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Jannesar N, Akbarzadeh-Sherbaf K, Safari S, Vahabie AH. SSTE: Syllable-Specific Temporal Encoding to FORCE-learn audio sequences with an associative memory approach. Neural Netw 2024; 177:106368. [PMID: 38761415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The circuitry and pathways in the brains of humans and other species have long inspired researchers and system designers to develop accurate and efficient systems capable of solving real-world problems and responding in real-time. We propose the Syllable-Specific Temporal Encoding (SSTE) to learn vocal sequences in a reservoir of Izhikevich neurons, by forming associations between exclusive input activities and their corresponding syllables in the sequence. Our model converts the audio signals to cochleograms using the CAR-FAC model to simulate a brain-like auditory learning and memorization process. The reservoir is trained using a hardware-friendly approach to FORCE learning. Reservoir computing could yield associative memory dynamics with far less computational complexity compared to RNNs. The SSTE-based learning enables competent accuracy and stable recall of spatiotemporal sequences with fewer reservoir inputs compared with existing encodings in the literature for similar purpose, offering resource savings. The encoding points to syllable onsets and allows recalling from a desired point in the sequence, making it particularly suitable for recalling subsets of long vocal sequences. The SSTE demonstrates the capability of learning new signals without forgetting previously memorized sequences and displays robustness against occasional noise, a characteristic of real-world scenarios. The components of this model are configured to improve resource consumption and computational intensity, addressing some of the cost-efficiency issues that might arise in future implementations aiming for compactness and real-time, low-power operation. Overall, this model proposes a brain-inspired pattern generation network for vocal sequences that can be extended with other bio-inspired computations to explore their potentials for brain-like auditory perception. Future designs could inspire from this model to implement embedded devices that learn vocal sequences and recall them as needed in real-time. Such systems could acquire language and speech, operate as artificial assistants, and transcribe text to speech, in the presence of natural noise and corruption on audio data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Jannesar
- High Performance Embedded Architecture Lab., School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Saeed Safari
- High Performance Embedded Architecture Lab., School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdol-Hossein Vahabie
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Wu R, Zhang H, Ma H, Zhao B, Li W, Chen Y, Liu J, Liang J, Qin Q, Qi W, Chen L, Li J, Li B, Duan X. Synthesis, Modulation, and Application of Two-Dimensional TMD Heterostructures. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39189449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures have attracted a lot of attention due to their rich material diversity and stack geometry, precise controllability of structure and properties, and potential practical applications. These heterostructures not only overcome the inherent limitations of individual materials but also enable the realization of new properties through appropriate combinations, establishing a platform to explore new physical and chemical properties at micro-nano-pico scales. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest research progress in the synthesis, modulation, and application of 2D TMD heterostructures. We first introduce the latest techniques for fabricating 2D TMD heterostructures, examining the rationale, mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of each strategy. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of characteristic modulation in 2D TMD heterostructures and discuss some approaches to achieve novel functionalities. Then, we summarize the representative applications of 2D TMD heterostructures. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future perspectives in the synthesis and device fabrication of 2D TMD heterostructures and provide some feasible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Wu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- Innovation Center for Gallium Oxide Semiconductor (IC-GAO), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technologies, College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianteng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jingyi Liang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qiuyin Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weixu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jia Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bo Li
- Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, School of Physics and Electronics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xidong Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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3
