1
|
Lee I, Melton SR, Xu D, Delor M. Controlling Molecular Photoisomerization in Photonic Cavities through Polariton Funneling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9544-9553. [PMID: 38530932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling between photonic modes and molecular electronic excitations, creating hybrid light-matter states called polaritons, is an attractive avenue for controlling chemical reactions. Nevertheless, experimental demonstrations of polariton-modified chemical reactions remain sparse. Here, we demonstrate modified photoisomerization kinetics of merocyanine and diarylethene by coupling the reactant's optical transition with photonic microcavity modes. We leverage broadband Fourier-plane optical microscopy to noninvasively and rapidly monitor photoisomerization within microcavities, enabling systematic investigation of chemical kinetics for different cavity-exciton detunings and photoexcitation conditions. We demonstrate three distinct effects of cavity coupling: first, a renormalization of the photonic density of states, akin to a Purcell effect, leads to enhanced absorption and isomerization rates at certain wavelengths, notably red-shifting the onset of photoisomerization. This effect is present under both strong and weak light-matter couplings. Second, kinetic competition between polariton localization into reactive molecular states and cavity losses leads to a suppression of the photoisomerization yield. Finally, our key result is that in reaction mixtures with multiple reactant isomers, exhibiting partially overlapping optical transitions and distinct isomerization pathways, the cavity resonance can be tuned to funnel photoexcitations into specific reactant isomers. Thus, upon decoherence, polaritons localize into a chosen isomer, selectively triggering the latter's photoisomerization despite initially being delocalized across all isomers. This result suggests that careful tuning of the cavity resonance is a promising avenue to steer chemical reactions and enhance product selectivity in reaction mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sarah R Melton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramesh VG, Peters KJH, Rodriguez SRK. Arcsine Laws of Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133801. [PMID: 38613295 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the time-integrated light intensity transmitted by a coherently driven resonator obeys Lévy's arcsine laws-a cornerstone of extreme value statistics. We show that convergence to the arcsine distribution is algebraic, universal, and independent of nonequilibrium behavior due to nonconservative forces or nonadiabatic driving. We furthermore verify, numerically, that the arcsine laws hold in the presence of frequency noise and in Kerr-nonlinear resonators supporting non-Gaussian states. The arcsine laws imply a weak ergodicity breaking which can be leveraged to enhance the precision of resonant optical sensors with zero energy cost, as shown in our companion manuscript [V. G. Ramesh et al., companion paper, Phys. Rev. Res. (2024).PPRHAI2643-1564]. Finally, we discuss perspectives for probing the possible breakdown of the arcsine laws in systems with memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V G Ramesh
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ricco LS, Shelykh IA, Kavokin A. Qubit gate operations in elliptically trapped polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4211. [PMID: 38378989 PMCID: PMC10879284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We consider bosonic condensates of exciton-polaritons optically confined in elliptical traps. A superposition of two non-degenerated p-type states of the condensate oriented along the two main axes of the trap is represented by a point on a Bloch sphere, being considered as an optically tunable qubit. We describe a set of universal single-qubit gates resulting in a controllable shift of the Bloch vector by means of an auxiliary laser beam. Moreover, we consider interaction mechanisms between two neighboring traps that enable designing two-qubit operations such as CPHASE and CNOT gates. Both the single- and two-qubit gates are analyzed in the presence of error sources in the context of polariton traps, such as pure dephasing and spontaneous relaxation mechanisms, leading to a fidelity reduction of the final qubit states and quantum concurrence, as well as the increase of Von Neumann entropy. We also discuss the applicability of our qubit proposal in the context of DiVincenzo's criteria for the realization of local quantum computing processes. Altogether, the developed set of quantum operations would pave the way to the realization of a variety of quantum algorithms in a planar microcavity with a set of optically induced elliptical traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S Ricco
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ivan A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo IC, Bolshoy Bulvar 30 bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141707, Russia
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen R, Liang N, Zhai T. Dual-color emissive OLED with orthogonal polarization modes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1331. [PMID: 38351002 PMCID: PMC10864411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Linearly polarized organic light-emitting diodes have become appealing functional expansions of polarization optics and optoelectronic applications. However, the current linearly polarized diodes exhibit low polarization performance, cost-prohibitive process, and monochromatic modulation limit. Herein, we develop a switchable dual-color orthogonal linear polarization mode in organic light-emitting diode, based on a dielectric/metal nanograting-waveguide hybrid-microcavity using cost-efficient laser interference lithography and vacuum thermal evaporation. This acquired diode presents a transverse-electric/transverse-magnetic polarization extinction ratio of 15.8 dB with a divergence angle of ±30°, an external quantum efficiency of 2.25%, and orthogonal polarized colors from green to sky-blue. This rasterization of dielectric/metal-cathode further satisfies momentum matching between waveguide and air mode, diffracting both the targeted sky-blue transverse-electric mode and the off-confined green transverse-magnetic mode. Therefore, a polarization-encrypted colorful optical image is proposed, representing a significant step toward the low-cost high-performance linearly polarized light-emitting diodes and electrically-inspired polarization encryption for color images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ningning Liang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Makhonin M, Delphan A, Song KW, Walker P, Isoniemi T, Claronino P, Orfanakis K, Rajendran SK, Ohadi H, Heckötter J, Assmann M, Bayer M, Tartakovskii A, Skolnick M, Kyriienko O, Krizhanovskii D. Nonlinear Rydberg exciton-polaritons in Cu 2O microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:47. [PMID: 38320987 PMCID: PMC10847413 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Rydberg excitons (analogues of Rydberg atoms in condensed matter systems) are highly excited bound electron-hole states with large Bohr radii. The interaction between them as well as exciton coupling to light may lead to strong optical nonlinearity, with applications in sensing and quantum information processing. Here, we achieve strong effective photon-photon interactions (Kerr-like optical nonlinearity) via the Rydberg blockade phenomenon and the hybridisation of excitons and photons forming polaritons in a Cu2O-filled microresonator. Under pulsed resonant excitation polariton resonance frequencies are renormalised due to the reduction of the photon-exciton coupling with increasing exciton density. Theoretical analysis shows that the Rydberg blockade plays a major role in the experimentally observed scaling of the polariton nonlinearity coefficient as ∝ n4.4±1.8 for principal quantum numbers up to n = 7. Such high principal quantum numbers studied in a polariton system for the first time are essential for realisation of high Rydberg optical nonlinearities, which paves the way towards quantum optical applications and fundamental studies of strongly correlated photonic (polaritonic) states in a solid state system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Makhonin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Anthonin Delphan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Kok Wee Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Tommi Isoniemi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Peter Claronino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Konstantinos Orfanakis
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Sai Kiran Rajendran
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Hamid Ohadi
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Julian Heckötter
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Straße 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Assmann
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Straße 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Manfred Bayer
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Straße 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Maurice Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Oleksandr Kyriienko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Dmitry Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hirai K, Andell Hutchison J, Uji-I H. Optical Cavity Design and Functionality for Molecular Strong Coupling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303110. [PMID: 37941155 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical cavity/molecule strong coupling offers attractive opportunities to modulate photochemical or photophysical processes. When atoms or molecules are placed in an optical cavity, they can coherently exchange photonic energy with optical cavity vacuum fields, entering the strong coupling interaction regime. Recent work suggests that the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of molecules can be significantly changed by strong coupling, resulting in the emergence of intriguing photochemical and photophysical phenomena. As more and more physico-chemical systems are studied under strong coupling conditions, optical cavities have also advanced in their sophistication, responsiveness, and (multi)functionality. In this review, we highlight some of these recent developments, particularly focusing on Fabry-Perot microcavities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - James Andell Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sui Y, Cheng X, Liu Q, Tang Y, Xu Z, Wei K. High-order exciton complexes induced by an interlayer carrier transfer in 2D van der Waals heterostructures. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:161-164. [PMID: 38134177 DOI: 10.1364/ol.507084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
