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Mantica F, Iñiguez LP, Marquez Y, Permanyer J, Torres-Mendez A, Cruz J, Franch-Marro X, Tulenko F, Burguera D, Bertrand S, Doyle T, Nouzova M, Currie PD, Noriega FG, Escriva H, Arnone MI, Albertin CB, Wotton KR, Almudi I, Martin D, Irimia M. Evolution of tissue-specific expression of ancestral genes across vertebrates and insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1140-1153. [PMID: 38622362 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is arguably the main mechanism underlying the phenotypic diversity of tissues within and between species. Here we assembled an extensive transcriptomic dataset covering 8 tissues across 20 bilaterian species and performed analyses using a symmetric phylogeny that allowed the combined and parallel investigation of gene expression evolution between vertebrates and insects. We specifically focused on widely conserved ancestral genes, identifying strong cores of pan-bilaterian tissue-specific genes and even larger groups that diverged to define vertebrate and insect tissues. Systematic inferences of tissue-specificity gains and losses show that nearly half of all ancestral genes have been recruited into tissue-specific transcriptomes. This occurred during both ancient and, especially, recent bilaterian evolution, with several gains being associated with the emergence of unique phenotypes (for example, novel cell types). Such pervasive evolution of tissue specificity was linked to gene duplication coupled with expression specialization of one of the copies, revealing an unappreciated prolonged effect of whole-genome duplications on recent vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mantica
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis P Iñiguez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yamile Marquez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Permanyer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Torres-Mendez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Cruz
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Frank Tulenko
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Demian Burguera
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephanie Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins; BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Institute of Parasitology, CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- EMBL Australia; Victorian Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fernando G Noriega
- Biology and BSI, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hector Escriva
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins; BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Caroline B Albertin
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Karl R Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Isabel Almudi
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Klementz BC, Brenneis G, Hinne IA, Laumer EM, Neu SM, Hareid GM, Gainett G, Setton EVW, Simian C, Vrech DE, Joyce I, Barnett AA, Patel NH, Harvey MS, Peretti AV, Gulia-Nuss M, Sharma PP. A novel expression domain of extradenticle underlies the evolutionary developmental origin of the chelicerate patella. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594547. [PMID: 38826321 PMCID: PMC11142128 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Neofunctionalization of duplicated gene copies is thought to be an important process underlying the origin of evolutionary novelty and provides an elegant mechanism for the origin of new phenotypic traits. One putative case where a new gene copy has been linked to a novel morphological trait is the origin of the arachnid patella, a taxonomically restricted leg segment. In spiders, the origin of this segment has been linked to the origin of the paralog dachshund-2 , suggesting that a new gene facilitated the expression of a new trait. However, various arachnid groups that possess patellae do not have a copy of dachshund-2 , disfavoring the direct link between gene origin and trait origin. We investigated the developmental genetic basis for patellar patterning in the harvestman Phalangium opilio , which lacks dachshund-2 . Here, we show that the harvestman patella is established by a novel expression domain of the transcription factor extradenticle . Leveraging this definition of patellar identity, we surveyed targeted groups across chelicerate phylogeny to assess when this trait evolved. We show that a patellar homolog is present in Pycnogonida (sea spiders) and various arachnid orders, suggesting a single origin of the patella in the ancestor of Chelicerata. A potential loss of the patella is observed in Ixodida. Our results suggest that the modification of an ancient gene, rather than the neofunctionalization of a new gene copy, underlies the origin of the patella. Broadly, this work underscores the value of comparative data and broad taxonomic sampling when testing hypotheses in evolutionary developmental biology.
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3
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Fogarty EA, Buchert EM, Ma Y, Nicely AB, Buttitta LA. Transcriptional repression and enhancer decommissioning silence cell cycle genes in postmitotic tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592773. [PMID: 38766255 PMCID: PMC11100713 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms that maintain a non-cycling status in postmitotic tissues are not well understood. Many cell cycle genes have promoters and enhancers that remain accessible even when cells are terminally differentiated and in a non-cycling state, suggesting their repression must be maintained long term. In contrast, enhancer decommissioning has been observed for rate-limiting cell cycle genes in the Drosophila wing, a tissue where the cells die soon after eclosion, but it has been unclear if this also occurs in other contexts of terminal differentiation. In this study, we show that enhancer decommissioning also occurs at specific, rate-limiting cell cycle genes in the long-lived tissues of the Drosophila eye and brain, and we propose this loss of chromatin accessibility may help maintain a robust postmitotic state. We examined the decommissioned enhancers at specific rate-limiting cell cycle genes and show that they encode dynamic temporal and spatial expression patterns that include shared, as well as tissue-specific elements, resulting in broad gene expression with developmentally controlled temporal regulation. We extend our analysis to cell cycle gene expression and chromatin accessibility in the mammalian retina using a published dataset, and find that the principles of cell cycle gene regulation identified in terminally differentiating Drosophila tissues are conserved in the differentiating mammalian retina. We propose a robust, non-cycling status is maintained in long-lived postmitotic tissues through a combination of stable repression at most cell cycle gens, alongside enhancer decommissioning at specific rate-limiting cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Fogarty
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Elli M. Buchert
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Yiqin Ma
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Ava B. Nicely
