stereoselective and modular synthesis remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we report an innovative strategy for accessing these structures via mild conditions employing cyclic 1,3-dienes/alkyl(aryl)halides and amines. This procedure exhibits a wide substrate scope that tolerates various functional groups. The utility of this method is demonstrated in the efficient synthesis of a TRPV6 inhibitor, CFTR modulator, and other bioactive molecules. Combined experimental and computational studies suggest that the hybrid palladium-catalyzed radical-polar crossover mechanism is crucial for achieving exceptional 1,4-syn-addition selectivity (dr > 20:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Key
Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China
| | - Tiancen Bian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i
at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Komal Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i
at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i
at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Zuxiao Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i
at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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8
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Lasky MR, Liu EC, Remy MS, Sanford MS. Visible-Light Photocatalytic C-H Amination of Arenes Utilizing Acridine-Lewis Acid Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14799-14806. [PMID: 38759094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a visible-light photocatalytic system for C(sp2)-H amination that leverages in situ-generated photocatalysts. We demonstrate that the combination of acridine derivatives and Lewis acids forms potent photooxidants that promote the C-H amination of electronically diverse arenes upon irradiation with visible-light (440 nm). A first-generation photocatalyst composed of Sc(OTf)3 and acridine effects the C-H amination of substrates with oxidation potentials ≤ +2.5 V vs SCE with pyrazole, triazole, and pyridine nucleophiles. Furthermore, the simplicity and modularity of this system enable variation of both Lewis acid and acridine to tune reactivity. This enabled the rapid identification of two second-generation photocatalysts (derived from (i) Al(OTf)3 and acridine or (ii) Sc(OTf)3 and a pyridinium-substituted acridine) that catalyze a particularly challenging transformation: C(sp2)-H amination with benzene as the limiting reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lasky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - En-Chih Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew S Remy
- Corporate R&D, Dow, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Zhang X, Yang S, Zeng X. Ring Contraction by Rearrangement of Sterically Congested Cyclic (Amino)(aryl)carbenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38808612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The rearrangement of sterically congested cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbenes (CAArCs) by the reaction of related iminium salts with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is reported, allowing for forming benzocyclobutanimines via a ring contraction process. Mechanistic studies by theoretical calculations indicate that the formation of conjugated ketenimines as intermediates could be considered, in which steric hindrance caused by N-alkyl motifs of CAArCs plays an important role in promoting the ring-opening by the cleavage of C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shangru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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10
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Liu DH, Pflüger PM, Outlaw A, Lückemeier L, Zhang F, Regan C, Rashidi Nodeh H, Cernak T, Ma J, Glorius F. Late-Stage Saturation of Drug Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11866-11875. [PMID: 38621677 PMCID: PMC11066876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The available methods of chemical synthesis have arguably contributed to the prevalence of aromatic rings, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or pyridine, in modern pharmaceuticals. Many such sp2-carbon-rich fragments are now easy to synthesize using high-quality cross-coupling reactions that click together an ever-expanding menu of commercially available building blocks, but the products are flat and lipophilic, decreasing their odds of becoming marketed drugs. Converting flat aromatic molecules into saturated analogues with a higher fraction of sp3 carbons could improve their medicinal properties and facilitate the invention of safe, efficacious, metabolically stable, and soluble medicines. In this study, we show that aromatic and heteroaromatic drugs can be readily saturated under exceptionally mild rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation, acid-mediated reduction, or photocatalyzed-hydrogenation conditions, converting sp2 carbon atoms into sp3 carbon atoms and leading to saturated molecules with improved medicinal properties. These methods are productive in diverse pockets of chemical space, producing complex saturated pharmaceuticals bearing a variety of functional groups and three-dimensional architectures. The rhodium-catalyzed method tolerates traces of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or water, meaning that pharmaceutical compound collections, which are typically stored in wet DMSO, can finally be reformatted for use as substrates for chemical synthesis. This latter application is demonstrated through the late-stage saturation (LSS) of 768 complex and densely functionalized small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory
for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Philipp M. Pflüger
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew Outlaw
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Clinton Regan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory