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Kumar M, Park H, Seo H. A Single-Pixel Event Photoactive Device for Real-Time, In-Sensor Spatiotemporal Optical Information Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406607. [PMID: 39171775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for energy-efficient, sophisticated optical sensing technologies in various applications, from machine vision to optical communication, highlights the necessity for innovations in spatiotemporal information sensing and processing at a nearly single-pixel scale. Traditional methods, including multi-pixel photodetector arrays and event-based camera systems, often fail to provide rapid, real-time detection and processing of dynamic events within the sensor. This shortcoming is particularly notable in handling high-dimensional spatiotemporal data, where the dependency on sequential data input and external processing tools leads to latency, reduced throughput, and heightened energy consumption, thereby impeding real-time parallel data processing capabilities. Here, a carrier-selective, single-pixel, position-sensitive planar photoactive device that integrates spatiotemporal event sensing with inherent short-term memory capabilities is introduced. The proof-of-concept single-pixel event photoactive device enables in-sensor spatiotemporal parallel optical information processing, efficiently managing multibit (>4 bit) data simultaneously and facilitating ultrafast (≈0.4 µs) recognition of input patterns with low energy consumption (25 femtojoules). Additionally, by adjusting the operating speed from continuous to pulsed light illumination, the sensor array can detect trajectories and absolute position of events, offering in-sensor optical flow detection. This single-pixel event photodetector marks significant advancement toward developing compact, energy-efficient, ultrafast sensors suitable for a wide range of in sensor-based photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Park
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungtak Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
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Zhao R, Liu H, Yang M, Lu T, Li Z, Shi Z, Wang Z, Liu J, Yang Y, Ren TL. Reconfigurable aJ-Level Ferroelectric Transistor-Based Boolean Logic for Logic-in-Memory. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39171725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Logic-in-memory (LIM) architecture holds great potential to break the von Neumann bottleneck. Despite the extensive research on novel devices, challenges persist in developing suitable engineering building blocks for such designs. Herein, we propose a reconfigurable strategy for efficient implementation of Boolean logics based on a hafnium oxide-based ferroelectric field effect transistor (HfO2-based FeFET). The logic results are stored within the device itself (in situ) during the computation process, featuring the key characteristics of LIM. The fast switching speed and low power consumption of a HfO2-based FeFET enable the execution of Boolean logics with an ultralow energy of lower than 8 attojoule (aJ). This represents a significant milestone in achieving aJ-level computing energy consumption. Furthermore, the system demonstrates exceptional reliability with computing endurance exceeding 108 cycles and retention properties exceeding 1000 s. These results highlight the remarkable potential of a FeFET for the realization of high performance beyond the von Neumann LIM computing architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Houfang Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Lu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirui Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqi Shi
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenze Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Joglekar SS, Baumgaertl K, Mucchietto A, Berger F, Grundler D. Reversing the magnetization of 50-nm-wide ferromagnets by ultrashort magnons in thin-film yttrium iron garnet. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39169812 PMCID: PMC11339637 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Spin waves (magnons) can enable neuromorphic computing by which one aims at overcoming limitations inherent to conventional electronics and the von Neumann architecture. Encoding magnon signal by reversing magnetization of a nanomagnetic memory bit is pivotal to realize such novel computing schemes efficiently. A magnonic neural network was recently proposed consisting of differently configured nanomagnets that control nonlinear magnon interference in an underlying yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film [Papp et al., Nat. Commun., 2021, 12, 6422]. In this study, we explore the nonvolatile encoding of magnon signals by switching the magnetization of periodic and aperiodic arrays (gratings) of Ni81Fe19 (Py) nanostripes with widths w between 50 nm and 200 nm. Integrating 50-nm-wide nanostripes with a coplanar waveguide, we excited magnons having a wavelength λ of ≈100 nm. At a small spin-precessional power of 11 nW, these ultrashort magnons switch the magnetization of 50-nm-wide Py nanostripes after they have propagated over 25 μm in YIG in an applied field. We also demonstrate the magnetization reversal of nanostripes patterned in an aperiodic sequence. We thereby show that the magnon-induced reversal happens regardless of the width and periodicity of the nanostripe gratings. Our study enlarges substantially the parameter regime for magnon-induced nanomagnet reversal on YIG and is important for realizing in-memory computing paradigms making use of magnons with ultrashort wavelengths at low power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S Joglekar
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Korbinian Baumgaertl
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Mucchietto
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Francis Berger
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dirk Grundler
