1
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Hallock CD, Rose MJ. Electrochemical Impedance of Well-Passivated Semiconductors Reveals Bandgaps, Fermi Levels, and Interfacial Density of States. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38975810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
For well-passivated semiconductor materials, the density of states (DOS) at the band edge determines the concentration of electrons (or holes) available to participate in photo/electrochemical redox and chemical reactions. Electrochemical impedance enables the characterization of photo-electrode DOS in a functional, in situ, electrochemical environment. However, the in situ electrochemical approach remains underutilized for band structure characterization of inorganic semiconductors. In this work, we demonstrate that the DOS of the well-passivated, highly ordered semiconductors silicon and germanium is directly probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). More specifically, EIS measurements of the chemical capacitance in contact with electrolyte enable direct analysis of the DOS properties. From the capacitance-potential plot, the following parameters can be extracted: Fermi level, valence band maximum, conduction band minimum, and a quantitative value of the number of states at each potential. This study aims to establish the groundwork for future EIS investigations of electronically modified semiconductor interfaces with covalently bound organic molecules, organometallic catalysts, or more complex biorelated functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Hallock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Gaudin LF, Wright IR, Harris-Lee TR, Jayamaha G, Kang M, Bentley CL. Five years of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM): new insights and innovations. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12345-12367. [PMID: 38874335 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a nanopipette-based technique which enables measurement of localised electrochemistry. SECCM has found use in a wide range of electrochemical applications, and due to the wider uptake of this technique in recent years, new applications and techniques have been developed. This minireview has collected all SECCM research articles published in the last 5 years, to demonstrate and celebrate the recent advances, and to make it easier for SECCM researchers to remain well-informed. The wide range of SECCM applications is demonstrated, which are categorised here into electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biological materials, energy storage materials, corrosion, electrosynthesis, and instrumental development. In the collection of this library of SECCM studies, a few key trends emerge. (1) The range of materials and processes explored with SECCM has grown, with new applications emerging constantly. (2) The instrumental capabilities of SECCM have grown, with creative techniques being developed from research groups worldwide. (3) The SECCM research community has grown significantly, with adoption of the SECCM technique becoming more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan F Gaudin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - India R Wright
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - Thom R Harris-Lee
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Gunani Jayamaha
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
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3
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Gao H, Wang Z, Cao J, Lin YC, Ling X. Advancing Nanoelectronics Applications: Progress in Non-van der Waals 2D Materials. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16343-16358. [PMID: 38899467 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Extending the inventory of two-dimensional (2D) materials remains highly desirable, given their excellent properties and wide applications. Current studies on 2D materials mainly focus on the van der Waals (vdW) materials since the discovery of graphene, where properties of atomically thin layers have been found to be distinct from their bulk counterparts. Beyond vdW materials, there are abundant non-vdW materials that can also be thinned down to 2D forms, which are still in their early stage of exploration. In this review, we focus on the downscaling of non-vdW materials into 2D forms to enrich the 2D materials family. This underexplored group of 2D materials could show potential promise in many areas such as electronics, optics, and magnetics, as has happened in the vdW 2D materials. Hereby, we will focus our discussion on their electronic properties and applications of them. We aim to motivate and inspire fellow researchers in the 2D materials community to contribute to the development of 2D materials beyond the widely studied vdW layered materials for electronic device applications. We also give our insights into the challenges and opportunities to guide researchers who are desirous of working in this promising research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Zifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yuxuan Cosmi Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 575 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University 15 St Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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4
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Zhang S, Jin L, Lu Y, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhao Q, Sun D, Thompson JJP, Yuan B, Ma K, Akriti, Park JY, Lee YH, Wei Z, Finkenauer BP, Blach DD, Kumar S, Peng H, Mannodi-Kanakkithodi A, Yu Y, Malic E, Lu G, Dou L, Huang L. Moiré superlattices in twisted two-dimensional halide perovskites. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01921-0. [PMID: 38906993 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices have emerged as a new platform for studying strongly correlated quantum phenomena, but these systems have been largely limited to van der Waals layer two-dimensional materials. Here we introduce moiré superlattices leveraging ultrathin, ligand-free halide perovskites, facilitated by ionic interactions. Square moiré superlattices with varying periodic lengths are clearly visualized through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Twist-angle-dependent transient photoluminescence microscopy and electrical characterizations indicate the emergence of localized bright excitons and trapped charge carriers near a twist angle of ~10°. The localized excitons are accompanied by enhanced exciton emission, attributed to an increased oscillator strength by a theoretically predicted flat band. This research showcases the promise of two-dimensional perovskites as unique room-temperature moiré materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Zhang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Linrui Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghai Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dewei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Biao Yuan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Akriti
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jee Yung Park