High-order correlated excitonic states, such as biexciton, charged biexciton, and polaron, hold a promising platform in contemporary quantum and nonlinear optics due to their large Bohr radii and thus strong nonlinear interactions. The recently found 2D TMDs further give such excitonic states additional valley properties, with bound state of excitons in opposite valleys in momentum spaces. Despite great efforts that have been made on emission properties of excitonic states, their absorption features, especially the ultrafast absorption dynamics, are rarely reported. Here, we reported the enhanced optical absorption of the high-order charged-excitonic states in monolayer WS2, including singlet, triplet, and semidark trions (3-particle state), and charged biexcitons (5-particle state), by utilizing the interlayer charge transfer-induced photo-doping effect in the graphene-WS2 heterostructure. Depending on recombination rates of doping electrons, absorption intensities of charged complexes exhibit ultrafast decay dynamics, with lifetimes of several picoseconds. Due to many-body interaction, both increasing pump intensity and lattice temperature can broaden these fine excitonic absorption peaks and even reverse the shape of the transient absorption spectrum.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kang H, Ma J, Li J, Zhang X, Liu X. Exciton Polaritons in Emergent Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24449-24467. [PMID: 38051774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The "marriage" of light (i.e., photon) and matter (i.e., exciton) in semiconductors leads to the formation of hybrid quasiparticles called exciton polaritons with fascinating quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and photon blockade. The research of exciton polaritons has been evolving into an era with emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and photonic structures for their tremendous potential to break the current limitations of quantum fundamental study and photonic applications. In this Perspective, the basic concepts of 2D excitons, optical resonators, and the strong coupling regime are introduced. The research progress of exciton polaritons is reviewed, and important discoveries (especially the recent ones of 2D exciton polaritons) are highlighted. Subsequently, the emergent 2D exciton polaritons are discussed in detail, ranging from the realization of the strong coupling regime in various photonic systems to the discoveries of attractive phenomena with interesting physics and extensive applications. Moreover, emerging 2D semiconductors, such as 2D perovskites (2DPK) and 2D antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors, are surveyed for the manipulation of exciton polaritons with distinct control degrees of freedom (DOFs). Finally, the outlook on the 2D exciton polaritons and their nonlinear interactions is presented with our initial numerical simulations. This Perspective not only aims to provide an in-depth overview of the latest fundamental findings in 2D exciton polaritons but also attempts to serve as a valuable resource to prospect explorations of quantum optics and topological photonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuznetsov AS, Biermann K, Reynoso AA, Fainstein A, Santos PV. Microcavity phonoritons - a coherent optical-to-microwave interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5470. [PMID: 37723165 PMCID: PMC10507037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Optomechanical systems provide a pathway for the bidirectional optical-to-microwave interconversion in (quantum) networks. These systems can be implemented using hybrid platforms, which efficiently couple optical photons and microwaves via intermediate agents, e.g. phonons. Semiconductor exciton-polariton microcavities operating in the strong light-matter coupling regime offer enhanced coupling of near-infrared photons to GHz phonons via excitons. Furthermore, a new coherent phonon-exciton-photon quasiparticle termed phonoriton, has been theoretically predicted to emerge in microcavities, but so far has eluded observation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate phonoritons, when two exciton-polariton condensates confined in a μm-sized trap within a phonon-photon microcavity are strongly coupled to a confined phonon which is resonant with the energy separation between the condensates. We realize control of phonoritons by piezoelectrically generated phonons and resonant photons. Our findings are corroborated by quantitative models. Thus, we establish zero-dimensional phonoritons as a coherent microwave-to-optical interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sergeevich Kuznetsov
- Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics, Leibniz Institute in the Research Association Berlin e. V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Biermann
- Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics, Leibniz Institute in the Research Association Berlin e. V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres Alejandro Reynoso
- Bariloche Atomic Centre and Balseiro Institute, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, R.N., Argentina
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
- Department of Applied Physics II, University of Seville, E-41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fainstein
- Bariloche Atomic Centre and Balseiro Institute, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, R.N., Argentina
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Paulo Ventura Santos
- Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics, Leibniz Institute in the Research Association Berlin e. V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo Y, Guo Q, Deng X, Ghosh S, Zhang Q, Xu H, Xiong Q. Manipulating nonlinear exciton polaritons in an atomically-thin semiconductor with artificial potential landscapes. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:220. [PMID: 37679312 PMCID: PMC10485014 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide microcavities provide a versatile platform for advancing optoelectronic devices and studying the interacting Bosonic physics at ambient conditions. Rationally engineering the favorable properties of polaritons is critically required for the rapidly growing research. Here, we demonstrate the manipulation of nonlinear polaritons with the lithographically defined potential landscapes in monolayer WS2 microcavities. The discretization of photoluminescence dispersions and spatially confined patterns indicate the deterministic on-site localization of polaritons by the artificial mesa cavities. Varying the trapping sizes, the polariton-reservoir interaction strength is enhanced by about six times through managing the polariton-exciton spatial overlap. Meanwhile, the coherence of trapped polaritons is significantly improved due to the spectral narrowing and tailored in a picosecond range. Therefore, our work not only offers a convenient approach to manipulating the nonlinearity and coherence of polaritons but also opens up possibilities for exploring many-body phenomena and developing novel polaritonic devices based on 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanbing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China.
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Walther V, Sørensen AS. Quantum Light from Lossy Semiconductor Rydberg Excitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:033607. [PMID: 37540885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.033607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of photonic quantum correlations is typically associated with emitters strongly coupled to a photonic mode. Here, we show that semiconductor Rydberg excitons, which are only weakly coupled to a free-space light mode can produce strongly antibunched fields, i.e., quantum light. This effect is fueled by a micron-scale excitation blockade between Rydberg excitons inducing pair-wise polariton scattering events. Photons incident on an exciton resonance are scattered into blue- and red-detuned pairs, which enjoy relative protection from absorption and thus dominate the transmitted light. We demonstrate that this effect persists in the presence of additional phonon coupling, strong nonradiative decay, and across a wide range of experimental parameters. Our results pave the way for the observation of quantum statistics from weakly coupled semiconductor excitons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Walther
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Anders S Sørensen
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang G, Hou K, Liu Y, Bi H, Li W, Xue Y. Controllable bistability and squeezing of confined polariton dark solitons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22722-22732. [PMID: 37475376 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The generation of squeezed light in semiconductor materials opens opportunities for building on-chip devices that are operated at the quantum level. Here we study theoretically a squeezed light source of polariton dark solitons confined in a geometric potential well of semiconductor microcavities in the strong coupling regime. We show that polariton dark solitons of odd and even parities can be created by tuning the potential depth. When driving the potential depth linearly, a bistability of solitons with the two different parities can be induced. Strong intensity squeezing is obtained near the turning point of the bistability due to the large nonlinear interaction, which can be controlled by the cavity detuning. The phase diagram of the bistability and squeezing of the dark solitons is obtained through large scale numerical calculations. Our study contributes to the current efforts in realizing topological excitations and squeezed light sources with solid-state devices.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu D, Mandal A, Baxter JM, Cheng SW, Lee I, Su H, Liu S, Reichman DR, Delor M. Ultrafast imaging of polariton propagation and interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3881. [PMID: 37391396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor excitations can hybridize with cavity photons to form exciton-polaritons (EPs) with remarkable properties, including light-like energy flow combined with matter-like interactions. To fully harness these properties, EPs must retain ballistic, coherent transport despite matter-mediated interactions with lattice phonons. Here we develop a nonlinear momentum-resolved optical approach that directly images EPs in real space on femtosecond scales in a range of polaritonic architectures. We focus our analysis on EP propagation in layered halide perovskite microcavities. We reveal that EP-phonon interactions lead to a large renormalization of EP velocities at high excitonic fractions at room temperature. Despite these strong EP-phonon interactions, ballistic transport is maintained for up to half-exciton EPs, in agreement with quantum simulations of dynamic disorder shielding through light-matter hybridization. Above 50% excitonic character, rapid decoherence leads to diffusive transport. Our work provides a general framework to precisely balance EP coherence, velocity, and nonlinear interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - James M Baxter
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - Shan-Wen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - Haowen Su
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US.