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Liu G, Ke SH. Electronic and Transport Engineering of A-Type Antiferromagnets with Ferroelectric Sandwich Structure: Toward Multistate Nonvolatile Memory Applications. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39166958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Achieving higher-order multistates with mutual interstate switching at the nanoscale is essential for high-density storage devices; yet, it remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate that integrating A-type antiferromagnetic semiconductors sandwiched between ferroelectric layers is an effective strategy to achieve high-performance multistate data storage. Taking the Sc2CO2/VSi2P4 bilayer (bi-VSi2P4)/Sc2CO2 van der Waals multiferroic heterostructure as an example, our first-principles calculations show that by switching the polarization direction of the upper and bottom ferroelectric Sc2CO2 layers, antiferromagnetic bi-VSi2P4 can exhibit four distinct states with different band structures. The intriguing band structure engineering stems from the polarization-field-induced band shift and interface charge transfer. Accordingly, the proposed Sc2CO2/bi-VSi2P4/Sc2CO2-based multiferroic device can achieve four different resistance states, accompanied by fully spin-polarized currents and giant tunneling electroresistance ratios. Our results propose a viable strategy for realizing nonvolatile electrical control of antiferromagnets at the nanoscale and provide insights into the development of advanced memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Microstructured Materials, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - San-Huang Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Microstructured Materials, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Rasch MJ, Carta F, Fagbohungbe O, Gokmen T. Fast and robust analog in-memory deep neural network training. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7133. [PMID: 39164263 PMCID: PMC11335942 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Analog in-memory computing is a promising future technology for efficiently accelerating deep learning networks. While using in-memory computing to accelerate the inference phase has been studied extensively, accelerating the training phase has received less attention, despite its arguably much larger compute demand to accelerate. While some analog in-memory training algorithms have been suggested, they either invoke significant amount of auxiliary digital compute-accumulating the gradient in digital floating point precision, limiting the potential speed-up-or suffer from the need for near perfectly programming reference conductance values to establish an algorithmic zero point. Here, we propose two improved algorithms for in-memory training, that retain the same fast runtime complexity while resolving the requirement of a precise zero point. We further investigate the limits of the algorithms in terms of conductance noise, symmetry, retention, and endurance which narrow down possible device material choices adequate for fast and robust in-memory deep neural network training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte J Rasch
- IBM Research, TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA.
- Sony AI, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Carta
- IBM Research, TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | | | - Tayfun Gokmen
- IBM Research, TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA.
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Weilenmann C, Ziogas AN, Zellweger T, Portner K, Mladenović M, Kaniselvan M, Moraitis T, Luisier M, Emboras A. Single neuromorphic memristor closely emulates multiple synaptic mechanisms for energy efficient neural networks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6898. [PMID: 39138160 PMCID: PMC11322324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological neural networks do not only include long-term memory and weight multiplication capabilities, as commonly assumed in artificial neural networks, but also more complex functions such as short-term memory, short-term plasticity, and meta-plasticity - all collocated within each synapse. Here, we demonstrate memristive nano-devices based on SrTiO3 that inherently emulate all these synaptic functions. These memristors operate in a non-filamentary, low conductance regime, which enables stable and energy efficient operation. They can act as multi-functional hardware synapses in a class of bio-inspired deep neural networks (DNN) that make use of both long- and short-term synaptic dynamics and are capable of meta-learning or learning-to-learn. The resulting bio-inspired DNN is then trained to play the video game Atari Pong, a complex reinforcement learning task in a dynamic environment. Our analysis shows that the energy consumption of the DNN with multi-functional memristive synapses decreases by about two orders of magnitude as compared to a pure GPU implementation. Based on this finding, we infer that memristive devices with a better emulation of the synaptic functionalities do not only broaden the applicability of neuromorphic computing, but could also improve the performance and energy costs of certain artificial intelligence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Till Zellweger
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Portner
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Mathieu Luisier
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Duan S, Zhang X, Xi Y, Liu D, Zhang X, Li C, Jiang L, Li L, Chen H, Ren X, Hu W. Solution-Processed Ultralow Voltage Organic Transistors With Sharp Switching for Adaptive Visual Perception. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405030. [PMID: 38808576 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic visual systems can emulate biological retinal systems to perceive visual information under different levels of illumination, making them have considerable potential for future intelligent vehicles and vision automation. However, the complex circuits and high operating voltages of conventional artificial vision systems present great challenges for device integration and power consumption. Here, bioinspired synaptic transistors based on organic single crystal phototransistors are reported, which exhibit excitation and inhibition synaptic plasticity with time-varying. By manipulating the charge dynamics of the trapping centers of organic crystal-electret vertical stacks, organic transistors can operate below 1 V with record high on/off ratios close to 108 and sharp switching with a subthreshold swing of 59.8 mV dec-1. Moreover, the approach offers visual adaptation with highly localized modulation and over 98.2% recognition accuracy under different illumination levels. These bioinspired visual adaptation transistors offer great potential for simplifying the circuitry of artificial vision systems and will contribute to the development of machine vision applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Duan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaochen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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10