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Laura A. Buttitta
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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4
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Gainett G, Klementz BC, Blaszczyk P, Setton EVW, Murayama GP, Willemart R, Gavish-Regev E, Sharma PP. Vestigial organs alter fossil placements in an ancient group of terrestrial chelicerates. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1258-1270.e5. [PMID: 38401545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Vestigial organs provide a link between ancient and modern traits and therefore have great potential to resolve the phylogeny of contentious fossils that bear features not seen in extant species. Here we show that extant daddy-longlegs (Arachnida, Opiliones), a group once thought to possess only one pair of eyes, in fact additionally retain a pair of vestigial median eyes and a pair of vestigial lateral eyes. Neuroanatomical gene expression surveys of eye-patterning transcription factors, opsins, and other structural proteins in the daddy-longlegs Phalangium opilio show that the vestigial median and lateral eyes innervate regions of the brain positionally homologous to the median and lateral eye neuropils, respectively, of chelicerate groups like spiders and horseshoe crabs. Gene silencing of eyes absent shows that the vestigial eyes are under the control of the retinal determination gene network. Gene silencing of dachshund disrupts the lateral eyes, but not the median eyes, paralleling loss-of-function phenotypes in insect models. The existence of lateral eyes in extant daddy-longlegs bears upon the placement of the oldest harvestmen fossils, a putative stem group that possessed both a pair of median eyes and a pair of lateral eyes. Phylogenetic analysis of harvestman relationships with an updated understanding of lateral eye incidence resolved the four-eyed fossil group as a member of the extant daddy-longlegs suborder, which in turn resulted in older estimated ages of harvestman diversification. This work underscores that developmental vestiges in extant taxa can influence our understanding of character evolution, placement of fossils, and inference of divergence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Benjamin C Klementz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pola Blaszczyk
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Emily V W Setton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gabriel P Murayama
- Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Willemart
- Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Efrat Gavish-Regev
- The National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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Matsuoka Y, Murugesan SN, Prakash A, Monteiro A. Lepidopteran prolegs are novel traits, not leg homologs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9389. [PMID: 37824626 PMCID: PMC10569709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae have both thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs, yet it is unclear whether these are serial homologs. A RNA-seq analysis with various appendages of Bicyclus anynana butterfly larvae indicated that the proleg transcriptome resembles the head-horn transcriptome, a novel trait in the lepidoptera, but not a thoracic leg. Under a partial segment abdominal-A (abd-A) knockout, both thoracic leg homologs (pleuropodia) and prolegs developed in the same segment, arguing that both traits are not serial homologs. Further, three of the four coxal marker genes, Sp5, Sp6-9, and araucan, were absent from prolegs, but two endite marker genes, gooseberry and Distal-less, were expressed in prolegs, suggesting that prolegs may be using a modular endite gene-regulatory network (GRN) for their development. We propose that larval prolegs are novel traits derived from the activation of a pre-existing modular endite GRN in the abdomen using abd-A, the same Hox gene that still represses legs in more lateral positions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suriya Narayanan Murugesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive, Singapore 117543 Singapore
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6
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Smith FW, Game M, Mapalo MA, Chavarria RA, Harrison TR, Janssen R. Developmental and genomic insight into the origin of the tardigrade body plan. Evol Dev 2023. [PMID: 37721221 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Tardigrada is an ancient lineage of miniaturized animals. As an outgroup of the well-studied Arthropoda and Onychophora, studies of tardigrades hold the potential to reveal important insights into body plan evolution in Panarthropoda. Previous studies have revealed interesting facets of tardigrade development and genomics that suggest that a highly compact body plan is a derived condition of this lineage, rather than it representing an ancestral state of Panarthropoda. This conclusion was based on studies of several species from Eutardigrada. We review these studies and expand on them by analyzing the publicly available genome and transcriptome assemblies of Echiniscus testudo, a representative of Heterotardigrada. These new analyses allow us to phylogenetically reconstruct important features of genome evolution in Tardigrada. We use available data from tardigrades to interrogate several recent models of body plan evolution in Panarthropoda. Although anterior segments of panarthropods are highly diverse in terms of anatomy and development, both within individuals and between species, we conclude that a simple one-to-one alignment of anterior segments across Panarthropoda is the best available model of segmental homology. In addition to providing important insight into body plan diversification within Panarthropoda, we speculate that studies of tardigrades may reveal generalizable pathways to miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Smith
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mandy Game
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Marc A Mapalo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raul A Chavarria
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Taylor R Harrison
- Biology Department, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Kihm JH, Smith FW, Kim S, Rho HS, Zhang X, Liu J, Park TYS. Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211251120. [PMID: 37399417 PMCID: PMC10334802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211251120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylum Tardigrada (water bears), well known for their cryptobiosis, includes small invertebrates with four paired limbs and is divided into two classes: Eutardigrada and Heterotardigrada. The evolutionary origin of Tardigrada is known to lie within the lobopodians, which are extinct soft-bodied worms with lobopodous limbs mostly discovered at sites of exceptionally well-preserved fossils. Contrary to their closest relatives, onychophorans and euarthropods, the origin of morphological characters of tardigrades remains unclear, and detailed comparison with the lobopodians has not been well explored. Here, we present detailed morphological comparison between tardigrades and Cambrian lobopodians, with a phylogenetic analysis encompassing most of the lobopodians and three panarthropod phyla. The results indicate that the ancestral tardigrades likely had a Cambrian lobopodian-like morphology and shared most recent ancestry with the luolishaniids. Internal relationships within Tardigrada indicate that the ancestral tardigrade had a vermiform body shape without segmental plates, but possessed cuticular structures surrounding the mouth opening, and lobopodous legs terminating with claws, but without digits. This finding is in contrast to the long-standing stygarctid-like ancestor hypothesis. The highly compact and miniaturized body plan of tardigrades evolved after the tardigrade lineage diverged from an ancient shared ancestor with the luolishaniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
