1
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Qin T, Wang T, Zhu J. Recent progress in on-surface synthesis of nanoporous graphene materials. Commun Chem 2024; 7:154. [PMID: 38977754 PMCID: PMC11231364 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoporous graphene (NPG) materials are generated by removing internal degree-3 vertices from graphene and introducing nanopores with specific topological structures, which have been widely explored and exploited for applications in electronic devices, membranes, and energy storage. The inherent properties of NPGs, such as the band structures, field effect mobilities and topological properties, are crucially determined by the geometric structure of nanopores. On-surface synthesis is an emerging strategy to fabricate low-dimensional carbon nanostructures with atomic precision. In this review, we introduce the progress of on-surface synthesis of atomically precise NPGs, and classify NPGs from the aspects of element types, topological structures, pore shapes, and synthesis strategies. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration to further advance the synthesis and applications of NPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China.
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2
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Nemoto R, Arafune R, Nakano S, Tsuchiizu M, Takagi N, Suizu R, Uchihashi T, Awaga K. Chiral Honeycomb Lattices of Nonplanar π-Conjugated Supramolecules with Protected Dirac and Flat Bands. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38946088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The honeycomb lattice is a fundamental two-dimensional (2D) network that gives rise to surprisingly rich electronic properties. While its expansion to 2D supramolecular assembly is conceptually appealing, its realization is not straightforward because of weak intermolecular coupling and the strong influence of a supporting substrate. Here, we show that the application of a triptycene derivative with phenazine moieties, Trip-Phz, solves this problem due to its strong intermolecular π-π pancake bonding and nonplanar geometry. Our scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements demonstrate that Trip-Phz molecules self-assemble on a Ag(111) surface to form chiral and commensurate honeycomb lattices. Electronically, the network can be viewed as a hybrid of honeycomb and kagome lattices. The Dirac and flat bands predicted by a simple tight-binding model are reproduced by total density functional theory (DFT) calculations, highlighting the protection of the molecular bands from the Ag(111) substrate. The present work offers a rational route for creating chiral 2D supramolecules that can simultaneously accommodate pristine Dirac and flat bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nemoto
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki305-0044, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Arafune
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki305-0044, Japan
| | - Saya Nakano
- Department of Physics, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masahisa Tsuchiizu
- Department of Physics, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takagi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Suizu
- Department of Chemistry and IRCCS, Nagoya University, Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Takashi Uchihashi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 . Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kunio Awaga
- Department of Chemistry and IRCCS, Nagoya University, Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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3
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Liu P, Zheng Z, Wang H, Wang P, Hu Z, Gao HY. Characterize and Mediate Assembly of Triptycenes on Au(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16248-16256. [PMID: 38861269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the assembly behavior of triptycenes with aldehyde (Trip-1) and amino (Trip-2) groups on pristine and iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. On Au(111) surface, Trip-1 forms long trimer chains and two-dimensional islands via aldehyde-aldehyde hydrogen bonding in one dimension and π-π stacking of adjacent benzene rings in the other dimension. In contrast, Trip-2 lies as individuals or in disorderly stacked islands. Trip-2 and Trip-1 can be mixed in an arbitrary ratio. And Trip-2 molecules disrupt the ordered self-assembly structure of Trip-1 due to the formation of stronger aldehyde-amino hydrogen bonding. DFT, XPS, and Raman spectra confirm the conformational difference of Trip-1 and -2, as well as the aldehyde-amino hydrogen bonding formation in Trip-1 and Trip-2 mixture. On the iodine-passivated Au(111) surface, Trip-1 forms single-molecule chains and a hexagonal closely packed structure due to iodine interlayer mediation. Trip-2 molecules disrupt the hexagonal closely packed structure of Trip-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zichan Zheng
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Peichao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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4
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Rosławska A, Kaiser K, Romeo M, Devaux E, Scheurer F, Berciaud S, Neuman T, Schull G. Submolecular-scale control of phototautomerization. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:738-743. [PMID: 38413791 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Optically activated reactions initiate biological processes such as photosynthesis or vision, but can also control polymerization, catalysis or energy conversion. Methods relying on the manipulation of light at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales are used to control on-surface photochemistry, but do not offer atomic-scale control. Here we take advantage of the confinement of the electromagnetic field at the apex of a scanning tunnelling microscope tip to drive the phototautomerization of a free-base phthalocyanine with submolecular precision. We can control the reaction rate and the relative tautomer population through a change in the laser excitation wavelength or through the tip position. Atomically resolved tip-enhanced photoluminescence spectroscopy and hyperspectral mapping unravel an excited-state mediated process, which is quantitatively supported by a comprehensive theoretical model combining ab initio calculations with a parametric open-quantum-system approach. Our experimental strategy may allow insights in other photochemical reactions and proof useful to control complex on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosławska
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, Strasbourg, France.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, Strasbourg, France
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Eloïse Devaux
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Tomáš Neuman
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Piquero-Zulaica I, Hu W, Seitsonen AP, Haag F, Küchle J, Allegretti F, Lyu Y, Chen L, Wu K, El-Fattah ZMA, Aktürk E, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Muntwiler M, Barth JV, Zhang YQ. Unconventional Band Structure via Combined Molecular Orbital and Lattice Symmetries in a Surface-Confined Metallated Graphdiyne Sheet. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405178. [PMID: 38762788 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphyne (GY) and graphdiyne (GDY)-based monolayers represent the next generation 2D carbon-rich materials with tunable structures and properties surpassing those of graphene. However, the detection of band formation in atomically thin GY/GDY analogues has been challenging, as both long-range order and atomic precision have to be fulfilled in the system. The present work reports direct evidence of band formation in on-surface synthesized metallated Ag-GDY sheets with mesoscopic (≈1 µm) regularity. Employing scanning tunneling and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopies, energy-dependent transitions of real-space electronic states above the Fermi level and formation of the valence band are respectively observed. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborate the observations and reveal that doubly degenerate frontier molecular orbitals on a honeycomb lattice give rise to flat, Dirac and Kagome bands close to the Fermi level. DFT modeling also indicates an intrinsic band gap for the pristine sheet material, which is retained for a bilayer with h-BN, whereas adsorption-induced in-gap electronic states evolve at the synthesis platform with Ag-GDY decorating the (111) facet of silver. These results illustrate the tremendous potential for engineering novel band structures via molecular orbital and lattice symmetries in atomically precise 2D carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chemie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Küchle
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuanhao Lyu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, E-11884, Egypt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, 43511, Egypt
| | - Ethem Aktürk