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, US.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Datta B, Khatoniar M, Deshmukh P, Thouin F, Bushati R, De Liberato S, Cohen SK, Menon VM. Highly nonlinear dipolar exciton-polaritons in bilayer MoS 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6341. [PMID: 36284098 PMCID: PMC9596727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizing nonlinear optical response in the low photon density limit in solid-state systems has been a long-standing challenge. Semiconductor microcavities in the strong coupling regime hosting exciton-polaritons have emerged as attractive candidates in this context. However, the weak interaction between these quasiparticles has been a hurdle in this quest. Dipolar excitons provide an attractive strategy to overcome this limitation but are often hindered by their weak oscillator strength. The interlayer dipolar excitons in naturally occurring homobilayer MoS2 alleviates this issue owing to their formation via hybridization of interlayer charge transfer exciton with intralayer B exciton. Here we demonstrate the formation of dipolar exciton polaritons in bilayer MoS2 resulting in unprecedented nonlinear interaction strengths. A ten-fold increase in nonlinearity is observed for the interlayer dipolar excitons compared to the conventional A excitons. These highly nonlinear dipolar polaritons will likely be a frontrunner in the quest for solid-state quantum nonlinear devices. Dipolar excitons enable large nonlinear interaction but are usually hampered by their weak oscillator strength. Here, the authors demonstrate the strong light-matter coupling of interlayer dipolar excitons having unusually large oscillator strength in bilayer MoS2 resulting in highly nonlinear dipolar polaritons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Datta
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Mandeep Khatoniar
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.253482.a0000 0001 0170 7903Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY USA
| | - Prathmesh Deshmukh
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.253482.a0000 0001 0170 7903Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY USA
| | - Félix Thouin
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Rezlind Bushati
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.253482.a0000 0001 0170 7903Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY USA
| | - Simone De Liberato
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephane Kena Cohen
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Vinod M. Menon
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.253482.a0000 0001 0170 7903Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nigro D, Clementi M, Brés CS, Liscidini M, Gerace D. Single-photon nonlinearities and blockade from a strongly driven photonic molecule. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5348-5351. [PMID: 36240359 DOI: 10.1364/ol.468546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the regime of single-photon nonlinearities in photonic devices by just exploiting the intrinsic high-order susceptibilities of conventional materials would open the door to practical semiconductor-based quantum photonic technologies. Here we show that this regime can be achieved in a triply resonant integrated photonic device made of two coupled ring resonators, in a material platform displaying an intrinsic third-order nonlinearity. By strongly driving one of the three resonances of the system, a weak coherent probe at one of the others results in a strongly suppressed two-photon probability at the output, evidenced by an antibunched second-order correlation function at zero-time delay under continuous wave driving.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wurdack M, Estrecho E, Todd S, Schneider C, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Enhancing Ground-State Population and Macroscopic Coherence of Room-Temperature WS_{2} Polaritons through Engineered Confinement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:147402. [PMID: 36240404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.147402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons (polaritons herein) in transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers have attracted significant attention due to their potential for polariton-based optoelectronics. Many of the proposed applications rely on the ability to trap polaritons and to reach macroscopic occupation of their ground energy state. Here, we engineer a trap for room-temperature polaritons in an all-dielectric optical microcavity by locally increasing the interactions between the WS_{2} excitons and cavity photons. The resulting confinement enhances the population and the first-order coherence of the polaritons in the ground state, with the latter effect related to dramatic suppression of disorder-induced inhomogeneous dephasing. We also demonstrate efficient population transfer into the trap when optically injecting free polaritons outside of its periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wurdack
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E Estrecho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Todd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C Schneider
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26126 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - A G Truscott
- Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sponfeldner L, Leisgang N, Shree S, Paradisanos I, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Robert C, Lagarde D, Balocchi A, Marie X, Gerber IC, Urbaszek B, Warburton RJ. Capacitively and Inductively Coupled Excitons in Bilayer MoS_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:107401. [PMID: 36112433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of intralayer A and B excitons and interlayer excitons (IE) is studied in a two-dimensional semiconductor, homobilayer MoS_{2}. It is shown that the measured optical susceptibility reveals both the magnitude and the phase of the coupling constants. The IE and B excitons couple via a 0-phase (capacitive) coupling; the IE and A excitons couple via a π-phase (inductive) coupling. The IE-B and IE-A coupling mechanisms are interpreted as hole tunneling and electron-hole exchange, respectively. The couplings imply that even in a monolayer, the A and B excitons have mixed spin states. Using the IE as a sensor, the A-B intravalley exchange coupling is determined. Finally, we realize a bright and highly tunable lowest-energy momentum-direct exciton at high electric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sponfeldner
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Leisgang
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shivangi Shree
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Ioannis Paradisanos
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Cedric Robert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Lagarde
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Balocchi
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Iann C Gerber
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernhard Urbaszek
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Richard J Warburton
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carlon Zambon N, Denis Z, De Oliveira R, Ravets S, Ciuti C, Favero I, Bloch J. Enhanced Cavity Optomechanics with Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093603. [PMID: 36083685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor microresonators embedding quantum wells can host tightly confined and mutually interacting excitonic, optical, and mechanical modes at once. We theoretically investigate the case where the system operates in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, while the optical and excitonic resonances are parametrically modulated by the interaction with a mechanical mode. Owing to the large exciton-phonon coupling at play in semiconductors, we predict an enhancement of polariton-phonon interactions by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to mere optomechanical coupling: a near-unity single-polariton quantum cooperativity is within reach for current semiconductor resonator platforms. We further analyze how polariton nonlinearities affect dynamical backaction, modifying the capability to cool or amplify the mechanical motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Carlon Zambon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Z Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - R De Oliveira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ravets
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Solnyshkov DD, Leblanc C, Septembre I, Malpuech G. Domain-Wall Topology Induced by Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Polariton Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:066802. [PMID: 36018632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.066802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical study of exciton-polariton (polariton) condensation in a staggered polariton graphene showing a gapped s band. The condensation occurs at the kinetically favorable negative mass extrema (K and K^{'} valleys) of the valence band. Considering attractive polariton-polariton interaction allows us to generate a spatially extended condensate. The symmetry breaking occurring during the condensate buildup leads to the formation of valley-polarized domains. This process can either be spontaneous, following the Kibble-Zurek scenario, or triggered, leading to a controlled spatial distribution of valley-polarized domains. The selection of a single valley breaks time-reversal symmetry, and the walls separating domains exhibit a reconfigurable topologically protected chiral current. This current emerges as a result of the interplay between the nontrivial valley topology and the condensation-induced symmetry breaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Solnyshkov
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
| | - C Leblanc
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - I Septembre
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Malpuech
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quantum Coherence and Total Phase in Semiconductor Microcavities for Multi-Photon Excitation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152671. [PMID: 35957102 PMCID: PMC9370133 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examine how the weak excitation regime of a quantum well confined in a semiconductor microcavity (SM) influences the dynamics of quantum coherence and the total phase. We analyze the impact of the physical parameters on different quantumness measures, and illustrate their numerical results. We show that the amount of the coherence and total phase in the SMs for multi-photon excitation can be improved and controlled by the strength of the field, exciton-photon coupling, cavity dissipation rate, and excitonic spontaneous emission rate. We illustrate how the fidelity varies depending on the physical parameters. These results might have far-reaching ramifications not just in quantum information processing and optics, but also in physics at large.