| | - Frank W. Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL32224
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Rho
- East Sea Environment Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do36315, Korea
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Jianni Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34113, Korea
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8
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Liu H, Zheng Y, Zhu B, Tong Y, Xin W, Yang H, Jin P, Hu Y, Huang M, Chang W, Ballarin F, Li S, Hou Z. Marine-montane transitions coupled with gill and genetic convergence in extant crustacean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4011. [PMID: 37352347 PMCID: PMC10289665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine-terrestrial transition represents an important aspect of organismal evolution that requires numerous morphological and genetic innovations and has been hypothesized to be caused by geological changes. We used talitrid crustaceans with marine-coastal-montane extant species at a global scale to investigate the marine origination and terrestrial adaptation. Using genomic data, we demonstrated that marine ancestors repeatedly colonized montane terrestrial habitats during the Oligocene to Miocene. Biological transitions were well correlated with plate collisions or volcanic island formation, and top-down cladogenesis was observed on the basis of a positive relationship between ancestral habitat elevation and divergence time for montane lineages. We detected convergent variations of convoluted gills and convergent evolution of SMC3 associated with montane transitions. Moreover, using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, we proposed that SMC3 potentially regulates the development of exites, such as talitrid gills. Our results provide a living model for understanding biological innovations and related genetic regulatory mechanisms associated with marine-terrestrial transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar
| | - Yami Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenpei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Han Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yueyao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanjin Chang
- Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francesco Ballarin
- Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhonge Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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9
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Feigin CY, Moreno JA, Ramos R, Mereby SA, Alivisatos A, Wang W, van Amerongen R, Camacho J, Rasweiler JJ, Behringer RR, Ostrow B, Plikus MV, Mallarino R. Convergent deployment of ancestral functions during the evolution of mammalian flight membranes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7511. [PMID: 36961889 PMCID: PMC10038344 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flight membranes, or patagia, have evolved repeatedly in diverse mammalian lineages. While little is known about patagium development, its recurrent evolution may suggest a shared molecular basis. By combining transcriptomics, developmental experiments, and mouse transgenics, we demonstrate that lateral Wnt5a expression in the marsupial sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) promotes the differentiation of its patagium primordium. We further show that this function of Wnt5a reprises ancestral roles in skin morphogenesis predating mammalian flight and has been convergently used during patagium evolution in eutherian bats. Moreover, we find that many genes involved in limb development have been redeployed during patagium outgrowth in both the sugar glider and bat. Together, our findings reveal that deeply conserved genetic toolkits contribute to the evolutionary transition to flight in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y. Feigin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jorge A. Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sarah A. Mereby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ares Alivisatos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Camacho
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - John J. Rasweiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Richard R. Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bruce Ostrow
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ricardo Mallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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10
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Rice GR, David JR, Gompel N, Yassin A, Rebeiz M. Resolving between novelty and homology in the rapidly evolving phallus of Drosophila. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2023; 340:182-196. [PMID: 34958528 PMCID: PMC10155935 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genitalia present some of the most rapidly evolving anatomical structures in the animal kingdom, possessing a variety of parts that can distinguish recently diverged species. In the Drosophila melanogaster group, the phallus is adorned with several processes, pointed outgrowths, that are similar in size and shape between species. However, the complex three-dimensional nature of the phallus can obscure the exact connection points of each process. Previous descriptions based upon adult morphology have primarily assigned phallic processes by their approximate positions in the phallus and have remained largely agnostic regarding their homology relationships. In the absence of clearly identified homology, it can be challenging to model when each structure first evolved. Here, we employ a comparative developmental analysis of these processes in eight members of the melanogaster species group to precisely identify the tissue from which each process forms. Our results indicate that adult phallic processes arise from three pupal primordia in all species. We found that in some cases the same primordia generate homologous structures whereas in other cases, different primordia produce phenotypically similar but remarkably non-homologous structures. This suggests that the same gene regulatory network may have been redeployed to different primordia to induce phenotypically similar traits. Our results highlight how traits diversify and can be redeployed, even at short evolutionary scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean R David
