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Liu Z, Zhao J, Yang Y, Yan Y, Yao X, Jiao J, Zhang F, Jia J, Li Y. Heterodinuclear AuNi(CO) n- ( n = 2-3) Complexes Featuring an Anionic Au - as a Donor Ligand for Ni(CO) n. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6917-6926. [PMID: 39133664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The gas-phase heterodinuclear gold-nickel carbonyl AuNi(CO)n- (n = 2-3) anion complexes were mass-selected and studied by using photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy in combination with quantum-chemical calculations, which can establish both the geometries and electronic structures of these anions. These complexes are all confirmed to be singlet ground states with one gold atom bonded at the central nickel atom of the Ni(CO)n moieties. Further bonding analyses indicate that unlike the alkali-metals as covalently bonded ligands to form the electron-sharing alkali-metal-nickel bonding in the alkali-metal-nickel carbonyl anionic complexes, the Au atom in the AuNi(CO)n- complexes serves as a datively bound ligand for Ni(CO)n to form gold-to-nickel dative bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liu
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikang Zhao
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Yan
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Yao
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmei Jiao
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
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2
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Armbruster C, Sellin M, Seiler M, Würz T, Oesten F, Schmucker M, Sterbak T, Fischer J, Radtke V, Hunger J, Krossing I. Pushing redox potentials to highly positive values using inert fluorobenzenes and weakly coordinating anions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6721. [PMID: 39112470 PMCID: PMC11306567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
While the development of weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) received much attention, the progress on weakly coordinating and inert solvents almost stagnated. Here we study the effect of strategic F-substitution on the solvent properties of fluorobenzenes C6FxH6-x (xFB, x = 1-5). Asymmetric fluorination leads to dielectric constants as high as 22.1 for 3FB that exceeds acetone (20.7). Combined with the WCAs [Al(ORF)4]- or [(FRO)3Al-F-Al(ORF)3]- (RF = C(CF3)3), the xFB solvents push the potentials of Ag+ and NO+ ions to +1.50/+1.52 V vs. Fc+/Fc. The xFB/WCA-system has electrochemical xFB stability windows that exceed 5 V for all xFBs with positive upper limits between +1.82 V (1FB) and +2.67 V (5FB) vs. Fc+/Fc. High-level ab initio calculations with inclusion of solvation energies show that these high potentials result from weak interactions of the ions with solvent and counterion. To access the available positive xFB potential range with stable reagents, the innocent deelectronator salts [anthraceneF]+∙[WCA]- and [phenanthreneF]+∙[WCA]- with potentials of +1.47 and +1.89 V vs. Fc+/Fc are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Armbruster
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthis Seiler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Würz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Oesten
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmucker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Sterbak
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max-Planck-Institut for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Willrett J, Schmitt M, Zhuravlev V, Sellin M, Malinowski PJ, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of a Copper Dinitrogen Complex Supported by a Weakly Coordinating Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405330. [PMID: 38859637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and full characterization of the copper dinitrogen complex [(η1-N2)Cu{Al(ORF)4}] 2 (RF=C(CF3)3) prepared by a cascade metathesis reaction of Ag[Al(ORF)4] with CuI-excess in iso-perfluorohexane (i-pfh) under N2 atmosphere. Title compound 2 features an extraordinarily high N2 stretching frequency at 2313/2314 cm-1 (IR/Raman) and was characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffractometry. Quantum chemical charge displacement analysis based on natural orbitals of chemical valence (CD-NOCV) indicates that the copper-dinitrogen interaction is still governed by weak π-backdonation, but is significantly reduced compared to all literature-known transition metal dinitrogen complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Willrett
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vadim Zhuravlev
