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Wang J, Niu K, Zhu H, Xu C, Deng C, Zhao W, Huang P, Lin H, Li D, Rosen J, Liu P, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Yang B, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Universal inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3030. [PMID: 38589464 PMCID: PMC11001993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides tools to prepare low-dimensional supramolecular structures. Traditionally, reactive radicals are a class of single-electron species, serving as exceptional electron-withdrawing groups. On metal surfaces, however, such species are affected by conduction band screening effects that may even quench their unpaired electron characteristics. As a result, radicals are expected to be less active, and reactions catalyzed by surface-stabilized radicals are rarely reported. Herein, we describe a class of inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces. With the assistance of aryl halide precursors, the coupling of terminal alkynes is steered from non-dehydrogenated to dehydrogenated products, resulting in alkynyl-Ag-alkynyl bonds. Dehalogenated molecules are fully passivated by detached hydrogen atoms. The reaction mechanism is unraveled by various surface-sensitive technologies and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, we reveal the universality of this mechanism on metal surfaces. Our studies enrich the on-surface synthesis toolbox and develop a pathway for producing low-dimensional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peipei Huang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Peinian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
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2
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Merino-Diez N, Amador R, Stolz ST, Passerone D, Widmer R, Gröning O. Asymmetric Molecular Adsorption and Regioselective Bond Cleavage on Chiral PdGa Crystals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309081. [PMID: 38353319 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Homogenous enantioselective catalysis is nowadays the cornerstone in the manufacturing of enantiopure substances, but its technological implementation suffers from well-known impediments like the lack of endurable catalysts exhibiting long-term stability. The catalytically active intermetallic compound Palladium-Gallium (PdGa), conserving innate bulk chirality on its surfaces, represent a promising system to study asymmetric chemical reactions by heterogeneous catalysis, with prospective relevance for industrial processes. Here, this work investigates the adsorption of 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene (DBBA) on the PdGa:A(1 ¯ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ $\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}$ ) Pd3-terminated surface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). A highly enantioselective adsorption of the molecule evolving into a near 100% enantiomeric excess below room temperature is observed. This exceptionally high enantiomeric excess is attributed to temperature activated conversion of the S to the R chiral conformer. Tip-induced bond cleavage of the R conformer shows a very high regioselectivity of the DBBA debromination. The experimental results are interpreted by density functional theory atomistic simulations. This work extends the knowledge of chirality transfer onto the enantioselective adsorption of non-planar molecules and manifests the ensemble effect of PdGa surfaces resulting in robust regioselective debromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Merino-Diez
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Amador
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Samuel T Stolz
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Passerone
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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3
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Zhong Q, Jung J, Kohrs D, Kaczmarek LA, Ebeling D, Mollenhauer D, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A. Deciphering the Mechanism of On-Surface Dehydrogenative C-C Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1849-1859. [PMID: 38226612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has proven to be a powerful approach for fabricating various low-dimensional covalent nanostructures with atomic precision that could be challenging for conventional solution chemistry. Dehydrogenative Caryl-Caryl coupling is one of the most popular on-surface reactions, of which the mechanisms, however, have not been well understood due to the lack of microscopic insights into the intermediates that are fleetingly existing under harsh reaction conditions. Here, we bypass the most energy-demanding initiation step to generate and capture some of the intermediates at room temperature (RT) via the cyclodehydrobromination of 1-bromo-8-phenylnaphthalene on a Cu(111) surface. Bond-level scanning probe imaging and manipulation in combination with DFT calculations allow for the identification of chemisorbed radicals, cyclized intermediates, and dehydrogenated products. These intermediates correspond to three main reaction steps, namely, debromination, cyclization (radical addition), and H elimination. H elimination is the rate-determining step as evidenced by the predominant cyclized intermediates. Furthermore, we reveal a long-overlooked pathway of dehydrogenation, namely, atomic hydrogen-catalyzed H shift and elimination, based on the observation of intermediates for H shift and superhydrogenation and the proof of a self-amplifying effect of the reaction. This pathway is further corroborated by comprehensive theoretical analysis on the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jannis Jung
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - L Alix Kaczmarek
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
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4
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Jiang H, He Y, Lu J, Zheng F, Zhu Z, Yan Y, Sun Q. Unraveling the Mechanisms of On-Surface Photoinduced Reaction with Polarized Light Excitations. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1118-1125. [PMID: 38117979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
