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Muñoz-Gómez SA. The energetic costs of cellular complexity in evolution. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:746-755. [PMID: 38307786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of cells has been marked by drastic increases in complexity. Some hypothesize that such cellular complexification requires a massive energy flux as the origin of new features is hypothetically more energetically costly than their evolutionary maintenance. However, it remains unclear how increases in cellular complexity demand more energy. I propose that the early evolution of new genes with weak functions imposes higher energetic costs by overexpression before their functions are evolutionarily refined. In the long term, the accumulation of new genes deviates resources away from growth and reproduction. Accrued cellular complexity further requires additional infrastructure for its maintenance. Altogether, this suggests that larger and more complex cells are defined by increased survival but lower reproductive capacity.
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Sasama Y, Yoshimura K, Hoshino M, Sasa K, Akaike T, Morita M, Baba K, Shirota T, Miyamoto Y. Supersulfides support bone growth by promoting chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plates. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:76-81. [PMID: 37979656 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While chondrocytes have mitochondria, they receive little O2 from the bloodstream. Sulfur respiration, an essential energy production system in mitochondria, uses supersulfides instead of O2. Supersulfides are inorganic and organic sulfides with catenated sulfur atoms and are primarily produced by cysteinyl tRNA synthetase-2 (CARS2). Here, we investigated the role of supersulfides in chondrocyte proliferation and bone growth driven by growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. METHODS We examined the effects of NaHS, an HS-/H2S donor, and cystine, the cellular source of cysteine, on the proliferation of mouse primary chondrocytes and growth of embryonic mouse tibia in vitro. We also examined the effect of RNA interference acting on the Cars2 gene on chondrocyte proliferation in the presence of cystine. RESULTS NaHS (30 μmol/L) enhanced tibia longitudinal growth in vitro with expansion of the proliferating zone of their growth plates. While NaHS (30 μmol/L) also promoted chondrocyte proliferation only under normoxic conditions (20 % O2), cystine (0.5 mmol/L) promoted it under both normoxic and hypoxic (2 % O2) conditions. Cars2 gene knockdown abrogated the ability of cystine (0.5 mmol/L) to promote chondrocyte proliferation under normoxic conditions, indicating that supersulfides produced by CARS2 were responsible for the cystine-dependent promotion of bone growth. CONCLUSIONS The presented results indicate that supersulfides play a vital role in bone growth achieved by chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plates driven by sulfur respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sasama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Sasa
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanobu Morita
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Méndez-Sánchez D, Schrecengost A, Rotterová J, Koštířová K, Beinart RA, Čepička I. Methanogenic symbionts of anaerobic ciliates are host and habitat specific. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae164. [PMID: 39163261 PMCID: PMC11378729 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The association between anaerobic ciliates and methanogenic archaea has been recognized for over a century. Nevertheless, knowledge of these associations is limited to a few ciliate species, and so the identification of patterns of host-symbiont specificity has been largely speculative. In this study, we integrated microscopy and genetic identification to survey the methanogenic symbionts of 32 free-living anaerobic ciliate species, mainly from the order Metopida. Based on Sanger and Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, our results show that a single methanogenic symbiont population, belonging to Methanobacterium, Methanoregula, or Methanocorpusculum, is dominant in each host strain. Moreover, the host's taxonomy (genus and above) and environment (i.e. endobiotic, marine/brackish, or freshwater) are linked with the methanogen identity at the genus level, demonstrating a strong specificity and fidelity in the association. We also established cultures containing artificially co-occurring anaerobic ciliate species harboring different methanogenic symbionts. This revealed that the host-methanogen relationship is stable over short timescales in cultures without evidence of methanogenic symbiont exchanges, although our intraspecific survey indicated that metopids also tend to replace their methanogens over longer evolutionary timescales. Therefore, anaerobic ciliates have adapted a mixed transmission mode to maintain and replace their methanogenic symbionts, allowing them to thrive in oxygen-depleted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Schrecengost
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Johana Rotterová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, United States
| | - Kateřina Koštířová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roxanne A Beinart
