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Bae G, Kang DG, Ahn C, Kim D, Nam HG, Hyun G, Jang D, Han SM, Jeon S. Metal Nanocomposites Reinforced by Ceramic Nanoarchitecture: Exploiting Extrinsic Size Effects for High Mechanical Strength. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39298740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of harnessing superior mechanical properties achieved through the size effect on a macroscopic scale has been a prominent focus in engineering, as size-induced strengthening is enabled only in the nanoscale regime. This study presents a metal/ceramic/metal (MCM) nanocomposite reinforced by ceramic nanoarchitectures. Through proximity-field nanopatterning, the inch-scale production of nanoarchitecture films is enabled in a single fabrication step. The developed three-dimensional (3D) Ni/Al2O3/Ni nanocomposite film exhibits significantly high compressive strength, corresponding to an increase of approximately 30% compared with that calculated using the upper limits of the conventional rule of mixtures. The exceptional strength of the 3D MCM nanocomposite can be attributed to the extrinsic size effect of the ceramic nanoarchitectures. By combining size-induced strengthening of ceramics with the strengthening law for composites, a new type of strengthening model is derived and experimentally validated using the 3D MCM nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangmin Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changui Ahn
- Engineering Ceramic Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET), Icheon, Gyeonggi 17303, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyun Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayea Hyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Jang
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li Z, Bhardwaj A, He J, Zhang W, Tran TT, Li Y, McClung A, Nuguri S, Watkins JJ, Lee SW. Nanoporous amorphous carbon nanopillars with lightweight, ultrahigh strength, large fracture strain, and high damping capability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8151. [PMID: 39289352 PMCID: PMC11408730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous achievement of lightweight, ultrahigh strength, large fracture strain, and high damping capability is challenging because some of these mechanical properties are mutually exclusive. Here, we utilize self-assembled polymeric carbon precursor materials in combination with scalable nano-imprinting lithography to produce nanoporous carbon nanopillars. Remarkably, nanoporosity induced via sacrificial template significantly reduces the mass density of amorphous carbon to 0.66 ~ 0.82 g cm-3 while the yield and fracture strengths of nanoporous carbon nanopillars are higher than those of most engineering materials with the similar mass density. Moreover, these nanopillars display both elastic and plastic behavior with large fracture strain. A reversible part of the sp2-to-sp3 transition produces large elastic strain and a high loss factor (up to 0.033) comparable to Ni-Ti shape memory alloys. The irreversible part of the sp2-to-sp3 transition enables plastic deformation, leading to a large fracture strain of up to 35%. These findings are substantiated using simulation studies. None of the existing structural materials exhibit a comparable combination of mass density, strength, deformability, and damping capability. Hence, the results of this study illustrate the potential of both dense and nanoporous amorphous carbon materials as superior structural nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 25 King Hill Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3136, USA
| | - Ayush Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Thomas T Tran
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrew McClung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 100 Natural Resources Rd, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sravya Nuguri
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - James J Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Seok-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 25 King Hill Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3136, USA.
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Maher N, Mahmood A, Fareed MA, Kumar N, Rokaya D, Zafar MS. An updated review and recent advancements in carbon-based bioactive coatings for dental implant applications. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00300-X. [PMID: 39033875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface coating of dental implants with a bioactive biomaterial is one of the distinguished approaches to improve the osseointegration potential, antibacterial properties, durability, and clinical success rate of dental implants. Carbon-based bioactive coatings, a unique class of biomaterial that possesses excellent mechanical properties, high chemical and thermal stability, osteoconductivity, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, have been utilized successfully for this purpose. AIM This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the structure, properties, coating techniques, and application of the various carbon-based coatings for dental implant applicationswith a particular focuson Carbon-based nanomaterial (CNMs), which is an advanced class of biomaterials. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Available articles on carbon coatings for dental implants were reviewed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar resources. Carbon-based coatings are non-cytotoxic, highly biocompatible, chemically inert, and osteoconductive, which allows the bone cells to come into close contact with the implant surface and prevents bacterial attachment and growth. Current research and advancements are now more focused on carbon-based nanomaterial (CNMs), as this emerging class of biomaterial possesses the advantage of both nanotechnology and carbon and aligns closely with ideal coating material characteristics. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its derivatives have received the most attention for dental implant coating. Various coating techniques are available for carbon-based materials, chosen according to substrate type, application requirements, and desired coating thickness. Vapor deposition technique, plasma spraying, laser deposition, and thermal spraying techniques are most commonly employed to coat the carbon structures on the implant surface. Longer duration trials and monitoring are required to ascertain the role of carbon-based bioactive coating for dental implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrah Maher
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Anum Mahmood
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amber Fareed
- Clinical Sciences Department College of Dentistry Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Dinesh Rokaya
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madina Al Munawwarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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Ni H, Lu D, Zhuang L, Guo P, Xu L, Li M, Hu W, Ni Z, Su L, Peng K, Wang H. Tailoring Mechanical Properties of a Ceramic Nanowire Aerogel with Pyrolytic Carbon for In Situ Resilience at 1400 °C. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15950-15957. [PMID: 38847327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Resilient ceramic aerogels with a unique combination of lightweight, good high-temperature stability, high specific area, and thermal insulation properties are known for their promising applications in various fields. However, the mechanical properties of traditional ceramic aerogels are often constrained by insufficient interlocking of the building blocks. Here, we report a strategy to largely increase the interlocking degree of the building blocks by depositing a pyrolytic carbon (PyC) coating onto Si3N4 nanowires. The results show that the mechanical performances of the Si3N4 nanowire aerogels are intricately linked to the microstructure of the PyC nodes. The compression resilience of the Si3N4@PyC nanowire aerogels increases with an increase of the interlayer cross-linking in PyC. Additionally, benefiting from the excellent high-temperature stability of PyC, the Si3N4@PyC nanowire aerogels demonstrate significantly superior in situ resilience up to 1400 °C. The integrated mechanical and high-temperature properties of the Si3N4@PyC nanowire aerogels make them highly appealing for applications in harsh conditions. The facile method of manipulating the microstructure of the nodes may offer a perspective for tailoring the mechanical properties of ceramic aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - De Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhentao Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Jorudas J, Rehman H, Cojocari M, Pashnev D, Urbanowicz A, Kašalynas I, Bertoni B, Vicarelli L, Pitanti A, Malykhin S, Svirko Y, Kuzhir P, Fedorov G. Ultra-broadband absorbance of nanometer-thin pyrolyzed-carbon film on silicon nitride membrane. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:305705. [PMID: 38648779 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fifty percents absorption by thin film, with thickness is much smaller than the skin depth and optical thickness much smaller than the wavelength, is a well-known concept of classical electrodynamics. This is a valuable feature that has been numerously widely explored for metal films, while chemically inert nanomembranes are a real fabrication challenge. Here we report the 20 nm thin pyrolyzed carbon film (PyC) placed on 300 nm thick silicon nitride (Si3N4) membrane demonstrating an efficient broadband absorption in the terahertz and near infrared ranges. While the bare Si3N4membrane is completely transparent in the THz range, the 20 nm thick PyC layer increases the absorption of the PyC coated Si3N4membrane to 40%. The reflection and transmission spectra in the near infrared region reveal that the PyC film absorption persists to a level of at least 10% of the incident power. Such a broadband absorption of the PyC film opens new pathways toward broadband bolometric radiation detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinas Jorudas