Collapse
|
21
|
Orfanakis K, Rajendran SK, Walther V, Volz T, Pohl T, Ohadi H. Rydberg exciton-polaritons in a Cu 2O microcavity. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:767-772. [PMID: 35422507 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Giant Rydberg excitons with principal quantum numbers as high as n = 25 have been observed in cuprous oxide (Cu2O), a semiconductor in which the exciton diameter can become as large as ∼1 μm. The giant dimension of these excitons results in excitonic interaction enhancements of orders of magnitude. Rydberg exciton-polaritons, formed by the strong coupling of Rydberg excitons to cavity photons, are a promising route to exploit these interactions and achieve a scalable, strongly correlated solid-state platform. However, the strong coupling of these excitons to cavity photons has remained elusive. Here, by embedding a thin Cu2O crystal into a Fabry-Pérot microcavity, we achieve strong coupling of light to Cu2O Rydberg excitons up to n = 6 and demonstrate the formation of Cu2O Rydberg exciton-polaritons. These results pave the way towards realizing strongly interacting exciton-polaritons and exploring strongly correlated phases of matter using light on a chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Kiran Rajendran
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Valentin Walther
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Volz
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hamid Ohadi
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Freeney SE, Slot MR, Gardenier TS, Swart I, Vanmaekelbergh D. Electronic Quantum Materials Simulated with Artificial Model Lattices. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:198-224. [PMID: 35726276 PMCID: PMC9204828 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
band structure and electronic properties of a material are
defined by the sort of elements, the atomic registry in the crystal,
the dimensions, the presence of spin–orbit coupling, and the
electronic interactions. In natural crystals, the interplay of these
factors is difficult to unravel, since it is usually not possible
to vary one of these factors in an independent way, keeping the others
constant. In other words, a complete understanding of complex electronic
materials remains challenging to date. The geometry of two- and one-dimensional
crystals can be mimicked in artificial lattices. Moreover, geometries
that do not exist in nature can be created for the sake of further
insight. Such engineered artificial lattices can be better controlled
and fine-tuned than natural crystals. This makes it easier to vary
the lattice geometry, dimensions, spin–orbit coupling, and
interactions independently from each other. Thus, engineering and
characterization of artificial lattices can provide unique insights.
In this Review, we focus on artificial lattices that are built atom-by-atom
on atomically flat metals, using atomic manipulation in a scanning
tunneling microscope. Cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy allows
for consecutive creation, microscopic characterization, and band-structure
analysis by tunneling spectroscopy, amounting in the analogue quantum
simulation of a given lattice type. We first review the physical elements
of this method. We then discuss the creation and characterization
of artificial atoms and molecules. For the lattices, we review works
on honeycomb and Lieb lattices and lattices that result in crystalline
topological insulators, such as the Kekulé and “breathing”
kagome lattice. Geometric but nonperiodic structures such as electronic
quasi-crystals and fractals are discussed as well. Finally, we consider
the option to transfer the knowledge gained back to real materials,
engineered by geometric patterning of semiconductor quantum wells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saoirsé E. Freeney
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute of Nanomaterial Science, University of Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou R. Slot
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute of Nanomaterial Science, University of Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas S. Gardenier
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute of Nanomaterial Science, University of Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar Swart
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute of Nanomaterial Science, University of Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Vanmaekelbergh
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute of Nanomaterial Science, University of Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bloch J, Cavalleri A, Galitski V, Hafezi M, Rubio A. Strongly correlated electron-photon systems. Nature 2022; 606:41-48. [PMID: 35614214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of modern condensed-matter physics involves the search for states of matter with emergent properties and desirable functionalities. Although the tools for material design remain relatively limited, notable advances have been recently achieved by controlling interactions at heterointerfaces, precise alignment of low-dimensional materials and the use of extreme pressures. Here we highlight a paradigm based on controlling light-matter interactions, which provides a way to manipulate and synthesize strongly correlated quantum matter. We consider the case in which both electron-electron and electron-photon interactions are strong and give rise to a variety of phenomena. Photon-mediated superconductivity, cavity fractional quantum Hall physics and optically driven topological phenomena in low dimensions are among the frontiers discussed in this Perspective, which highlights a field that we term here 'strongly correlated electron-photon science'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), Universite Paris Saclay - CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Andrea Cavalleri
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Galitski
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Mohammad Hafezi
- Departments of Physics and ECE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wei K, Cheng X, Shi L, Jiang T. Interacting plexcitons for designed ultrafast optical nonlinearity in a monolayer semiconductor. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:94. [PMID: 35422032 PMCID: PMC9010435 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Searching for ideal materials with strong effective optical nonlinear responses is a long-term task enabling remarkable breakthroughs in contemporary quantum and nonlinear optics. Polaritons, hybridized light-matter quasiparticles, are an appealing candidate to realize such nonlinearities. Here, we explore a class of peculiar polaritons, named plasmon-exciton polaritons (plexcitons), in a hybrid system composed of silver nanodisk arrays and monolayer tungsten-disulfide (WS2), which shows giant room-temperature nonlinearity due to their deep-subwavelength localized nature. Specifically, comprehensive ultrafast pump-probe measurements reveal that plexciton nonlinearity is dominated by the saturation and higher-order excitation-induced dephasing interactions, rather than the well-known exchange interaction in traditional microcavity polaritons. Furthermore, we demonstrate this giant nonlinearity can be exploited to manipulate the ultrafast nonlinear absorption properties of the solid-state system. Our findings suggest that plexcitons are intrinsically strongly interacting, thereby pioneering new horizons for practical implementations such as energy-efficient ultrafast all-optical switching and information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Tang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Qirui Liu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Wei
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
- Beijing Institute for Advanced Study, National University of Defense Technology, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China.