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yoon Ho Lee
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zitang Wei
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Blake P Finkenauer
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daria D Blach
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarath Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ermin Malic
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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5
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Babar M, Zhu Z, Kurchin R, Kaxiras E, Viswanathan V. Twisto-Electrochemical Activity Volcanoes in Trilayer Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16105-16111. [PMID: 38829312 PMCID: PMC11177310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a twist-dependent electrochemical activity map, combining a low-energy continuum electronic structure model with modified Marcus-Hush-Chidsey kinetics in trilayer graphene. We identify a counterintuitive rate enhancement region spanning the magic angle curve and incommensurate twists in the system geometry. We find a broad activity peak with a ruthenium hexamine redox couple in regions corresponding to both magic angles and incommensurate angles, a result qualitatively distinct from the twisted bilayer case. Flat bands and incommensurability offer new avenues for reaction rate enhancements in electrochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Babar
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ziyan Zhu
- Stanford
Institute of Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Rachel Kurchin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Efthimios Kaxiras
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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6
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Oschinski H, Hörmann NG, Reuter K. Constant potential energetics of metallic and semiconducting electrodes: A benchmark study on 2D materials. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214706. [PMID: 38832745 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Grand-canonical (GC) constant-potential methods within an implicit solvent environment provide a general approach to compute the potential-dependent energetics at electrified solid-liquid interfaces with first-principles density-functional theory. Here, we use a mindfully chosen set of 27 isostructural 2D metal halides MX2 to analyze the variation of this energetics when the electronic structure changes from metallic to semiconducting and insulating state. Apart from expectable changes due to the opening up of the electronic bandgap, the calculations also show an increasing sensitivity to the numerical Brillouin zone integration and electronic smearing, which imposes computational burdens in practice. We rationalize these findings within the picture of the total interfacial capacitance arising from a series connection of the electrochemical double-layer capacitance and the so-called quantum capacitance resulting from the filling of electronic states inside the electrode. For metals, the electrochemical double-layer capacitance dominates at all potentials, and the entire potential drop takes place in the electrolyte. For semiconductors, the potential drop occurs instead fully or partially inside the electrode at potentials within or just outside the bandgap. For 2D semiconductors, the increased sensitivity to numerical parameters then results from the concomitantly increased contribution of the quantum capacitance that is harder to converge. Fortunately, this understanding motivates a simple extension of the CHE + DL approximation for metals, which provides the approximate GC energetics of 2D semiconductors using only quantities that can be obtained from computationally undemanding calculations at the point of zero charge and a generic double-layer capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Oschinski
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Nicolas Georg Hörmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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7
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Wright S, Brea C, Baxter JS, Saini S, Alsaç EP, Yoon SG, Boebinger MG, Hu G, McDowell MT. Epitaxial Metal Electrodeposition Controlled by Graphene Layer Thickness. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13866-13875. [PMID: 38751199 PMCID: PMC11140832 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Control over material structure and morphology during electrodeposition is necessary for material synthesis and energy applications. One approach to guide crystallite formation is to take advantage of epitaxy on a current collector to facilitate crystallographic control. Single-layer graphene on metal foils can promote "remote epitaxy" during Cu and Zn electrodeposition, resulting in growth of metal that is crystallographically aligned to the substrate beneath graphene. However, the substrate-graphene-deposit interactions that allow for epitaxial electrodeposition are not well understood. Here, we investigate how different graphene layer thicknesses (monolayer, bilayer, trilayer, and graphite) influence the electrodeposition of Zn and Cu. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction are leveraged to understand metal morphology and structure, demonstrating that remote epitaxy occurs on mono- and bilayer graphene but not trilayer or thicker. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal the spatial electronic interactions through thin graphene that promote remote epitaxy. This work advances our understanding of electrochemical remote epitaxy and provides strategies for improving control over electrodeposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem
C. Wright
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Courtney Brea
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College
of the City University of New York, New York, New York 11367, United States
| | - Jefferey S. Baxter
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sonakshi Saini
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elif Pınar Alsaç
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sun Geun Yoon
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew G. Boebinger
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Guoxiang Hu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew T. McDowell
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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8