- Department of Physics, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue de Loess, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Matthias Muntwiler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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6
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Schunke C, Schweer P, Engelage E, Austin D, Switzer ED, Rahman TS, Morgenstern K. Increased Selectivity in Photolytic Activation of Nanoassemblies Compared to Thermal Activation in On-Surface Ullmann Coupling. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11665-11674. [PMID: 38661485 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method that has emerged recently to fabricate a large variety of atomically precise nanomaterials on surfaces based on polymerization. It is very successful for thermally activated reactions within the framework of heterogeneous catalysis. As a result, it often lacks selectivity. We propose to use selective activation of specific bonds as a crucial ingredient to synthesize desired molecules with high selectivity. In this approach, thermally nonaccessible products are expected to arise in photolytically activated on-surface reactions with high selectivity. We demonstrate for assembled 2,2'-dibromo biphenyl clusters on Cu(111) that the thermal and photolytic activations yield distinctly different products, combining submolecular resolution of individual product molecules in real-space imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy with chemical identification in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and supported by ab initio calculations. The photolytically activated Ullmann coupling of 2,2'-dibromo biphenyl is highly selective, with only one identified product. It starkly contrasts the thermal reaction, which yields various products because alternate pathways are activated at the reaction temperature. Our study extends on-surface synthesis to a directed formation of thermally inaccessible products by direct bond activation. It promises tailored reactions of nanomaterials within the framework of on-surface synthesis based on the photolytic activation of specific bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schunke
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Paul Schweer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Dave Austin
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Eric D Switzer
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Talat S Rahman
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
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7
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Frezza F, Sánchez-Grande A, Canola S, Lamancová A, Mutombo P, Chen Q, Wäckerlin C, Ernst KH, Muntwiler M, Zema N, Di Giovannantonio M, Nachtigallová D, Jelínek P. Controlling On-Surface Photoactivity: The Impact of π-Conjugation in Anhydride-Functionalized Molecules on a Semiconductor Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405983. [PMID: 38699982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has become a prominent method for growing low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials on metal surfaces. However, the necessity of decoupling organic nanostructures from metal substrates to exploit their properties requires either transfer methods or new strategies to perform reactions directly on inert surfaces. The use of on-surface light-induced reactions directly on semiconductor/insulating surfaces represents an alternative approach to address these challenges. Here, exploring the photochemical activity of different organic molecules on a SnSe semiconductor surface under ultra-high vacuum, we present a novel on-surface light-induced reaction. The selective photodissociation of the anhydride group is observed, releasing CO and CO2. Moreover, we rationalize the relationship between the photochemical activity and the π-conjugation of the molecular core. The different experimental behaviour of two model anhydrides was elucidated by theoretical calculations, showing how the molecular structure influences the distribution of the excited states. Our findings open new pathways for on-surface synthesis directly on technologically relevant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Frezza
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 78/7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Canola
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lamancová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicola Zema
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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8
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Mori A, Pathak A, Watanabe S, Kunitake M. Chemical Recycling and Physical Tuning of Necklace-Shaped Polydimethylsiloxanes Bearing Anthracene Dimer Units. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300658. [PMID: 38362957 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The problem of plastic waste in the environment calls for the development of new polymeric materials designed specifically for easy recycling at the end of their life cycle. Herein, a green polymer system comprising a series of necklace-shaped polydimethylsiloxanes bearing anthracene dimer units is developed. The polymers have low environmental impact and are easily recycled. Further, their flexibility and glass transition temperatures are easy to control. These necklace-shaped inorganic polymers are synthesized by photopolymerizing (dimerizing) anthracene-terminated oligo-dimethylsiloxane monomers. A key achievement of the present work is the successful chemical recovery of the monomers from the polymers through thermal depolymerization, enabling monomer-polymer recycling. By applying equilibrium polymerization with base catalysts, monomers with a controlled distributed chain length are synthesized from monomers with a constant chain length. The necklace-shaped polymers synthesized from these randomized monomers have amorphous structures and readily form transparent films. It is possible to modulate the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymers by controlling the average chain length of the polydimethylsiloxane between the anthracene dimers. This investigation presents a method for the synthesis and cyclic utilization of polymer materials with a wide range of applications, including plastics and elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Mori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Agamoni Pathak
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Kunitake
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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9
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Sun K, Kurki L, Silveira OJ, Nishiuchi T, Kubo T, Foster AS, Kawai S. On-Surface Synthesis of Silole and Disila-Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401027. [PMID: 38415373 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of Si atoms into organic compounds significantly increases a variety of functionality, facilitating further applications. Recently, on-surface synthesis was introduced into organosilicon chemistry as 1,4-disilabenzene bridged nanostructures were obtained via coupling between silicon atoms and brominated phenyl groups at the ortho position on Au(111). Here, we demonstrate a high generality of this strategy via syntheses of silole derivatives and nanoribbon structures with eight-membered sila-cyclic rings from dibrominated molecules at the bay and peri positions on Au(111), respectively. Their structures and electronic properties were investigated by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. This work demonstrates a great potential to deal with heavy group 14 elements in on-surface silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lauri Kurki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J Silveira
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Adam S Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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10
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Nacci C, Civita D, Schied M, Magnano E, Nappini S, Píš I, Grill L. Light-Induced Increase of the Local Molecular Coverage on a Surface. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5919-5926. [PMID: 38629116 PMCID: PMC11017312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Light is a versatile tool to remotely activate molecules adsorbed on a surface, for example, to trigger their polymerization. Here, we explore the spatial distribution of light-induced chemical reactions on a Au(111) surface. Specifically, the covalent on-surface polymerization of an anthracene derivative in the submonolayer coverage range is studied. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, we observe a substantial increase of the local molecular coverage with the sample illumination time at the center of the laser spot. We find that the interplay between thermally induced diffusion and the reduced mobility of reaction products steers the accumulation of material. Moreover, the debromination of the adsorbed species never progresses to completion within the experiment time, despite a long irradiation of many hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nacci
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Donato Civita