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hamza Rehman
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Maria Cojocari
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Daniil Pashnev
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrzej Urbanowicz
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- UAB 'TERAVIL', Savanoriu av. 235, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irmantas Kašalynas
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Benedetta Bertoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Vicarelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze, piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergei Malykhin
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Georgy Fedorov
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center of Photonics Research, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Zou G, Sow CH, Wang Z, Chen X, Gao H. Mechanomaterials and Nanomechanics: Toward Proactive Design of Material Properties and Functionalities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11492-11502. [PMID: 38676670 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
While conventional mechanics of materials offers a passive understanding of the mechanical properties of materials in existing forms, a paradigm shift, referred to as mechanomaterials, is emerging to enable the proactive programming of materials' properties and functionalities by leveraging force-geometry-property relationships. One of the foundations of this new paradigm is nanomechanics, which permits functional and structural materials to be designed based on principles from the nanoscale and beyond. Although the field of mechanomaterials is still in its infancy at the present time, we discuss the current progress in three specific directions closely linked to nanomechanics and provide perspectives on these research foci by considering the potential research directions, chances for success, and existing research capabilities. We believe this new research paradigm will provide future materials solutions for infrastructure, healthcare, energy, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijin Zou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chorng Haur Sow
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Zhisong Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Mechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhu Y, Fang Z, Zhang Z, Wu H. Discontinuous phase diagram of amorphous carbons. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae051. [PMID: 38504723 PMCID: PMC10950053 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The short-range order and medium-range order of amorphous carbons demonstrated in experiments allow us to rethink whether there exist intrinsic properties hidden by atomic disordering. Here we presented six representative phases of amorphous carbons (0.1-3.4 g/cm3), namely, disordered graphene network (DGN), high-density amorphous carbon (HDAC), amorphous diaphite (a-DG), amorphous diamond (a-D), paracrystalline diamond (p-D), and nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD), respectively, classified by their topological features and microstructural characterizations that are comparable with experiments. To achieve a comprehensive physical landscape for amorphous carbons, a phase diagram was plotted in the sp3/sp2 versus density plane, in which the counterintuitive discontinuity originates from the inherent difference in topological microstructures, further guiding us to discover a variety of phase transitions among different amorphous carbons. Intriguingly, the power law, log(sp3/sp2) ∝ ρn, hints at intrinsic topology and hidden order in amorphous carbons, providing an insightful perspective to reacquaint atomic disorder in non-crystalline carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - ZhouYu Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - ZhongTing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Taale M, Schamberger B, Monclus MA, Dolle C, Taheri F, Mager D, Eggeler YM, Korvink JG, Molina-Aldareguia JM, Selhuber-Unkel C, Lantada AD, Islam M. Microarchitected Compliant Scaffolds of Pyrolytic Carbon for 3D Muscle Cell Growth. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303485. [PMID: 38150609 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The integration of additive manufacturing technologies with the pyrolysis of polymeric precursors enables the design-controlled fabrication of architected 3D pyrolytic carbon (PyC) structures with complex architectural details. Despite great promise, their use in cellular interaction remains unexplored. This study pioneers the utilization of microarchitected 3D PyC structures as biocompatible scaffolds for the colonization of muscle cells in a 3D environment. PyC scaffolds are fabricated using micro-stereolithography, followed by pyrolysis. Furthermore, an innovative design strategy using revolute joints is employed to obtain novel, compliant structures of architected PyC. The pyrolysis process results in a pyrolysis temperature- and design-geometry-dependent shrinkage of up to 73%, enabling the geometrical features of microarchitected compatible with skeletal muscle cells. The stiffness of architected PyC varies with the pyrolysis temperature, with the highest value of 29.57 ± 0.78 GPa for 900 °C. The PyC scaffolds exhibit excellent biocompatibility and yield 3D cell colonization while culturing skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. They further induce good actin fiber alignment along the compliant PyC construction. However, no conclusive myogenic differentiation is observed here. Nevertheless, these results are highly promising for architected PyC scaffolds as multifunctional tissue implants and encourage more investigations in employing compliant architected PyC structures for high-performance tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Taale
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schamberger
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Dolle
- Microscopy of Nanoscale Structures and Mechanisms (MNM), Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fereydoon Taheri
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yolita M Eggeler
- Microscopy of Nanoscale Structures and Mechanisms (MNM), Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jon M Molina-Aldareguia
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutierréz Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutierréz Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Monsur Islam
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906, Spain
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Liu C, Pham MS. Spatially Programmable Architected Materials Inspired by the Metallurgical Phase Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305846. [PMID: 37714519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Programmable architected materials with the capabilities of precisely storing predefined mechanical behaviors and adaptive deformation responses upon external stimulations are desirable to help increase the performance and the organic integration of materials with surrounding environments. Here, a new approach inspired by the physical metallurgical principles is proposed to allow the materials designers to not only enhance the global strength but also precisely tune mechanical properties (such as strength, modulus, and plastic deformation) locally in architected materials to create a new class of intelligent mechanical metamaterials. Such programmable materials not only have high strength and plastic deformation stability but also the ability to regulate the local deformation states and spatially control the internal propagation of deformation. This innovative approach also provides new and effective ways to enhance the adaptivity of the materials thanks to responsive strengths that not only make the materials increasingly stronger but also allow threshold-based adaptive responses to external loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Minh-Son Pham
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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10