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Hou Y, Zhou J, Xue M, Yu M, Han Y, Zhang Z, Lu Y. Strain Engineering of Twisted Bilayer Graphene: The Rise of Strain-Twistronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311185. [PMID: 38616775 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer stacked van der Waals structures (termed vdW hetero/homostructures) offer a new paradigm for materials design-their physical properties can be tuned by the vertical stacking sequence as well as by adding a mechanical twist, stretch, and hydrostatic pressure to the atomic structure. In particular, simple twisting and stacking of two layers of graphene can form a uniform and ordered Moiré superlattice, which can effectively modulate the electrons of graphene layers and lead to the discovery of unconventional superconductivity and strong correlations. However, the twist angle of twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) is almost unchangeable once the interlayer stacking is determined, while applying mechanical elastic strain provides an alternative way to deeply regulate the electronic structure by controlling the lattice spacing and symmetry. In this review, diverse experimental advances are introduced in straining tBLG by in-plane and out-of-plane modes, followed by the characterizations and calculations toward quantitatively tuning the strain-engineered electronic structures. It is further discussed that the structural relaxation in strained Moiré superlattice and its influence on electronic structures. Finally, the conclusion entails prospects for opportunities of strained twisted 2D materials, discussions on existing challenges, and an outlook on the intriguing emerging field, namely "strain-twistronics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Minmin Xue
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Maolin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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9
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Zhou H, Liang K, Bi L, Shi Y, Wang Z, Li S. Spotlight: Visualization of Moiré Quantum Phenomena in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:1530-1541. [PMID: 38558951 PMCID: PMC10976882 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) moiré superlattices have emerged as a significant area of study in condensed matter physics. Thanks to their superior optical properties, tunable electronic band structure, strong Coulomb interactions, and quenched electron kinetic energy, they offer exciting avenues to explore correlated quantum phenomena, topological properties, and light-matter interactions. In recent years, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has made significant impacts on the study of these fields by enabling intrinsic surface visualization and spectroscopic measurements with unprecedented atomic scale detail. Here, we spotlight the key findings and innovative developments in imaging and characterization of TMD heterostructures via STM, from its initial implementation on the in situ grown sample to the latest photocurrent tunneling microscopy. The evolution in sample design, progressing from a conductive to an insulating substrate, has not only expanded our control over TMD moiré superlattices but also promoted an understanding of their structures and strongly correlated properties, such as the structural reconstruction and formation of generalized two-dimensional Wigner crystal states. In addition to highlighting recent advancements, we outline upcoming challenges, suggest the direction of future research, and advocate for the versatile use of STM to further comprehend and manipulate the quantum dynamics in TMD moiré superlattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program
in Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Kangkai Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program
in Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Liya Bi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program
in Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Yueqing Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- School
of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Program
in Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
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10
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Xin B, Zou K, Liu D, Li B, Dong H, Cheng Y, Liu H, Zou LJ, Luo F, Lu F, Wang WH. Electronic structures and quantum capacitance of twisted bilayer graphene with defects based on three-band tight-binding model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9687-9696. [PMID: 38470341 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) with C vacancies would greatly improve the density of states (DOS) around the Fermi level (EF) and quantum capacitance; however, the single-band tight-binding model only considering pz orbitals cannot accurately capture the low-energy physics of tBLG with C vacancies. In this work, a three-band tight-binding model containing three p orbitals of C atoms is proposed to explore the modulation mechanism of C vacancies on the DOS and quantum capacitance of tBLG. We first obtain the hopping integral parameters of the three-band tight-binding model, and then explore the electronic structures and the quantum capacitance of tBLG at a twisting angle of θ = 1.47° under different C vacancy concentrations. The impurity states contributed by C atoms with dangling bonds located around the EF and the interlayer hopping interaction could induce band splitting of the impurity states. Therefore, compared with the quantum capacitance of pristine tBLG (∼18.82 μF cm-2) at zero bias, the quantum capacitance is improved to ∼172.76 μF cm-2 at zero bias, and the working window with relatively large quantum capacitance in the low-voltage range is broadened in tBLG with C vacancies due to the enhanced DOS around the EF. Moreover, the quantum capacitance of tBLG is further increased at zero bias with an increase of the C vacancy concentration induced by more impurity states. These findings not only provide a suitable multi-band tight-binding model to describe tBLG with C vacancies but also offer theoretical insight for designing electrode candidates for low-power consumption devices with improved quantum capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojuan Xin
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Kaixin Zou
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Dayong Liu
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Boyan Li
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nano-structured Thin Film Solar Cells, Beijing 102211, China
| | - Hong Dong
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yahui Cheng
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Liang-Jian Zou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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11