- Beijing Institute for Advanced Study, National University of Defense Technology, 100000, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baryshev S, Zasedatelev A, Sigurdsson H, Gnusov I, Töpfer JD, Askitopoulos A, Lagoudakis PG. Engineering Photon Statistics in a Spinor Polariton Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:087402. [PMID: 35275646 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.087402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We implement full polarization tomography on photon correlations in a spinor exciton-polariton condensate. Our measurements reveal condensate pseudospin mean-field dynamics spanning from stochastic switching between linear polarization components, limit cycles, and stable fixed points, and their intrinsic relation to the condensate photon statistics. We optically harness the cavity birefringence, polariton interactions, and the optical orientation of an incoherent exciton reservoir to engineer photon statistics with precise control. Our results demonstrate a smooth transition from a highly coherent to a super-thermal state of the condensate polarization components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Baryshev
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Zasedatelev
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - H Sigurdsson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I Gnusov
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - J D Töpfer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - A Askitopoulos
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Lagoudakis
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jiang Z, Ren A, Yan Y, Yao J, Zhao YS. Exciton-Polaritons and Their Bose-Einstein Condensates in Organic Semiconductor Microcavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106095. [PMID: 34881466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are half-light, half-matter bosonic quasiparticles formed by strong exciton-photon coupling in semiconductor microcavities. These hybrid particles possess the strong nonlinear interactions of excitons and keep most of the characteristics of the underlying photons. As bosons, above a threshold density they can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation to a polariton condensate phase and exhibit a rich variety of exotic macroscopic quantum phenomena in solids. Recently, organic semiconductors have been considered as a promising material platform for these studies due to their room-temperature stability, good processability, and abundant photophysics and photochemistry. Herein, recent advances of exciton-polaritons and their Bose-Einstein condensates in organic semiconductor microcavities are summarized. First, the basic physics is introduced, and then their emerging applications are highlighted. The remaining questions are also discussed and a personal viewpoint about the potential directions for future research is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Su R, Fieramosca A, Zhang Q, Nguyen HS, Deleporte E, Chen Z, Sanvitto D, Liew TCH, Xiong Q. Perovskite semiconductors for room-temperature exciton-polaritonics. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1315-1324. [PMID: 34211156 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites are generally excellent light emitters and can have larger exciton binding energies than thermal energy at room temperature, exhibiting great promise for room-temperature exciton-polaritonics. Rapid progress has been made recently, although challenges and mysteries remain in lead-halide perovskite semiconductors to push polaritons to room-temperature operation. In this Perspective, we discuss fundamental aspects of perovskite semiconductors for exciton-polaritons and review the recent rapid experimental advances using lead-halide perovskites for room-temperature polaritonics, including the experimental realization of strong light-matter interaction using various types of microcavities as well as reaching the polariton condensation regime in planar microcavities and lattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hai Son Nguyen
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Emmanuelle Deleporte
- LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Zhanghai Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lackner L, Dusel M, Egorov OA, Han B, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Schröder S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tongay S, Anton-Solanas C, Höfling S, Schneider C. Tunable exciton-polaritons emerging from WS 2 monolayer excitons in a photonic lattice at room temperature. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4933. [PMID: 34400620 PMCID: PMC8368091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering non-linear hybrid light-matter states in tailored lattices is a central research strategy for the simulation of complex Hamiltonians. Excitons in atomically thin crystals are an ideal active medium for such purposes, since they couple strongly with light and bear the potential to harness giant non-linearities and interactions while presenting a simple sample-processing and room temperature operability. We demonstrate lattice polaritons, based on an open, high-quality optical cavity, with an imprinted photonic lattice strongly coupled to excitons in a WS2 monolayer. We experimentally observe the emergence of the canonical band-structure of particles in a one-dimensional lattice at room temperature, and demonstrate frequency reconfigurability over a spectral window exceeding 85 meV, as well as the systematic variation of the nearest-neighbour coupling, reflected by a tunability in the bandwidth of the p-band polaritons by 7 meV. The technology presented in this work is a critical demonstration towards reconfigurable photonic emulators operated with non-linear photonic fluids, offering a simple experimental implementation and working at ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lackner
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - M Dusel
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - O A Egorov
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - B Han
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - H Knopf
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - F Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - S Schröder
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Anton-Solanas
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular vibrational polariton: Its dynamics and potentials in novel chemistry and quantum technology. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:050901. [PMID: 34364350 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular vibrational polaritons, a hybridized quasiparticle formed by the strong coupling between molecular vibrational modes and photon cavity modes, have attracted tremendous attention in the chemical physics community due to their peculiar influence on chemical reactions. At the same time, the half-photon half-matter characteristics of polaritons make them suitable to possess properties from both sides and lead to new features that are useful for photonic and quantum technology applications. To eventually use polaritons for chemical and quantum applications, it is critical to understand their dynamics. Due to the intrinsic time scale of cavity modes and molecular vibrational modes in condensed phases, polaritons can experience dynamics on ultrafast time scales, e.g., relaxation from polaritons to dark modes. Thus, ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy becomes an ideal tool to investigate such dynamics. In this Perspective, we give an overview of recent ultrafast spectroscopic works by our group and others in the field. These recent works show that molecular vibrational polaritons can have distinct dynamics from its pure molecular counterparts, such as intermolecular vibrational energy transfer and hot vibrational dynamics. We then discuss some current challenges and future opportunities, such as the possible use of ultrafast vibrational dynamics, to understand cavity-modified reactions and routes to develop molecular vibrational polaritons as new room temperature quantum platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Levinsen J, Ardila LAP, Yoshida SM, Parish MM. Quantum Behavior of a Heavy Impurity Strongly Coupled to a Bose Gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:033401. [PMID: 34328775 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.033401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the problem of an infinitely heavy impurity interacting with a dilute Bose gas at zero temperature. When the impurity-boson interactions are short-ranged, we show that boson-boson interactions induce a quantum blockade effect, where a single boson can effectively block or screen the impurity potential. Since this behavior depends on the quantum granular nature of the Bose gas, it cannot be captured within a standard classical-field description. Using a combination of exact quantum Monte Carlo methods and a truncated basis approach, we show how the quantum correlations between bosons lead to universal few-body bound states and a logarithmically slow dependence of the polaron ground-state energy on the boson-boson scattering length. Moreover, we expose the link between the polaron energy and the spatial structure of the quantum correlations, spanning the infrared to ultraviolet physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Levinsen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Luis A Peña Ardila
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Shuhei M Yoshida
- Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kanagawa 211-8666, Japan
| | - Meera M Parish
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Geng Z, Theenhaus J, Patra BK, Zheng JY, Busink J, Garnett EC, Rodriguez SRK. Fano Lineshapes and Rabi Splittings: Can They Be Artificially Generated or Obscured by the Numerical Aperture? ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:1271-1276. [PMID: 34056036 PMCID: PMC8155561 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fano resonances and Rabi splittings are routinely reported in the scientific literature. Asymmetric resonance lineshapes are usually associated with Fano resonances, and two split peaks in the spectrum are often attributed to a Rabi splitting. True Fano resonances and Rabi splittings are unequivocal signatures of coherent coupling between subsystems. However, can the same spectral lineshapes characterizing Fano resonances and Rabi splittings arise from a purely incoherent sum of intensities? Here we answer this question through experiments with a tunable Fabry-Pérot cavity containing a CsPbBr3 perovskite crystal. By measuring the transmission and photoluminescence of this system using microscope objectives with different numerical aperture (NA), we find that even a modest NA = 0.4 can artificially generate Fano resonances and Rabi splittings. We furthermore show that this modest NA can obscure the anticrossing of a bona fide strongly coupled light-matter system. Through transfer matrix calculations we confirm that these spectral artifacts are due to the incoherent sum of transmitted intensities at different angles captured by the NA. Our results are relevant to the wide nanophotonics community, characterizing dispersive optical systems with high numerical aperture microscope objectives. We conclude with general guidelines to avoid pitfalls in the characterization of such optical systems.