for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Mykura R, Sánchez-Bento R, Matador E, Duong VK, Varela A, Angelini L, Carbajo RJ, Llaveria J, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. Synthesis of polysubstituted azepanes by dearomative ring expansion of nitroarenes. Nat Chem 2024; 16:771-779. [PMID: 38273027 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of functionalized nitrogen heterocycles is integral to discovering, manufacturing and evolving high-value materials. The availability of effective strategies for heterocycle synthesis often biases the frequency of specific ring systems over others in the core structures of bioactive leads. For example, while the six- and five-membered piperidine and pyrrolidine are widespread in medicinal chemistry libraries, the seven-membered azepane is essentially absent and this leaves open a substantial area of three-dimensional chemical space. Here we report a strategy to prepare complex azepanes from simple nitroarenes by photochemical dearomative ring expansion centred on the conversion of the nitro group into a singlet nitrene. This process is mediated by blue light, occurs at room temperature and transforms the six-membered benzenoid framework into a seven-membered ring system. A following hydrogenolysis provides the azepanes in just two steps. We have demonstrated the utility of the strategy with the synthesis of several azepane analogues of piperidine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Mykura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Esteban Matador
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vincent K Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Varela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- In Silico Discovery, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Toledo, Spain
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Toledo, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Lückemeier L, De Vos T, Schlichter L, Gutheil C, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Chemoselective Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Sulfur Containing Quinolines under Mild Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5864-5871. [PMID: 38378184 PMCID: PMC10921411 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur, alongside oxygen and nitrogen, holds a prominent position as one of the key heteroatoms in nature and medicinal chemistry. Its significance stems from its ability to adopt different oxidation states, rendering it valuable as both a polarity handle and a hydrogen bond donor/acceptor. Nevertheless, the poisonous nature of its free electron pairs makes sulfur containing substrates inaccessible for many catalytic protocols. Strong and (at low temperatures) irreversible chemisorption to the catalyst's surface is in particular detrimental for heterogeneous catalysts, possessing only few catalytically active sites. Herein, we present a novel heterogeneous Ru-S catalyst that tolerates multiple sulfur functionalities, including thioethers, thiophenes, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfoximines, in the hydrogenation of quinolines. The utility of the products was further demonstrated by subsequent diversifications of the sulfur functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Schlichter
- Universität Münster,
Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Universität Münster,
Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Universität Münster,
Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Universität Münster,
Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
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13
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Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Bhatt T, Natte K. Transfer Hydrogenation of N- and O-Containing Heterocycles Including Pyridines with H 3N-BH 3 Under the Catalysis of the Homogeneous Ruthenium Precatalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:866-871. [PMID: 38270139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report a transfer hydrogenation protocol that utilizes borane-ammonia (H3N-BH3) as the hydrogen source and a commercially available RuCl3·xH2O precatalyst for the selective aromatic reduction of quinolines, quinoxalines, pyridines, pyrazines, indoles, benzofurans, and furan derivatives to form the corresponding alicyclic heterocycles in good to excellent isolated yields. Applications of this straightforward protocol include the efficient preparation of useful key pharmaceutical intermediates, such as donepezil and flumequine, including a biologically active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Bhatt
- Laboratory for Sustainable Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502 285, Telangana, India
| | - Kishore Natte
- Laboratory for Sustainable Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502 285, Telangana, India
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15
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Siddiqi Z, Bingham TW, Shimakawa T, Hesp KD, Shavnya A, Sarlah D. Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2358-2363. [PMID: 38230893 PMCID: PMC11006438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization of pyridines is a well-established synthetic approach to access piperidines. Although remarkably powerful, existing dearomatization processes have been limited to the hydrogenation or addition of carbon-based nucleophiles to activated pyridiniums. Here, we show that arenophile-mediated dearomatizations can be applied to pyridines to directly introduce heteroatom functionalities without prior substrate activation. The arenophile platform in combination with olefin oxidation chemistry provides access to dihydropyridine cis-diols and epoxides. These previously elusive compounds are now readily accessible and can be used for the downstream preparation of diversely functionalized piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Siddiqi
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tanner W. Bingham
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsukasa Shimakawa
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Treeline Biosciences, 500 Arsenal St, second Floor, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Colliere V, Verelst M, Lecante P, Axet MR. Colloidal ruthenium catalysts for selective quinaldine hydrogenation: Ligand and solvent effects. Chemistry 2023:e202302131. [PMID: 38133951 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal Ru nanoparticles (NP) display interesting catalytic properties for the hydrogenation of (hetero)arenes as they proceed efficiently in mild reaction conditions. In this work, a series of Ru based materials was used in order to selectively hydrogenate quinaldine and assess the impact of the stabilizing agent on their catalytic performances. Ru nanoparticles stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (AdCOOH) allowed to obtain 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinaldine with a remarkable selectivity in mild reaction conditions by choosing the suitable solvent. The presence of a carboxylate ligand on the surface of the Ru NP led to an increase in the activity when compared to Ru/PVP catalyst. The stabilizing agent had also an impact on the selectivity, as carboxylate ligand modified catalysts promoted the selectivity towards 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinaldine, with bulky carboxylate displaying the highest ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Colliere