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Sun X, Suriyage M, Khan AR, Gao M, Zhao J, Liu B, Hasan MM, Rahman S, Chen RS, Lam PK, Lu Y. Twisted van der Waals Quantum Materials: Fundamentals, Tunability, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1992-2079. [PMID: 38335114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Twisted van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials have emerged as a rapidly developing field of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. These materials establish a new central research area and provide a promising platform for studying quantum phenomena and investigating the engineering of novel optoelectronic properties such as single photon emission, nonlinear optical response, magnon physics, and topological superconductivity. These captivating electronic and optical properties result from, and can be tailored by, the interlayer coupling using moiré patterns formed by vertically stacking atomic layers with controlled angle misorientation or lattice mismatch. Their outstanding properties and the high degree of tunability position them as compelling building blocks for both compact quantum-enabled devices and classical optoelectronics. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the understanding and manipulation of twisted van der Waals structures and presents a survey of the state-of-the-art research on moiré superlattices, encompassing interdisciplinary interests. It delves into fundamental theories, synthesis and fabrication, and visualization techniques, and the wide range of novel physical phenomena exhibited by these structures, with a focus on their potential for practical device integration in applications ranging from quantum information to biosensors, and including classical optoelectronics such as modulators, light emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. It highlights the unique ability of moiré superlattices to connect multiple disciplines, covering chemistry, electronics, optics, photonics, magnetism, topological and quantum physics. This comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in moiré superlattices, shedding light on their fundamental characteristics and their potential for transformative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Manuka Suriyage
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (Rachna College Campus), Gujranwala, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Boqing Liu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sharidya Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ruo-Si Chen
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ping Koy Lam
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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12
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Tan Z, Han S, Jia J, Zhu M, Xu H, Mi S, Li K, Wang L, Cheng Z, Chen S. Angle-Resolved Optical Imaging of Interlayer Rotations in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10867-10876. [PMID: 38381066 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) is a prototypical layered material whose properties are strongly correlated to interlayer coupling. The two stacked graphene layers with distinct orientations are investigated to generate peculiar optical and electronic phenomena. Thus, the rapid, reliable, and nondestructive twist angle identification technique is of essential importance. Here, we integrated the white light reflection spectra (WLRS), the Raman spectroscopy, and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to propose a facile RGB optical imaging technique that identified the twist angle of the TBG in a large area intuitively with high efficiency. The RGB technique established a robust correlation between the interlayer rotation angle and the contrast difference in the RGB color channels of a standard optical image. The angle-resolved optical behavior is attributed to the absorption resonance matching with the separation of van Hove singularities in the density of states of the TBG. Our study thus developed a route to identify the rotation angle of stacked bilayer graphene by means of a straightforward optical method, which can be further applied in other stacked van der Waals layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoquan Tan
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meijie Zhu
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuo Mi
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhihai Cheng
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Natural Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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13
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Fox C, Mao Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xiao J. Stacking Order Engineering of Two-Dimensional Materials and Device Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1862-1898. [PMID: 38150266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Stacking orders in 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials dictate the relative sliding (lateral displacement) and twisting (rotation) between atomically thin layers. By altering the stacking order, many new ferroic, strongly correlated and topological orderings emerge with exotic electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Thanks to the weak vdW interlayer bonding, such highly flexible and energy-efficient stacking order engineering has transformed the design of quantum properties in 2D vdW materials, unleashing the potential for miniaturized high-performance device applications in electronics, spintronics, photonics, and surface chemistry. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of stacking order engineering in 2D vdW materials and their device applications, ranging from the typical fabrication and characterization methods to the novel physical properties and the emergent slidetronics and twistronics device prototyping. The main emphasis is on the critical role of stacking orders affecting the interlayer charge transfer, orbital coupling and flat band formation for the design of innovative materials with on-demand quantum properties and surface potentials. By demonstrating a correlation between the stacking configurations and device functionality, we highlight their implications for next-generation electronic, photonic and chemical energy conversion devices. We conclude with our perspective of this exciting field including challenges and opportunities for future stacking order engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter Fox
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yulu Mao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Tanwar K, Wu X, Tan X, Smith SC, Li J, Chen YI. High density electron doping in boron-doped twisted bilayer graphene: a ladder to extended flat-band. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1046-1053. [PMID: 38078357 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Realizing Von Hove singularity (VHS) and extended flat bands of graphene near the Fermi level (EF) is of great significance to explore many-body interactions, with a high tendency towards superconductivity. In this study, we report that the VHS of π* bands near EF can be realized by high-density lithium intercalation in p-type doped twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG). First, a method to predict the highest lithium intercalation in tBLG systems with arbitrary twist angle was established which proves that the interlayer twisting leads to the clustering of lithium ions in the AA-region but reduces the overall concentration. Second, we show that the p-type doping (1.35% boron) in tBLGs enhances their electron acceptance capability by increasing lithium intercalation up to 47%. In this situation, the electron doping by lithium intercalation is sufficient to shift EF near the VHS which offers a strategic path to realize extended flat bands, and to investigate the strong correlations in the tBLG systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khagesh Tanwar
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Victoria, Australia.