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Schied
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena Magnano
- CNR—Istituto
Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Silvia Nappini
- CNR—Istituto
Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Igor Píš
- CNR—Istituto
Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Leonhard Grill
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Yi ZY, Wang ZC, Li RN, Li ZH, Duan JJ, Yang XQ, Wang YQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wan LJ. Silver Surface-Assisted Dehydrobrominative Cross-Coupling between Identical Aryl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38598684 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions represent an indispensable tool in chemical synthesis. An intriguing challenge in this field is to achieve selective cross-coupling between two precursors with similar reactivity or, to the limit, the identical molecules. Here we report an unexpected dehydrobrominative cross-coupling between 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene molecules on silver surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we examine the reaction process at the single-molecular level, quantify the selectivity of the dehydrobrominative cross-coupling, and reveal the modulation of selectivity by substrate lattice-related catalytic activity or molecular assembly effect. Theoretical calculations indicate that the dehydrobrominative cross-coupling proceeds via regioselective C-H bond activation of debrominated TBPB and subsequent highly selective C-C coupling of the radical-based intermediates. The reaction kinetics plays an important role in the selectivity for the cross-coupling. This work not only expands the toolbox for chemical synthesis but also provides important mechanistic insights into the selectivity of coupling reactions on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruo-Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jie Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Wang J, Niu K, Zhu H, Xu C, Deng C, Zhao W, Huang P, Lin H, Li D, Rosen J, Liu P, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Yang B, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Universal inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3030. [PMID: 38589464 PMCID: PMC11001993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides tools to prepare low-dimensional supramolecular structures. Traditionally, reactive radicals are a class of single-electron species, serving as exceptional electron-withdrawing groups. On metal surfaces, however, such species are affected by conduction band screening effects that may even quench their unpaired electron characteristics. As a result, radicals are expected to be less active, and reactions catalyzed by surface-stabilized radicals are rarely reported. Herein, we describe a class of inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces. With the assistance of aryl halide precursors, the coupling of terminal alkynes is steered from non-dehydrogenated to dehydrogenated products, resulting in alkynyl-Ag-alkynyl bonds. Dehalogenated molecules are fully passivated by detached hydrogen atoms. The reaction mechanism is unraveled by various surface-sensitive technologies and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, we reveal the universality of this mechanism on metal surfaces. Our studies enrich the on-surface synthesis toolbox and develop a pathway for producing low-dimensional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peipei Huang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Peinian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
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13
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Ren Y, Xu Y. Recent advances in two-dimensional polymers: synthesis, assembly and energy-related applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1823-1869. [PMID: 38192222 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are a class of 2D crystalline polymer materials with definite structures, which have outstanding physical-chemical and electronic properties. They cleverly link organic building units through strong covalent bonds and can construct functional 2DPs through reasonable design and selection of different monomer units to meet various application requirements. As promising energy materials, 2DPs have developed rapidly in recent years. This review first introduces the basic overview of 2DPs, such as their historical development, inherent 2D characteristics and diversified topological advantages, followed by the summary of the typical 2DP synthesis methods recently (including "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods). The latest research progress in assembly and processing of 2DPs and the energy-related applications in energy storage and conversion are also discussed. Finally, we summarize and prospect the current research status, existing challenges, and future research directions of 2DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ren
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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14
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Cao B, Yang H, Yu Z. A Novel Strategy for the Characterization of Self-Assembled Structures Using the Static Solid-State Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:262-266. [PMID: 38165310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Structural characterization of assemblies in solutions is essential for understanding the relationship between the structure and material properties. In this study, we introduce a novel approach to investigate amphiphilic self-assemblies in solutions using the phospholipid molecule 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Lyso PC) as a 31P NMR probe. The high natural abundance and gyromagnetic ratio of 31P make it one of the most sensitive nuclei in the low-frequency region, enabling efficient detection even in dilute solutions. Lyso PC can readily co-assemble with amphiphilic molecules and ions in aqueous solutions, forming various structures, such as hexagonal, lamellar, and micellar assemblies. The characteristic line shapes of these assemblies reflect the chemical environment around the probe and provide insights into the different phase states of the assemblies. This strategy offers a simple, cost-effective, and static method for obtaining structural information about various assemblies. Our work not only introduces a sensitive probe for characterizing assemblies in a solvent environment but also inspires new ideas for the development of similar spectroscopic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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15
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Jiang H, He Y, Lu J, Zheng F, Zhu Z, Yan Y, Sun Q. Unraveling the Mechanisms of On-Surface Photoinduced Reaction with Polarized Light Excitations. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1118-1125. [PMID: 38117979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
On-surface reaction has been shown as a powerful strategy to achieve atomically precise nanostructures. Numerous reactions have been realized on surfaces with thermal annealing as the primary excitation. In contrast, far fewer reactions have been triggered by light on surfaces despite its advantages due to the nonthermal process. This is possibly ascribed to our limited understanding on the excitation mechanisms of on-surface photoinduced reactions. In this work, we have studied the photoinduced debrominated coupling by using a linearly polarized light. We successfully achieved the reaction with no annealing process and obtained oligomers as the primary reaction products, which is in contrast with the formation of polymers with traditional thermal treatments. By exploring the dependence of reaction yield on the angle of incidence, we demonstrate an experimental method that can provide fundamental insights. The comparison with the theoretical approximation suggests indirect hot carrier excitation as the leading excitation mechanism. Our results not only provide fundamental insight into the surface photochemical reactions but also set the basis for harnessing light to construct unconventional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu He
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengru Zheng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
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16
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Song L, Wang J, Zhu H, Huang P, Lin H, Chi L, Li Q. Synthesis of Large-Scale High-Quality Metal-Organic Frameworks on Cu(100) via Hierarchical Dehydrogenation Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11286-11291. [PMID: 38063416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stimulus has been considered as a promising strategy for controlling on-surface reactions, allowing the formation of diverse products on metal substrates. Here, we successfully achieve hierarchical dehydrogenation reactions of amino groups on a Cu(100) surface. By carefully adjusting the experimental parameters, we synthesize large-scale and low-defect density surface metal-organic frameworks on copper surfaces. Our work sheds light on a controllable route for the synthesis of high-quality metal-organic coordination supramolecular structures via on-surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Huang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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17