On-surface reaction has been shown as a powerful strategy to achieve atomically precise nanostructures. Numerous reactions have been realized on surfaces with thermal annealing as the primary excitation. In contrast, far fewer reactions have been triggered by light on surfaces despite its advantages due to the nonthermal process. This is possibly ascribed to our limited understanding on the excitation mechanisms of on-surface photoinduced reactions. In this work, we have studied the photoinduced debrominated coupling by using a linearly polarized light. We successfully achieved the reaction with no annealing process and obtained oligomers as the primary reaction products, which is in contrast with the formation of polymers with traditional thermal treatments. By exploring the dependence of reaction yield on the angle of incidence, we demonstrate an experimental method that can provide fundamental insights. The comparison with the theoretical approximation suggests indirect hot carrier excitation as the leading excitation mechanism. Our results not only provide fundamental insight into the surface photochemical reactions but also set the basis for harnessing light to construct unconventional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu He
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengru Zheng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
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5
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Kawai S, Silveira OJ, Kurki L, Yuan Z, Nishiuchi T, Kodama T, Sun K, Custance O, Lado JL, Kubo T, Foster AS. Local probe-induced structural isomerization in a one-dimensional molecular array. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7741. [PMID: 38007486 PMCID: PMC10676401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of one-dimensional molecular arrays with tailored stereoisomers is challenging yet has great potential for application in molecular opto-, electronic- and magnetic-devices, where the local array structure plays a decisive role in the functional properties. Here, we demonstrate the construction and characterization of dehydroazulene isomer and diradical units in three-dimensional organometallic compounds on Ag(111) with a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Tip-induced voltage pulses firstly result in the formation of a diradical species via successive homolytic fission of two C-Br bonds in the naphthyl groups, which are subsequently transformed into chiral dehydroazulene moieties. The delicate balance of the reaction rates among the diradical and two stereoisomers, arising from an in-line configuration of tip and molecular unit, allows directional azulene-to-azulene and azulene-to-diradical local probe structural isomerization in a controlled manner. Furthermore, our theoretical calculations suggest that the diradical moiety hosts an open-shell singlet with antiferromagnetic coupling between the unpaired electrons, which can undergo an inelastic spin transition of 91 meV to the ferromagnetically coupled triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | - Lauri Kurki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhangyu Yuan
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kewei Sun
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Oscar Custance
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jose L Lado
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Adam S Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland.
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma- machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
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6
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Zhong Q, Mardyukov A, Solel E, Ebeling D, Schirmeisen A, Schreiner PR. On-Surface Synthesis and Real-Space Visualization of Aromatic P 3 N 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310121. [PMID: 37702299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is at the verge of emerging as the method of choice for the generation and visualization of unstable or unconventional molecules, which could not be obtained via traditional synthetic methods. A case in point is the on-surface synthesis of the structurally elusive cyclotriphosphazene (P3 N3 ), an inorganic aromatic analogue of benzene. Here, we report the preparation of this fleetingly existing species on Cu(111) and Au(111) surfaces at 5.2 K through molecular manipulation with unprecedented precision, i.e., voltage pulse-induced sextuple dechlorination of an ultra-small (about 6 Å) hexachlorophosphazene P3 N3 Cl6 precursor by the tip of a scanning probe microscope. Real-space atomic-level imaging of cyclotriphosphazene reveals its planar D3h -symmetric ring structure. Furthermore, this demasking strategy has been expanded to generate cyclotriphosphazene from a hexaazide precursor P3 N21 via a different stimulation method (photolysis) for complementary measurements by matrix isolation infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Artur Mardyukov
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ephrath Solel