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Jirsová D, Wideman JG. Integrated overview of stramenopile ecology, taxonomy, and heterotrophic origin. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae150. [PMID: 39077993 PMCID: PMC11412368 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Stramenopiles represent a significant proportion of aquatic and terrestrial biota. Most biologists can name a few, but these are limited to the phototrophic (e.g. diatoms and kelp) or parasitic species (e.g. oomycetes, Blastocystis), with free-living heterotrophs largely overlooked. Though our attention is slowly turning towards heterotrophs, we have only a limited understanding of their biology due to a lack of cultured models. Recent metagenomic and single-cell investigations have revealed the species richness and ecological importance of stramenopiles-especially heterotrophs. However, our lack of knowledge of the cell biology and behaviour of these organisms leads to our inability to match species to their particular ecological functions. Because photosynthetic stramenopiles are studied independently of their heterotrophic relatives, they are often treated separately in the literature. Here, we present stramenopiles as a unified group with shared synapomorphies and evolutionary history. We introduce the main lineages, describe their important biological and ecological traits, and provide a concise update on the origin of the ochrophyte plastid. We highlight the crucial role of heterotrophs and mixotrophs in our understanding of stramenopiles with the goal of inspiring future investigations in taxonomy and life history. To understand each of the many diversifications within stramenopiles-towards autotrophy, osmotrophy, or parasitism-we must understand the ancestral heterotrophic flagellate from which they each evolved. We hope the following will serve as a primer for new stramenopile researchers or as an integrative refresher to those already in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Jirsová
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-7701, United States
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jeremy G Wideman
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-7701, United States
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Schrecengost A, Rotterová J, Poláková K, Čepička I, Beinart RA. Divergent marine anaerobic ciliates harbor closely related Methanocorpusculum endosymbionts. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae125. [PMID: 38982749 PMCID: PMC11253715 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ciliates are a diverse group of protists known for their ability to establish various partnerships and thrive in a wide variety of oxygen-depleted environments. Most anaerobic ciliates harbor methanogens, one of the few known archaea living intracellularly. These methanogens increase the metabolic efficiency of host fermentation via syntrophic use of host end-product in methanogenesis. Despite the ubiquity of these symbioses in anoxic habitats, patterns of symbiont specificity and fidelity are not well known. We surveyed two unrelated, commonly found groups of anaerobic ciliates, the Plagiopylea and Metopida, isolated from anoxic marine sediments. We sequenced host 18S rRNA and symbiont 16S rRNA marker genes as well as the symbiont internal transcribed spacer region from our cultured ciliates to identify hosts and their associated methanogenic symbionts. We found that marine ciliates from both of these co-occurring, divergent groups harbor closely related yet distinct intracellular archaea within the Methanocorpusculum genus. The symbionts appear to be stable at the host species level, but at higher taxonomic levels, there is evidence that symbiont replacements have occurred. Gaining insight into this unique association will deepen our understanding of the complex transmission modes of marine microbial symbionts, and the mutualistic microbial interactions occurring across domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schrecengost
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Johana Rotterová
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Mayagüez, United States
| | - Kateřina Poláková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roxanne A Beinart
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
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Genge MG, Roy Chowdhury S, Dohnálek V, Yunoki K, Hirashima T, Endo T, Doležal P, Mokranjac D. Two domains of Tim50 coordinate translocation of proteins across the two mitochondrial membranes. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302122. [PMID: 37748811 PMCID: PMC10520260 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of mitochondrial proteins with N-terminal presequences are translocated across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes via the TOM and TIM23 complexes, respectively. How translocation of proteins across two mitochondrial membranes is coordinated is largely unknown. Here, we show that the two domains of Tim50 in the intermembrane space, named core and PBD, both have essential roles in this process. Building upon the surprising observation that the two domains of Tim50 can complement each other in trans, we establish that the core domain contains the main presequence-binding site and serves as the main recruitment point to the TIM23 complex. On the other hand, the PBD plays, directly or indirectly, a critical role in cooperation of the TOM and TIM23 complexes and supports the receptor function of Tim50. Thus, the two domains of Tim50 both have essential but distinct roles and together coordinate translocation of proteins across two mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel G Genge
- Biocenter-Department of Cell Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Vít Dohnálek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kaori Yunoki