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Schmitt M, Nestle S, Radtke V, Krossing I. Gold carbonyl cations and beyond: homoleptic gold(I) complexes with P 4 and P 4S 3 and the half-sandwich cation [Au(C 6H 6)(CO)] . Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5403-5406. [PMID: 38682872 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01374c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation of Au0 with the synergistic Ag+/0.5 I2 system in the commercial organic solvent 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene led to the perfluoroalkoxyaluminate salt of the [Au(CO)2]+ cation known from superacid chemistry. This [Au(CO)2]+ salt proved to be an excellent 'naked' Au+-synthon yielding complex salts with [Au(η2-P4)2]+, [Au(η1-P4S3)2]+ and half-sandwich [Au(η2-C6H6)(CO)]+ cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmitt
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Nestle
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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5
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Grochowska-Tatarczak M, Koteras K, Kazimierczuk K, Malinowski PJ. Hydrosilylation of Olefins Activated on Highly Lewis-Acidic Calcium Cation. Chemistry 2024:e202401322. [PMID: 38660917 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The report introduces simple yet highly reactive calcium salt, Ca[Al(ORF)4]2 (RF=C(CF3)3), 1, which effectively catalyses olefin hydrosilylation through an unusual mechanism involving the activation of the alkene molecule. Upon dissolution in o-difluorobenzene (oDFB), 1 forms a highly Lewis acidic [Ca(oDFB)6]2+ complex. Our DFT calculations reveal that fluoride ion affinity is comparable to SbF5. Reactivity tests show that it effectively catalyses the hydrosilylation of olefins with high regioselectivity, also in reactions involving sterically demanding substrates like (iPr)3SiH or tetrasubstituted olefins. Experimental and computational results point to the mechanism where the olefin molecule forms a complex with Ca2+, which significantly facilitates the attack of H-SiR3 on the C=C double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Koteras
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Kazimierczuk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P J Malinowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang Z, Li M, Gao R, Yang S, Ma Q, Feng R, Dou H, Dang J, Wen G, Bai Z, Liu D, Feng M, Chen Z. Selective and Scalable CO 2 Electrolysis Enabled by Conductive Zinc Ion-Implanted Zeolite-Supported Cadmium Oxide Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6397-6407. [PMID: 38394777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Catalyst supports play an essential role in catalytic reactions, hinting at pronounced metal-support effects. Zeolites are a propitious support in heterogeneous catalysts, while their use in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction has been limited as yet because of their electrically insulating nature and serious competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Enlightened by theoretical prediction, herein, we implant zinc ions into the structural skeleton of a zeolite Y to strategically tailor a favorable electrocatalytic platform with remarkably enhanced electronic conduction and strong HER inhibition capability, which incorporates ultrafine cadmium oxide nanoclusters as guest species into the supercages of the tailored 12-ring window framework. The metal d-bandwidth tuning of cadmium by skeletal zinc steers the extent of substrate-molecule orbital mixing, enhancing the stabilization of the key intermediate *COOH while weakening the CO poisoning effect. Furthermore, the strong cadmium-zinc interplay causes a considerable thermodynamic barrier for water dissociation in the conversion of H+ to *H, potently suppressing the competing HER. Therefore, we achieve an industrial-level partial current density of 335 mA cm-2 and remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 97.1% for CO production and stably maintain Faradaic efficiency above 90% at the industrially relevant current density for over 120 h. This work provides a proof of concept of tailored conductive zeolite as a favorable electrocatalytic support for industrial-level CO2 electrolysis and will significantly enhance the adaptability of conductive zeolite-based electrocatalysts in a variety of electrocatalysis and energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Minzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Shuwen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Power Battery & Systems Research Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Power Battery & Systems Research Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jianan Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Power Battery & Systems Research Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guobin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Dianhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Power Battery & Systems Research Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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7