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Yi Z, Guo Y, Hou R, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xu W. Revealing the Orientation Selectivity of Tetrapyridyl-Substituted Porphyrins Constrained in Molecular "Klotski Puzzles". J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22366-22373. [PMID: 37769215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling molecular orientations in self-assembled organic nanostructures are crucial to the development of advanced functional nanodevices. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) provides a powerful toolbox to recognize molecular orientations and to induce orientation changes on surfaces at the single-molecule level. Enormous effort has been devoted to directly controlling the molecular orientations of isolated single molecules in free space. However, revealing and further controlling molecular orientation selectivity in constrained environments remain elusive. In this study, by a combination of STM imaging/manipulations and density functional theory calculations, we report the orientation selectivity of tetrapyridyl-substituted porphyrins in response to various local molecular environments in artificially constructed molecular "Klotski puzzles" on Au(111). With the assistance of STM lateral manipulations, "sliding-block" molecules were able to enter predefined positions, and specific molecular orientations were adopted to fit the local molecular environments, in which the intermolecular interaction was revealed to be the key to achieving the eventual molecular orientation selectivity. Our results demonstrate the essential role of local molecular environments in directing single-molecule orientations, which would shed light on the design of molecular structures to control preferred orientations for further applications in molecular nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujia Hou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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8
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Li R, Zhang L, Chen T, Wang D. On-Surface Two-Dimensional Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12521-12532. [PMID: 37651313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are molecularly thin networks consisting of monomers covalently linked in at least two directions in the molecular plane. Because of the unique structural features and emergent physicochemical properties, 2DPs promise application potentials in catalysis, chemical sensing, and organic electronic devices. On-surface synthesis is of great interest to fabricate 2DPs with atomic precision, and the properties of the 2DPs can be characterized in situ through scanning probe techniques. In this Perspective, we first introduce the recent developments of on-surface 2D polymerization, including the design principle, the synthetic reactions, and the factors affecting the synthesis of 2DPs on surface. Then, we summarize some major challenges in this field, including the fabrication of high-quality 2DPs and the study of the intrinsic electronic properties of 2DPs, and we discuss some of the available solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Longzhu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Scheidt J, Diener A, Maiworm M, Müller KR, Findeisen R, Driessens K, Tautz FS, Wagner C. Concept for the Real-Time Monitoring of Molecular Configurations during Manipulation with a Scanning Probe Microscope. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:13817-13836. [PMID: 37492192 PMCID: PMC10364088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
A bold vision in nanofabrication is the assembly of functional molecular structures using a scanning probe microscope (SPM). This approach requires continuous monitoring of the molecular configuration during manipulation. Until now, this has been impossible because the SPM tip cannot simultaneously act as an actuator and an imaging probe. Here, we implement configuration monitoring using experimental data other than images collected during the manipulation process. We model the manipulation as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) and approximate the actual configuration in real time using a particle filter. To achieve this, the models underlying the POMDP are precomputed and organized in the form of a finite-state automaton, allowing the use of complex atomistic simulations. We exemplify the configuration monitoring process and reveal structural motifs behind measured force gradients. The proposed methodology marks an important step toward the piece-by-piece creation of supramolecular structures in a robotic and possibly automated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Scheidt
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Data
Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht
University, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Diener
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Data
Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht
University, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Maiworm
- Laboratory
for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Max
Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Machine Learning
Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Rolf Findeisen
- Control
and Cyber-Physical Systems Laboratory, Technische
Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kurt Driessens
- Data
Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht
University, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F. Stefan Tautz
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department
of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Christian Wagner
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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10
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Sarkar S, Au-Yeung KH, Kühne T, Waentig A, Ryndyk DA, Heine T, Cuniberti G, Feng X, Moresco F. Adsorption and reversible conformational change of a thiophene based molecule on Au(111). Sci Rep 2023; 13:10627. [PMID: 37391525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope investigation of a prochiral thiophene-based molecule that self-assembles forming islands with different domains on the Au(111) surface. In the domains, two different conformations of the single molecule are observed, depending on a slight rotation of two adjacent bromothiophene groups. Using voltage pulses from the tip, single molecules can be switched between the two conformations. The electronic states have been measured with scanning tunneling spectroscopy, showing that the electronic resonances are mainly localized at the same positions in both conformations. Density-functional theory calculations support the experimental results. Furthermore, we observe that on Ag(111), only one configuration is present and therefore the switching effect is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchetana Sarkar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kwan Ho Au-Yeung
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Kühne