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Piombo R, Ritarossi S, Mazzarello R. Ab Initio Study of Novel Phase-Change Heterostructures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402375. [PMID: 38812119 PMCID: PMC11304324 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic devices constitute a novel approach to computing that takes inspiration from the brain to unify the processing and storage units. Memories based on phase-change materials (PCMs) are potential candidates for such devices due to their non-volatility and excellent scalability, however their use is hindered by their conductance variability and temporal drift in resistance. Recently, it has been shown that the utilization of phase-change heterostructures consisting of nanolayers of the Sb2Te3 PCM interleaved with a transition-metal dichalcogenide, acting as a confinement material, strongly mitigates these problems. In this work, superlattice heterostructures made of TiTe2 and two prototypical PCMs, respectively GeTe and Ge2Sb2Te5 are considered. By performing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that it is possible to switch the PCMs without destroying the superlattice structure and without diffusion of the atoms of the PCM across the TiTe2 nanolayers. In particular, the model containing Ge2Sb2Te5 shows weak coupling between the two materials during the switching process, which, combined with the high stability of the amorphous state of Ge2Sb2Te5, makes it a very promising candidate for neuromorphic computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Piombo
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma “La Sapienza”00185RomeItaly
| | - Simone Ritarossi
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma “La Sapienza”00185RomeItaly
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11
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Hyun G, Alimkhanuly B, Seo D, Lee M, Bae J, Lee S, Patil S, Hwang Y, Kadyrov A, Yoo H, Devnath A, Lee Y, Lee S. CMOS-Integrated Ternary Content Addressable Memory using Nanocavity CBRAMs for High Sensing Margin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310943. [PMID: 38607261 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The development of data-intensive computing methods imposes a significant load on the hardware, requiring progress toward a memory-centric paradigm. Within this context, ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) can become an essential platform for high-speed in-memory matching applications of large data vectors. Compared to traditional static random-access memory (SRAM) designs, TCAM technology using non-volatile resistive memories (RRAMs) in two-transistor-two-resistor (2T2R) configurations presents a cost-efficient alternative. However, the limited sensing margin between the match and mismatch states in RRAM structures hinders the potential of using memory-based TCAMs for large-scale architectures. Therefore, this study proposes a practical device engineering method to improve the switching response of conductive-bridge memories (CBRAMs) integrated with existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistor technology. Importantly, this work demonstrates a significant improvement in memory window reaching 1.87 × 107 by incorporating nanocavity arrays and modifying electrode geometry. Consequently, TCAM cells using nanocavity-enhanced CBRAM devices can exhibit a considerable increase in resistance ratio up to 6.17 × 105, thereby closely approximating the sensing metrics observed in SRAM-based TCAMs. The improved sensing capability facilitates the parallel querying of extensive data sets. TCAM array simulations using experimentally verified device models indicate a substantial sensing margin of 65× enabling a parallel search of 2048 bits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihwan Hyun
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Batyrbek Alimkhanuly
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Bae
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Shubham Patil
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngcheol Hwang
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Arman Kadyrov
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungyu Yoo
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Anupom Devnath
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonmyung Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
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12
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Xia Y, Lin N, Zha J, Huang H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Tong J, Xu S, Yang P, Wang H, Zheng L, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Chen Y, Chan HP, Wang Z, Tan C. 2D Reconfigurable Memory Device Enabled by Defect Engineering for Multifunctional Neuromorphic Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403785. [PMID: 39007279 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In this era of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, emerging new computing paradigms such as in-sensor and in-memory computing call for both structurally simple and multifunctional memory devices. Although emerging two-dimensional (2D) memory devices provide promising solutions, the most reported devices either suffer from single functionalities or structural complexity. Here, this work reports a