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Zhang Z, Fang Z, Wu H, Zhu Y. Temperature-Dependent Paracrystalline Nucleation in Atomically Disordered Diamonds. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:312-318. [PMID: 38134308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomically disordered diamonds with medium-range order realized in recent experiments extend our knowledge of atomic disorder in materials. However, the current understanding of amorphous carbons cannot answer why paracrystalline diamond (p-D) can be formed inherently different from other tetrahedral amorphous carbons (ta-Cs), and the emergence of p-D seems to be easily hindered by inappropriate temperatures. Herein, we performed atomistic-based simulations to shed light on temperature-dependent paracrystalline nucleation in atomically disordered diamonds. Using metadynamics and two carefully designed collective variables, reversible phase transitions among different ta-Cs can be presented under different temperatures, evidenced by corresponding local minima on the free energy surface and reaction path along the free energy gradient. We found that p-D is preferred in a narrow range of temperatures, which is comparable to real experimental temperatures under the Arrhenius framework. The insights and related methods should open up a perspective for investigating other amorphous carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhongTing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - ZhouYu Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China
| | - YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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11
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Zhu M, Zhou J, He Z, Zhang Y, Wu H, Chen J, Zhu Y, Hou Y, Wu H, Lu Y. Ductile amorphous boron nitride microribbons. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4914-4921. [PMID: 37603385 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The broad applications of ceramic materials in functional devices are often limited by their intrinsic brittleness. Amorphous boron nitride (a-BN), as a promising ceramic has shown high thermal stability and excellent dielectric properties that can be applied to microfabricated aerogel and nano dielectric layers, while its mechanical properties at small scales are yet to be studied. Here we report synthesized a-BN microribbons can have a uniform elongation at a breaking strain of more than 50% upon tension, exhibiting outstanding ductility. Such a-BN microribbons with lengths ranging from tens to hundreds of micro-meters were prepared via the small molecule precursors sol-gel method. Through in situ uniaxial tensile measurements, we demonstrated that a-BN microribbons also display a surprising flaw-tolerance behaviour. Combining high-resolution atomic characterization with molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that the large tensile plasticity of a-BN originates from the topological deformation induced multiple energy-dissipation mechanisms including unfolding and reorientation of local curly h-BN layers and their interlayer debonding, slippage as well as the intralayer tearing. Our findings provide new insights to develop ductile amorphous covalent-bonded materials for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zezhou He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Juzheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yinbo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hengan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Mori T, Wang H, Zhang W, Ser CC, Arora D, Pan CF, Li H, Niu J, Rahman MA, Mori T, Koishi H, Yang JKW. Pick and place process for uniform shrinking of 3D printed micro- and nano-architected materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5876. [PMID: 37735573 PMCID: PMC10514194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization lithography is promising for producing three-dimensional structures with user-defined micro- and nanoscale features. Additionally, shrinkage by thermolysis can readily shorten the lattice constant of three-dimensional photonic crystals and enhance their resolution and mechanical properties; however, this technique suffers from non-uniform shrinkage owing to substrate pinning during heating. Here, we develop a simple method using poly(vinyl alcohol)-assisted uniform shrinking of three-dimensional printed structures. Microscopic three-dimensional printed objects are picked and placed onto a receiving substrate, followed by heating to induce shrinkage. We show the successful uniform heat-shrinking of three-dimensional prints with various shapes and sizes, without sacrificial support structures, and observe that the surface properties of the receiving substrate are important factors for uniform shrinking. Moreover, we print a three-dimensional mascot model that is then uniformly shrunk, producing vivid colors from colorless woodpile photonic crystals. The proposed method has significant potential for application in mechanics, optics, and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mori
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan.
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, China.
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Chern Chia Ser
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Deepshikha Arora
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Pan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Hao Li
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jiabin Niu
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - M A Rahman
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
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13
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Yan S, Bennett TD, Feng W, Zhu Z, Yang D, Zhong Z, Qin QH. Brittle-to-ductile transition and theoretical strength in a metal-organic framework glass. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8235-8244. [PMID: 37071115 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) glasses, a new type of melt-quenched glass, show great promise to deal with the alleviation of greenhouse effects, energy storage and conversion. However, the mechanical behavior of MOF glasses, which is of critical importance given the need for long-term stability, is not well understood. Using both micro- and nanoscale loadings, we find that pillars of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) glass have a compressive strength falling within the theoretical strength limit of ≥E/10, a value which is thought to be unreachable in amorphous materials. Pillars with a diameter larger than 500 nm exhibited brittle failure with deformation mechanisms including shear bands and nearly vertical cracks, while pillars with a diameter below 500 nm could carry large plastic strains of ≥20% in a ductile manner with enhanced strength. We report this room-temperature brittle-to-ductile transition in ZIF-62 glass for the first time and demonstrate that theoretical strength and large ductility can be simultaneously achieved in ZIF-62 glass at the nanoscale. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations have identified that microstructural densification and atomistic rearrangement, i.e., breaking and reconnection of inter-atomistic bonds, were responsible for the exceptional ductility. The insights gained from this study provide a way to manufacture ultra-strong and ductile MOF glasses and may facilitate their processing toward real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Yan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Weipeng Feng
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongyin Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingcheng Yang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, Science, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Zheng Zhong
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qing H Qin
- Department of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China.
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14
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Karthikeyan V, Surjadi JU, Li X, Fan R, Theja VCS, Li WJ, Lu Y, Roy VAL. Three dimensional architected thermoelectric devices with high toughness and power conversion efficiency. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2069. [PMID: 37045838 PMCID: PMC10097747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the widespread application of thermoelectric generators has been plagued by two major limitations: heat stagnation in its legs, which limits power conversion efficiency, and inherent brittleness of its constituents, which accelerates thermoelectric generator failure. While notable progress has been made to overcome these quintessential flaws, the state-of-the-art suffers from an apparent mismatch between thermoelectric performance and mechanical toughness. Here, we demonstrate an approach to potentially enhance the power conversion efficiency while suppressing the brittle failure in thermoelectric materials. By harnessing the enhanced thermal impedance induced by the cellular architecture of microlattices with the exceptional strength and ductility (>50% compressive strain) derived from partial carbonization, we fabricate three-dimensional (3D) architected thermoelectric generators that exhibit a specific energy absorption of ~30 J g-1 and power conversion efficiency of ~10%. We hope our work will improve future thermoelectric generator fabrication design through additive manufacturing with excellent thermoelectric properties and mechanical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Karthikeyan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - James Utama Surjadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Vaskuri C S Theja
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong.