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Albrecht Waentig
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Ryndyk
- Theoretical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Theoretical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesca Moresco
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Kumar A, Swain S, Prabhudesai VS. Inelastic electron scattering induced quantum coherence in molecular dynamics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2769. [PMID: 37179339 PMCID: PMC10183011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum coherence is pivotal in various applications ranging from chemical control to quantum computing. An example of its manifestation in molecular dynamics is inversion symmetry breaking in the photodissociation of homonuclear diatomic molecules. On the other hand, the dissociative attachment of an incoherent electron also induces such coherent dynamics. However, these processes are resonant and occur for projectiles with a specific energy. Here we present the most general scenario of non-resonant inelastic electron scattering inducing such a quantum coherence in molecular dynamics. The ion-pair formation (H+ + H─) that proceeds after the electron impact excitation of H2 shows a forward-backward asymmetry about the incoming electron beam. Simultaneous transfer of multiple angular momentum quanta during the electron collision induces the underlying coherence in the system. The non-resonant nature of this process makes this effect generic and points to its possible prevalent role in particle collision processes, including electron-induced chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Suvasis Swain
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba Mumbai, 400005, India
- Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP) - UMR 6252 - Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, 14000, Caen, France
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12
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Xing GY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. On-Surface Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4462-4470. [PMID: 37154541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as a bottom-up synthetic method, has been proven to be a powerful tool for atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials over the past 15 years. This method relies on covalent coupling reactions that occur on solid substrates such as metal or metal oxide surfaces under ultra-high-vacuum conditions, and the achievements with this method have greatly enriched fundamental science and technology. However, due to the complicated reactivity of organic groups, distinct diffusion of reactants and intermediates, and irreversibility of covalent bonds, achieving the high selectivity of covalent coupling reactions on surfaces remains a great challenge. As a result, only a few on-surface covalent coupling reactions, mainly involving dehalogenation and dehydrogenation homocoupling, are frequently used in the synthesis of low-dimensional carbon nanosystems. In this Perspective, we focus on the development and synthetic applications of on-surface cross-coupling reactions, mainly Ullmann, Sonogashira, Heck, and divergent cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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He Y, Wu D, Zhang X. Bottom-up on-surface synthesis based on click-functionalized peptide bundles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8996-9002. [PMID: 37144607 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01070h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a modern technique for the preparation of atomically low-dimensional molecular nanostructures. However, most nanomaterials grow horizontally on the surface, and the step-by-step longitudinally controllable covalent bonding reaction on the surface is rarely reported. Here, we successfully achieved bottom-up on-surface synthesis by using coiled-coil homotetrameric peptide bundles called 'bundlemers' as building blocks. Rigid nano-cylindrical bundlemer with two click-reactive functionalities at each end can be grafted vertically onto the surface or another bundlemer with complementary clickable groups by click reaction at one end, thus enabling the longitudinal bottom-up synthesis of rigid rods with an exact number of bundlemers (up to 6) on the surface. Moreover, we can graft linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to one terminal of rigid rods to obtain rod-PEG hybrid nanostructures that can be released from the surface under specific conditions. Interestingly, rod-PEG nanostructures consisting of different numbers of bundles can self-assemble in water into different nano-hyperstructures. In general, the bottom-up on-surface synthesis strategy presented here can provide a simple and accurate method to manufacture a variety of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Dongdong Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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14
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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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15
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An Y, Tang X, Wang W, Hao D, Zhao X, Wang M, Ye X, Shan X, Lu X. Spatially Resolved Stimulation for the Controlled Debromination in Single Molecules on a Surface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18592-18600. [PMID: 36066020 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A controlled chemical reaction on a specific bond in a single molecule is an inevitable step toward atomic engineering and fabrication. Here, we explored the debromination of a single 9,10-dibromoanthracene (DBA) molecule on a surface as stimulated by the voltage pulse through the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A voltage threshold of about 2.2 V is obtained, and the nature of single-electron process is revealed. The spatially resolved debromination yield is obtained as a function of the pulse magnitude, which presents strong asymmetry for the two C-Br bonds. The