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marc Verelst
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, Université de Toulouse-UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, Cedex 4, 31055, Toulouse, BP 94347, France
| | - Pierre Lecante
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, Université de Toulouse-UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, Cedex 4, 31055, Toulouse, BP 94347, France
| | - M Rosa Axet
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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17
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Hedouin G, Sharma S, Kaur K, Choudhary RH, Jasinski JB, Gallou F, Handa S. Ligand-Free Ultrasmall Recyclable Iridium(0) Nanoparticles for Regioselective Aromatic Hydrogenation of Phosphine Oxide Scaffolds: An Easy Access to New Phosphine Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307139. [PMID: 37279182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed the recyclable ligand-free iridium (Ir)-hydride based Ir0 nanoparticles (NPs) for the first regioselective partial hydrogenation of PV -substituted naphthalenes. Both the isolated and in situ generated NPs are catalytically active. A control nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study revealed the presence of metal-surface-bound hydrides, most likely formed from Ir0 species. A control NMR study confirmed that hexafluoroisopropanol as a solvent was accountable for substrate activation via hydrogen bonding. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the catalyst supports the formation of ultrasmall NPs, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the dominance of Ir0 in the NPs. The catalytic activity of NPs is broad as showcased by highly regioselective aromatic ring reduction in various phosphine oxides or phosphonates. The study also showcased a novel pathway toward preparing bis(diphenylphosphino)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-binaphthyl (H8 -BINAP) and its derivatives without losing enantioselectivity during catalytic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Hedouin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Sudripet Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Karanjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Ramesh Hiralal Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jacek B Jasinski
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sachin Handa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 S College Ave # 125, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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18
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O'Hagan D. The Emergence and Properties of Selectively Fluorinated 'Janus' Cyclohexanes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300027. [PMID: 37016509 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
This account describes the evolution of a research programme that started by linking fluoromethylene (-CHF-) groups along aliphatic chains and then progressing to alicyclic rings with contiguous fluorine atoms. Different stereoisomers of aliphatic chains tend to adopt low polarity conformations. In order to force polar conformations, the programme began to address ring systems and in particular cyclohexanes, to restrain conformational freedom and co-aligned C-F bonds. The flagship molecule, all-cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane 7, emerged to be the most polar aliphatic compound recorded. The polarity arises because there are three co-aligned triaxial C-F bonds and the six fluorines occupy one face of the ring. Conversely the electropositive hydrogens occupy the other face. These have been termed Janus face cyclohexanes after the Roman god with two faces. The review outlines progress by our group and others in preparing derivatives of the parent cyclohexane 7, in order to explore properties and potential applications of these Janus cyclohexanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Hagan
- University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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19
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Kong W, Bao Y, Lu L, Han Z, Zhong Y, Zhang R, Li Y, Yin G. Base-Modulated 1,3-Regio- and Stereoselective Carboboration of Cyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308041. [PMID: 37428115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
While chain-walking stimulates wide interest in both polymerization and organic synthesis, site- and stereoselective control of chain-walking on rings is still a challenging task in the realm of organometallic catalysis. Inspired by a controllable chain-walking on cyclohexane rings in olefin polymerization, we have developed a set of chain-walking carboborations of cyclohexenes based on nickel catalysis. Different from the 1,4-trans-selectivity disclosed in polymer science, a high level of 1,3-regio- and cis-stereoselectivity is obtained in our reactions. Mechanistically, we discovery that the base affects the reduction ability of B2 pin2 and different bases lead to different catalytic cycles and different regioselective products (1,2- Vs 1,3-addition). This study provides a concise and modular method for the synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted cyclohexylboron compounds. The incorporation of a readily modifiable boronate group greatly enhances the value of this method, the synthetic potential of which was highlighted by the synthesis of a series of high-valued commercial chemicals and pharmaceutically interesting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Bao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liguo Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Core Facility of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiang Li
- Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
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20