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15
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Su R, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang W, Li Y, He R, Fang D. 3D-Printed Micro/Nano-Scaled Mechanical Metamaterials: Fundamentals, Technologies, Progress, Applications, and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206391. [PMID: 37026433 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials have attracted extensive attention in various fields attributed to their superior properties benefiting from their rationally designed micro/nano-structures. As one of the most advanced technologies in the 21st century, additive manufacturing (3D printing) opens an easier and faster path for fabricating micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials with complex structures. Here, the size effect of metamaterials at micro/nano scales is introduced first. Then, the additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate mechanical metamaterials at micro/nano scales are introduced. The latest research progress on micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials is also reviewed according to the type of materials. In addition, the structural and functional applications of micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials are further summarized. Finally, the challenges, including advanced 3D printing technologies, novel material development, and innovative structural design, for micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials are discussed, and future perspectives are provided. The review aims to provide insight into the research and development of 3D-printed micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rujie He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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16
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Smith P, Obando AG, Griffin A, Robertson M, Bounds E, Qiang Z. Additive Manufacturing of Carbon Using Commodity Polypropylene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208029. [PMID: 36763617 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials are essential to the development of modern society with indispensable use in various applications, such as energy storage and high-performance composites. Despite great progress, on-demand carbon manufacturing with control over 3D macroscopic configuration is still an intractable challenge, hindering their direct use in many areas requiring structured materials and products. This work introduces a simple and scalable method to generate complex, large-scale carbon structures using easily accessible materials and technologies. 3D-printed, commercial polypropylene (PP) parts can be thermally stabilized through cracking-facilitated diffusion and crosslinking. The newly elucidated mechanism from this work allows thick PP parts to yield carbonaceous products with complex structures through a subsequent pyrolysis step. The approach for enabling PP-to-carbon conversion has consistent product yield and controlled dimensional shrinkage. Under optimized processing conditions, these PP-derived carbons exhibit robust mechanical properties and excellent joule heating performance, demonstrated by their versatile use as heating elements. Furthermore, this process can be extended to recycled PP, enabling the conversion of waste plastic materials to value-added products. This work provides an innovative approach to create structured carbon materials with direct access to complex geometry, which can be transformative to, and broadly benefit, many important technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smith
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Alejandro Guillen Obando
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Anthony Griffin
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ethan Bounds
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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17
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Suresh A, Rowan SJ, Liu C. Macroscale Fabrication of Lightweight and Strong Porous Carbon Foams through Template-Coating Pair Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206416. [PMID: 36527732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing of low-density-high-strength carbon foams can benefit the construction, transportation, and packaging industries. One successful route to lightweight and mechanically strong carbon foams involves pyrolysis of polymeric architectures, which is inevitably accompanied by drastic volumetric shrinkage (usually >98%). As such, a challenge of these materials lies in maintaining bulk dimensions of building struts that span orders of magnitude difference in length scale from centimeters to nanometers. This work demonstrates fabrication of macroscale low-density-high-strength carbon foams that feature exceptional dimensional stability through pyrolysis of robust template-coating pairs. The template serves as the architectural blueprint and contains strength-imparting properties (e.g., high node density and small strut dimensions); it is composed of a low char-yielding porous polystyrene backbone with a high carbonization-onset temperature. The coating serves to imprint and transcribe the template architecture into pyrolytic carbon; it is composed of a high char-yielding conjugated polymer with a relatively low carbonization-onset temperature. The designed carbonization mismatch enables structural inheritance, while the decomposition mismatch affords hollow struts, minimizing density. The carbons synthesized through this new framework exhibit remarkable dimensional stability (≈80% dimension retention; ≈50% volume retention) and some of the highest specific strengths (≈0.13 GPa g-1 cm3 ) among reported carbon foams derived from porous polymer templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Suresh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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18
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Li Z, Wang Y, Ma M, Ma H, Hu W, Zhang X, Zhuge Z, Zhang S, Luo K, Gao Y, Sun L, Soldatov AV, Wu Y, Liu B, Li B, Ying P, Zhang Y, Xu B, He J, Yu D, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Yue Y, Tian Y, Li X. Ultrastrong conductive in situ composite composed of nanodiamond incoherently embedded in disordered multilayer graphene. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:42-49. [PMID: 36522415 PMCID: PMC9812777 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional ceramics or metals cannot simultaneously achieve ultrahigh strength and high electrical conductivity. The elemental carbon can form a variety of allotropes with entirely different physical properties, providing versatility for tuning mechanical and electrical properties in a wide range. Here, by precisely controlling the extent of transformation of amorphous carbon into diamond within a narrow temperature-pressure range, we synthesize an in situ composite consisting of ultrafine nanodiamond homogeneously dispersed in disordered multilayer graphene with incoherent interfaces, which demonstrates a Knoop hardness of up to ~53 GPa, a compressive strength of up to ~54 GPa and an electrical conductivity of 670-1,240 S m-1 at room temperature. With atomically resolving interface structures and molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that amorphous carbon transforms into diamond through a nucleation process via a local rearrangement of carbon atoms and diffusion-driven growth, different from the transformation of graphite into diamond. The complex bonding between the diamond-like and graphite-like components greatly improves the mechanical properties of the composite. This superhard, ultrastrong, conductive elemental carbon composite has comprehensive properties that are superior to those of the known conductive ceramics and C/C composites. The intermediate hybridization state at the interfaces also provides insights into the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition of carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Huachun Ma
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zewen Zhuge
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yingju Wu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Baozhong Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Pan Ying
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Cai J, Chen H, Li Y, Akbarzadeh A. Lessons from Nature for Carbon‐Based Nanoarchitected Metamaterials. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Youjian Li
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0C3 Canada
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20
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Abstract
Recent developments in mechanical metamaterials exemplify a new paradigm shift called mechanomaterials, in which mechanical forces and designed geometries are proactively deployed to program material properties at multiple scales. Here, we designed shell-based micro-/nanolattices with I-WP (Schoen's I-graph-wrapped package) and Neovius minimal surface topologies. Following the designed topologies, polymeric microlattices were fabricated via projection microstereolithography or two-photon lithography, and pyrolytic carbon nanolattices were created through two-photon lithography and subsequent pyrolysis. The shell thickness of created lattice metamaterials varies over three orders of magnitude from a few hundred nanometers to a few hundred micrometers, covering a wider range of relative densities than most plate-based micro-/nanolattices. In situ compression tests showed that the measured modulus and strength of our shell-based micro-/nanolattices with I-WP topology are superior to those of the optimized plate-based lattices with cubic and octet plate unit cells and truss-based lattices. More strikingly, when the density is larger than 0.53 g cm-3, the strength of shell-based pyrolytic carbon nanolattices with I-WP topology was found to achieve its theoretical limit. In addition, our shell-based carbon nanolattices exhibited an ultrahigh strength of 3.52 GPa, an ultralarge fracture strain of 23%, and an ultrahigh specific strength of 4.42 GPa g-1 cm3, surpassing all previous micro-/nanolattices at comparable densities. These unprecedented properties can be attributed to the designed topologies inducing relatively uniform strain energy distributions and avoiding stress concentrations as well as the nanoscale feature size. Our study demonstrates a mechanomaterial route to design and synthesize micro-/nanoarchitected materials.