optimal stimulation parameters including the pulse magnitude and the tip locations are suggested. The distinct dynamics in dissociation of the two bonds are illustrated by their energy diagrams and recoil paths, as derived by the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The influence of the local electric field due to the STM tip on the dissociation of the C-Br bond has also been discussed. The study presents detailed practice for the controlled debromination in a single DBA molecule, which may lead to automated atomic engineering and fabrication of artificial nanostructures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiangqian Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dong Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinjia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Muyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xia Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinyan Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Beijing, 100190, China
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16
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de Oteyza DG, Frederiksen T. Carbon-based nanostructures as a versatile platform for tunable π-magnetism. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:443001. [PMID: 35977474 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8a7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emergence ofπ-magnetism in open-shell nanographenes has been theoretically predicted decades ago but their experimental characterization was elusive due to the strong chemical reactivity that makes their synthesis and stabilization difficult. In recent years, on-surface synthesis under vacuum conditions has provided unprecedented opportunities for atomically precise engineering of nanographenes, which in combination with scanning probe techniques have led to a substantial progress in our capabilities to realize localized electron spin states and to control electron spin interactions at the atomic scale. Here we review the essential concepts and the remarkable advances in the last few years, and outline the versatility of carbon-basedπ-magnetic materials as an interesting platform for applications in spintronics and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas G de Oteyza
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA, E-33940 El Entrego, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)-UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)-UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers have garnered widespread interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. Envisaged applications in fields including nanodevices, solid-state chemistry, physical organic chemistry, and condensed matter physics, however, demand high-quality and large-scale production. In this perspective, we first introduce exotic band structures of organic frameworks holding honeycomb, kagome, and Lieb lattices. We further discuss how mesoscale ordered 2D polymers can be synthesized by means of choosing suitable monomers and optimizing growth conditions. We describe successful polymerization strategies to introducing a non-benzenoid subunit into a π-conjugated carbon lattice via delicately designed monomer precursors. Also, to obviate transfer and restore the intrinsic properties of π-conjugated polymers, new paradigms of aryl-aryl coupling on inert surfaces are discussed. Recent achievements in the photopolymerization demonstrate the need for monomer design. We conclude the potential applications of these organic networks and project the future possibilities in providing new insights into on-surface polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Yang XQ, Duan JJ, Su J, Peng X, Yi ZY, Li RN, Lu J, Wang SF, Chen T, Wang D. Aromatic Ring Fusion to Benzoporphyrin via γ- ortho Cyclodehydrogenation on a Ag(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13092-13100. [PMID: 35913404 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic ring fusion to porphyrins and their derivatives represents an attractive route to tune the molecular conjugation and thus expand their functionalities. Here, we report the expansion of the aromatic π-system of palladium tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrins (Pd-TPTBP) via surface-assisted γ-ortho cyclodehydrogenation on Ag(111). The chemical transformation of Pd-TPTBP into different products at an elevated temperature of 600 K was revealed at the single-molecule level using bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy with a CO-functionalized tip. We captured a series of γ-ortho cyclodehydrogenation products, wherein the maximum extent to which the reaction can progress is associated with 7-fold C-C formation to afford nearly planar γ-ortho fused porphyrins with 66 conjugated π-electrons. In addition, a small number of molecules undergo C-C bond dissociation of meso-phenyl at elevated temperature, producing fully planar γ-ortho fused products lacking one or two phenyl moieties. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements and DFT calculations suggest the electronic gap of the γ-ortho fused porphyrin decreases compared to that of the precursor. The HOMO and LUMO of the planar γ-ortho fused products are localized on the partially fused benzo moieties and the meso-position, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xinnan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhen-Yu Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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19