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Melnykov KP, Nazar K, Smyrnov O, Skreminskyi A, Pavlenko S, Klymenko-Ulianov O, Shishkina S, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. Mono- and Difluorinated Saturated Heterocyclic Amines for Drug Discovery: Systematic Study of Their Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301383. [PMID: 37318940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of physicochemical properties (pKa , LogP, and intrinsic microsomal clearance) within the series of mono- and difluorinated azetidine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine derivatives was performed. While the number of fluorine atoms and their distance to the protonation center were the major factors defining the compound's basicity, both pKa and LogP values were affected considerably by the conformational preferences of the corresponding derivatives. For example, features of "Janus face" (facially polarized) cyclic compounds (i. e., unusually high hydrophilicity) were identified for cis-3,5-difluoropiperidine, preferring a diaxial conformation. Intrinsic microsomal clearance measurements demonstrated high metabolic stability of the compounds studied (with a single exception of the 3,3-difluoroazetidine derivative). According to pKa - LogP plots, the title compounds provide a valuable extension of the fluorine-containing (e. g., fluoroalkyl-substituted) saturated heterocyclic amine series as building blocks for rational optimization studies in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn P Melnykov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn Nazar
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Smyrnov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Serhii Pavlenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Svitlana Shishkina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyїv, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyїv, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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21
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Pavlović RZ, Kop TJ, Nešić M, Stepanović O, Wang X, Todorović N, Rodić MV, Šmit BM. On the Selectivity in the Synthesis of 3-Fluoropiperidines Using BF 3-Activated Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37449517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated piperidines find wide applications, most notably in the development of novel therapies and agrochemicals. Cyclization of alkenyl N-tosylamides promoted by BF3-activated aryliodine(III) carboxylates is an attractive strategy to construct 3-fluoropiperidines, but it suffers from selectivity issues arising from competitive oxoaminations and the inability to easily modulate the reactions diastereoselectivity. Herein, we report an itemized optimization of the reaction conditions carried out on both cyclic and acyclic substrates and outline the origins of substrate- and reagent-based stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity. Extensive mechanistic studies encompassing multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, deuterium labeling, rearrangements on stereodefined substrates, and careful structural analyses (NMR and X-ray) of the reaction products are performed. This revealed the processes and interactions crucial for achieving controlled preparation of 3-fluoropiperidines using I(III) chemistry and has provided an advanced understanding of the reaction mechanism. In brief, we propose that BF3-coordinated I(III) reagents attack C═C to produce the corresponding iodiranium(III) ion, which then undergoes diastereodetermining 5-exo-cyclization. Transiently formed pyrrolidines with an exocyclic σ-alkyl-I(III) moiety can further undergo aziridinium ion formation or reductive ligand coupling processes, which dictate not only the final product's ring size but also the chemoselectivity. Importantly, the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of the ligand bound to I(III) and the presence of electrolytes such as TBABF4. Reported findings will facilitate the usage of ArI(III)-dicarboxylates in the reliable construction of fluorinated azaheterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Z Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Tatjana J Kop
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Marko Nešić
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Olivera Stepanović
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Xiuze Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nina Todorović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Marko V Rodić
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Biljana M Šmit
- Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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22
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Lutz MDR, Zhong H, Trapp N, Morandi B. Synthesis and Reversible H
2
Activation by Coordinatively Unsaturated Rhodium NHC Complexes. Helv Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius D. R. Lutz
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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23
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Chromium-catalyzed stereodivergent E- and Z-selective alkyne hydrogenation controlled by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene ligands. Nat Commun 2023; 14:990. [PMID: 36813784 PMCID: PMC9947122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrogenation of alkynes allows the synthesis of olefins, which are important feedstock for the materials, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industry. Thus, methods that enable this transformation via low-cost metal catalysis are desirable. However, achieving stereochemical control in this reaction is a long-standing challenge. Here, we report on the chromium-catalyzed E- and Z-selective olefin synthesis via hydrogenation of alkynes, controlled by two carbene ligands. A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene ligand that contains a phosphino anchor enables the hydrogenation of alkynes in a trans-addition manner, selectively forming E-olefins. With an imino anchor-incorporated carbene ligand, the stereoselectivity can be switched, giving mainly Z-isomers. This ligand-enabled geometrical stereoinversion strategy by one metal catalysis overrides common methods in control of the E- and Z-selectivity with two different metal catalysis, allowing for highly efficient and on-demand access to both E- and Z-olefins in a stereo-complementary fashion. Mechanistic studies indicate that the different steric effect between these two carbene ligands may mainly dominate the selective forming E- or Z-olefins in control of the stereochemistry.