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21
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Bauer J, Sala-Casanovas M, Amiri M, Valdevit L. Nanoarchitected metal/ceramic interpenetrating phase composites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3080. [PMID: 35977008 PMCID: PMC9385151 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Architected metals and ceramics with nanoscale cellular designs, e.g., nanolattices, are currently subject of extensive investigation. By harnessing extreme material size effects, nanolattices demonstrated classically inaccessible properties at low density, with exceptional potential for superior lightweight materials. This study expands the concept of nanoarchitecture to dense metal/ceramic composites, presenting co-continuous architectures of three-dimensional printed pyrolytic carbon shell reinforcements and electrodeposited nickel matrices. We demonstrate ductile compressive deformability with elongated ultrahigh strength plateaus, resulting in an extremely high combination of compressive strength and strain energy absorption. Simultaneously, property-to-weight ratios outperform those of lightweight nanolattices. Superior to cellular nanoarchitectures, interpenetrating nanocomposites may combine multiple size-dependent characteristics, whether mechanical or functional, which are radically antagonistic in existing materials. This provides a pathway toward previously unobtainable multifunctionality, extending far beyond lightweight structure applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bauer
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Martí Sala-Casanovas
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mahsa Amiri
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lorenzo Valdevit
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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22
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Sun B, Chen D, Cheng Y, Fei W, Jiang D, Tang S, Zhao G, Song J, Hou C, Zhang W, Wu S, Yang Y, Tan M, Zhang J, Wei D, Guo C, Zhang W, Dong S, Du S, Han J, Luo J, Zhang X. Sugar-Derived Isotropic Nanoscale Polycrystalline Graphite Capable of Considerable Plastic Deformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200363. [PMID: 35686916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining large plastic deformation in polycrystalline van der Waals (vdW) materials is challenging. Achieving such deformation is especially difficult in graphite because it is highly anisotropic. The development of sugar-derived isotropic nanostructured polycrystalline graphite (SINPG) is discussed herein. The structure of this material preserves the high in-plane rigidity and out-of-plane flexibility of graphene layers and enables prominent plasticity by activating the rotation of nanoscale (5-10 nm) grains. Thus, micrometer-sized SINPG samples demonstrate enhanced compressive strengths of up to 3.0 GPa and plastic strains of 30-50%. These findings suggest a new pathway for enabling plastic deformation in otherwise brittle vdW materials. This new class of nanostructured carbon materials is suitable for use in a broad range of fields, from semiconductor to aerospace applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqian Sun
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Daming Chen
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- The National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Forming of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Danyu Jiang
- Analysis and Testing Center for Inorganic Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Sufang Tang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Guangdong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Juntao Song
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Chenlin Hou
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Shiqi Wu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Mingyi Tan
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Center of Analysis, Measurement and Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Daqing Wei
- Center of Analysis, Measurement and Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Chaowei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Center, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shun Dong
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Shanyi Du
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jiecai Han
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
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23
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Comparing Carbon Origami from Polyaramid and Cellulose Sheets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040503. [PMID: 35457808 PMCID: PMC9032490 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Carbon origami enables the fabrication of lightweight and mechanically stiff 3D complex architectures of carbonaceous materials, which have a high potential to impact a wide range of applications positively. The precursor materials and their inherent microstructure play a crucial role in determining the properties of carbon origami structures. Here, non-porous polyaramid Nomex sheets and macroporous fibril cellulose sheets are explored as the precursor sheets for studying the effect of precursor nature and microstructure on the material and structural properties of the carbon origami structures. The fabrication process involves pre-creasing precursor sheets using a laser engraving process, followed by manual-folding and carbonization. The cellulose precursor experiences a severe structural shrinkage due to its macroporous fibril morphology, compared to the mostly non-porous morphology of Nomex-derived carbon. The morphological differences further yield a higher specific surface area for cellulose-derived carbon. However, Nomex results in more crystalline carbon than cellulose, featuring a turbostratic microstructure like glassy carbon. The combined effect of morphology and glass-like features leads to a high mechanical stiffness of 1.9 ± 0.2 MPa and specific modulus of 2.4 × 104 m2·s−2 for the Nomex-derived carbon Miura-ori structure, which are significantly higher than cellulose-derived carbon Miura-ori (elastic modulus = 504.7 ± 88.2 kPa; specific modulus = 1.2 × 104 m2·s−2) and other carbonaceous origami structures reported in the literature. The results presented here are promising to expand the material library for carbon origami, which will help in the choice of suitable precursor and carbon materials for specific applications.
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24
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Zhang S, Li Z, Luo K, He J, Gao Y, Soldatov AV, Benavides V, Shi K, Nie A, Zhang B, Hu W, Ma M, Liu Y, Wen B, Gao G, Liu B, Zhang Y, Shu Y, Yu D, Zhou XF, Zhao Z, Xu B, Su L, Yang G, Chernogorova OP, Tian Y. Discovery of carbon-based strongest and hardest amorphous material. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwab140. [PMID: 35070330 PMCID: PMC8776544 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most fascinating elements due to its structurally diverse allotropic forms stemming from its bonding varieties (sp, sp 2 and sp 3). Exploring new forms of carbon has been the eternal theme of scientific research. Herein, we report on amorphous (AM) carbon materials with a high fraction of sp 3 bonding recovered from compression of fullerene C60 under high pressure and high temperature, previously unexplored. Analysis of photoluminescence and absorption spectra demonstrates that they are semiconducting with a bandgap range of 1.5-2.2 eV, comparable to that of widely used AM silicon. Comprehensive mechanical tests demonstrate that synthesized AM-III carbon is the hardest and strongest AM material known to date, and can scratch diamond crystal and approach its strength. The produced AM carbon materials combine outstanding mechanical and electronic properties, and may potentially be used in photovoltaic applications that require ultrahigh strength and wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zihe Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Vicente Benavides
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | - Kaiyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Guoying Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yu Shu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhou
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Lei Su
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Olga P Chernogorova
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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25
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Abstract
Graphene is a unique attractive material owing to its characteristic structure and excellent properties. To improve the preparation efficiency of graphene, reduce defects and costs, and meet the growing market demand, it is crucial to explore the improved and innovative production methods and process for graphene. This review summarizes recent advanced graphene synthesis methods including “bottom-up” and “top-down” processes, and their influence on the structure, cost, and preparation efficiency of graphene, as well as its peeling mechanism. The viability and practicality of preparing graphene using polymers peeling flake graphite or graphite filling polymer was discussed. Based on the comparative study, it is potential to mass produce graphene with large size and high quality using the viscoelasticity of polymers and their affinity to the graphite surface.