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Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pozo I, Tavernelli I, Repp J, Peña D, Gross L. Selectivity in single-molecule reactions by tip-induced redox chemistry. Science 2022; 377:298-301. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlling selectivity of reactions is an ongoing quest in chemistry. In this work, we demonstrate reversible and selective bond formation and dissociation promoted by tip-induced reduction-oxidation reactions on a surface. Molecular rearrangements leading to different constitutional isomers are selected by the polarity and magnitude of applied voltage pulses from the tip of a combined scanning tunneling and atomic force microscope. Characterization of voltage dependence of the reactions and determination of reaction rates demonstrate selectivity in constitutional isomerization reactions and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms. With support of density functional theory calculations, we find that the energy landscape of the isomers in different charge states is important to rationalize the selectivity. Tip-induced selective single-molecule reactions increase our understanding of redox chemistry and could lead to novel molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shadi Fatayer
- IBM Research Europe – Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Applied Physics Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iago Pozo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe – Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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20
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Cervantes-Salguero K, Biaggne A, Youngsman JM, Ward BM, Kim YC, Li L, Hall JA, Knowlton WB, Graugnard E, Kuang W. Strategies for Controlling the Spatial Orientation of Single Molecules Tethered on DNA Origami Templates Physisorbed on Glass Substrates: Intercalation and Stretching. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147690. [PMID: 35887059 PMCID: PMC9323263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoarchitectural control of matter is crucial for next-generation technologies. DNA origami templates are harnessed to accurately position single molecules; however, direct single molecule evidence is lacking regarding how well DNA origami can control the orientation of such molecules in three-dimensional space, as well as the factors affecting control. Here, we present two strategies for controlling the polar (θ) and in-plane azimuthal (ϕ) angular orientations of cyanine Cy5 single molecules tethered on rationally-designed DNA origami templates that are physically adsorbed (physisorbed) on glass substrates. By using dipolar imaging to evaluate Cy5′s orientation and super-resolution microscopy, the absolute spatial orientation of Cy5 is calculated relative to the DNA template. The sequence-dependent partial intercalation of Cy5 is discovered and supported theoretically using density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, and it is harnessed as our first strategy to achieve θ control for a full revolution with dispersion as small as ±4.5°. In our second strategy, ϕ control is achieved by mechanically stretching the Cy5 from its two tethers, being the dispersion ±10.3° for full stretching. These results can in principle be applied to any single molecule, expanding in this way the capabilities of DNA as a functional templating material for single-molecule orientation control. The experimental and modeling insights provided herein will help engineer similar self-assembling molecular systems based on polymers, such as RNA and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitel Cervantes-Salguero
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.C.-S.); (W.K.)
| | - Austin Biaggne
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
| | - John M. Youngsman
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Brett M. Ward
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Young C. Kim
- Materials Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6300, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| | - John A. Hall
- Division of Research and Economic Development, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - William B. Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Elton Graugnard
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (J.M.Y.); (B.M.W.); (L.L.); (W.B.K.); (E.G.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| | - Wan Kuang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Correspondence: (K.C.-S.); (W.K.)
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21
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Ji P, Dettmann D, Liu YH, Berti G, Preetha Genesh N, Cui D, MacLean O, Perepichka DF, Chi L, Rosei F. Tandem Desulfurization/C-C Coupling Reaction of Tetrathienylbenzenes on Cu(111): Synthesis of Pentacene and an Exotic Ladder Polymer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6506-6514. [PMID: 35363486 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined reactions represent a powerful approach for the precise synthesis of low-dimensional organic materials. A complete understanding of the pathways of surface reactions would enable the rational synthesis of a wide range of molecules and polymers. Here, we report different reaction pathways of tetrathienylbenzene (T1TB) and its extended congener tetrakis(dithienyl)benzene (T2TB) on Cu(111), investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both T1TB and T2TB undergo desulfurization when deposited on Cu(111) at room temperature. Deposition of T1TB at 453 K yields pentacene through desulfurization, hydrogen transfer, and a cascade of intramolecular cyclization. In contrast, for T2TB the intramolecular cyclization stops at anthracene and the following intermolecular C-C coupling produces a conjugated ladder polymer. We show that tandem desulfurization/C-C coupling provides a versatile approach for growing carbon-based nanostructures on metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Ying-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Giulia Berti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P.R. China
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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22