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24
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Kaithal A, Sasmal HS, Dutta S, Schäfer F, Schlichter L, Glorius F. cis-Selective Hydrogenation of Aryl Germanes: A Direct Approach to Access Saturated Carbo- and Heterocyclic Germanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4109-4118. [PMID: 36781169 PMCID: PMC9951224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic approach of synthesizing the cis-selective saturated carbo- and heterocyclic germanium compounds (3D framework) is reported via the hydrogenation of readily accessible aromatic germanes (2D framework). Among the numerous catalysts tested, Nishimura's catalyst (Rh2O3/PtO2·H2O) exhibited the best hydrogenation reactivity with an isolated yield of up to 96%. A broad range of substrates including the synthesis of unprecedented saturated heterocyclic germanes was explored. This selective hydrogenation strategy could tolerate several functional groups such as -CF3, -OR, -F, -Bpin, and -SiR3 groups. The synthesized products demonstrated the applications in coupling reactions including the newly developed strategy of aza-Giese-type addition reaction (C-N bond formation) from the saturated cyclic germane product. These versatile motifs can have a substantial value in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry as they show orthogonal reactivity in coupling reactions while competing with other coupling partners such as boranes or silanes, acquiring a three-dimensional structure with high stability and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Center for Soft Nanoscience
(SoN) and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Frolov NA, Vereshchagin AN. Piperidine Derivatives: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Pharmacological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2937. [PMID: 36769260 PMCID: PMC9917539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperidines are among the most important synthetic fragments for designing drugs and play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Their derivatives are present in more than twenty classes of pharmaceuticals, as well as alkaloids. The current review summarizes recent scientific literature on intra- and intermolecular reactions leading to the formation of various piperidine derivatives: substituted piperidines, spiropiperidines, condensed piperidines, and piperidinones. Moreover, the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic and natural piperidines were covered, as well as the latest scientific advances in the discovery and biological evaluation of potential drugs containing piperidine moiety. This review is designed to help both novice researchers taking their first steps in this field and experienced scientists looking for suitable substrates for the synthesis of biologically active piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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26
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Hierlmeier G, Tosatti P, Puentener K, Chirik PJ. Identification of Cyclohexadienyl Hydrides as Intermediates in Molybdenum-Catalyzed Arene Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216026. [PMID: 36351208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of phosphino(imino)pyridine (PIP) molybdenum cyclooctadiene (COD) complexes [(PIP)Mo(COD)] with dihydrogen in the presence of benzene selectively furnished the molybdenum cyclohexadienyl hydrides [(PIP)MoH(η5 -C6 H7 )], which are precatalysts for the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane. [(PIP)MoH(η5 -C6 H7 )] arises from a rarely observed insertion of benzene into a molybdenum-hydride bond, a key step in the molybdenum-catalyzed homogeneous hydrogenation of arenes. The reaction with toluene afforded a single isomer of the corresponding molybdenum cyclohexadienyl hydride while para-xylene predominantly formed the molybdenum η6 -arene complex with the insertion product being a minor component. Addition of carbon monoxide to a cyclohexane-d12 solution of [(PIP)MoH(η5 -C6 H7 )] liberated cyclohexadiene, providing experimental support for a higher kinetic barrier for the subsequent steps en route to cycloalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Tosatti
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Puentener
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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27
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Hu C, Vo C, Merchant RR, Chen SJ, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Qin T. Uncanonical Semireduction of Quinolines and Isoquinolines via Regioselective HAT-Promoted Hydrosilylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25-31. [PMID: 36548026 PMCID: PMC9930105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles are the backbone of modern medical chemistry and drug development. The derivatization of "an olefin" inside aromatic rings represents an ideal approach to access functionalized saturated heterocycles from abundant aromatic building blocks. Here, we report an operationally simple, efficient, and practical method to selectively access hydrosilylated and reduced N-heterocycles from bicyclic aromatics via a key diradical intermediate. This approach is expected to facilitate complex heterocycle functionalizations that enable access to novel medicinally relevant scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Cuong Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Rohan R. Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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28
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Lasky MR, Salvador TK, Mukhopadhyay S, Remy MS, Vaid TP, Sanford MS. Photochemical C(sp 2 )-H Pyridination via Arene-Pyridinium Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208741. [PMID: 36100577 PMCID: PMC9828204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a photochemical method for C(sp2 )-H pyridination that leverages the photoexcitation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Experimental and DFT studies show that black light (λmax ≈350 nm) irradiation of solutions of protonated pyridines (acceptors) and aromatic C-H substrates (donors) results in single electron transfer to form aryl radical cation intermediates that can be trapped with pyridine nucleophiles under aerobic conditions. With some modification of the reaction conditions, this EDA activation mode is also effective for promoting the oxidatively triggered SN Ar pyridination of aryl halides. Overall, this report represents an inexpensive and atom-economical approach to photochemical pyridination reactions that eliminates the requirement of an exogenous photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lasky