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26
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Portela CM, Edwards BW, Veysset D, Sun Y, Nelson KA, Kochmann DM, Greer JR. Supersonic impact resilience of nanoarchitected carbon. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1491-1497. [PMID: 34168332 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Architected materials with nanoscale features have enabled extreme combinations of properties by exploiting the ultralightweight structural design space together with size-induced mechanical enhancement at small scales. Apart from linear waves in metamaterials, this principle has been restricted to quasi-static properties or to low-speed phenomena, leaving nanoarchitected materials under extreme dynamic conditions largely unexplored. Here, using supersonic microparticle impact experiments, we demonstrate extreme impact energy dissipation in three-dimensional nanoarchitected carbon materials that exhibit mass-normalized energy dissipation superior to that of traditional impact-resistant materials such as steel, aluminium, polymethyl methacrylate and Kevlar. In-situ ultrahigh-speed imaging and post-mortem confocal microscopy reveal consistent mechanisms such as compaction cratering and microparticle capture that enable this superior response. By analogy to planetary impact, we introduce predictive tools for crater formation in these materials using dimensional analysis. These results substantially uncover the dynamic regime over which nanoarchitecture enables the design of ultralightweight, impact-resistant materials that could open the way to design principles for lightweight armour, protective coatings and blast-resistant shields for sensitive electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Portela
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bryce W Edwards
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Veysset
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis M Kochmann
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- The Kavli Nanoscience Institute at Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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27
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wu B, He Z, Xia J, Wu H. Micromechanical Landscape of Three-Dimensional Disordered Graphene Networks. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8401-8408. [PMID: 34591476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disordered carbons can be considered under the modeling framework of disordered graphene networks (DGNs) due to the continuous three-dimensional connectivity and high graphitization. Correlating microstructures and mechanical behaviors of DGNs to their topology is pivotal to revealing more intrinsic features hidden by disorder. Herein, starting from basic deformations and topology, we investigate DGNs with various densities to explore their micromechanical landscape. Both the tension and shear of DGNs exhibit prolonged plastic platforms through local tearing of microstructures. However, compression displays special plastic damages of forming kinklike puckers and sp3-bonded carbon, resulting in a tension-compression asymmetry of DGNs. Out-of-plane topological defects contribute to the main negative-curvature topology in deformed DGNs. Moreover, there are novel scaling laws where both the Young's modulus and strength (logarithms) follow an inversely proportional scaling with respect to average angular defects. Ashby charts demonstrate that the mechanical properties of DGNs can reach the theoretical limit region, surpassing those of most conventional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - YongChao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - ZeZhou He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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28
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Liu S, Lyu M, Wang C. Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanisms of Graphene Foams with Bi-Modal Sheet Thickness by Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5622. [PMID: 34640013 PMCID: PMC8509715 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene foams (GrFs) have been widely used as structural and/or functional materials in many practical applications. They are always assembled by thin and thick graphene sheets with multiple thicknesses; however, the effect of this basic structural feature has been poorly understood by existing theoretical models. Here, we propose a coarse-grained bi-modal GrF model composed of a mixture of 1-layer flexible and 8-layer stiff sheets to study the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms based on the mesoscopic model of graphene sheets (Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2011, 19, 54003). It is found that the modulus increases almost linearly with an increased proportion of 8-layer sheets, which is well explained by the mixture rule; the strength decreases first and reaches the minimum value at a critical proportion of stiff sheets ~30%, which is well explained by the analysis of structural connectivity and deformation energy of bi-modal GrFs. Furthermore, high-stress regions are mainly dispersed in thick sheets, while large-strain areas mainly locate in thin ones. Both of them have a highly uneven distribution in GrFs due to the intrinsic heterogeneity in both structures and the mechanical properties of sheets. Moreover, the elastic recovery ability of GrFs can be enhanced by adding more thick sheets. These results should be helpful for us to understand and further guide the design of advanced GrF-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenggui Liu
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mindong Lyu
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Chao Wang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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29
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Abstract
A series of mesoporous carbonaceous materials were synthesized by the nanocasting technique using boehmite as a template and glucose as a carbon precursor. After pyrolysis and template removal, the resulting material is a mesoporous carbon that can be additionally doped with N, B and K during prepyrolysis impregnation. In addition, the influence of doping on the morphology, crystallinity and stability of the synthesized carbons was studied using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, thermogravimetry, Raman and IR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. While the nanocasting process is effective for the formation of mesopores, KOH and urea do not modify the textural properties of carbon. The use of H3PO4 as a dopant, however, led to the formation of an AlPO4 compound and resulted in a solid with a lower specific surface area and higher microporosity. All doped solids present higher thermal stability as a positive effect of the introduction of heteroatoms to the carbon skeleton. The phosphorus-doped sample has better oxidation resistance, with a combustion temperature 120–150 °C higher than those observed for the other materials.
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30
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Yang T, Wang C, Wu Z. Strain Hardening in Graphene Foams under Shear. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22780-22790. [PMID: 34514249 PMCID: PMC8427771 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strain hardening is an important issue for the design and application of materials. The strain hardening of graphene foams has been widely observed but poorly understood. Here, by adopting the coarse-grained molecular dynamics method, we systematically investigated the microscopic mechanism and influencing factors of strain hardening and related mechanical properties of graphene foams under shear loading. We found that the strain hardening is induced by cumulative nonlocalized bond-breakings and rearrangements of microstructures. Furthermore, it can be effectively tuned by the number of graphene layers and cross-link densities, i.e., the strain hardening would emerge at a smaller shear strain for the graphene foams with thicker sheets and/or more cross-links. In addition, the shear stiffness G of graphene foams increases linearly with the cross-link density and exponentially with the number of graphene layers n by G ∼ n 1.95. These findings not only improve our understanding of the promising bulk materials but also pave the way for optimizing structural design in wide applications based on their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Engineering Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Wang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Engineering Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuobing Wu
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Engineering Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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31
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Wang W, Huai L, Wu S, Shan J, Zhu J, Liu Z, Yue L, Li Y. Ultrahigh-Volumetric-Energy-Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Lean Electrolyte Enabled by Cobalt-Doped MoSe 2/Ti 3C 2T x MXene Bifunctional Catalyst. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11619-11633. [PMID: 34247479 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is a significant challenge to design a dense high-sulfur-loaded cathode and meanwhile to acquire fast sulfur redox kinetics and suppress the heavy shuttling in the lean electrolyte, thus to acquire a high volumetric energy density without sacrificing gravimetric performance for realistic Li-S batteries (LSBs). Herein, we develop a cation-doping strategy to tailor the electronic structure and catalytic activity of MoSe2 that in situ hybridized with conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene, thus obtaining a Co-MoSe2/MXene bifunctional catalyst as a high-efficient sulfur host. Combining a smart design of the dense sulfur structure, the as-fabricated highly dense S/Co-MoSe2/MXene monolith cathode (density: 1.88 g cm-3, conductivity: 230 S m-1) achieves a high reversible specific capacity of 1454 mAh g-1 and an ultrahigh volumetric energy density of 3659 Wh L-1 at a routine electrolyte and a high areal capacity of ∼8.0 mAh cm-2 under an extremely lean electrolyte of 3.5 μL mgs-1 at 0.1 C. Experimental and DFT theoretical results uncover that introducing Co element into the MoSe2 plane can form a shorter Co-Se bond, impel the Mo 3d band to approach the Fermi level, and provide strong interactions between polysulfides and Co-MoSe2, thereby enhancing its intrinsic electronic conductivity and catalytic activity for fast redox kinetics and uniform Li2S nucleation in a dense high-sulfur-loaded cathode. This deep work provides a good strategy for constructing high-volumetric-energy-density, high-areal-capacity LSBs with lean electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liyuan Huai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Shangyou Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiongwei Shan
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlu Zhu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhonggang Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liguo Yue