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Hamadeh A, Palmino F, Mathurin J, Deniset-Besseau A, Grosnit L, Luzet V, Jeannoutot J, Dazzi A, Chérioux F. Toward conformational identification of molecules in 2D and 3D self-assemblies on surfaces. Commun Chem 2023; 6:246. [PMID: 37951991 PMCID: PMC10640604 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of supramolecular networks based on organic molecules deposited on surfaces, is highly attractive for various applications. One of the remaining challenges is the expansion of monolayers to well-ordered multilayers in order to enhance the functionality and complexity of self-assemblies. In this study, we present an assessment of molecular conformation from 2D to 3D supramolecular networks adsorbed onto a HOPG surface under ambient conditions utilizing a combination of scanning probe microscopies and atomic force microscopy- infrared (AFM-IR). We have observed that the infrared (IR) spectra of the designed molecules vary from layer to layer due to the modifications in the dihedral angle between the C=O group and the neighboring phenyl ring, especially in the case of a 3D supramolecular network consisting of multiple layers of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hamadeh
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Frank Palmino
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jérémie Mathurin
- Université de Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie-Physique, F-91400, Orsay, France
| | | | - Louis Grosnit
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Luzet
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Alexandre Dazzi
- Université de Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie-Physique, F-91400, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Chérioux
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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18
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Li R, Zhang L, Chen T, Wang D. On-Surface Two-Dimensional Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12521-12532. [PMID: 37651313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are molecularly thin networks consisting of monomers covalently linked in at least two directions in the molecular plane. Because of the unique structural features and emergent physicochemical properties, 2DPs promise application potentials in catalysis, chemical sensing, and organic electronic devices. On-surface synthesis is of great interest to fabricate 2DPs with atomic precision, and the properties of the 2DPs can be characterized in situ through scanning probe techniques. In this Perspective, we first introduce the recent developments of on-surface 2D polymerization, including the design principle, the synthetic reactions, and the factors affecting the synthesis of 2DPs on surface. Then, we summarize some major challenges in this field, including the fabrication of high-quality 2DPs and the study of the intrinsic electronic properties of 2DPs, and we discuss some of the available solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Longzhu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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19
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Fabozzi FG, Severin N, Rabe JP, Hecht S. Room Temperature On-Surface Synthesis of a Vinylene-Linked Single Layer Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18205-18209. [PMID: 37561921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated single-layered two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are flat and extended polymer networks with a unique combination of material properties, giving rise to potential applications in sensing, optoelectronics, and photonics. Despite their great potential, thus far only a few reactions to access such extended conjugated 2D polymers have been reported. Here, the on-surface polymerization of the first vinylene-linked single layered two-dimensional covalent organic framework using reversible Knoevenagel polycondensation under solvothermal conditions is described. Self-assembly of the two monomer building blocks at the solid-liquid interface led to the formation of extended covalent networks at room temperature without the need of additional catalysts or reagents. The described approach grants access to extended conjugated 2D polymers under unprecedentedly mild conditions and paves the way to new hybrid material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giovanni Fabozzi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
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20
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Liu JW, Wang Y, Kang LX, Zhao Y, Xing GY, Huang ZY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. Two-Dimensional Crystal Transition from Radialene to Cumulene on Ag(111) via Retro-[2 + 1] Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37289993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) crystal-to-crystal transition is an important method in crystal engineering because of its ability to directly create diverse crystal materials from one crystal. However, steering a 2D single-layer crystal-to-crystal transition on surfaces with high chemo- and stereoselectivity under ultra-high vacuum conditions is a great challenge because the transition is a complex dynamic process. Here, we report a highly chemoselective 2D crystal transition from radialene to cumulene with retention of stereoselectivity on Ag(111) via retro-[2 + 1] cycloaddition of three-membered carbon rings and directly visualize the transition process involving a stepwise epitaxial growth mechanism by the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy. Using progression annealing, we found that isocyanides on Ag(111) at a low annealing temperature underwent sequential [1 + 1 + 1] cycloaddition and enantioselective molecular recognition based on C-H···Cl hydrogen bonding interactions to form 2D triaza[3]radialene crystals. In contrast, a higher annealing temperature induced the transformation of triaza[3]radialenes to generate trans-diaza[3]cumulenes, which were further assembled into 2D cumulene-based crystals through twofold N-Ag-N coordination and C-H···Cl hydrogen bonding interactions. By combining the observed distinct transient intermediates and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that the retro-[2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction proceeds via the ring opening of a three-membered carbon ring, sequential dechlorination/hydrogen passivation, and deisocyanation. Our findings provide new insights into the growth mechanism and dynamics of 2D crystals and have implications for controllable crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guang-Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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21
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Cai ZF, Chen T, Wang D. Insights into the Polymerization Reactions on Solid Surfaces Provided by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2463-2472. [PMID: 36867434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the polymerization process at the molecular level is essential for the rational design and synthesis of polymers with controllable structures and properties. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is one of the most important techniques to investigate the structures and reactions on conductive solid surfaces, and it has successfully been used to reveal the polymerization process on the surface at the molecular level in recent years. In this Perspective, after a brief introduction of on-surface polymerization reactions and STM, we focus on the applications of STM in the study of the processes and mechanism of on-surface polymerization, from one-dimensional to two-dimensional polymerization reactions. We conclude by a discussion of the challenges and perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Zhou S, Hu Y, Xin W, Fu L, Lin X, Yang L, Hou S, Kong XY, Jiang L, Wen L. Surfactant-Assisted Sulfonated Covalent Organic Nanosheets: Extrinsic Charge for Improved Ion Transport and Salinity-Gradient Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208640. [PMID: 36457170 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Charge-governed ion transport is the vital property of nanofluidic channels for salinity-gradient energy harvesting and other electrochemical energy conversion technologies. 2D nanofluidic channels constructed by nanosheets exhibit great superiority in ion selectivity, but a high ion transport rate remains challenging due to the insufficiency of intrinsic surface charge density in nanoconfinement. Herein, extrinsic surface charge into nanofluidic channels composed of surfactant-assisted sulfonated covalent organic nanosheets (SCONs), which enable tunable ion transport behaviors, is demonstrated. The polar moiety of surfactant is embedded in SCONs to adjust in-plane surface charges, and the aggregation of nonpolar moiety results in the sol-to-gel transformation of SCON solution for membrane fabrication. The combination endows SCON/surfactant membranes with considerable water-resistance, and the designable extrinsic charges promise fast ion transport and high ion selectivity. Additionally, the SCON/surfactant membrane, serving as a power generator, exhibits huge potential in harvesting salinity-gradient energy where corresponding output power density can reach up to 9.08 W m-2 under a 50-fold salinity gradient (0.5 m NaCl|0.01 m NaCl). The approach to extrinsic surface charge provides new and promising insight into regulating ion transport behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Hu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weiwen Xin