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Xi Wu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tan
- Integrated Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sean C Smith
- Integrated Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jia Li
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Ian Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Mahato M, Garai M, Nguyen VH, Oh S, Nam S, Zeng X, Yoo H, Tabassian R, Oh IK. Polysulfonated covalent organic framework as active electrode host for mobile cation guests in electrochemical soft actuator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk9752. [PMID: 38091394 PMCID: PMC10848701 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tailoring transfer dynamics of mobile cations across solid-state electrolyte-electrode interfaces is crucial for high-performance electrochemical soft actuators. In general, actuation performance is directly proportional to the affinity of cations and anions in the electrolyte for the opposite electrode surfaces under an applied field. Herein, to maximize electrochemical actuation, we report an electronically conjugated polysulfonated covalent organic framework (pS-COF) used as a common electrolyte-electrode host for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation embedded into a Nafion membrane. The pS-COF-based electrochemical actuator exhibits remarkable bending deflection at near-zero voltage (~0.01 V) and previously unattainable blocking force, which is 34 times higher than its own weight. The ultrafast step response shows a very short rising time of 1.59 seconds without back-relaxation, and substantial ultralow-voltage actuation at higher frequencies up to 5.0 hertz demonstrates good application prospects of common electrolyte-electrode hosts. A soft fluidic switch is constructed using the proposed soft actuator as a potential engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewoong Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nam
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangrong Zeng
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Rassoul Tabassian
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Katrinebjergvej 89 G-F, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu M, Senga R, Koshino M, Lin YC, Suenaga K. Direct Observation of Locally Modified Excitonic Effects within a Moiré Unit Cell in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18433-18440. [PMID: 37682623 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer graphene, which forms moiré superlattices, possesses distinct electronic and optical properties owing to its hybridized energy band and the emergence of van Hove singularities depending on its twist angle. Extensive research has been conducted on the global characteristics of moiré superlattices induced by their long-range periodicity. However, the local properties, which differ owing to the variations in the three-dimensional atomic arrangement, within a moiré unit cell have been rarely explored. In this study, we demonstrate the highly localized excitation of carbon 1s electrons to unoccupied van Hove singularities in twisted bilayer graphene by electron energy loss spectroscopy using a monochromated transmission electron microscope. The core-level excitations associated with the van Hove singularities exhibit a systematic twist-angle dependence analogous to optical excitations. Furthermore, local variations in the core-level van Hove singularity peaks, which can originate from the core-exciton lifetimes and band modifications corresponding to the local stacking geometry within a moiré unit cell, are unambiguously corroborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Senga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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17
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Kurchin RC, Gandhi D, Viswanathan V. Nonequilibrium Electrochemical Phase Maps: Beyond Butler-Volmer Kinetics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7802-7807. [PMID: 37616522 PMCID: PMC10494226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate models of electrochemical kinetics at electrode-electrolyte interfaces are crucial to understanding the high-rate behavior of energy storage devices. Phase transformation of electrodes is typically treated under equilibrium thermodynamic conditions, while realistic operation is at finite rates. Analyzing phase transformations under nonequilibrium conditions requires integrating nonlinear electrochemical kinetic models with thermodynamic models. This had only previously been demonstrated for Butler-Volmer kinetics, where it can be done analytically. In this work, we develop a software package capable of the efficient numerical inversion of rate relationships for general kinetic models. We demonstrate building nonequilibrium phase maps, including for models such as Marcus-Hush-Chidsey that require computation of an integral, and also discuss the impact of a variety of assumptions and model parameters, particularly on high-rate phase behavior. Even for a fixed set of parameters, the magnitude of the critical current can vary by more than a factor of 2 among kinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Kurchin
- Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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18
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Wang Z, Chen J, Ni C, Nie W, Li D, Ta N, Zhang D, Sun Y, Sun F, Li Q, Li Y, Chen R, Bu T, Fan F, Li C. Visualizing the role of applied voltage in non-metal electrocatalysts. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad166. [PMID: 37565210 PMCID: PMC10411668 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how applied voltage drives the electrocatalytic reaction at the nanoscale is a fundamental scientific problem, particularly in non-metallic electrocatalysts, due to their low intrinsic carrier concentration. Herein, using monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a model system of non-metallic catalyst, the potential drops across the basal plane of MoS2 (ΔVsem) and the electric double layer (ΔVedl) are decoupled quantitatively as a function of applied voltage through in-situ surface potential microscopy. We visualize the evolution of the band structure under liquid conditions and clarify the process of EF keeping moving deep into Ec, revealing the formation process of the electrolyte gating effect. Additionally, electron transfer (ET) imaging reveals that the basal plane exhibits high ET activity, consistent with the results of surface potential measurements. The potential-dependent behavior of kf and ns in the ET reaction are further decoupled based on the measurements of ΔVsem and ΔVedl. Comparing the ET and hydrogen evolution reaction imaging results suggests that the low electrocatalytic activity of the basal plane is mainly due to the absence of active sites, rather than its electron transfer ability. This study fills an experimental gap in exploring driving forces for electrocatalysis at the nanoscale and addresses the long-standing issue of the inability to decouple charge transfer from catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenwei Ni