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE), UMR 9191, CNRS,IRD, Univ.Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Gompel
- Fakultät für Biologie, Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Amir Yassin
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE), UMR 9191, CNRS,IRD, Univ.Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, Cedex, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR7205, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Mark Rebeiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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DiFrisco J, Love AC, Wagner GP. The hierarchical basis of serial homology and evolutionary novelty. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21531. [PMID: 36317664 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Given the pervasiveness of gene sharing in evolution and the extent of homology across the tree of life, why is everything not homologous with everything else? The continuity and overlapping genetic contributions to diverse traits across lineages seem to imply that no discrete determination of homology is possible. Although some argue that the widespread overlap in parts and processes should be acknowledged as "partial" homology, this threatens a broad base of presumed comparative morphological knowledge accepted by most biologists. Following a long scientific tradition, we advocate a strategy of "theoretical articulation" that introduces further distinctions to existing concepts to produce increased contrastive resolution among the labels used to represent biological phenomena. We pursue this strategy by drawing on successful patterns of reasoning from serial homology at the level of gene sequences to generate an enriched characterization of serial homology as a hierarchical, phylogenetic concept. Specifically, we propose that the concept of serial homology should be applied primarily to repeated but developmentally individualized body parts, such as cell types, differentiated body segments, or epidermal appendages. For these characters, a phylogenetic history can be reconstructed, similar to families of paralogous genes, endowing the notion of serial homology with a hierarchical, phylogenetic interpretation. On this basis, we propose a five-fold theoretical classification that permits a more fine-grained mapping of diverse trait-types. This facilitates answering the question of why everything is not homologous with everything else, as well as how novelty is possible given that any new character possesses evolutionary precursors. We illustrate the fecundity of our account by reference to debates over insect wing serial homologs and vertebrate paired appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan C Love
- Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Günter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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12
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Tserevelakis GJ, Velentza S, Liaskas I, Archontidis T, Pavlopoulos A, Zacharakis G. Imaging Parhyale hawaiensis embryogenesis with frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy: A novel tool in developmental biology. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200202. [PMID: 36059080 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the application of a low-cost frequency domain photoacoustic (FDPA) microscope for the label-free imaging of live developing embryos of the crustacean model organism Parhyale hawaiensis. By modulating the intensity of a continuous wave laser source at 9.5 MHz, we achieve the excitation of monochromatic PA waves, which are detected to provide amplitude and phase recordings. The data are subsequently processed to generate accurate maximum amplitude projection and surface reconstructions, delineating the morphological features of the embryos with high resolution and contrast. The findings of this study pave the way for the broader adoption of inexpensive PA diagnostic techniques in developmental biology, shedding light on various fundamental processes in established and emerging model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Tserevelakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Velentza
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liaskas
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece
| | - Themis Archontidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasios Pavlopoulos
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece
| | - Giannis Zacharakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Crete, Greece
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13
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Dearden PK. Evolution: Hidden homologies may underpin the diversity of arthropods. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R916-R918. [PMID: 36099895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods are remarkable for the diversity of their exoskeletons. A new study shows that these structures, from crustacean carapaces to insect wings, may be homologous and derived from hidden developmental structures preserved through arthropod evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa-New Zealand.
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14
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The crustacean Parhyale. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1015-1016. [PMID: 36068313 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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A single WNT enhancer drives specification and regeneration of the Drosophila wing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4794. [PMID: 35995781 PMCID: PMC9395397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wings have provided an evolutionary advantage to insects and have allowed them to diversify. Here, we have identified in Drosophila a highly robust regulatory mechanism that ensures the specification and growth of the wing not only during normal development but also under stress conditions. We present evidence that a single wing-specific enhancer in the wingless gene is used in two consecutive developmental stages to first drive wing specification and then contribute to mediating the remarkable regenerative capacity of the developing wing upon injury. We identify two evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory modules within this enhancer that are utilized in a redundant manner to mediate these two activities through the use of distinct molecular mechanisms. Whereas Hedgehog and EGFR signalling regulate Wingless expression in early primordia, thus inducing wing specification from body wall precursors, JNK activation in injured tissues induce Wingless expression to promote compensatory proliferation. These results point to evolutionarily linked conservation of wing specification and regeneration to ensure robust development of the wing, perhaps the most relevant evolutionary novelty in insects. The wing is a remarkable evolutionary novelty in insects. Here the authors demonstrate that the specification and regenerative capacity of the wing relies on a single wing-specific enhancer of the wingless gene in Drosophila.