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirashima
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Endo
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Dejana Mokranjac
- Biocenter-Department of Cell Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jiang H, Gao W, Lu Q, Wang S. Carbon/nitrogen flows and associated microbial communities in full-scale foodwaste treatment plants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129775. [PMID: 37722539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play key roles in the conversion of organic matter in foodwaste. However, both the microbially-mediated element (carbon/C and nitrogen/N) flows and associated microbial communities in foodwaste treatment plants (FWTPs) remain unclear. This study collected samples of different foodwaste treatment units from five full-scale FWTPs to analyze the C/N flows and microbial communities in foodwaste treatment processes. Results showed that 39.8-45.0% of organic carbon in foodwaste was converted into biogas. Hydrolytic acidogenic bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Limosilactobacillus) and eukaryota (e.g., Cafeteriaceae, Saccharomycetales, and Agaricomycetes) were more abundant in feedstock and pretreatment units. Redundancy analyses showed that acidogens were major players in the transformation of foodwaste organic matter. Populations of W27 and Tepidanaerobacter were major contributors to the difference in conversion of C/N in these FWTPs. This study could support foodwaste treatment efficiencies improvement by providing insights into C/N flows and associated microbiota in FWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Jiang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weijun Gao
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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8
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Leng J, Lu J, Hai C, Liu X, Wu P, Sun Y, Yuan C, Zhao J, Hu B. Exploring influence mechanism of small-molecule carbon source on heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification process from carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and electron transport process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129681. [PMID: 37586428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HNAD) process can remove nitrogen and organic carbon under aerobic conditions. To get the in-depth mechanism of the HAND process, a strain named Acinetobacter johnsonii ZHL01 was isolated, and enzyme activity, electron transport, energy production, and gene expression of the strain were studied with small-molecule carbon sources, including sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium fumarate, and sodium succinate. The HNAD pathway of ZHL01 was NH4+→NH2OH → NO, and nitrogen balance analysis shows that ZHL01 could assimilate and denitrify 58.29 ± 1.05 % and 16.58 ± 1.07 % of nitrogen, respectively. The assimilation, the nitrification/denitrification, and the respiration processes were regulated by the concentration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) produced from the different metabolic pathways of small-molecule carbon sources. The HNAD process occurs to reduce intracellular redox levels related to NADH concentrations. This discovery provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of HAND bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Leng
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiyan Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chao Hai
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pei Wu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunbo Yuan
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply & Sewage Engineering, Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development Chang'an University, The Middle Section of the South 2(nd) Ring Road, 710064 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Rappaport HB, Oliverio AM. Extreme environments offer an unprecedented opportunity to understand microbial eukaryotic ecology, evolution, and genome biology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4959. [PMID: 37587119 PMCID: PMC10432404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in extreme environments has substantially expanded our understanding of the ecology and evolution of life on Earth, but a major group of organisms has been largely overlooked: microbial eukaryotes (i.e., protists). In this Perspective, we summarize data from over 80 studies of protists in extreme environments and identify focal lineages that are of significant interest for further study, including clades within Echinamoebida, Heterolobosea, Radiolaria, Haptophyta, Oomycota, and Cryptophyta. We argue that extreme environments are prime sampling targets to fill gaps in the eukaryotic tree of life and to increase our understanding of the ecology, metabolism, genome architecture, and evolution of eukaryotic life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela M Oliverio
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Muñoz-Gómez SA, Hess S. Purple photosymbioses. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R167-R170. [PMID: 36917934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Muñoz-Gómez and Hess introduce purple photosymbioses, which involve a heterotrophic protist host and anoxygenic photosymbionts from the phylum Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Muñoz-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Sebastian Hess
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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