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Ta
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Deyun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yimeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fusai Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruotian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tiankai Bu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fengtao Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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19
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Van Winkle M, Craig IM, Kazmierczak NP, Carr S, Dandu M, Ophus C, Bustillo KC, Ciston J, Brown HG, Raja A, Griffin SM, Bediako DK. Interferometric 4D-STEM Imaging of Rotational and Dilational Reconstruction in Moiré Superlattices. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:268-269. [PMID: 37613411 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Van Winkle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Isaac M Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Carr
- Brown Theoretical Physics Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Medha Dandu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hamish G Brown
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Archana Raja
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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20
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Zhang K, Yu Y, Carr S, Babar M, Zhu Z, Kim BJ, Groschner C, Khaloo N, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Viswanathan V, Bediako DK. Anomalous Interfacial Electron-Transfer Kinetics in Twisted Trilayer Graphene Caused by Layer-Specific Localization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1119-1128. [PMID: 37396866 PMCID: PMC10311658 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial electron-transfer (ET) reactions underpin the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy. It is known that the electronic state of electrodes strongly influences ET rates because of differences in the electronic density of states (DOS) across metals, semimetals, and semiconductors. Here, by controlling interlayer twists in well-defined trilayer graphene moirés, we show that ET rates are strikingly dependent on electronic localization in each atomic layer and not the overall DOS. The large degree of tunability inherent to moiré electrodes leads to local ET kinetics that range over 3 orders of magnitude across different constructions of only three atomic layers, even exceeding rates at bulk metals. Our results demonstrate that beyond the ensemble DOS, electronic localization is critical in facilitating interfacial ET, with implications for understanding the origin of high interfacial reactivity typically exhibited by defects at electrode-electrolyte interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen Carr
- Brown
Theoretical Physics Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Mohammad Babar
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ziyan Zhu
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bryan Junsuh Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Catherine Groschner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nikta Khaloo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - D. Kwabena Bediako
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Maroo S, Yu Y, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Bediako DK. Decoupling Effects of Electrostatic Gating on Electronic Transport and Interfacial Charge-Transfer Kinetics at Few-Layer Molybdenum Disulfide. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:204-210. [PMID: 37360849 PMCID: PMC10288603 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of electrode materials play a crucial role in defining their electrochemical behavior in energy conversion and storage devices. The assembly of van der Waals heterostructures and fabrication into mesoscopic devices enable the dependence of an electrochemical response on electronic properties to be systematically interrogated. Here, we evaluate the effect of charge carrier concentration on heterogeneous electron transfer at few-layer MoS2 electrodes by combining spatially resolved electrochemical measurements with field-effect electrostatic manipulation of band alignment. Steady-state cyclic voltammograms and finite-element simulations reveal a strong modulation of the measured electrochemical response for outer-sphere charge transfer at the electrostatic gate voltage. In addition, spatially resolved voltammetric responses, obtained at a series of locations at the surface of few-layer MoS2, reveal the governing role of in-plane charge transport on the electrochemical behavior of 2D electrodes, especially under conditions of low carrier densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Maroo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics and Research Center for
Functional Materials, National Institute
for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics and Research Center for
Functional Materials, National Institute
for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - D. Kwabena Bediako
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Van Winkle M, Craig IM, Carr S, Dandu M, Bustillo KC, Ciston J, Ophus C, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Raja A, Griffin SM, Bediako DK. Rotational and dilational reconstruction in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bilayers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2989. [PMID: 37225701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lattice reconstruction and corresponding strain accumulation plays a key role in defining the electronic structure of two-dimensional moiré superlattices, including those of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Imaging of TMD moirés has so far provided a qualitative understanding of this relaxation process in terms of interlayer stacking energy, while models of the underlying deformation mechanisms have relied on simulations. Here, we use interferometric four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy to quantitatively map the mechanical deformations through which reconstruction occurs in small-angle twisted bilayer MoS2 and WSe2/MoS2 heterobilayers. We provide direct evidence that local rotations govern relaxation for twisted homobilayers, while local dilations are prominent in heterobilayers possessing a sufficiently large lattice mismatch. Encapsulation of the moiré layers in hBN further localizes and enhances these in-plane reconstruction pathways by suppressing out-of-plane corrugation. We also find that extrinsic uniaxial heterostrain, which introduces a lattice constant difference in twisted homobilayers, leads to accumulation and redistribution of reconstruction strain, demonstrating another route to modify the moiré potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac M Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen Carr