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16
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Bruce HS, Patel NH. The Daphnia carapace and other novel structures evolved via the cryptic persistence of serial homologs. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3792-3799.e3. [PMID: 35858617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how novel structures arise is a central question in evolution. Novel structures are often defined as structures that are not derived from (homologous to) any structure in the ancestor.1 The carapace of the crustacean Daphnia magna is a bivalved "cape" of exoskeleton. Shiga et al.2 proposed that the carapace of crustaceans like Daphnia and many other plate-like outgrowths in arthropods are novel structures that arose through the repeated co-option of genes like vestigial that also pattern insect wings.2-4 To determine whether the Daphnia carapace is a novel structure, we compare previous functional work2 with the expression of genes known to pattern the proximal leg region (pannier, araucan, and vestigial)5,6 between Daphnia, Parhyale, and Tribolium. Our results suggest that the Daphnia carapace did not arise by co-option but instead derived from an exite (lateral leg lobe) that emerges from an ancestral proximal leg segment that was incorporated into the Daphnia body wall. The Daphnia carapace, therefore, appears to be homologous to the Parhyale tergal plate and the insect wing.5 Remarkably, the vestigial-positive tissue that gives rise to the Daphnia carapace appears to be present in Parhyale7 and Tribolium as a small, inconspicuous protrusion. Thus, rather than a novel structure resulting from gene co-option, the Daphnia carapace appears to have arisen from a shared, ancestral tissue (morphogenetic field) that persists in a cryptic state in other arthropod lineages. Cryptic persistence of unrecognized serial homologs may thus be a general solution for the origin of novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Bruce
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; University of Chicago, Organismal Biology & Anatomy, 1027 E 57(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Hirschberger C, Gillis JA. The pseudobranch of jawed vertebrates is a mandibular arch-derived gill. Development 2022; 149:275947. [PMID: 35762641 PMCID: PMC9340550 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pseudobranch is a gill-like epithelial elaboration that sits behind the jaw of most fishes. This structure was classically regarded as a vestige of the ancestral gill arch-like condition of the gnathostome jaw. However, more recently, hypotheses of jaw evolution by transformation of a gill arch have been challenged, and the pseudobranch has alternatively been considered a specialised derivative of the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch. Here, we demonstrate in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that the pseudobranch does, in fact, derive from the mandibular arch, and that it shares gene expression features and cell types with gills. We also show that the skate mandibular arch pseudobranch is supported by a spiracular cartilage that is patterned by a shh-expressing epithelial signalling centre. This closely parallels the condition seen in the gill arches, where cartilaginous appendages called branchial rays, which support the respiratory lamellae of the gills, are patterned by a shh-expressing gill arch epithelial ridge. Together with similar discoveries in zebrafish, our findings support serial homology of the pseudobranch and gills, and an ancestral origin of gill arch-like anatomical features from the gnathostome mandibular arch. Summary: The skate pseudobranch is a gill serial homologue and reveals the ancestral gill arch-like nature of the jawed vertebrate mandibular arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hirschberger
- University of Cambridge 1 Department of Zoology , , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
| | - J. Andrew Gillis
- University of Cambridge 1 Department of Zoology , , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
- Marine Biological Laboratory 2 , 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA
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18
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Abdominal serial homologues of wings in Paleozoic insects. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3414-3422.e1. [PMID: 35772407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Late Paleozoic acquisition of wings in insects represents one of the key steps in arthropod evolution. While the origin of wings has been a contentious matter for nearly two centuries, recent evolutionary developmental studies suggest either the participation of both tergal and pleural tissues in the formation of wings1 or wings originated from exites of the most proximal leg podite incorporated into the insect body wall.2 The so-called "dual hypothesis" for wing origins finds support from studies of embryology, evo-devo, and genomics, although the degree of the presumed contribution from tergal and pleural tissues differ.3-6 Ohde et al.,7 confirmed a major role for tergal tissue in the formation of the cricket wing and suggested that "wings evolved from the pre-existing lateral terga of a wingless insect ancestor." Additional work has focused on identifying partial serially homologous structures of wings on the prothorax8,9 and abdominal segments.10 Thus, several studies have suggested that the prothoracic horns in scarab beetles,9 gin traps of tenebrionid and scarab beetle pupae,11,12 or abdominal tracheal gills of mayfly larvae1,13 evolved from serial homologues of wings. Here, we present critical information from abdominal lateral outgrowths (flaps) of Paleozoic palaeodictyopteran larvae, which show comparable structure to thoracic wings, consisting of cordate lateral outgrowths antero-basally hinged by muscle attachments. These flaps therefore most likely represent wing serial homologues. The presence of these paired outgrowths on abdominal segments I-IX in early diverging Pterygota likely corresponds to crustacean epipods14,15 and resembles a hypothesized ancestral body plan of a "protopterygote" model.