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Tolani K. Salvador
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Vaid
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
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29
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Synthesis of chiral piperidines from pyridinium salts via rhodium-catalysed transfer hydrogenation. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Xia XF, Huang Q, Sun TY, Jiang Y, Ran G. Catalytic Desaturation and β-Fluorination of Aliphatic Amides Enabled by an Oxidative-Promoted Bond Destabilization. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Quan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen518132, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang453007, China
| | - Guoxia Ran
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
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31
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Wagener T, Pierau M, Heusler A, Glorius F. Synthesis of Saturated N-Heterocycles via a Catalytic Hydrogenation Cascade. Adv Synth Catal 2022; 364:3366-3371. [PMID: 36589139 PMCID: PMC9796080 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are prominent motifs found in various natural products and pharmaceuticals. Despite the increasing interest in this class of compounds, the synthesis of saturated bicyclic azacycles requires tedious multi-step syntheses. Herein, we present a one-pot protocol for the synthesis of octahydroindoles, decahydroquinolines, and octahydroindolizines through a cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Marco Pierau
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Arne Heusler
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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32
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Lee D, Love A, Mansouri Z, Waldron Clarke TH, Harrowven DC, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2674-2684. [PMID: 36158467 PMCID: PMC9486933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day-1 (based on 32.2 mmol h-1), using a modified version of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev. 2021, 25, 7, 1619-1627], consisting of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode. We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for either the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day-1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source (dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency. We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected productivity of >100 g day-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren
S. Lee
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Ashley Love
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zakaria Mansouri
- Department
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Toby H. Waldron Clarke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - David C. Harrowven
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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33
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Kim H, Lee E. Ambiphilic singlet carbenes: Electron donors and acceptors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
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34
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Kaithal A, Wagener T, Bellotti P, Daniliuc CG, Schlichter L, Glorius F. Access to Unexplored 3D Chemical Space:
cis
‐Selective Arene Hydrogenation for the Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Boronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206687. [PMID: 35612895 PMCID: PMC9400866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new class of saturated boron‐incorporated cyclic molecules has been synthesized employing an arene‐hydrogenation methodology. cis‐Selective hydrogenation of easily accessible, and biologically important molecules comprising benzoxaborole, benzoxaborinin, and benzoxaboripin derivatives is reported. Among the various catalysts tested, rhodium cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene [Rh‐CAAC] (1) pre‐catalyst revealed the best hydrogenation activity confirming turnover number up to 1400 with good to high diastereoselectivity. A broad range of functional groups was tolerated including sensitive substituents such as −F, −CF3, and −silyl groups. The utility of the synthesized products was demonstrated by the recognition of diols and sugars under physiological conditions. These motifs can have a substantial importance in medicinal chemistry as they possess a three‐dimensional structure, are highly stable, soluble in water, form hydrogen bonds, and interact with diols and sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Westfälische Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) and Organisch-Chemisches Institut Busso-Peus-Str.10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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35
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Bourriquen F, Hervochon J, Qu R, Bartling S, Rockstroh N, Junge K, Fischmeister C, Beller M. Diastereoselective hydrogenation of arenes and pyridines using supported ruthenium nanoparticles under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8842-8845. [PMID: 35848910 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02928f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and practical diastereoselective cis-hydrogenation of multi-substituted pyridines and arenes is reported. Applying a novel heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst, the corresponding piperidines and cyclohexanes are obtained in high yields (typically >80%) with a good functional group tolerance under mild conditions. The robust ruthenium supported catalyst is smoothly prepared and can be reused multiple times without activity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bourriquen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Julien Hervochon