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Yang J, Du S, Ju B, Zhang Z, Li G, Zou J, Cao J, Jing Q, Xie H, Jiang L. Spectroscopic Signature of the Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reaction between Carbon Monoxide and Nickel Carbide. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 38032280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic characterization of ketenylidene complexes is of essential importance for understanding the structure-reactivity relationships of the catalytic sites. Here, we report a size-specific photoelectron velocity map imaging spectroscopic study of the reactions of carbon monoxide with nickel carbide. Quantum chemical calculations have been conducted to search for the energetically favorable isomers and to recognize the experimental spectra. The target products with the chemical formula of NiC(CO)n- (n = 3-5) are characterized to have an intriguing ketenylidene CCO unit. The evolution from NiC(CO)3- to NiC(CO)4- involves the breaking and formation of the Ni-C bond and the coordination conversion between the terminal and bridging carbonyls. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal an efficient C-C bond formation process within the reactions of carbon monoxide and laser-vaporized nickel carbide. This work highlights the pivotal roles played by metal carbides in the C-C bond formation and also proposes new ideas for the design and chemical control of a broad class of complexes with unique physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu Road, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Shihu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bangmin Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jinghan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Juntao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu Road, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Qiangshan Jing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu Road, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Sellin M, Krossing I. Homoleptic Transition Metal Carbonyl Cations: Synthetic Approaches, Characterization and Follow-Up Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2776-2787. [PMID: 37668537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon monoxide, CO, is one of the most important ligands in organometallic chemistry. It is an excellent π-acceptor and a moderate σ-donor. Therefore, most of the known transition metal carbonyls (TMCs) exhibit a zerovalent or even negative metal oxidation state (OS) of up to -4. However, given the right conditions, the carbonyl ligand also forms homoleptic cationic complexes with one or more transition metal atoms, the transition metal carbonyl cations (TMCCs), known with an OS of up to +3. Despite their long-standing history upon discovery of the first [M(CO)6]+ examples (M = Mn, Tc, Re) by E. O. Fischer in 1962 as well as their very fundamental nature, it took until the 1990s for the scope to be widened by Aubke, Strauss and Willner. Yet, many potential TMCC entries known from gas-phase mass spectrometry work remained unknown on preparative grounds. This is due to their high reactivity, which puts scientists to new challenges and encourages the development of suitable solvents, anions and oxidants, to cope with the demands of these fundamental salts─later referred to as pseudo-gas-phase conditions and innocent deelectronators and solvents.Hence, the utilization of extremely weakly coordinating perfluorinated alkoxyaluminates [Al(ORF)4]- and [F{Al(ORF)3}2]- (ORF = -OC(CF3)3) in combination with the polar but non- or weakly coordinating innocent solvents 1,2-difluorobenzene (oDFB) and 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) yielded the first TMCC salts containing heptacoordinate [M(CO)7]+ (M = Nb, Ta) as well as paramagnetic [M(CO)6]+· (M = Cr, Mo, W) or [Ni(CO)4]+·. However, the use of typical inorganic oxidants Ag+, [NO]+ and Ag+/0.5 I2 regularly led to unwanted side reactions. For example, the Lewis acidic silver(I) cations form Lewis pairs with various Lewis basic TMCs yielding partly clustered [Agx{TMC}y]x+ complex salts, while nitrosonium cations may substitute for carbonyl ligands, forming [M(CO)x-1(NO)]+ complexes. The synergistic oxidizing reagent Ag+/0.5 X2 can add halonium ions X+ to the TMCs (X = Cl, Br, I). This prevented the synthesis of univalent group 8 TMCC salts. Yet, the application of radical cation salts of perfluorinated arenes as innocent deelectronators finally yielded salts of [Fe(CO)5]+· and [M3(CO)14]2+ (M = Ru, Os).TMCC salts are excellent starting materials, and the reaction of [Co(CO)5]+ and [Ni(CO)4]+· with benzene led to the previously unknown bis(benzene) sandwich complexes [Co(benzene)2]+ and [Ni(benzene)2]+·. Under the right conditions, even the very weakly bound oDFB-complex salts with [M(oDFB)2]+ (M = Co, Ni) cations form, useful as naked metal(I) synthons and for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Zhang MD, Huang JR, Shi W, Liao PQ, Chen XM. Self-Accelerating Effect in a Covalent-Organic Framework with Imidazole Groups Boosts Electroreduction of CO 2 to CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308195. [PMID: 37656139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Solvent effect plays an important role in catalytic reaction, but there is little research and attention on it in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2 