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Fu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbin Lin
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Linsen Yang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Hou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wen
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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24
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Dou W, Wu M, Song B, Zhi G, Hua C, Zhou M, Niu T. High-Yield Production of Quantum Corrals in a Surface Reconstruction Pattern. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:148-154. [PMID: 36566458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The power of surface chemistry to create atomically precise nanoarchitectures offers intriguing opportunities to advance the field of quantum technology. Strategies for building artificial electronic lattices by individually positioning atoms or molecules result in precisely tailored structures but lack structural robustness. Here, taking the advantage of strong bonding of Br atoms on noble metal surfaces, we report the production of stable quantum corrals by dehalogenation of hexabromobenzene molecules on a preheated Au(111) surface. The byproducts, Br adatoms, are confined within a new surface reconstruction pattern and aggregate into nanopores with an average size of 3.7 ± 0.1 nm, which create atomic orbital-like quantum resonance states inside each corral due to the interference of scattered electron waves. Remarkably, the atomic orbitals can be hybridized into molecular-like orbitals with distinct bonding and antibonding states. Our study opens up an avenue to fabricate quantum structures with high yield and superior robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Dou
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Meimei Wu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Biyu Song
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Guoxiang Zhi
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
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25
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Neitz H, Bessi I, Kachler V, Michel M, Höbartner C. Tailored Tolane-Perfluorotolane Assembly as Supramolecular Base Pair Replacement in DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214456. [PMID: 36344446 PMCID: PMC10107946 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arene-fluoroarene interactions offer outstanding possibilities for engineering of supramolecular systems, including nucleic acids. Here, we implement the tolane-perfluorotolane interaction as base pair replacement in DNA. Tolane (THH) and perfluorotolane (TFF) moieties were connected to acyclic backbone units, comprising glycol nucleic acid (GNA) or butyl nucleic acid (BuNA) building blocks, that were incorporated via phosphoramidite chemistry at opposite positions in a DNA duplex. Thermodynamic analyses by UV thermal melting revealed a compelling stabilization by THH/TFF heteropairs only when connected to the BuNA backbone, but not with the shorter GNA linker. Detailed NMR studies confirmed the preference of the BuNA backbone for enhanced polar π-stacking. This work defines how orthogonal supramolecular interactions can be tailored by small constitutional changes in the DNA backbone, and it inspires future studies of arene-fluoroarene-programmed assembly of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Neitz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Irene Bessi
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Valentin Kachler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Manuela Michel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)University of WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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26
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Liang Q, Feng G, Ni H, Song Y, Zhang X, Lei S, Hu W. Room temperature spontaneous surface condensation of boronic acids observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Shen J, Cai Y, Zhang C, Wei W, Chen C, Liu L, Yang K, Ma Y, Wang Y, Tseng CC, Fu JH, Dong X, Li J, Zhang XX, Li LJ, Jiang J, Pinnau I, Tung V, Han Y. Fast water transport and molecular sieving through ultrathin ordered conjugated-polymer-framework membranes. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1183-1190. [PMID: 35941363 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of membranes that block solutes while allowing rapid water transport is of great importance. The microstructure of the membrane needs to be rationally designed at the molecular level to achieve precise molecular sieving and high water flux simultaneously. We report the design and fabrication of ultrathin, ordered conjugated-polymer-framework (CPF) films with thicknesses down to 1 nm via chemical vapour deposition and their performance as separation membranes. Our CPF membranes inherently have regular rhombic sub-nanometre (10.3 × 3.7 Å) channels, unlike membranes made of carbon nanotubes or graphene, whose separation performance depends on the alignment or stacking of materials. The optimized membrane exhibited a high water/NaCl selectivity of ∼6,900 and water permeance of ∼112 mol m-2 h-1 bar-1, and salt rejection >99.5% in high-salinity mixed-ion separations driven by osmotic pressure. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that water molecules quickly and collectively pass through the membrane by forming a continuous three-dimensional network within the hydrophobic channels. The advent of ordered CPF provides a route towards developing carbon-based membranes for precise molecular separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yichen Cai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cailing Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingmei Liu
- Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Inter-disciplinary Studies & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Kuiwei Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinchang Ma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yingge Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Chih Tseng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xinglong Dong
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaqiang Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vincent Tung
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yu Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers have garnered widespread interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. Envisaged applications in fields including nanodevices, solid-state chemistry, physical organic chemistry, and condensed matter physics, however, demand high-quality and large-scale production. In this perspective, we first introduce exotic band structures of organic frameworks holding honeycomb, kagome, and Lieb lattices. We further discuss how mesoscale ordered 2D polymers can be synthesized by means of choosing suitable monomers and optimizing growth conditions. We describe successful polymerization strategies to introducing a non-benzenoid subunit into a π-conjugated carbon lattice via delicately designed monomer precursors. Also, to obviate transfer and restore the intrinsic properties of π-conjugated polymers, new paradigms of aryl-aryl coupling on inert surfaces are discussed. Recent achievements in the photopolymerization demonstrate the need for monomer design. We conclude the potential applications of these organic networks and project the future possibilities in providing new insights into on-surface polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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29
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On-Surface Chemistry on Low-Reactive Surfaces. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional (0D), mono-dimensional (1D), or two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures with well-defined properties fabricated directly on surfaces are of growing interest. The fabrication of covalently bound nanostructures on non-metallic surfaces is very promising in terms of applications, but the lack of surface assistance during their synthesis is still a challenge to achieving the fabrication of large-scale and defect-free nanostructures. We discuss the state-of-the-art approaches recently developed in order to provide covalently bounded nanoarchitectures on passivated metallic surfaces, semiconductors, and insulators.