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany. .,Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ruiyang Qu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Cédric Fischmeister
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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36
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Schiwek C, Stegbauer S, Pickl T, Bach T. Rhodium(CAAC)‐Catalyzed Arene Hydrogenation of Benzo‐fused N‐Heterocycles to Saturated Building Blocks with an all‐cis Configuration. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Poskin TJ, Piscelli BA, Yoshida K, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Cormanich RA, Yamada S, O'Hagan D. Janus faced fluorocyclohexanes for supramolecular assembly: synthesis and solid state structures of equatorial mono-, di- and tri alkylated cyclohexanes and with tri-axial C-F bonds to impart polarity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7968-7971. [PMID: 35758098 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Concise and general synthesis protocols are reported to generate all-syn mono-, di- and tri-alkylated cyclohexanes where a single fluorine is located on the remaining carbons of the ring. The alkyl groups are positioned to lie equatorially and to have triaxial C-F bonds imparting polarity to these ring systems. Intermolecular electrostatic interactions in the solid-state structure of the trialkylated systems are explored and the resultant supramolecular order opens up prospects for design in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Poskin
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Bruno A Piscelli
- University of Campinas, Chemistry Institute, Monteiro Lobato Street, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 13083-862.
| | - Keigo Yoshida
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - David B Cordes
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Rodrigo A Cormanich
- University of Campinas, Chemistry Institute, Monteiro Lobato Street, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 13083-862.
| | - Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - David O'Hagan
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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38
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Han H, Wang L, Niu X, Li C, Xu Y, Wang Q. Diastereoselective construction of bridged piperidines through an interrupted dearomative reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7964-7967. [PMID: 35758071 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An interrupted dearomative reduction strategy was developed to transform planar chalcone-based pyridinium salts into structurally intriguing bridged piperidines in a completely regio- and diastereoselective manner. This reaction proceeded successfully by using cheap and easily accessible NaBH4 as the reductant under mild conditions without exclusion of oxygen or use of special equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Xinyue Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Chaoyang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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39
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Wang J, Luo H, Wang X, Wei D, Tian R, Duan Z. Dearomatization [4+2] Cycloaddition of Nonactivated Benzene Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:4404-4408. [PMID: 35687509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have recently emerged as a powerful tool for the rapid buildup of molecular complexity. Here, an unparalleled thermal dearomatization [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between benzene derivatives and a 2H-phosphindole tungsten complex was reported. The unique reactivity of the in situ-generated 2H-phosphindole complex toward benzene was revealed by density functional theory calculations. We thus provide new insights into the dearomatization of nonactivated arenes and pave the way for the manipulation of the dearomatization for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Luo
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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40
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41
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Kaithal A, Wagener T, Bellotti P, Daniliuc CG, Schlichter L, Glorius F. Access to Unexplored 3D Chemical Space: cis‐Selective Arene Hydrogenation for the Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Boronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry Münster GERMANY
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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42
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Li Y, Li Y, Shi H, Wei H, Li H, Funes-Ardoiz I, Yin G. Modular access to substituted cyclohexanes with kinetic stereocontrol. Science 2022; 376:749-753. [PMID: 35549424 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Substituted six-membered cyclic hydrocarbons are common constituents of biologically active compounds. Although methods for the synthesis of thermodynamically favored, disubstituted cyclohexanes are well established, a reliable and modular protocol for the synthesis of their stereoisomers is still elusive. Herein, we report a general strategy for the modular synthesis of disubstituted cyclohexanes with excellent kinetic stereocontrol from readily accessible substituted methylenecyclohexanes by the implementation of chain-walking catalysis. Mechanistically, the initial introduction of a sterically demanding boron ester group adjacent to the cyclohexane is key to guiding the stereochemical outcome. The synthetic potential of this methodology has been highlighted in late-stage modification of complex bioactive molecules and in comparison with current cross-coupling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqiang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongjin Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haoyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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43