RR). Herein, we report a stable covalent-organic framework (denoted as PcNi-im) with imidazole groups as a new electrocatalyst for eCO2 RR to CO. Interestingly, compared with neutral conditions, PcNi-im not only showed high Faraday efficiency of CO product (≈100 %) under acidic conditions (pH ≈ 1), but also the partial current density was increased from 258 to 320 mA cm-2 . No obvious degradation was observed over 10 hours of continuous operation at the current density of 250 mA cm-2 . The mechanism study shows that the imidazole group on the framework can be protonated to form an imidazole cation in acidic media, hence reducing the surface work function and charge density of the active metal center. As a result, CO poisoning effect is weakened and the key intermediate *COOH is also stabilized, thus accelerating the catalytic reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Di Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jia-Run Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wen Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Pei-Qin Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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10
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Bens T, Walter RRM, Beerhues J, Schmitt M, Krossing I, Sarkar B. The Best of Both Worlds: Combining the Power of MICs and WCAs To Generate Stable and Crystalline Cr I -Tetracarbonyl Complexes with π-Accepting Ligands. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301205. [PMID: 37212248 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we present stable and crystalline chromium(I) tetracarbonyl complexes with pyridyl-MIC (MIC=mesoionic carbene) ligands and weakly coordinating anions (WCA=[Al(ORF )4 ]- , RF =C(CF3 )3 and BArF =[B(ArF )4 ]- , ArF =3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 ). The complexes were fully characterized via crystallographic, spectroscopic and theoretical methods. The influence of counter anions on the IR and EPR spectroscopic properties of the CrI complexes was investigated, and the electronic innocence versus non-innocence of WCAs was probed. These are the first examples of stable and crystalline [Cr(CO)4 ]+ complexes with a chelatingπ - ${\pi -}$ accepting ligand, and the data presented here are of relevance for both the photochemical and the electrochemical properties of these classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert R M Walter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Current Address: Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Paisos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Xu X, Wang H, Tan CH, Ye X. Applications of Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum Complexes in Organic and Inorganic Synthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:74-91. [PMID: 37035284 PMCID: PMC10080730 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic catalysis is a powerful strategy in chemical synthesis, especially with the cheap and low toxic metals based on green chemistry principle. Thus, the selection of the metal is particularly important to plan relevant and applicable processes. The group VB metals have been the subject of exciting and significant advances in both organic and inorganic synthesis. In this Review, we have summarized some reports from recent decades, which are about the development of group VB metals utilized in various types of reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, alkylation, dealkylation, polymerization, aromatization, protein synthesis, and practical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xinyi Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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12
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Sellin M, Friedmann C, Mayländer M, Richert S, Krossing I. Towards clustered carbonyl cations [M 3(CO) 14] 2+ (M = Ru, Os): the need for innocent deelectronation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9147-9158. [PMID: 36093020 PMCID: PMC9384829 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02358j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To access the hitherto almost unknown class of clustered transition metal carbonyl cations, the trimetal dodecacarbonyls M3(CO)12 (M = Ru, Os) were reacted with the oxidant Ag+[WCA]-, but yielded the silver complexes [Ag{M3(CO)12}2]+[WCA]- (WCA = [Al(ORF)4]-, [F{Al(ORF)3}2]-; RF = -OC(CF3)3). Addition of further diiodine I2 to increase the redox potential led for M = Ru non-specifically to divalent mixed iodo-RuII-carbonyl cations. With [NO]+, even the N-O bond was cleaved and led to the butterfly carbonyl complex cation [Ru4N(CO)13]+ in low yield. Obviously, ionization of M3(CO)12 with retention of its pseudo-binary composition including only M and CO is difficult and the inorganic reagents did react non-innocently. Yet, the radical cation of the commercially available perhalogenated anthracene derivative 9,10-dichlorooctafluoroanthracene (anthraceneHal) is a straightforward accessible innocent deelectronator with a half-wave potential E 1/2 of 1.42 V vs. Fc0/+. It deelectronates M3(CO)12 under a CO atmosphere and leads to the structurally characterized cluster salts [M3(CO)14]2+([WCA]-)2 including a linear M3 chain. The structural characterization as well as vibrational and NMR spectroscopies indicate the presence of three electronically independent sets of carbonyl ligands, which almost mimic M(CO)5, free CO and even [M(CO)6]2+ in one and the same cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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13