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Brown Theoretical Physics Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Medha Dandu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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23
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Jiang J, Jiang W, Zhang S, Xie Y, Chen Y. Coupling double flat bands in a quadrangular-star lattice. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8825-8831. [PMID: 37114430 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most special two-dimensional (2D) lattices, such as Kagome and Lieb lattices, can only generate a single flat band. Here, we propose a 2D lattice named a quadrangular-star lattice (QSL). It can produce coupling double flat bands, which indicates that there exists stronger electronic correlation than in the systems with only one flat band. Moreover, we suggest some 2D carbon allotropes (e.g. CQSL-12 and CQSL-20), made of carbon rings and dimers, to realize QSL in real materials. By calculating the band structures of the carbon materials, we find that there are indeed two coupling flat bands around the Fermi level. Hole doping leads to strong magnetism of the carbon materials. When the two flat bands are half filled, i.e., in the cases of one- and three-hole doping, the magnetic momentums mainly distribute on the atoms of the carbon rings and dimers, respectively. Even in the case of two-hole doping, the carbon structure also shows ferromagnetic characteristics, and the total magnetic moments are larger than the former two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wen Jiang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuee Xie
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanping Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Hsieh V, Halbertal D, Finney NR, Zhu Z, Gerber E, Pizzochero M, Kucukbenli E, Schleder GR, Angeli M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim EA, Kaxiras E, Hone J, Dean CR, Basov DN. Domain-Dependent Surface Adhesion in Twisted Few-Layer Graphene: Platform for Moiré-Assisted Chemistry. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3137-3143. [PMID: 37036942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Twisted van der Waals multilayers are widely regarded as a rich platform to access novel electronic phases thanks to the multiple degrees of freedom available for controlling their electronic and chemical properties. Here, we propose that the stacking domains that form naturally due to the relative twist between successive layers act as an additional "knob" for controlling the behavior of these systems and report the emergence and engineering of stacking domain-dependent surface chemistry in twisted few-layer graphene. Using mid-infrared near-field optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we observe a selective adhesion of metallic nanoparticles and liquid water at the domains with rhombohedral stacking configurations of minimally twisted double bi- and trilayer graphene. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the manipulation of nanoparticles located at certain stacking domains can locally reconfigure the moiré superlattice in their vicinity at the micrometer scale. Our findings establish a new approach to controlling moiré-assisted chemistry and nanoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Hsieh
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nathan R Finney
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ziyan Zhu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Eli Gerber
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michele Pizzochero
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Emine Kucukbenli
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Information Systems Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Gabriel R Schleder
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mattia Angeli
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Eun-Ah Kim
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Efthimios Kaxiras
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - James Hone
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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25
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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26
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Dey A, Chowdhury SA, Peña T, Singh S, Wu SM, Askari H. An Atomistic Insight into Moiré Reconstruction in Twisted Bilayer Graphene beyond the Magic Angle. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2023; 1:970-982. [PMID: 37008886 PMCID: PMC10043875 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Twisted bilayer graphene exhibits electronic properties strongly correlated with the size and arrangement of moiré patterns. While rigid rotation of the two graphene layers results in a moiré interference pattern, local rearrangements of atoms due to interlayer van der Waals interactions result in atomic reconstruction within the moiré cells. Manipulating these patterns by controlling the twist angle and externally applied strain provides a promising route to tuning their properties. Atomic reconstruction has been extensively studied for angles close to or smaller than the magic angle (θ m = 1.1°). However, this effect has not been explored for applied strain and is believed to be negligible for high twist angles. Using interpretive and fundamental physical measurements, we use theoretical and numerical analyses to resolve atomic reconstruction in angles above θ m . In addition, we propose a method to identify local regions within moiré cells and track their evolution with strain for a range of representative high twist angles. Our results show that atomic reconstruction is actively present beyond the magic angle, and its contribution to the moiré cell evolution is significant. Our theoretical method to correlate local and global phonon behavior further validates the role of reconstruction at higher angles. Our findings provide a better understanding of moiré reconstruction in large twist angles and the evolution of moiré cells under the application of strain, which might be potentially crucial for twistronics-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Dey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Shoieb Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Tara Peña
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Sobhit Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Stephen M. Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Hesam Askari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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27