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19
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Sun DA, Bredeson JV, Bruce HS, Patel NH. Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Development 2022; 149:275484. [PMID: 35608283 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research organisms enable the study of biology that cannot be addressed using classical 'model' organisms. New data resources can accelerate research in such animals. Here, we present new functional genomic resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-seq to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course encompasses many major morphological events, including segmentation, body regionalization, gut morphogenesis and limb development. In addition, we use short- and long-read RNA-seq to generate an improved Parhyale genome annotation, enabling deeper classification of identified regulatory elements. We discover differential accessibility, predict nucleosome positioning, infer transcription factor binding, cluster peaks based on accessibility dynamics, classify biological functions and correlate gene expression with accessibility. Using a Minos transposase reporter system, we demonstrate the potential to identify novel regulatory elements using this approach. This work provides a platform for the identification of novel developmental regulatory elements in Parhyale, and offers a framework for performing such experiments in other emerging research organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessen V Bredeson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Nipam H Patel
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.,Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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DiFrisco J, Wagner GP, Love AC. Reframing research on evolutionary novelty and co-option: Character identity mechanisms versus deep homology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 145:3-12. [PMID: 35400563 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A central topic in research at the intersection of development and evolution is the origin of novel traits. Despite progress on understanding how developmental mechanisms underlie patterns of diversity in the history of life, the problem of novelty continues to challenge researchers. Here we argue that research on evolutionary novelty and the closely associated phenomenon of co-option can be reframed fruitfully by: (1) specifying a conceptual model of mechanisms that underwrite character identity, (2) providing a richer and more empirically precise notion of co-option that goes beyond common appeals to "deep homology", and (3) attending to the nature of experimental interventions that can determine whether and how the co-option of identity mechanisms can help to explain novel character origins. This reframing has the potential to channel future investigation to make substantive progress on the problem of evolutionary novelty. To illustrate this potential, we apply our reframing to two case studies: treehopper helmets and beetle horns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Günter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan C Love
- Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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21
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Paris M, Wolff C, Patel NH, Averof M. The crustacean model Parhyale hawaiensis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:199-230. [PMID: 35337450 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods are the most abundant and diverse animals on earth. Among them, pancrustaceans are an ancient and morphologically diverse group, comprising a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic crustaceans as well as the insects, which emerged from crustacean ancestors to colonize most terrestrial habitats. Within insects, Drosophila stands out as one of the most powerful animal models, making major contributions to our understanding of development, physiology and behavior. Given these attributes, crustaceans provide a fertile ground for exploring biological diversity through comparative studies. However, beyond insects, few crustaceans are developed sufficiently as experimental models to enable such studies. The marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis is currently the best established crustacean system, offering year-round accessibility to developmental stages, transgenic tools, genomic resources, and established genetics and imaging approaches. The Parhyale research community is small but diverse, investigating the evolution of development, regeneration, aspects of sensory biology, chronobiology, bioprocessing and ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Paris
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France
| | - Carsten Wolff
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Michalis Averof
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France.
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22
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Brusca RC. A Modern Overview of Crustacean Biogeography: Evolution and Biogeography Review. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022. [DOI: 10.1086/717939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Butterfly eyespots evolved via cooption of an ancestral gene-regulatory network that also patterns antennae, legs, and wings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108661119. [PMID: 35169073 PMCID: PMC8872758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108661119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Where do butterfly eyespots come from? One of the long-standing questions in the field of evolution concerns addressing where novel complex traits come from. Here we show that butterfly eyespots, a novel complex trait, likely originated from the redeployment of a preexisting gene-regulatory network regulating antennae, legs, and wings, to novel locations on the wing. Butterfly eyespots are beautiful novel traits with an unknown developmental origin. Here we show that eyespots likely originated via cooption of parts of an ancestral appendage gene-regulatory network (GRN) to novel locations on the wing. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we show that eyespots cluster most closely with antennae, relative to multiple other tissues. Furthermore, three genes essential for eyespot development, Distal-less (Dll), spalt (sal), and Antennapedia (Antp), share similar regulatory connections as those observed in the antennal GRN. CRISPR knockout of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for Dll and sal led to the loss of eyespots, antennae, legs, and also wings, demonstrating that these CREs are highly pleiotropic. We conclude that eyespots likely reused an ancient GRN for their development, a network also previously implicated in the development of antennae, legs, and wings.
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24
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Ohde T, Mito T, Niimi T. A hemimetabolous wing development suggests the wing origin from lateral tergum of a wingless ancestor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:979. [PMID: 35190538 PMCID: PMC8861169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of the novel insect wing remain enigmatic after a century-long discussion. The mechanism of wing development in hemimetabolous insects, in which the first functional wings evolved, is key to understand where and how insect wings evolutionarily originate. This study explored the developmental origin and the postembryonic dramatic growth of wings in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We find that the lateral tergal margin, which is homologous between apterygote and pterygote insects, comprises a growth organizer to expand the body wall to form adult wing blades in Gryllus. We also find that Wnt, Fat-Dachsous, and Hippo pathways are involved in the disproportional growth of Gryllus wings. These data provide insights into where and how insect wings originate. Wings evolved from the pre-existing lateral terga of a wingless insect ancestor, and the reactivation or redeployment of Wnt/Fat-Dachsous/Hippo-mediated feed-forward circuit might have expanded the lateral terga. Here, the authors investigate wing development in cricket and find support for evolution of the novel insect wing from the pre-existing dorsal body wall of a wingless ancestor by activation of an evolutionarily conserved growth mechanism.