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Kumar Kushvaha S, Mishra A, Roesky HW, Chandra Mondal K. Recent Advances in the Domain of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101301. [PMID: 34989475 PMCID: PMC9307053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cyclic (alkyl) amino carbenes (cAACs) in 2005 has been a major achievement in the field of stable carbenes due to their better electronic properties. cAACs and bicyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (BicAAC) in essence are the most electrophilic as well as nucleophilic carbenes are known till date. Due to their excellent electronic properties in terms of nucleophilic and electrophilic character, cAACs have been utilized in different areas of chemistry, including stabilization of low valent main group and transition metal species, activation of small molecules, and catalysis. The applications of cAACs in catalysis have opened up new avenues of research in the field of cAAC chemistry. This review summarizes the major results of cAAC chemistry published until August 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Mishra
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryTammannstrasse 4D-37077GöttingenGermany
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Tian K, Liu G, Dong XQ. Facile access to chiral 1-pyrrolines through Rh-catalyzed enantioselective partial hydrogenation of unprotected simple pyrroles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Schiwek CH, Jandl C, Bach T. All- cis Saturated 2,5-Diketopiperazines by a Diastereoselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Arene Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian H. Schiwek
- Technical University Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technical University Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technical University Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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46
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Gunasekar R, Goodyear RL, Silvestri IP, Xiao J. Recent Developments in Enantio- and Diastereoselective Hydrogenation of N-Heteroaromatic Compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1794-1827. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02331d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective and diastereoselective hydrogenation of N-heteroaromatic compounds is an efficient strategy to access chirally enriched cyclic heterocycles, which often possess highly bio-active properties. This strategy, however, has only been...
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47
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Yu C, Piscelli BA, Maharik NA, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Cormanich RA, O'Hagan D. Unexpected triaxial preferences in some all- syn 1,3,5-trifluorocyclohexanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12855-12858. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theory and solution NMR indicate that all-syn 1,3,5-trifluorocyclohexane adopts the expected tri-equatorial conformation, however in the solid state the more polar triaxial conformation is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Yu
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Bruno A. Piscelli
- University of Campinas, Chemistry Institute, Monteiro Lobato Street, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Nawaf Al Maharik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - David B. Cordes
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Rodrigo A. Cormanich
- University of Campinas, Chemistry Institute, Monteiro Lobato Street, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - David O'Hagan
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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48
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Lessard O, Lainé D, Fecteau CÉ, Johnson PA, Giguère D. Fundamental curiosity of multivicinal inter-halide stereocenters. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01433e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective strategy allowed the striking impact of a single halogen on the physical properties of inter-halide alkane units to be unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lessard
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Danny Lainé
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Charles-Émile Fecteau
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Paul A. Johnson
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V0A6 Canada
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49
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Zhang J, Liu T, Wang L, Wang X. Recent Process in the in situ Generated Metal Nanocluster Catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202203060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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50
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Wu H, Yang J, Peters BBC, Massaro L, Zheng J, Andersson PG. Asymmetric Full Saturation of Vinylarenes with Cooperative Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Rhodium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20377-20383. [PMID: 34807592 PMCID: PMC8662739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
catalyzed reactions can seldom operate
synergistically under the same conditions. Here we communicate the
use of a single rhodium precursor that acts in both the homogeneous
and heterogeneous phases for the asymmetric full saturation of vinylarenes
that, to date, constitute an unmet bottleneck in the field. A simple
asymmetric hydrogenation of a styrenic olefin, enabled by a ligand
accelerated effect, accounted for the facial selectivity in the consecutive
arene hydrogenation. Tuning the ratio between the phosphine ligand
and the rhodium precursor controlled the formation of homogeneous
and heterogeneous catalytic species that operate without interference
from each other. The system is flexible in terms of both the chiral
ligand and the nature of the external olefin. We anticipate that our
findings will promote the development of asymmetric arene hydrogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bram B C Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Massaro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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