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Ju YY, Chai L, Li K, Xing JF, Ma XH, Qiu ZL, Zhao XJ, Zhu J, Tan YZ. Helical Trilayer Nanographenes with Tunable Interlayer Overlaps. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2815-2821. [PMID: 36705468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined nanocarbon multilayers, beyond the bilayer structure, is still a challenging goal. Herein, two trilayer nanographenes were synthesized by covalently linking nanographene layers through helicene bridges. The structural characterization of the trilayer nanographenes revealed a compact trilayer-stacked architecture. The introduction of a furan ring into the helicene linker modulates the interlayer overlap and π-conjugation of the trilayer nanographenes, enabling the tuning of the interlayer coupling, as demonstrated by optical, electrochemical, and theoretical analyses. Both synthesized trilayer nanographenes are rigid chiral nanocarbons and show a chirality transfer from the helicene moiety to the stacked nanographene layers. These helical trilayer nanographenes reported here represent the covalently linked multilayer nanographenes rather than bilayer ones, showing the tunable multilayer stacking structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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28
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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29
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Han Z, Wang F, Sun J, Wang X, Tang Z. Recent Advances in Ultrathin Chiral Metasurfaces by Twisted Stacking. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206141. [PMID: 36284479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial chiral nanostructures have been subjected to extensive research for their unique chiroptical activities. Planarized chiral films of ultrathin thicknesses are in particular demand for easy on-chip integration and improved energy efficiency as polarization-sensitive metadevices. Recently, controlled twisted stacking of two or more layers of nanomaterials, such as 2D van der Waals materials, ultrathin films, or traditional metasurfaces, at an angle has emerged as a general strategy to introduce optical chirality into achiral solid-state systems. This method endows new degrees of freedom, e.g., the interlayer twist angle, to flexibly engineer and tune the chiroptical responses without having to change the material or the design, thus greatly facilitating the development of multifunctional metamaterials. In this review, recent exciting progress in planar chiral metasurfaces are summarized and discussed from the viewpoints of building blocks, fabrication methods, as well as circular dichroism and modulation thereof in twisted stacked nanostructures. The review further highlights the ever-growing portfolio of applications of these chiral metasurfaces, including polarization conversion, information encryption, chiral sensing, and as an engineering platform for hybrid metadevices. Finally, forward-looking prospects are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Juehan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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30
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Pavlov S, Kozhevnikova E, Kislenko S. Effect of the number of graphene layers on the electron transfer kinetics at metal/graphene heterostructures. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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31
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Pavlov SV, Kozhevnikova YO, Kislenko VA, Kislenko SA. Modulation of the kinetics of outer-sphere electron transfer at graphene by a metal substrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25203-25213. [PMID: 36254968 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Solid-supported graphene is a typical configuration of electrochemical devices based on single-layer graphene. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the electrochemical features of such heterostructures. In this work, we theoretically investigated the effect of the metal type on the nonadiabatic electron transfer (ET) at the metal-supported graphene using DFT calculations. We considered five metals Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, and Al on which graphene is physically adsorbed. It is shown that all metals catalyze the ET. The electrocatalytic effect increases in the following series Al < Au ≲ Ag ≈ Cu < Pt. The enhanced ET in the presence of the metal substrate is explained by the hybridization of metal and graphene states, due to which the coupling between the reactant in an electrolyte and metal is increased. Metal-dependent electrocatalytic effect is explained both by different densities of states at the Fermi level of the systems and by differences in the behaviour of the tails of hybridized wave functions in the electrolyte region. The shift of the Fermi level with respect to the Dirac point in graphene when charging at the metal/graphene/electrolyte interface does not affect the kinetics due to the small contribution of graphene states to the electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Pavlov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Yekaterina O Kozhevnikova
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Vitaliy A Kislenko
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str. 3, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey A Kislenko
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
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32
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Wang Y, Li M, Ren H. Voltammetric Mapping of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Pt Locally via Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:304-308. [PMID: 36785572 PMCID: PMC9836041 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in nanoscale electrochemical tools has offered the opportunity to better understand heterogeneity at electrochemical interfaces. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) has been increasingly used for revealing local kinetics and the distribution of active sites in electrocatalysis. Constant-contact scanning and hopping scanning are the two commonly used modes. The former is intrinsically faster, whereas the latter enables full voltammetry at individual locations. Herein, we revisit a less used mode that combines the advantages of hopping and constant-contact scan, resulting in a faster voltammetric mapping. In this mode, the nanodroplet cell in SECCM maintains contact with the surface during the scanning and makes intermittent pauses for local voltammetry. The elimination of frequent retraction and approach greatly increases the speed of mapping. In addition, iR correction can be readily applied to the voltammetry, resulting in more accurate measurements of the electrode kinetics. This scanning mode is demonstrated in the oxidation of a ferrocene derivative on HOPG and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on polycrystalline Pt, serving as model systems for outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfer reactions, respectively. While the kinetics of the inner-sphere reaction is consistent spatially, heterogeneity is observed for the kinetics of HER, which is correlated with the crystal orientation of Pt.
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33
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Tuning interfacial chemistry with twistronics. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Let’s twist electrochem. Nat Chem 2022; 14:248-250. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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