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25
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Ballesteros JA, Santibáñez-López CE, Baker CM, Benavides LR, Cunha TJ, Gainett G, Ontano AZ, Setton EVW, Arango CP, Gavish-Regev E, Harvey MS, Wheeler WC, Hormiga G, Giribet G, Sharma PP. Comprehensive species sampling and sophisticated algorithmic approaches refute the monophyly of Arachnida. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6522129. [PMID: 35137183 PMCID: PMC8845124 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the evolutionary relationships of Chelicerata (arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and allied taxa) has proven notoriously difficult, due to their ancient rapid radiation and the incidence of elevated evolutionary rates in several lineages. Although conflicting hypotheses prevail in morphological and molecular data sets alike, the monophyly of Arachnida is nearly universally accepted, despite historical lack of support in molecular data sets. Some phylotranscriptomic analyses have recovered arachnid monophyly, but these did not sample all living orders, whereas analyses including all orders have failed to recover Arachnida. To understand this conflict, we assembled a data set of 506 high-quality genomes and transcriptomes, sampling all living orders of Chelicerata with high occupancy and rigorous approaches to orthology inference. Our analyses consistently recovered the nested placement of horseshoe crabs within a paraphyletic Arachnida. This result was insensitive to variation in evolutionary rates of genes, complexity of the substitution models, and alternative algorithmic approaches to species tree inference. Investigation of sources of systematic bias showed that genes and sites that recover arachnid monophyly are enriched in noise and exhibit low information content. To test the impact of morphological data, we generated a 514-taxon morphological data matrix of extant and fossil Chelicerata, analyzed in tandem with the molecular matrix. Combined analyses recovered the clade Merostomata (the marine orders Xiphosura, Eurypterida, and Chasmataspidida), but merostomates appeared nested within Arachnida. Our results suggest that morphological convergence resulting from adaptations to life in terrestrial habitats has driven the historical perception of arachnid monophyly, paralleling the history of numerous other invertebrate terrestrial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A Ballesteros
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos E Santibáñez-López
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Caitlin M Baker
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ligia R Benavides
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Tauana J Cunha
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Z Ontano
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Emily V W Setton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Claudia P Arango
- Office for Research, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Efrat Gavish-Regev
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mark S Harvey
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, 6106, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Australia
| | - Ward C Wheeler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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26
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Fisher CR, Kratovil JD, Angelini DR, Jockusch EL. Out from under the wing: reconceptualizing the insect wing gene regulatory network as a versatile, general module for body-wall lobes in arthropods. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211808. [PMID: 34933597 PMCID: PMC8692954 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Body plan evolution often occurs through the differentiation of serially homologous body parts, particularly in the evolution of arthropod body plans. Recently, homeotic transformations resulting from experimental manipulation of gene expression, along with comparative data on the expression and function of genes in the wing regulatory network, have provided a new perspective on an old question in insect evolution: how did the insect wing evolve? We investigated the metamorphic roles of a suite of 10 wing- and body-wall-related genes in a hemimetabolous insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Our results indicate that genes involved in wing development in O. fasciatus play similar roles in the development of adult body-wall flattened cuticular evaginations. We found extensive functional similarity between the development of wings and other bilayered evaginations of the body wall. Overall, our results support the existence of a versatile development module for building bilayered cuticular epithelial structures that pre-dates the evolutionary origin of wings. We explore the consequences of reconceptualizing the canonical wing-patterning network as a bilayered body-wall patterning network, including consequences for long-standing debates about wing homology, the origin of wings and the origin of novel bilayered body-wall structures. We conclude by presenting three testable predictions that result from this reconceptualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cera R. Fisher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Justin D. Kratovil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth L. Jockusch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Liu Y, Edgecombe GD, Schmidt M, Bond AD, Melzer RR, Zhai D, Mai H, Zhang M, Hou X. Exites in Cambrian arthropods and homology of arthropod limb branches. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4619. [PMID: 34330912 PMCID: PMC8324779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The last common ancestor of all living arthropods had biramous postantennal appendages, with an endopodite and exopodite branching off the limb base. Morphological evidence for homology of these rami between crustaceans and chelicerates has, however, been challenged by data from clonal composition and from knockout of leg patterning genes. Cambrian arthropod fossils have been cited as providing support for competing hypotheses about biramy but have shed little light on additional lateral outgrowths, known as exites. Here we draw on microtomographic imaging of the Cambrian great-appendage arthropod Leanchoilia to reveal a previously undetected exite at the base of most appendages, composed of overlapping lamellae. A morphologically similar, and we infer homologous, exite is documented in the same position in members of the trilobite-allied Artiopoda. This early Cambrian exite morphology supplements an emerging picture from gene expression that exites may have a deeper origin in arthropod phylogeny than has been appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
| | - Michel Schmidt
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, München, Germany
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, München, Germany
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Roland R Melzer
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, München, Germany
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, München, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Dayou Zhai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Mai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Maoyin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianguang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