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30
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Jing Y, Zhu X, Maier S, Heine T. 2D conjugated polymers: exploiting topological properties for the rational design of metal-free photocatalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Grossmann L, Ringel E, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, King BT, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Opris D, Björk J, Lackinger M. Steering Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Iptycenes on Au(111) by Tuning Molecule-Surface Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201044. [PMID: 35287247 PMCID: PMC9325367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of three-dimensional molecules is scarcely studied on surfaces. Their modes of adsorption can exhibit far greater variability compared to (nearly) planar molecules that adsorb mostly flat on surfaces. This additional degree of freedom can have decisive consequences for the expression of intermolecular binding motifs, hence the formation of supramolecular structures. The determining molecule-surface interactions can be widely tuned, thereby providing a new powerful lever for crystal engineering in two dimensions. Here, we study the self-assembly of triptycene derivatives with anthracene blades on Au(111) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Density Functional Theory. The impact of molecule-surface interactions was experimentally tested by comparing pristine with iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces. Thereby, we observed a fundamental change of the adsorption mode that triggered self-assembly of an entirely different structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Eva Ringel
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Benjamin T King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0216, USA
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, IFM, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dorina Opris
- Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, IFM, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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32
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Grossmann L, Ringel E, Rastgoo‐Lahrood A, King BT, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Opris D, Björk J, Lackinger M. Steuerung der Selbstassemblierung von dreidimensionalen Iptycenen auf Au(111) durch Abstimmung der Molekül‐Oberflächen‐Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Eva Ringel
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Atena Rastgoo‐Lahrood
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University IFM, 581 83 Linköping Schweden
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Dorina Opris
- Abteilung Funktionspolymere Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University IFM, 581 83 Linköping Schweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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33
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[2+2] Cyclo-Addition Reactions for Efficient Polymerization on a HOPG Surface at Ambient Conditions. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081334. [PMID: 35458042 PMCID: PMC9031210 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymers obtained by on-surface chemistry have emerged as a class of promising materials. Here, we propose a new strategy to obtain self-assembled 1D polymers by using photochemical [2+2] cyclo-addition or by using a mild thermal annealing. All nanostructures are fully characterized by using scanning tunneling microscopy at ambient conditions on a graphite surface. We demonstrated that nature of the stimulus strongly alters the overall quality of the resulting polymers in terms of length and number of defects. This new way is an efficient method to elaborate on-surface self-assembled 1D polymers.
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34
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Li DY, Wang Y, Hou XY, Ren YT, Kang LX, Xue FH, Zhu YC, Liu JW, Liu M, Shi XQ, Qiu X, Liu PN. On-Surface Synthesis of [3]Radialenes via [1+1+1] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117714. [PMID: 35179282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
[3]Radialenes are the smallest carbocyclic structures with unusual topologies and cross-conjugated π-electronic structures. Here, we report a novel [1+1+1] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of aza[3]radialenes on the Ag(111) surface, where the steric hindrance of the chlorine substituents guides the selective and orientational assembling of the isocyanide precursors. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, we determined the atomic structure of the produced aza[3]radialenes. Furthermore, two reaction pathways including synergistic and stepwise are proposed based on density functional theory calculations, which reveal the role of the chlorine substituents in the activation of the isocyano groups via electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Sino-Danish College, Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin-Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fu-Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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35
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Zhan G, Cai ZF, Strutyński K, Yu L, Herrmann N, Martínez-Abadía M, Melle-Franco M, Mateo-Alonso A, Feyter SD. Observing polymerization in 2D dynamic covalent polymers. Nature 2022; 603:835-840. [PMID: 35355001 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The quality of crystalline two-dimensional (2D) polymers1-6 is intimately related to the elusive polymerization and crystallization processes. Understanding the mechanism of such processes at the (sub)molecular level is crucial to improve predictive synthesis and to tailor material properties for applications in catalysis7-10 and (opto)electronics11,12, among others13-18. We characterize a model boroxine 2D dynamic covalent polymer, by using in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy, to unveil both qualitative and quantitative details of the nucleation-elongation processes in real time and under ambient conditions. Sequential data analysis enables observation of the amorphous-to-crystalline transition, the time-dependent evolution of nuclei, the existence of 'non-classical' crystallization pathways and, importantly, the experimental determination of essential crystallization parameters with excellent accuracy, including critical nucleus size, nucleation rate and growth rate. The experimental data have been further rationalized by atomistic computer models, which, taken together, provide a detailed picture of the dynamic on-surface polymerization process. Furthermore, we show how 2D crystal growth can be affected by abnormal grain growth. This finding provides support for the use of abnormal grain growth (a typical phenomenon in metallic and ceramic systems) to convert a polycrystalline structure into a single crystal in organic and 2D material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lihua Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niklas Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Zhou Y, Dong J, Zhou C, Wang Q. Finite Assembly of Three-Dimensional DNA Hierarchical Nanoarchitectures through Orthogonal and Directional Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116416. [PMID: 35147275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reliable orthogonal bonding with precise and flexible orientation control would be ideal for building finite complex nanostructures via self-assembly. Employing a three-dimensional (3D) DNA origami, hexagonal prism DNA origami (HDO), as building block, we demonstrate it is practical to construct finite hierarchical nanoarchitectures with complicated conformations through orthogonal and directional bonding. The as-designed HDO building block has twelve prescribed directional valences in 3D space and each of them supports two opposite orientations, yielding the capability to generate abundant directional bonding. Meanwhile, we minimize the thorny non-specific interactions among HDOs and enable the orthogonal bonding between any two valences based on self-similar designing. Consequently, various hierarchical nanostructures are prepared at will simply by the combination of HDOs with appropriate valences. We believe this route towards hierarchically assembly is inspiring and hope it will facilitate the fabrication of functional superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Jinyi Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, China.,College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Li D, Wang Y, Hou X, Ren Y, Kang L, Xue F, Zhu Y, Liu J, Liu M, Shi X, Qiu X, Liu P. On‐Surface Synthesis of [3]Radialenes via [1+1+1] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng‐Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Sino-Danish College Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yin‐Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Li‐Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Fu‐Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ya‐Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jian‐Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xing‐Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pei‐Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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40