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Rall JM, Schorpp M, Keilwerth M, Mayländer M, Friedmann C, Daub M, Richert S, Meyer K, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Iron Pentacarbonyl Radical Cation Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204080. [PMID: 35543697 PMCID: PMC9401057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The open-shell iron pentacarbonyl cation [Fe(CO)5 ].+ was isolated by deelectronation, i.e., the single-electron oxidation of the parent neutral Fe(CO)5 using [phenazineF ].+ as the [Al(ORF )4 ]- and [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- salt (RF =C(CF3 )3 ; phenazineF =perfluoro-5,10-bis(perfluorophenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine). [Fe(CO)5 ].+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- was fully characterized (scXRD analysis, IR, NMR, EPR, 57 Fe spectroscopy, CV and SQUID magnetization study) and, apart from being a compound of fundamental interest, may serve as a precursor for low-valent iron coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Rall
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Department für Chemie und PharmazieAnorganische ChemieEgerlandstrasse 191059ErlangenGermany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Department für Chemie und PharmazieAnorganische ChemieEgerlandstrasse 191059ErlangenGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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14
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Rall JM, Schorpp M, Keilwerth M, Mayländer M, Friedmann C, Daub M, Richert S, Meyer K, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Iron Pentacarbonyl Radical Cation Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Rall
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department für Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstrasse 1 91059 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department für Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstrasse 1 91059 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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15
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Wang H, Wang Y, Li H, Hu Y, Fan Q, King RB, Schaefer HF. Adiabatic Electron Detachment Energies, Reaction Barriers, Chemical Balance, and Ligand Effects on the Nucleophilicities of Metal Carbonyl Monoanions. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yanshu Wang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Huidong Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yucheng Hu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qunchao Fan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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16
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Schmitt M, Mayländer M, Goost J, Richert S, Krossing I. Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl‐Nitrosyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Julian Goost
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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17
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Frenking G, Fernández I, Holzmann N, Pan S, Krossing I, Zhou M. Metal-CO Bonding in Mononuclear Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes. JACS AU 2021; 1:623-645. [PMID: 34467324 PMCID: PMC8395605 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations have been carried out for coordinatively saturated neutral and charged carbonyl complexes [M(CO) n ] q where M is a metal atom of groups 2-10. The model compounds M(CO)2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) and the experimentally observed [Ba(CO)]+ were also studied. The bonding situation has been analyzed with a variety of charge and energy partitioning approaches. It is shown that the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model in terms of M ← CO σ-donation and M → CO π-backdonation is a valid approach to explain the M-CO bonds and the trend of the CO stretching frequencies. The carbonyl ligands of the neutral complexes carry a negative charge, and the polarity of the M-CO bonds increases for the less electronegative metals, which is particularly strong for the group 4 and group 2 atoms. The NBO method delivers an unrealistic charge distribution in the carbonyl complexes, while the AIM approach gives physically reasonable partial charges that are consistent with the EDA-NOCV calculations and with the trend of the C-O stretching frequencies. The AdNDP method provides delocalized MOs which are very useful