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Thümecke S, Schröder R. The odd-skipped related gene drumstick is required for leg development in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1456-1471. [PMID: 33871128 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolutionarily conserved odd-skipped related genes odd-skipped (odd), drumstick (drm), sister of odd and bowel (sob), and brother-of-odd-with-entrails-limited (bwl) act downstream of the Notch pathway in various insect tissues including the appendages and the gut. While the function of some of these genes have been analyzed in the adult Tribolium beetle, the expression during and their requirement for embryonic development is not known. RESULTS We describe here the embryonic expression patterns of drm, sob, and bwl and analyze the RNAi knockdown phenotypes with emphasize on the appendages and the hindgut. We show that in Tribolium, drm acts independently of other odd-family members in the formation of legs, hindgut, and the dorsal epidermis. Moreover, we establish drm and sob as further markers for segment borders in the appendages that include the gnathobasic mandibles. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the regulatory interrelationship among the odd genes differs between Tribolium and Drosophila, where odd and drm seem to act redundantly. In Tribolium, the genes drm and sob uncover the relict of a precoxal joint incorporated in the lateral body wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Thümecke
- Institut für Insektenbiotechnologie, Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany.,Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schröder
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Wolfe JM, Luque J, Bracken-Grissom HD. How to become a crab: Phenotypic constraints on a recurring body plan. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100020. [PMID: 33751651 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is whether phenotypes can be predicted by ecological or genomic rules. At least five cases of convergent evolution of the crab-like body plan (with a wide and flattened shape, and a bent abdomen) are known in decapod crustaceans, and have, for over 140 years, been known as "carcinization." The repeated loss of this body plan has been identified as "decarcinization." In reviewing the field, we offer phylogenetic strategies to include poorly known groups, and direct evidence from fossils, that will resolve the history of crab evolution and the degree of phenotypic variation within crabs. Proposed ecological advantages of the crab body are summarized into a hypothesis of phenotypic integration suggesting correlated evolution of the carapace shape and abdomen. Our premise provides fertile ground for future studies of the genomic and developmental basis, and the predictability, of the crab-like body form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wolfe
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Javier Luque
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa-Ancon, Panama.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heather D Bracken-Grissom
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
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Tomoyasu Y. What crustaceans can tell us about the evolution of insect wings and other morphologically novel structures. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:48-55. [PMID: 33647834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of novel structures often has a profound impact on the adaptation of organisms. The wing of insects is one such example, facilitating their massive success and enabling them to become the dominant clade on this planet. However, its evolutionary origin as well as the mechanisms underpinning its evolution remain elusive. Studies in crustaceans, a wingless sister group of insects, have played a pivotal role in the wing origin debate. Three recent investigations into the genes related to insect wings and legs in crustaceans provided intriguing insights into how and where insect wings evolved. Interestingly, each study proposes a distinct mechanism as a key process underlying insect wing evolution. Here, I discuss what we can learn about the evolution of insect wings and morphological novelty in general by synthesizing the outcomes of these studies.
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Toyota K, Miyakawa H, Hiruta C, Sato T, Katayama H, Ohira T, Iguchi T. Sex Determination and Differentiation in Decapod and Cladoceran Crustaceans: An Overview of Endocrine Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020305. [PMID: 33669984 PMCID: PMC7924870 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying sex determination and differentiation in animals are known to encompass a diverse array of molecular clues. Recent innovations in high-throughput sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies have been widely applied in non-model organisms without reference genomes. Crustaceans are no exception. They are particularly diverse among the Arthropoda and contain a wide variety of commercially important fishery species such as shrimps, lobsters and crabs (Order Decapoda), and keystone species of aquatic ecosystems such as water fleas (Order Branchiopoda). In terms of decapod sex determination and differentiation, previous approaches have attempted to elucidate their molecular components, to establish mono-sex breeding technology. Here, we overview reports describing the physiological functions of sex hormones regulating masculinization and feminization, and gene discovery by transcriptomics in decapod species. Moreover, this review summarizes the recent progresses of studies on the juvenile hormone-driven sex determination system of the branchiopod genus Daphnia, and then compares sex determination and endocrine systems between decapods and branchiopods. This review provides not only substantial insights for aquaculture research, but also the opportunity to re-organize the current and future trends of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Toyota
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata 952-2135, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Hitoshi Miyakawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan;
| | - Chizue Hiruta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan;
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.S.); (T.I.)
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Clark-Hachtel C, Fernandez-Nicolas A, Belles X, Tomoyasu Y. Tergal and pleural wing-related tissues in the German cockroach and their implication to the evolutionary origin of insect wings. Evol Dev 2021; 23:100-116. [PMID: 33503322 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of wings has facilitated the massive evolutionary success of pterygotes (winged insects), which now make up nearly three-quarters of described metazoans. However, our understanding of how this crucial structure has evolved remains quite elusive. Historically, two ideas have dominated in the wing origin debate, one placing the origin in the dorsal body wall (tergum) and the other in the lateral pleural plates and the branching structures associated with these plates. Through studying wing-related tissues in the wingless segments (such as wing serial homologs) of the beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we obtained several crucial pieces of evidence that support a third idea, the dual origin hypothesis, which proposes that wings evolved from a combination of tergal and pleural tissues. Here, we extended our analysis outside of the beetle lineage and sought to identify wing-related tissues from the wingless segments of the cockroach, Blattella germanica. Through detailed functional and expression analyses for a critical wing gene, vestigial (vg), along with re-evaluating the homeotic transformation of a wingless segment induced by an improved RNA interference protocol, we demonstrate that B. germanica possesses two distinct tissues in their wingless segments, one with tergal and one with pleural nature, that might be evolutionarily related to wings. This outcome appears to parallel the reports from other insects, which may further support a dual origin of insect wings. However, we also identified a vg-independent tissue that contributes to wing formation upon homeotic transformation, as well as vg-dependent tissues that do not appear to participate in wing formation, in B. germanica, indicating a more complex evolutionary history of the tissues that contributed to the emergence of insect wings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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