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunyong Li
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang H, Ruan Q, Wang H, Rezaei SD, Lim KTP, Liu H, Zhang W, Trisno J, Chan JYE, Yang JKW. Full Color and Grayscale Painting with 3D Printed Low-Index Nanopillars. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4721-4729. [PMID: 34019769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sculpting nanostructures into different geometries in either one or two dimensions produces a wide range of colorful elements in microscopic prints. However, achieving different shades of gray and control of color saturation remain challenging. Here, we report a complete approach to color and grayscale generation based on the tuning of a single nanostructure geometry. Through two-photon polymerization lithography, we systematically investigated color generation from the basic single nanopillar geometry in low-refractive-index (n < 1.6) material. Grayscale and full color palettes were achieved that allow decomposition onto hue, saturation, and brightness values. This approach enabled the "painting" of arbitrary colorful and grayscale images by mapping desired prints to precisely controllable parameters during 3D printing. We further extend our understanding of the scattering properties of the low-refractive-index nanopillar to demonstrate grayscale inversion and color desaturation and steganography at the level of single nanopillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Soroosh Daqiqeh Rezaei
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Kevin T P Lim
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Hailong Liu
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Trisno
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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Yang C, Li Z, Huang Y, Wang K, Long Y, Guo Z, Li X, Wu H. Continuous Roll-to-Roll Production of Carbon Nanoparticles from Candle Soot. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3198-3204. [PMID: 33754736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been considered as essential components for various applications including sensors, quantum dots, electrocatalysts, energy storages, lubrication, and functional coatings. Uniform and functional CNP materials can be obtained from candle soot. However, the production of CNPs from candle soot is not a continuous process, limiting the practical production and applications of such materials. Here, a rotating-deposition and separation system for high-efficiency production of low-cost and high-quality CNPs from candle soot is presented. The characteristic of CNPs can be controlled by adjusting the system parameters. Moreover, obtained CNPs can act as photothermal superhydrophobic anti-icing coatings on various substrates. With a sliding angle of less than 3°, water drops can keep rolling off without further nucleation of ice. The reported preparing method is suitable for large-scale applications and various kinds of surfaces and shows great potentials in the growing demands of anti-icing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials Applied Mechanics Laboratory Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ya Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kuangyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanzheng Long
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials Applied Mechanics Laboratory Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Khan MB, Wang C, Wang S, Fang D, Chen S. The mechanical property and microscopic deformation mechanism of nanoparticle-contained graphene foam materials under uniaxial compression. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:115701. [PMID: 33361558 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcfe8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-contained graphene foams have found more and more practical applications in recent years, which desperately requires a deep understanding on basic mechanics of this hybrid material. In this paper, the microscopic deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of such a hybrid material under uniaxial compression, that are inevitably encountered in applications and further affect its functions, are systematically studied by the coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation method. Two major factors of the size and volume fraction of nanoparticles are considered. It is found that the constitutive relation of nanoparticle filled graphene foam materials consists of three parts: the elastic deformation stage, deformation with inner re-organization and the final compaction stage, which is much similar to the experimental measurement of pristine graphene foam materials. Interestingly, both the initial and intermediate modulus of such a hybrid material is significantly affected by the size and volume fraction of nanoparticles, due to their influences on the microstructural evolution. The experimentally observed 'spacer effect' of such a hybrid material is well re-produced and further found to be particle-size sensitive. With the increase of nanoparticle size, the micro deformation mechanism will change from nanoparticles trapped in the graphene sheet, slipping on the graphene sheet, to aggregation outside the graphene sheet. Beyond a critical relative particle size 0.26, the graphene-sheet-dominated deformation mode changes to be a nanoparticle-dominated one. The final microstructure after compression of the hybrid system converges to two stable configurations of the 'sandwiched' and 'randomly-stacked' one. The results should be helpful not only to understand the micro mechanism of such a hybrid material in different applications, but also to the design of advanced composites and devices based on porous materials mixed with particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Khan
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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35
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Zhu C, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Wang H, Sly GL. Yolk-void-shell Si-C nano-particles with tunable void size for high-performance anode of lithium ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:085403. [PMID: 33147572 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc77f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is a promising anode for new-generation lithium ion batteries due to high theoretical lithium storage capacity (4200 mAh g-1). However, the low conductivity and large volumetric expansion hamper the commercialization of the silicon anode. In this case, we present a yolk-void-shell Si-C anode (denoted as Si@Void@C), which is synthesized through nano-Si oxidation, surface carbonization and etching of SiO x . The void can be fabricated only by the self-generation and etching of SiO x layer on the Si surface, without the help of template materials. Moreover, the void size can be adjusted only by means of the annealing temperature, which can be easily and precisely operated. The Si@Void@C/rGO with void size of 5 nm offers a discharge capacity of 1294 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g-1. These enhanced performances can be ascribed to an appropriate size (5 nm) of void space which sufficiently accommodates the silicon volume expansion and stabilizes the carbon shell. At the same time, the voids effectively inhibit the growth of the solid electrolyte interface layer by depressing the decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of Si in Si@Void@C/rGO. Furthermore, interfaces between Si@Void@C particles and rGO sheets construct bridges for electrons' conduction. In general, the present work provides a viable strategy for synthesizing silicon-carbon anode materials with long life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoye Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Baise University, Baise 533000, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Gunnar L Sly
- Voiland College of Engineering and Architecture, Song Research Group, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America
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Zhang H, Wu J, Fang D, Zhang Y. Hierarchical mechanical metamaterials built with scalable tristable elements for ternary logic operation and amplitude modulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabf1966. [PMID: 33627434 PMCID: PMC7904272 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Multistable mechanical metamaterials are artificial materials whose microarchitectures offer more than two different stable configurations. Existing multistable mechanical metamaterials mainly rely on origami/kirigami-inspired designs, snap-through instability, and microstructured soft mechanisms, with mostly bistable fundamental unit cells. Scalable, tristable structural elements that can be built up to form mechanical metamaterials with an extremely large number of programmable stable configurations remains illusive. Here, we harness the elastic tensile/compressive asymmetry of kirigami microstructures to design a class of scalable X-shaped tristable structures. Using these structure as building block elements, hierarchical mechanical metamaterials with one-dimensional (1D) cylindrical geometries, 2D square lattices, and 3D cubic/octahedral lattices are designed and demonstrated, with capabilities of torsional multistability or independent controlled multidirectional multistability. The number of stable states increases exponentially with the cell number of mechanical metamaterials. The versatile multistability and structural diversity allow demonstrative applications in mechanical ternary logic operators and amplitude modulators with unusual functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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37
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Structural multi-colour invisible inks with submicron 4D printing of shape memory polymers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:112. [PMID: 33397969 PMCID: PMC7782480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymer (SMP) imparts time responsive properties to 3D structures. Here, we explore 4D printing of a SMP in the submicron length scale, extending its applications to nanophononics. We report a new SMP photoresist based on Vero Clear achieving print features at a resolution of ~300 nm half pitch using two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL). Prints consisting of grids with size-tunable multi-colours enabled the study of shape memory effects to achieve large visual shifts through nanoscale structure deformation. As the nanostructures are flattened, the colours and printed information become invisible. Remarkably, the shape memory effect recovers the original surface morphology of the nanostructures along with its structural colour within seconds of heating above its glass transition temperature. The high-resolution printing and excellent reversibility in both microtopography and optical properties promises a platform for temperature-sensitive labels, information hiding for anti-counterfeiting, and tunable photonic devices.