Collapse
|
32
|
Li G, Bleu O, Parish MM, Levinsen J. Enhanced Scattering between Electrons and Exciton-Polaritons in a Microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:197401. [PMID: 34047608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.197401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between strong light-matter interactions and charge doping represents an important frontier in the pursuit of exotic many-body physics and optoelectronics. Here, we consider a simplified model of a two-dimensional semiconductor embedded in a microcavity, where the interactions between electrons and holes are strongly screened, allowing us to develop a diagrammatic formalism for this system with an analytic expression for the exciton-polariton propagator. We apply this to the scattering of spin-polarized polaritons and electrons, and show that this is strongly enhanced compared with exciton-electron interactions. As we argue, this counterintuitive result is a consequence of the shift of the collision energy due to the strong light-matter coupling, and hence this is a generic feature that applies also for more realistic electron-hole and electron-electron interactions. We furthermore demonstrate that the lack of Galilean invariance inherent in the light-matter coupled system can lead to a narrow resonancelike feature for polariton-electron interactions close to the polariton inflection point. Our results are potentially important for realizing tunable light-mediated interactions between charged particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Olivier Bleu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Meera M Parish
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jesper Levinsen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stepanov P, Vashisht A, Klaas M, Lundt N, Tongay S, Blei M, Höfling S, Volz T, Minguzzi A, Renard J, Schneider C, Richard M. Exciton-Exciton Interaction beyond the Hydrogenic Picture in a MoSe_{2} Monolayer in the Strong Light-Matter Coupling Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:167401. [PMID: 33961461 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.167401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In transition metal dichalcogenides' layers of atomic-scale thickness, the electron-hole Coulomb interaction potential is strongly influenced by the sharp discontinuity of the dielectric function across the layer plane. This feature results in peculiar nonhydrogenic excitonic states in which exciton-mediated optical nonlinearities are predicted to be enhanced compared to their hydrogenic counterparts. To demonstrate this enhancement, we perform optical transmission spectroscopy of a MoSe_{2} monolayer placed in the strong coupling regime with the mode of an optical microcavity and analyze the results quantitatively with a nonlinear input-output theory. We find an enhancement of both the exciton-exciton interaction and of the excitonic fermionic saturation with respect to realistic values expected in the hydrogenic picture. Such results demonstrate that unconventional excitons in MoSe_{2} are highly favorable for the implementation of large exciton-mediated optical nonlinearities, potentially working up to room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stepanov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Amit Vashisht
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPMMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Klaas
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils Lundt
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Blei
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anna Minguzzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPMMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Maxime Richard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gu J, Walther V, Waldecker L, Rhodes D, Raja A, Hone JC, Heinz TF, Kéna-Cohen S, Pohl T, Menon VM. Enhanced nonlinear interaction of polaritons via excitonic Rydberg states in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2269. [PMID: 33859179 PMCID: PMC8050076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong optical nonlinearities play a central role in realizing quantum photonic technologies. Exciton-polaritons, which result from the hybridization of material excitations and cavity photons, are an attractive candidate to realize such nonlinearities. While the interaction between ground state excitons generates a notable optical nonlinearity, the strength of such interactions is generally not sufficient to reach the regime of quantum nonlinear optics. Excited states, however, feature enhanced interactions and therefore hold promise for accessing the quantum domain of single-photon nonlinearities. Here we demonstrate the formation of exciton-polaritons using excited excitonic states in monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2) embedded in a microcavity. The realized excited-state polaritons exhibit an enhanced nonlinear response ∼[Formula: see text] which is ∼4.6 times that for the ground-state exciton. The demonstration of enhanced nonlinear response from excited exciton-polaritons presents the potential of generating strong exciton-polariton interactions, a necessary building block for solid-state quantum photonic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentin Walther
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lutz Waldecker
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu J, Ghosh S, Su R, Fieramosca A, Liew TCH, Xiong Q. Nonlinear Parametric Scattering of Exciton Polaritons in Perovskite Microcavities. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3120-3126. [PMID: 33788571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Comparing with pure photons, higher nonlinearity in polariton systems has been exploited in various proof-of-principle demonstrations of efficient optical devices based on the parametric scattering effect. However, most of them demand cryogenic temperatures limited by the small exciton binding energy of traditional semiconductors or exhibit weak nonlinearity resulting from Frenkel excitons. Lead halide perovskites, possessing both a large binding energy and a strong polariton interaction, emerge as ideal platforms to explore nonlinear polariton physics toward room temperature operation. Here, we report the first observation of nonlinear parametric scattering in a lead halide perovskite microcavity with multiple polariton branches at room temperature. Driven by the scattering source from condensation in one polariton branch, correlated polariton pairs are obtained at high k states in an adjacent branch. Our results strongly advocate the ability to reach the nonlinear regime essential for perovskite polaritonics working at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Wu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
- MajuLab, International Joint Research Unit UMI 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, https://majulab.cnrs.fr/
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Suárez-Forero DG, Riminucci F, Ardizzone V, Karpowicz N, Maggiolini E, Macorini G, Lerario G, Todisco F, De Giorgi M, Dominici L, Ballarini D, Gigli G, Lanotte AS, West K, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer L, Sanvitto D. Enhancement of Parametric Effects in Polariton Waveguides Induced by Dipolar Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:137401. [PMID: 33861133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.137401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid light-matter excitations arising from the nonperturbative coupling of a photonic mode and an excitonic resonance. Behaving as interacting photons, they show optical third-order nonlinearities providing effects such as optical parametric oscillation or amplification. It has been suggested that polariton-polariton interactions can be greatly enhanced by inducing aligned electric dipoles in their excitonic part. However, direct evidence of a true particle-particle interaction, such as superfluidity or parametric scattering, is still missing. In this Letter, we demonstrate that dipolar interactions can be used to enhance parametric effects such as self-phase modulation in waveguide polaritons. By quantifying these optical nonlinearities, we provide a reliable experimental measurement of the direct dipolar enhancement of polariton-polariton interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - F Riminucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - N Karpowicz
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E Maggiolini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Macorini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F Todisco
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - L Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A S Lanotte
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - K West
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - K Baldwin
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang L, Wu F, Hou S, Zhang Z, Chou YH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Forrest SR, Deng H. Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré-induced nonlinearity. Nature 2021; 591:61-65. [PMID: 33658695 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Controlling matter-light interactions with cavities is of fundamental importance in modern science and technology1. This is exemplified in the strong-coupling regime, where matter-light hybrid modes form, with properties that are controllable by optical-wavelength photons2,3. By contrast, matter excitations on the nanometre scale are harder to access. In two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures, a tunable moiré lattice potential for electronic excitations may form4, enabling the generation of correlated electron gases in the lattice potentials5-9. Excitons confined in moiré lattices have also been reported10,11, but no cooperative effects have been observed and interactions with light have remained perturbative12-15. Here, by integrating MoSe2-WS2 heterobilayers in a microcavity, we establish cooperative coupling between moiré-lattice excitons and microcavity photons up to the temperature of liquid nitrogen, thereby integrating versatile control of both matter and light into one platform. The density dependence of the moiré polaritons reveals strong nonlinearity due to exciton blockade, suppressed exciton energy shift and suppressed excitation-induced dephasing, all of which are consistent with the quantum confined nature of the moiré excitons. Such a moiré polariton system combines strong nonlinearity and microscopic-scale tuning of matter excitations using cavity engineering and long-range light coherence, providing a platform with which to study collective phenomena from tunable arrays of quantum emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fengcheng Wu
- Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shaocong Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Hsun Chou
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hui Deng