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Zhou Y, Dong J, Zhou C, Wang Q. Finite Assembly of Three‐Dimensional DNA Hierarchical Nanoarchitectures through Orthogonal and Directional Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics University of Science and Technology of China China
| | - Jinyi Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences China
| | - Chao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics University of Science and Technology of China China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics University of Science and Technology of China China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China
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41
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Ou Z, Liang B, Liang Z, Tan F, Dong X, Gong L, Zhao P, Wang H, Zou Y, Xia Y, Chen X, Liu W, Qi H, Kaiser U, Zheng Z. Oriented Growth of Thin Films of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Large Single-Crystalline Domains on the Water Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3233-3241. [PMID: 35147035 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been a longstanding challenge to rationally synthesize thin films of organic two-dimensional (2D) crystals with large single-crystalline domains. Here, we present a general strategy for the creation of 2D crystals of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on the water surface, assisted by a charged polymer. The morphology of the preorganized monomers underneath the charged polymer on the water surface and their diffusion were crucial for the formation of the organic 2D crystals. Thin films of 2D COFs with an average single-crystalline domain size of around 3.57 ± 2.57 μm2 have been achieved, and their lattice structure, molecular structure, and grain boundaries were identified with a resolution down to 3 Å. The swing of chain segments and lattice distortion were revealed as key factors in compensating for the misorientation between adjacent grains and facilitating error corrections at the grain boundaries, giving rise to larger single-crystalline domains. The generality of the synthesis method was further proved with three additional 2D COFs. The oriented single-crystalline domains and clear grain boundaries render the films as model materials to study the dependence of the vertical conductivity of organic 2D crystals on domain sizes and chemical structures, and significant grain boundary effects were illustrated. This study presents a breakthrough in the controlled synthesis of organic 2D crystals with structural control at the molecular level. We envisage that this work will inspire further investigation into the microstructure-intrinsic property correlation of 2D COFs and boost their application in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Ou
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baokun Liang
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zihao Liang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanglin Tan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Gong
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhai Zou
- Departments of Cardiology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, 510010 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjun Xia
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, The First School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, 510010 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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42
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Li X, Ge H, Xue R, Wu M, Chi L. Anchoring and Reacting On-Surface to Achieve Programmability. JACS AU 2022; 2:58-65. [PMID: 35098221 PMCID: PMC8790738 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has developed into a modern method to fabricate low-dimensional molecular nanostructures with atomic precision. It impresses the chemistry community mostly via its simplicity, selectivity, and programmability during the synthesis. However, an insufficient mechanistic understanding of on-surface reactions and the discriminations in methodologies block it out from the conventional cognition of reaction and catalysis, which inhibits the extensive implication of on-surface synthesis. In this Perspective, we summarize the empirical paradigms of conceptually appealing programmability in on-surface synthesis. We endeavor to deliver the message that the impressive programmability is related to chemical heterogeneity which can also be coded at the molecular level and deciphered by the catalytic surfaces in varying chemical environments as specific chemical selectivity. With the assistance of structure-sensitive techniques, it is possible to recognize the chemical heterogeneity on surfaces to provide insight into the programmable on-surface construction of molecular nanoarchitectures and to reshape the correlation between the mechanistic understanding in on-surface synthesis and conventional chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renjie Xue
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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43
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Self-assembly and photoinduced fabrication of conductive nanographene wires on boron nitride. Nat Commun 2022; 13:442. [PMID: 35064113 PMCID: PMC8782843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manufacturing molecule-based functional elements directly at device interfaces is a frontier in bottom-up materials engineering. A longstanding challenge in the field is the covalent stabilization of pre-assembled molecular architectures to afford nanodevice components. Here, we employ the controlled supramolecular self-assembly of anthracene derivatives on a hexagonal boron nitride sheet, to generate nanographene wires through photo-crosslinking and thermal annealing. Specifically, we demonstrate µm-long nanowires with an average width of 200 nm, electrical conductivities of 106 S m−1 and breakdown current densities of 1011 A m−2. Joint experiments and simulations reveal that hierarchical self-assembly promotes their formation and functional properties. Our approach demonstrates the feasibility of combined bottom-up supramolecular templating and top-down manufacturing protocols for graphene nanomaterials and interconnects, towards integrated carbon nanodevices. The bottom-up fabrication of structures with robust performance in the nm-to-μm scale usable for integrated carbon nanodevices is challenging. Here the authors report micrometer-long, highly conducting nanographene wires following self-assembly, photo-crosslinking and thermal annealing of anthracene derivatives on hexagonal boron nitride sheets.
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44
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Kitao T, Zhang X, Uemura T. Nanoconfined synthesis of conjugated ladder polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00809b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in controlled synthesis of conjugated ladder polymers using templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Monolayer and Bilayer Formation of Molecular 2D Networks Assembled at the Liquid/Solid Interfaces by Solution-Based Drop-Cast Method. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247707. [PMID: 34946789 PMCID: PMC8706512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extending self-assembled structures from two-dimensions (2D) to three-dimensions (3D) has been a paradigm in surface supramolecular chemistry and contemporary nanotechnology. Using organic molecules of p-terphenyl-3,5,3′,5′-tetracarboxylic acid (TPTC), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we present a simple route, that is the control of the solute solubility in a sample solution, to achieve the vertical growth of supramolecular self-assemblies, which would otherwise form monolayers at the organic solvent/graphite interface. Presumably, the bilayer formations were based on π-conjugated overlapped molecular dimers that worked as nuclei to induce the yielding of the second layer. We also tested other molecules, including trimesic acid (TMA) and 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-benzene (BTB), as well as the further application of our methodology, demonstrating the facile preparation of layered assemblies.