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38
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Cui W, King DR, Huang Y, Chen L, Sun TL, Guo Y, Saruwatari Y, Hui CY, Kurokawa T, Gong JP. Fiber-Reinforced Viscoelastomers Show Extraordinary Crack Resistance That Exceeds Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907180. [PMID: 32583491 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), consisting of rubbery matrices and rigid fabrics, are widely utilized in industry because they possess high specific strength in tension while allowing flexural deformation under bending or twisting. Nevertheless, existing soft FRPs are relatively weak against crack propagation due to interfacial delamination, which substantially increases their risk of failure during use. In this work, a class of soft FRPs that possess high specific strength while simultaneously showing extraordinary crack resistance are developed. The strategy is to synthesize tough viscoelastic matrices from acrylate monomers in the presence of woven fabrics, which generates soft composites with a strong interface and interlocking structure. Such composites exhibit fracture energy, Γ, of up to 2500 kJ m-2 , exceeding the toughest existing materials. Experimental elucidation shows that the fracture energy obeys a simple relation, Γ = W · lT , where W is the volume-weighted average of work of extension at fracture of the two components and lT is the force transfer length that scales with the square root of fiber/matrix modulus ratio. Superior Γ is achieved through a combination of extraordinarily large lT (10-100 mm), resulting from the extremely high fiber/matrix modulus ratios (104 -105 ), and the maximized energy dissipation density, W. The elucidated quantitative relationship provides guidance toward the design of extremely tough soft composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Daniel R King
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yiwan Huang
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Liang Chen
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tao Lin Sun
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yunzhou Guo
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | | | - Chung-Yuen Hui
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Field of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics, Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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Utke I, Michler J, Winkler R, Plank H. Mechanical Properties of 3D Nanostructures Obtained by Focused Electron/Ion Beam-Induced Deposition: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E397. [PMID: 32290292 PMCID: PMC7231341 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the state-of-the -art of mechanical material properties and measurement methods of nanostructures obtained by two nanoscale additive manufacturing methods: gas-assisted focused electron and focused ion beam-induced deposition using volatile organic and organometallic precursors. Gas-assisted focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition-based additive manufacturing technologies enable the direct-write fabrication of complex 3D nanostructures with feature dimensions below 50 nm, pore-free and nanometer-smooth high-fidelity surfaces, and an increasing flexibility in choice of materials via novel precursors. We discuss the principles, possibilities, and literature proven examples related to the mechanical properties of such 3D nanoobjects. Most materials fabricated via these approaches reveal a metal matrix composition with metallic nanograins embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. By that, specific material functionalities, such as magnetic, electrical, or optical can be largely independently tuned with respect to mechanical properties governed mostly by the matrix. The carbonaceous matrix can be precisely tuned via electron and/or ion beam irradiation with respect to the carbon network, carbon hybridization, and volatile element content and thus take mechanical properties ranging from polymeric-like over amorphous-like toward diamond-like behavior. Such metal matrix nanostructures open up entirely new applications, which exploit their full potential in combination with the unique 3D additive manufacturing capabilities at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Utke
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
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40
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Ding B, Li X. Design, Fabrication, and Mechanics of 3D Micro-/Nanolattices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902842. [PMID: 31483576 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, lattice materials have been developed and used as engineering materials for lightweight and stiff industrial structures. Recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques have prompted the emergence of architected materials with minimum characteristic sizes ranging from several micrometers to hundreds of nanometers. Taking advantage of the topological design, structural optimization, and size effects of nanomaterials, various 3D micro-/nanolattice materials composed of different materials exhibit combinations of superior mechanical properties, such as low density, high strength (even approaching the theoretical limits), large deformability, good recoverability, and flaw tolerance. As a result, some micro-/nanolattices occupy an unprecedented area in Ashby charts with a combination of different material properties. Here, recent advances in the fabrication and mechanics of micro-/nanolattices are described. First, various design principles and advanced techniques used for the fabrication of micro-/nanolattices are summarized. Then, the mechanical behaviors and properties of micro-/nanolattices are further described, including the compressive Young's modulus, strength, energy absorption, recoverability, and tensile behavior, with an emphasis on mechanistic insights and origins. Finally, the main challenges in the fabrication and mechanics of micro-/nanolattices are addressed and an outlook for further investigations and potential applications of micro-/nanolattices in the future is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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41
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Crook C, Bauer J, Guell Izard A, Santos de Oliveira C, Martins de Souza E Silva J, Berger JB, Valdevit L. Plate-nanolattices at the theoretical limit of stiffness and strength. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1579. [PMID: 32221283 PMCID: PMC7101344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Though beam-based lattices have dominated mechanical metamaterials for the past two decades, low structural efficiency limits their performance to fractions of the Hashin-Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds, i.e. the theoretical stiffness and strength limits of any isotropic cellular topology, respectively. While plate-based designs are predicted to reach the upper bounds, experimental verification has remained elusive due to significant manufacturing challenges. Here, we present a new class of nanolattices, constructed from closed-cell plate-architectures. Carbon plate-nanolattices are fabricated via two-photon lithography and pyrolysis and shown to reach the Hashin-Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds, via in situ mechanical compression, nano-computed tomography and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Demonstrating specific strengths surpassing those of bulk diamond and average performance improvements up to 639% over the best beam-nanolattices, this study provides detailed experimental evidence of plate architectures as a superior mechanical metamaterial topology. Plate-lattices are predicted to reach the upper bounds of strength and stiffness compared to traditional beam-lattices, but they are difficult to manufacture. Here, the authors use two-photon polymerization 3D-printing and pyrolysis to make carbon plate-nanolattices which reach those theoretical bounds, making them up to 639% stronger than beam-nanolattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Crook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jens Bauer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Anna Guell Izard
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan B Berger
- Nama Development, LLC, Goleta, CA, USA.,Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Valdevit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
Microarchitectured materials achieve superior mechanical properties through geometry rather than composition. Although ultralightweight microarchitectured materials can have high stiffness and strength, application to durable devices will require sufficient service life under cyclic loading. Naturally occurring materials provide useful models for high-performance materials. Here, we show that in cancellous bone, a naturally occurring lightweight microarchitectured material, resistance to fatigue failure is sensitive to a microarchitectural trait that has negligible effects on stiffness and strength-the proportion of material oriented transverse to applied loads. Using models generated with additive manufacturing, we show that small increases in the thickness of elements oriented transverse to loading can increase fatigue life by 10 to 100 times, far exceeding what is expected from the associated change in density. Transversely oriented struts enhance resistance to fatigue by acting as sacrificial elements. We show that this mechanism is also present in synthetic microlattice structures, where fatigue life can be altered by 5 to 9 times with only negligible changes in density and stiffness. The effects of microstructure on fatigue life in cancellous bone and lattice structures are described empirically by normalizing stress in traditional stress vs. life (S-N) curves by √ψ, where ψ is the proportion of material oriented transverse to load. The mechanical performance of cancellous bone and microarchitectured materials is enhanced by aligning structural elements with expected loading; our findings demonstrate that this strategy comes at the cost of reduced fatigue life, with consequences to the use of microarchitectured materials in durable devices and to human health in the context of osteoporosis.
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