models for the carbonyl complexes. Deep insight into the nature of the metal-CO bonds and quantitative information about the strength of the [M] ← (CO)8 σ-donation and [M(d)] → (CO)8 π-backdonation visualized by the deformation densities are provided by the EDA-NOCV method. The large polarity of the M-CO π orbitals toward the CO end in the alkaline earth octacarbonyls M(CO)8 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) leads to small values for the delocalization indices δ(M-C) and δ(M···O) and significant overlap between adjacent CO groups, but the origin of the charge migration and the associated red-shift of the C-O stretching frequencies is the [M(d)] → (CO)8 π-backdonation. The heavier alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium and barium use their s/d valence orbitals for covalent bonding. They are therefore to be assigned to the transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Frenking
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy
Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative
Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Schmitt M, Mayländer M, Goost J, Richert S, Krossing I. Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl-Nitrosyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14800-14805. [PMID: 33734545 PMCID: PMC8251987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
130 years after Mond discovered the first homoleptic carbonyl complex Ni(CO)4, we report on a [Ni(CO)4].+ salt as the first synthesis of any homoleptic nickel carbonyl cation in the condensed phase. It was prepared by oxidation of nickel metal with the synergistic oxidant Ag[F{Al(ORF)3}2]/0.5 I2 (RF=C(CF3)3) in CO atmosphere. This D2d‐symmetric metalloradical represents the last missing entry among the structurally characterized homoleptic carbonyl cations of Groups 6 to 11. Additionally, the nickel tricarbonyl‐nitrosyl cation [Ni(CO)3(NO)]+ was obtained by usage of NO[F{Al(ORF)3}2] and all products were fully characterized by means of IR, Raman, NMR/EPR, single crystal and powder XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Goost
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Hermann M, Böttcher T, Schorpp M, Richert S, Wassy D, Krossing I, Esser B. Cations and Anions of Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene and Reduction of a Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenophane. Chemistry 2021; 27:4964-4970. [PMID: 33443300 PMCID: PMC7986162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP) is a non-alternant conjugated hydrocarbon with antiaromatic character and ambipolar electrochemical behavior. Upon both reduction and oxidation, it becomes aromatic. We herein study the chemical oxidation and reduction of a planar DBP derivative and a bent DBP-phane. The molecular structures of its planar dication, cation radical and anion radical in the solid state demonstrate the gained aromaticity through bond length equalization, which is supported by nucleus independent chemical shift-calculations. EPR spectra on the cation radical confirm the spin delocalization over the DBP framework. A similar delocalization was not possible in the reduced bent DBP-phane, which stabilized itself by proton abstraction from a solvent molecule upon reduction. This is the first report on structures of a DBP cation radical and dication in the solid state and of a reduced bent DBP derivative. Our study provides valuable insight into the charged species of DBP for its application as semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Tobias Böttcher
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Wassy
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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20
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Malinowski PJ, Zhuravlev V, Jaroń T, Santiso-Quinones G, Krossing I. Extending the chemistry of weakly basic ligands: solvates of Ag + and Cu + stabilized by [Al{OC(CF 3) 3} 4] - anion as model examples in the screening of useful weakly interacting solvents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2050-2056. [PMID: 33480940 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Weakly Coordinating Anions (WCAs) facilitate the formation of exotic "naked" cationic species. However, the feasibility of the respective synthesis approaches may be limited by the basicity of the solvent utilized, as the latter is one of the most important factors determining the solvation ability. In this work, we focus on a series of novel complexes of Ag(i) and Cu(i) with weakly basic ligands such as CH2Cl2, Cl3CCN and SO2 stabilized by perfluorinated alkoxyaluminate, Al[(ORF)4]-, RF = C(CF3)3. The discussion includes their synthesis protocols, crystal structures, vibrational spectra and thermal stability (TGA/DSC/EGA). We show that the Cu-SO2 adducts present exceptional stability in relation to other metal-SO2 complexes. To broaden the scope of weakly basic ligands which could prove helpful in the development of chemistry with WCAs, the screening of potential candidates based on DFT calculations is presented.