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Zhong Q, Niu K, Chen L, Zhang H, Ebeling D, Björk J, Müllen K, Schirmeisen A, Chi L. Substrate-Modulated Synthesis of Metal-Organic Hybrids by Tunable Multiple Aryl-Metal Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8214-8222. [PMID: 35442656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of semiconducting organic molecules with multiple aryl-metal covalent bonds into stable one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) metal-organic frameworks represents a promising route to the integration of single-molecule electronics in terms of structural robustness and charge transport efficiency. Although various metastable organometallic frameworks have been constructed by the extensive use of single aryl-metal bonds, it remains a great challenge to embed multiple aryl-metal bonds into these structures due to inadequate knowledge of harnessing such complex bonding motifs. Here, we demonstrate the substrate-modulated synthesis of 1D and 2D metal-organic hybrids (MOHs) with the organic building blocks (perylene) interlinked solely with multiple aryl-metal bonds via the stepwise thermal dehalogenation of 3,4,9,10-tetrabromo-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene and subsequent metal-organic connection on metal surfaces. More importantly, the conversion from 1D to 2D MOHs is completely impeded on Au(111) but dominant on Ag(111). We comprehensively study the distinct reaction pathways on the two surfaces by visually tracking the structural evolution of the MOHs with high-resolution scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy, supported by first-principles density functional theory calculations. The substrate-dependent structural control of the MOHs is attributed to the variation of the M-X (M = Au, Ag; X = C, Cl) bond strength regulated by the nature of the metal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Long Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
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23
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Martin-Jimenez D, Ruppert MG, Ihle A, Ahles S, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Chemical bond imaging using torsional and flexural higher eigenmodes of qPlus sensors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5329-5339. [PMID: 35348167 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01062c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO-functionalized tips allows visualization of the chemical structure of adsorbed molecules and identify individual inter- and intramolecular bonds. This technique enables in-depth studies of on-surface reactions and self-assembly processes. Herein, we analyze the suitability of qPlus sensors, which are commonly used for such studies, for the application of modern multifrequency AFM techniques. Two different qPlus sensors were tested for submolecular resolution imaging via actuating torsional and flexural higher eigenmodes and via bimodal AFM. The torsional eigenmode of one of our sensors is perfectly suited for performing lateral force microscopy (LFM) with single bond resolution. The obtained LFM images agree well with images from the literature, which were scanned with customized qPlus sensors that were specifically designed for LFM. The advantage of using a torsional eigenmode is that the same molecule can be imaged either with a vertically or laterally oscillating tip without replacing the sensor simply by actuating a different eigenmode. Submolecular resolution is also achieved by actuating the 2nd flexural eigenmode of our second sensor. In this case, we observe particular contrast features that only appear in the AFM images of the 2nd flexural eigenmode but not for the fundamental eigenmode. With complementary laser Doppler vibrometry measurements and AFM simulations we can rationalize that these contrast features are caused by a diagonal (i.e. in-phase vertical and lateral) oscillation of the AFM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Ihle
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
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24
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Schultz JF, Li L, Mahapatra S, Jiang N. Chemically imaging nanostructures formed by the covalent assembly of molecular building blocks on a surface with ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:204008. [PMID: 35196263 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac57d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound reactions have become a viable method to develop nanoarchitectures through bottom-up assembly with near atomic precision. However, the bottom-up fabrication of nanostructures on surfaces requires careful consideration of the intrinsic properties of the precursors and substrate as well as the complex interplay of any interactions that arise in the heterogeneous two-dimensional (2D) system. Therefore, it becomes necessary to consider these systems with characterization methods sensitive to such properties with suitable spatial resolution. Here, low temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) were used to investigate the formation of 2D covalent networks via coupling reactions of tetra(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin (Br4TPP) molecules on a Ag(100) substrate. Through the combination of STM topographic imaging and TERS vibrational fingerprints, the conformation of molecular precursors on the substrate was understood. Following the thermally activated coupling reaction, STM and TERS imaging confirm the covalent nature of the 2D networks and suggest that the apparent disorder arises from molecular flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
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25
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Mishra S, Fatayer S, Fernández S, Kaiser K, Peña D, Gross L. Nonbenzenoid High-Spin Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Generated by Atom Manipulation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3264-3271. [PMID: 35130690 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the on-surface synthesis of a nonbenzenoid triradical through dehydrogenation of truxene (C27H18) on coinage metal and insulator surfaces. Voltage pulses applied via the tip of a combined scanning tunneling microscope/atomic force microscope were used to cleave individual C-H bonds in truxene. The resultant final product truxene-5,10,15-triyl (1) was characterized at the single-molecule scale using a combination of atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Our analyses show that 1 retains its open-shell quartet ground state, predicted by density functional theory, on a two monolayer-thick NaCl layer on a Cu(111) surface. We image the frontier orbital densities of 1 and confirm that they correspond to spin-split singly occupied molecular orbitals. Through our synthetic strategy, we also isolate two reactive intermediates toward the synthesis of 1, derivatives of fluorenyl radical and indeno[1,2-a]fluorene, with predicted open-shell doublet and triplet ground states, respectively. Our results should have bearings on the synthesis of nonbenzenoid high-spin polycyclic frameworks with magnetism beyond Lieb's theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleta Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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26