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46
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Grossmann L, Duncan DA, Jarvis SP, Jones RG, De S, Rosen J, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. Evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and decoupling of covalent organic networks on Ag(111) by normal-incidence X-ray standing wave. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 7:51-62. [PMID: 34889932 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization in on-surface synthesis is primarily carried out by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) which provides high lateral resolution. Yet, important fresh perspectives on surface interactions and molecular conformations are gained from adsorption heights that remain largely inaccessible to SPM, but can be precisely measured with both elemental and chemical sensitivity by Normal-Incidence X-ray Standing Wave (NIXSW) analysis. Here, we study the evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and post-synthetic decoupling of porous covalent triazine-phenylene networks obtained from 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TBPT) precursors on Ag(111). Room temperature deposition of TBPT and mild annealing to ∼150 °C result in full debromination and formation of organometallic intermediates, where the monomers are linked into reticulated networks by C-Ag-C bonds. Topologically identical covalent networks comprised of triazine vertices that are interconnected by biphenyl units are obtained by a thermally activated chemical transformation of the organometallic intermediates. Exposure to iodine vapor facilitates decoupling by intercalation of an iodine monolayer between the covalent networks and the Ag(111) surface. Accordingly, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and NIXSW experiments are carried out for three successive sample stages: organometallic intermediates, covalent networks directly on Ag(111) and after decoupling. NIXSW analysis facilitates the determination of adsorption heights of chemically distinct carbon species, i.e. in the phenyl and triazine rings, and also for the organometallic carbon atoms. Thereby, molecular conformations are assessed for each sample stage. The interpretation of experimental results is informed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, providing a consistent picture of adsorption heights and molecular deformations in the networks that result from the interplay between steric hindrance and surface interactions. Quantitative adsorption heights, i.e. vertical distances between adsorbates and surface, provide detailed insight into surface interactions, but are underexplored in on-surface synthesis. In particular, the direct comparison with an in situ prepared decoupled state unveils the surface influence on the network structure, and shows that iodine intercalation is a powerful decoupling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Samuel P Jarvis
- Lancaster University, Physics Department, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Robert G Jones
- University of Nottingham, Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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47
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Rikanati L, Dery S, Gross E. AFM-IR and s-SNOM-IR measurements of chemically addressable monolayers on Au nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204704. [PMID: 34852499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of catalysts depends on their nanoscale properties, and local variations in structure and composition can have a dramatic impact on the catalytic reactivity. Therefore, probing the localized reactivity of catalytic surfaces using high spatial resolution vibrational spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, is essential for mapping their reactivity pattern. Two fundamentally different scanning probe IR nanospectroscopy techniques, namely, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), provide the capabilities for mapping the reactivity pattern of catalytic surfaces with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Herein, we compare these two techniques with regard to their applicability for probing the vibrational signature of reactive molecules on catalytic nanoparticles. For this purpose, we use chemically addressable self-assembled molecules on Au nanoparticles as model systems. We identified significant spectral differences depending on the measurement technique, which originate from the fundamentally different working principles of the applied methods. While AFM-IR spectra provided information from all the molecules that were positioned underneath the tip, the s-SNOM spectra were more orientation-sensitive. Due to its field-enhancement factor, the s-SNOM spectra showed higher vibrational signals for dipoles that were perpendicularly oriented to the surface. The s-SNOM sensitivity to the molecular orientation influenced the amplitude, position, and signal-to-noise ratio of the collected spectra. Ensemble-based IR measurements verified that differences in the localized IR spectra stem from the enhanced sensitivity of s-SNOM measurements to the adsorption geometry of the probed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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48
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Zhang Z, Perepichka DF, Khaliullin RZ. Adatoms in the Surface-Confined Ullmann Coupling of Phenyl Groups. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11061-11069. [PMID: 34747624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the on-surface Ullmann coupling for synthesis of atomically precise carbon nanostructures, it is still unclear whether this reaction is catalyzed by surface atoms or adatoms. Here, the feasibility of the adatom creation and adatom-catalyzed Ullmann coupling of chloro-, bromo-, and iodobenzene on Cu(111), Ag(111), and Au(111) surfaces is examined using density functional theory modeling. The extraction of a metal atom is found to be greatly facilitated by the formation of strong phenyl-metal bonds, making the extraction energy barrier comparable to, and in the case of Ag(111) even lower than, that for the competing surface-catalyzed phenyl-phenyl bond formation. However, if the phenyl-adatom bonds are too strong, as on Cu(111) and Ag(111), they create an insurmountable barrier for the subsequent adatom-catalyzed C-C coupling. In contrast, Au adatoms do not bind phenyl groups strongly and can catalyze the C-C bond formation almost as efficiently as surface atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Rustam Z Khaliullin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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Kristinaityte K, Urbańczyk M, Mames A, Pietrzak M, Ratajczyk T. Photoreactivity of an Exemplary Anthracene Mixture Revealed by NMR Studies, including a Kinetic Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:6695. [PMID: 34771104 PMCID: PMC8587725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracenes are an important class of acenes. They are being utilized more and more often in chemistry and materials sciences, due to their unique rigid molecular structure and photoreactivity. In particular, photodimerization can be harnessed for the fabrication of novel photoresponsive materials. Photodimerization between the same anthracenes have been investigated and utilized in various fields, while reactions between varying anthracenes have barely been investigated. Here, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is employed for the investigation of the photodimerization of two exemplary anthracenes: anthracene (A) and 9-bromoanthracene (B), in the solutions with only A or B, and in the mixture of A and B. Estimated k values, derived from the presented kinetic model, showed that the dimerization of A was 10 times faster in comparison with B when compounds were investigated in separate samples, and 2 times faster when compounds were prepared in the mixture. Notably, the photoreaction in the mixture, apart from AA and BB, additionally yielded a large amount of the AB mixdimer. Another important advantage of investigating a mixture with different anthracenes is the ability to estimate the relative reactivity for all the reactions under the same experimental conditions. This results in a better understanding of the photodimerization processes. Thus, the rational photofabrication of mix-anthracene-based materials can be facilitated, which is of crucial importance in the field of polymer and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariusz Pietrzak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.U.); (A.M.)
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.U.); (A.M.)
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50
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Flores O, Locquet P, Suffert J. An Alternative Route to Complex Allenes or Cyclooctatrienes via a Suzuki Cyclocarbopalladation Cascade. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103502. [PMID: 34735041 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 4-exo-dig cyclocarbopalladation of vinyl bromides substituted with a triple or double bond resulted in impressive cascade reactions leading to different compounds under Suzuki cross-coupling conditions upon a slight modification of the starting material. When the starting compound carries a triple bond, a single cascade occurs providing a structure containing an allene, a tetrasubstituted cyclopropane, and a cyclobutene with complete stereoselectivity. When the related starting material possessing a double bond is reacted under the same conditions in the presence of various vinyl boronic esters or acids, an efficient 8π-electrocyclization provides tricyclic systems comprised of a cyclobutene unit, as well as a cyclooctatriene. Five carbons of the latter can be selectively decorated with different substituents depending on the choice of the starting material and the boronic coupling partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Flores
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Pierre Locquet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Jean Suffert
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
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