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21
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Unkrig W, Zhe F, Tamim R, Oesten F, Kratzert D, Krossing I. Cationic Niobium-Sandwich and Piano-Stool Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:758-765. [PMID: 32871041 PMCID: PMC7839738 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the homoleptic bis(arene) niobium cations [Nb(arene)2 ]+ (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H5 Me) with 16 valence electrons and heteroleptic arene-carbonyl cations [(CO)Nb(arene)2 ]+ (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H5 Me) and [(arene)M(CO)4 ]+ (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H6 ) obeying 18 valence electrons are described. Stabilization of these complexes was achieved by using the weakly coordinating anions [Al(ORF )4 ]- or [F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- (RF = C(CF3 )3 ). The limits of two synthesis routes starting from neutral Nb(arene)2 (arene = C6 H3 Me3 , C6 H5 Me) or [NEt4 ][M(CO)6 ] (M = Nb, Ta) were investigated. All compounds were analyzed by single crystal X-ray determination, vibrational and NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations were executed to support the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Unkrig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Fu Zhe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Razan Tamim
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Friederike Oesten
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
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22
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Bohnenberger J, Kratzert D, Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Frenking G, Krossing I. Group 6 Hexacarbonyls as Ligands for the Silver Cation: Syntheses, Characterization, and Analysis of the Bonding Compared with the Isoelectronic Group 5 Hexacarbonylates. Chemistry 2020; 26:17203-17211. [PMID: 32964504 PMCID: PMC7839444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the two novel complexes [Ag{Mo/W(CO)6 }2 ]+ [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) are reported along with their structural and spectroscopic characterization. The X-ray structure shows that three carbonyl ligands from each M(CO)6 fragment bend towards the silver atom within binding Ag-C distance range. DFT calculations of the free cations [Ag{M(CO)6 }2 ]+ (M=Cr, Mo, W) in the electronic singlet state give equilibrium structures with C2 symmetry with two bridging carbonyl groups from each hexacarbonyl ligand. Similar structures with C2 symmetry (M=Nb) and D2 symmetry (M=V, Ta) are calculated for the isoelectronic group 5 anions [Ag{M(CO)6 }2 ]- (M=V, Nb, Ta). The electronic structure of the cations is analyzed with the QTAIM and EDA-NOCV methods, which provide detailed information about the nature of the chemical bonds between Ag+ and the {M(CO)6 }2 q (q = -2, M = V, Nb, Ta; q = 0, M = Cr, Mo, W) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bohnenberger
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | | | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
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23
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Unkrig W, Kloiber K, Butschke B, Kratzert D, Krossing I. Altering Charges on Heterobimetallic Transition-Metal Carbonyl Clusters. Chemistry 2020; 26:12373-12381. [PMID: 32613683 PMCID: PMC7589396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The homoleptic group 5 carbonylates [M(CO)6 ]- (M=Nb, Ta) serve as ligands in carbonyl-terminated heterobimetallic Agm Mn clusters containing 3 to 11 metal atoms. Based on our serendipitous [Ag6 {Nb(CO)6 }4 ]2+ (4 a2+ ) precedent, we established access to such Agm Mn clusters of the composition [Agm {M(CO)6 }n ]x (M=Nb, Ta; m=1, 2, 6; n=2, 3, 4, 5; x=1-, 1+, 2+). Salts of those molecular cluster ions were synthesized by the reaction of [NEt4 ][M(CO)6 ] and Ag[Al(ORF )4 ] (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) in the correct stoichiometry in 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene at -35 °C. The solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods and, owing to the thermal instability of the clusters, a limited scope of spectroscopic methods. In addition, DFT-based AIM calculations were performed to provide an understanding of the bonding within these clusters. Apparently, the clusters 3+ (m=6, n=5) and 42+ (m=6, n=4) are superatom complexes with trigonal-prismatic or octahedral Ag6 superatom cores. The [M(CO)6 ]- ions then bind through three CO units as tridentate chelate ligands to the superatom core, giving overall structures related to tetrahedral AX4 (42+ ) or trigonal bipyramidal AX5 molecules (3+ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Unkrig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Konstantin Kloiber
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
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Liu Z, Bai Y, Li Y, He J, Lin Q, Hou L, Wu HS, Zhang F, Jia J, Xie H, Tang Z. Multicenter electron-sharing σ-bonding in the AgFe(CO)4− complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15256-15266. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For the AgFe(CO)4− anion, the silver atom is covalently bonded to the anionic tetracarbonyl-iron, an isolobal analogue of the methyl radical, via a peculiar decentralized electron-sharing σ bond.
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