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Beierlein J, Rozas E, Egorov OA, Klaas M, Yulin A, Suchomel H, Harder TH, Emmerling M, Martín MD, Shelykh IA, Schneider C, Peschel U, Viña L, Höfling S, Klembt S. Propagative Oscillations in Codirectional Polariton Waveguide Couplers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:075302. [PMID: 33666454 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.075302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on novel exciton-polariton routing devices created to study and purposely guide light-matter particles in their condensate phase. In a codirectional coupling device, two waveguides are connected by a partially etched section that facilitates tunable coupling of the adjacent channels. This evanescent coupling of the two macroscopic wave functions in each waveguide reveals itself in real space oscillations of the condensate. This Josephson-like oscillation has only been observed in coupled polariton traps so far. Here, we report on a similar coupling behavior in a controllable, propagative waveguide-based design. By controlling the gap width, channel length, or propagation energy, the exit port of the polariton flow can be chosen. This codirectional polariton device is a passive and scalable coupler element that can serve in compact, next generation logic architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Beierlein
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Rozas
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - O A Egorov
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Optics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Klaas
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Yulin
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - H Suchomel
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - T H Harder
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Emmerling
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M D Martín
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I A Shelykh
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - U Peschel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Optics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - L Viña
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - S Klembt
- Technische Physik, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Camacho-Guardian A, Bastarrachea-Magnani MA, Bruun GM. Mediated Interactions and Photon Bound States in an Exciton-Polariton Mixture. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:017401. [PMID: 33480782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.017401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quest to realize strongly interacting photons remains an outstanding challenge both for fundamental science and for applications. Here, we explore mediated photon-photon interactions in a highly imbalanced two-component mixture of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity. Using a theory that takes into account nonperturbative correlations between the excitons as well as strong light-matter coupling, we demonstrate the high tunability of an effective interaction between quasiparticles formed by minority component polaritons interacting with a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of a majority component polaritons. In particular, the interaction, which is mediated by sound modes in the BEC can be made strong enough to support a bound state of two quasiparticles. Since these quasiparticles consist partly of photons, this in turn corresponds to a dimer state of photons propagating through the BEC. This gives rise to a new light transmission line where the dimer wave function is directly mapped onto correlations between the photons. Our findings open new routes for highly nonlinear optical materials and novel hybrid light-matter quantum systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Camacho-Guardian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - G M Bruun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kyriienko O, Krizhanovskii DN, Shelykh IA. Nonlinear Quantum Optics with Trion Polaritons in 2D Monolayers: Conventional and Unconventional Photon Blockade. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:197402. [PMID: 33216594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.197402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study a 2D system of trion polaritons at the quantum level and demonstrate that for monolayer semiconductors they can exhibit a strongly nonlinear optical response. The effect is due to the composite nature of trion-based excitations resulting in their nontrivial quantum statistical properties, and enhanced phase space filling effects. We present the full quantum theory to describe the statistics of trion polaritons, and demonstrate that the associated nonlinearity persists at the level of few quanta, where two qualitatively different regimes of photon antibunching are present for weak and strong single photon-trion coupling. We find that single photon emission from trion polaritons becomes experimentally feasible in state-of-the-art transition metal dichalcogenide setups. This can foster the development of quantum polaritonics using 2D monolayers as a material platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Kyriienko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - I A Shelykh
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Leisgang N, Shree S, Paradisanos I, Sponfeldner L, Robert C, Lagarde D, Balocchi A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Marie X, Warburton RJ, Gerber IC, Urbaszek B. Giant Stark splitting of an exciton in bilayer MoS 2. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:901-907. [PMID: 32778806 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) constitute a versatile platform for atomically thin optoelectronics devices and spin-valley memory applications. In monolayer TMDs the optical absorption is strong, but the transition energy cannot be tuned as the neutral exciton has essentially no out-of-plane static electric dipole1,2. In contrast, interlayer exciton transitions in heterobilayers are widely tunable in applied electric fields, but their coupling to light is substantially reduced. In this work, we show tuning over 120 meV of interlayer excitons with a high oscillator strength in bilayer MoS2 due to the quantum-confined Stark effect3. We optically probed the interaction between intra- and interlayer excitons as they were energetically tuned into resonance. Interlayer excitons interact strongly with intralayer B excitons, as demonstrated by a clear avoided crossing, whereas the interaction with intralayer A excitons is substantially weaker. Our observations are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which include excitonic effects. In MoS2 trilayers, our experiments uncovered two types of interlayer excitons with and without in-built electric dipoles. Highly tunable excitonic transitions with large in-built dipoles and oscillator strengths will result in strong exciton-exciton interactions and therefore hold great promise for non-linear optics with polaritons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Leisgang
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shivangi Shree
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Cedric Robert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Andrea Balocchi
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Anorthite, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Xavier Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Iann C Gerber
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jamadi O, Rozas E, Salerno G, Milićević M, Ozawa T, Sagnes I, Lemaître A, Le Gratiet L, Harouri A, Carusotto I, Bloch J, Amo A. Direct observation of photonic Landau levels and helical edge states in strained honeycomb lattices. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:144. [PMID: 32864119 PMCID: PMC7438334 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the realization of a synthetic magnetic field for photons and polaritons in a honeycomb lattice of coupled semiconductor micropillars. A strong synthetic field is induced in both the s and p orbital bands by engineering a uniaxial hopping gradient in the lattice, giving rise to the formation of Landau levels at the Dirac points. We provide direct evidence of the sublattice symmetry breaking of the lowest-order Landau level wavefunction, a distinctive feature of synthetic magnetic fields. Our realization implements helical edge states in the gap between n = 0 and n = ±1 Landau levels, experimentally demonstrating a novel way of engineering propagating edge states in photonic lattices. In light of recent advances in the enhancement of polariton-polariton nonlinearities, the Landau levels reported here are promising for the study of the interplay between pseudomagnetism and interactions in a photonic system.
Collapse
Grants
- the ERC grant Honeypol, the H2020-FETFLAG project PhoQus (820392), the QUANTERA project Interpol (ANR-QUAN-0003-05), the French National Research Agency project Quantum Fluids of Light (ANR-16-CE30-0021), the French government through the Programme Investissement d’Avenir (I-SITE ULNE / ANR-16-IDEX-0004 ULNE) managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, the French RENATECH network, the Labex CEMPI (ANR-11-LABX-0007), the CPER Photonics for Society P4S and the Métropole Européenne de Lille (MEL) via the project TFlight
- the FPI Scholarship No. BES-2015-074708
- The ERC Starting Grant TopoCold
- JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18H05857, JST PRESTO Grant Number JPMJPR19L2, JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR19T1, RIKEN Incentive Research Project, and the Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS) at RIKEN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Jamadi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523—PhLAM—Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Elena Rozas
- Depto. de Física de Materiales e Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Grazia Salerno
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 231, Campus Plaine, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijana Milićević
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Tomoki Ozawa
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Isabelle Sagnes
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Luc Le Gratiet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Abdelmounaim Harouri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Iacopo Carusotto
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Jacqueline Bloch
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Alberto Amo
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523—PhLAM—Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Autry TM, Nardin G, Smallwood CL, Silverman K, Bajoni D, Lemaître A, Bouchoule S, Bloch J, Cundiff S. Excitation Ladder of Cavity Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:067403. [PMID: 32845682 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.067403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy directly unravels multiply excited states that overlap in a linear spectrum. We report multidimensional coherent optical photocurrent spectroscopy in a semiconductor polariton diode and explore the excitation ladder of cavity polaritons. We measure doubly and triply avoided crossings for pairs and triplets of exciton polaritons, demonstrating the strong coupling between light and dressed doublet and triplet semiconductor excitations. These results demonstrate that multiply excited excitonic states strongly coupled to a microcavity can be described as two coupled quantum-anharmonic ladders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Autry
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Gaël Nardin
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Christopher L Smallwood
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San José, California 95192, USA
| | - Kevin Silverman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniele Bajoni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Universitá di Pavia, via Ferrata 1 Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Sophie Bouchoule
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Jacqueline Bloch