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Ruppert MG, Martin-Jimenez D, Yong YK, Ihle A, Schirmeisen A, Fleming AJ, Ebeling D. Experimental analysis of tip vibrations at higher eigenmodes of QPlus sensors for atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:185503. [PMID: 34972093 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
QPlus sensors are non-contact atomic force microscope probes constructed from a quartz tuning fork and a tungsten wire with an electrochemically etched tip. These probes are self-sensing and offer an atomic-scale spatial resolution. Therefore, qPlus sensors are routinely used to visualize the chemical structure of adsorbed organic molecules via the so-called bond imaging technique. This is achieved by functionalizing the AFM tip with a single CO molecule and exciting the sensor at the first vertical cantilever resonance mode. Recent work using higher-order resonance modes has also resolved the chemical structure of single organic molecules. However, in these experiments, the image contrast can differ significantly from the conventional bond imaging contrast, which was suspected to be caused by unknown vibrations of the tip. This work investigates the source of these artefacts by using a combination of mechanical simulation and laser vibrometry to characterize a range of sensors with different tip wire geometries. The results show that increased tip mass and length cause increased torsional rotation of the tuning fork beam due to the off-center mounting of the tip wire, and increased flexural vibration of the tip. These undesirable motions cause lateral deflection of the probe tip as it approaches the sample, which is rationalized to be the cause of the different image contrast. The results also provide a guide for future probe development to reduce these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ruppert
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuen K Yong
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Alexander Ihle
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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27
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Symmetry and Combinatorial Concepts for Cyclopolyarenes, Nanotubes and 2D-Sheets: Enumerations, Isomers, Structures Spectra & Properties. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights recent developments in symmetry, combinatorics, topology, entropy, chirality, spectroscopy and thermochemistry pertinent to 2D and 1D nanomaterials such as circumscribed-cyclopolyarenes and their heterocyclic analogs, carbon and heteronanotubes and heteronano wires, as well as tessellations of cyclopolyarenes, for example, kekulenes, septulenes and octulenes. We establish that the generalization of Sheehan’s modification of Pólya’s theorem to all irreducible representations of point groups yields robust generating functions for the enumeration of chiral, achiral, position isomers, NMR, multiple quantum NMR and ESR hyperfine patterns. We also show distance, degree and graph entropy based topological measures combined with techniques for distance degree vector sequences, edge and vertex partitions of nanomaterials yield robust and powerful techniques for thermochemistry, bond energies and spectroscopic computations of these species. We have demonstrated the existence of isentropic tessellations of kekulenes which were further studied using combinatorial, topological and spectral techniques. The combinatorial generating functions obtained not only enumerate the chiral and achiral isomers but also aid in the machine construction of various spectroscopic and ESR hyperfine patterns of the nanomaterials that were considered in this review. Combinatorial and topological tools can become an integral part of robust machine learning techniques for rapid computation of the combinatorial library of isomers and their properties of nanomaterials. Future applications to metal organic frameworks and fullerene polymers are pointed out.
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28
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Spin State Switching in Heptauthrene Nanostructure by Electric Field: Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413364. [PMID: 34948161 PMCID: PMC8705984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental studies proved the presence of the triplet spin state in atomically precise heptauthrene nanostructure of nanographene type (composed of two interconnected triangles with zigzag edge). In the paper, we report the computational study predicting the possibility of controlling this spin state with an external in-plane electric field by causing the spin switching. We construct and discuss the ground state magnetic phase diagram involving S=1 (triplet) state, S=0 antiferromagnetic state and non-magnetic state and predict the switching possibility with the critical electric field of the order of 0.1 V/Å. We discuss the spin distribution across the nanostructure, finding its concentration along the longest zigzag edge. To model our system of interest, we use the mean-field Hubbard Hamiltonian, taking into account the in-plane external electric field as well as the in-plane magnetic field (in a form of the exchange field from the substrate). We also assess the effect of uniaxial strain on the magnetic phase diagram.
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