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Steven Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Togan E, Li Y, Faelt S, Wegscheider W, Imamoglu A. Polariton Electric-Field Sensor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:067402. [PMID: 32845676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.067402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a dipolar polariton based electric-field sensor. We tune and optimize the sensitivity of the sensor by varying the dipole moment of polaritons. We show polariton interactions play an important role in determining the conditions for optimal electric-field sensing, and achieve a sensitivity of 0.12 V m^{-1} Hz^{-0.5}. Finally, we apply the sensor to illustrate that excitation of polaritons modifies the electric field in a spatial region much larger than the optical excitation spot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Togan
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yufan Li
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Faelt
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Atac Imamoglu
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nielsen KK, Camacho-Guardian A, Bruun GM, Pohl T. Superfluid Flow of Polaron Polaritons above Landau's Critical Velocity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:035301. [PMID: 32745417 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.035301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a theory for the interaction of light with superfluid optical media, describing the motion of quantum impurities that are created and dragged through the liquid by propagating photons. It is well known that a mobile impurity suffers dissipation due to phonon emission as soon as it moves faster than the speed of sound in the superfluid-Landau's critical velocity. Surprisingly we find that in the present hybrid light-matter setting, polaritonic impurities can be protected against environmental decoherence and be allowed to propagate well above the Landau velocity without jeopardizing the superfluid response of the medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Knakkergaard Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A Camacho-Guardian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - G M Bruun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - T Pohl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Emmanuele RPA, Sich M, Kyriienko O, Shahnazaryan V, Withers F, Catanzaro A, Walker PM, Benimetskiy FA, Skolnick MS, Tartakovskii AI, Shelykh IA, Krizhanovskii DN. Highly nonlinear trion-polaritons in a monolayer semiconductor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3589. [PMID: 32680995 PMCID: PMC7368028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly nonlinear optical materials with strong effective photon-photon interactions are required for ultrafast and quantum optical signal processing circuitry. Here we report strong Kerr-like nonlinearities by employing efficient optical transitions of charged excitons (trions) observed in semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). By hybridising trions in monolayer MoSe2 at low electron densities with a microcavity mode, we realise trion-polaritons exhibiting significant energy shifts at small photon fluxes due to phase space filling. We find the ratio of trion- to neutral exciton-polariton interaction strength is in the range from 10 to 100 in TMDC materials and that trion-polariton nonlinearity is comparable to that in other polariton systems. The results are in good agreement with a theory accounting for the composite nature of excitons and trions and deviation of their statistics from that of ideal bosons and fermions. Our findings open a way to scalable quantum optics applications with TMDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P A Emmanuele
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - M Sich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - O Kyriienko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
| | - V Shahnazaryan
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F Withers
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - A Catanzaro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - F A Benimetskiy
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - A I Tartakovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - I A Shelykh
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dusel M, Betzold S, Egorov OA, Klembt S, Ohmer J, Fischer U, Höfling S, Schneider C. Room temperature organic exciton-polariton condensate in a lattice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2863. [PMID: 32514026 PMCID: PMC7280250 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Interacting Bosons in artificial lattices have emerged as a modern platform to explore collective manybody phenomena and exotic phases of matter as well as to enable advanced on-chip simulators. On chip, exciton–polaritons emerged as a promising system to implement and study bosonic non-linear systems in lattices, demanding cryogenic temperatures. We discuss an experiment conducted on a polaritonic lattice at ambient conditions: We utilize fluorescent proteins providing ultra-stable Frenkel excitons. Their soft nature allows for mechanically shaping them in the photonic lattice. We demonstrate controlled loading of the coherent condensate in distinct orbital lattice modes of different symmetries. Finally, we explore the self-localization of the condensate in a gap-state, driven by the interplay of effective interaction and negative effective mass in our lattice. We believe that this work establishes organic polaritons as a serious contender to the well-established GaAs platform for a wide range of applications relying on coherent Bosons in lattices. Many studies of polariton condensates have been limited to low temperatures. Here the authors demonstrate ambient polariton condensation in lattices using organic traps that profit from the stability of organic excitons and the large Rabi splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dusel
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| | - S Betzold
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - O A Egorov
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - S Klembt
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - J Ohmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - U Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Suárez-Forero DG, Ardizzone V, Covre da Silva SF, Reindl M, Fieramosca A, Polimeno L, Giorgi MD, Dominici L, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Ballarini D, Laussy F, Rastelli A, Sanvitto D. Quantum hydrodynamics of a single particle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:85. [PMID: 32435468 PMCID: PMC7221079 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor devices are strong competitors in the race for the development of quantum computational systems. In this work, we interface two semiconductor building blocks of different dimensionalities with complementary properties: (1) a quantum dot hosting a single exciton and acting as a nearly ideal single-photon emitter and (2) a quantum well in a 2D microcavity sustaining polaritons, which are known for their strong interactions and unique hydrodynamic properties, including ultrafast real-time monitoring of their propagation and phase mapping. In the present experiment, we can thus observe how the injected single particles propagate and evolve inside the microcavity, giving rise to hydrodynamic features typical of macroscopic systems despite their genuine intrinsic quantum nature. In the presence of a structural defect, we observe the celebrated quantum interference of a single particle that produces fringes reminiscent of wave propagation. While this behavior could be theoretically expected, our imaging of such an interference pattern, together with a measurement of antibunching, constitutes the first demonstration of spatial mapping of the self-interference of a single quantum particle impinging on an obstacle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gustavo Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Laura Polimeno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrice Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY UK
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ma X, Berger B, Aßmann M, Driben R, Meier T, Schneider C, Höfling S, Schumacher S. Realization of all-optical vortex switching in exciton-polariton condensates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:897. [PMID: 32060289 PMCID: PMC7021691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vortices are topological objects representing the circular motion of a fluid. With their additional degree of freedom, the vorticity, they have been widely investigated in many physical systems and different materials for fundamental interest and for applications in data storage and information processing. Vortices have also been observed in non-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensates in planar semiconductor microcavities. There they appear spontaneously or can be created and pinned in space using ring-shaped optical excitation profiles. However, using the vortex state for information processing not only requires creation of a vortex but also efficient control over the vortex after its creation. Here we demonstrate a simple approach to control and switch a localized polariton vortex between opposite states. In our scheme, both the optical control of vorticity and its detection through the orbital angular momentum of the emitted light are implemented in a robust and practical manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Bernd Berger
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodislav Driben
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Torsten Meier
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.,College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Observation of quantum depletion in a non-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensate. Nat Commun 2020; 11:429. [PMID: 31969565 PMCID: PMC6976592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superfluidity, first discovered in liquid 4He, is closely related to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomenon. However, even at zero temperature, a fraction of the quantum liquid is excited out of the condensate into higher momentum states via interaction-induced fluctuations—the phenomenon of quantum depletion. Quantum depletion of atomic BECs in thermal equilibrium is well understood theoretically but is difficult to measure. This measurement is even more challenging in driven-dissipative exciton–polariton condensates, since their non-equilibrium nature is predicted to suppress quantum depletion. Here, we observe quantum depletion of a high-density exciton–polariton condensate by detecting the spectral branch of elementary excitations populated by this process. Analysis of this excitation branch shows that quantum depletion of exciton–polariton condensates can closely follow or strongly deviate from the equilibrium Bogoliubov theory, depending on the exciton fraction in an exciton polariton. Our results reveal beyond mean-field effects of exciton–polariton interactions and call for a deeper understanding of the relationship between equilibrium and non-equilibrium BECs. Many aspects of polariton condensate behaviour can be captured by mean-field theories but interactions introduce additional quantum effects. Here the authors observe quantum depletion in a driven-dissipative condensate and find that deviations from equilibrium predictions depend on the excitonic fraction.
Collapse
|