reconfigurable memory device (RMD) based on MoS2/CuInP2S6 heterostructure, which integrates the defect engineering-enabled interlayer defects and the ferroelectric polarization in CuInP2S6, to realize a simplified structure device for all-in-one sensing, memory and computing. The plasma treatment-induced defect engineering of the CuInP2S6 nanosheet effectively increases the interlayer defect density, which significantly enhances the charge-trapping ability in synergy with ferroelectric properties. The reported device not only can serve as a non-volatile electronic memory device, but also can be reconfigured into optoelectronic memory mode or synaptic mode after controlling the ferroelectric polarization states in CuInP2S6. When operated in optoelectronic memory mode, the all-in-one RMD could diagnose ophthalmic disease by segmenting vasculature within biological retinas. On the other hand, operating as an optoelectronic synapse, this work showcases in-sensor reservoir computing for gesture recognition with high energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jiajia Zha
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Haoxin Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Handa Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jinyi Tong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Songcen Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Integrated Circuits and Optoelectronic Chips, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Huide Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hau Ping Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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13
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Chai Y, Liang Y, Xiao C, Wang Y, Li B, Jiang D, Pal P, Tang Y, Chen H, Zhang Y, Bai H, Xu T, Jiang W, Skowroński W, Zhang Q, Gu L, Ma J, Yu P, Tang J, Lin YH, Yi D, Ralph DC, Eom CB, Wu H, Nan T. Voltage control of multiferroic magnon torque for reconfigurable logic-in-memory. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5975. [PMID: 39013854 PMCID: PMC11252438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnons, bosonic quasiparticles carrying angular momentum, can flow through insulators for information transmission with minimal power dissipation. However, it remains challenging to develop a magnon-based logic due to the lack of efficient electrical manipulation of magnon transport. Here we show the electric excitation and control of multiferroic magnon modes in a spin-source/multiferroic/ferromagnet structure. We demonstrate that the ferroelectric polarization can electrically modulate the magnon-mediated spin-orbit torque by controlling the non-collinear antiferromagnetic structure in multiferroic bismuth ferrite thin films with coupled antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric orders. In this multiferroic magnon torque device, magnon information is encoded to ferromagnetic bits by the magnon-mediated spin torque. By manipulating the two coupled non-volatile state variables-ferroelectric polarization and magnetization-we further present reconfigurable logic operations in a single device. Our findings highlight the potential of multiferroics for controlling magnon information transport and offer a pathway towards room-temperature voltage-controlled, low-power, scalable magnonics for in-memory computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chai
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Liang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cancheng Xiao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingsong Jiang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pratap Pal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hetian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejie Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjun Jiang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Witold Skowroński
- Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Yu
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Di Yi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chang-Beom Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiang Nan
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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14
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van Doremaele ERW, Stevens T, Ringeling S, Spolaor S, Fattori M, van de Burgt Y. Hardware implementation of backpropagation using progressive gradient descent for in situ training of multilayer neural networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado8999. [PMID: 38996020 PMCID: PMC11244533 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Neural network training can be slow and energy-expensive due to the frequent transfer of weight data between digital memory and processing units. Neuromorphic systems can accelerate neural networks by performing multiply-accumulate operations in parallel using nonvolatile analog memory. However, executing the widely used backpropagation training algorithm in multilayer neural networks requires information-and therefore storage-of the partial derivatives of the weight values preventing suitable and scalable implementation in hardware. Here, we propose a hardware implementation of the backpropagation algorithm that progressively updates each layer using in situ stochastic gradient descent, avoiding this storage requirement. We experimentally demonstrate the in situ error calculation and the proposed progressive backpropagation method in a multilayer hardware-implemented neural network. We confirm identical learning characteristics and classification performance compared to conventional backpropagation in software. We show that our approach can be scaled to large and deep neural networks, enabling highly efficient training of advanced artificial intelligence computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline R. W. van Doremaele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
| | - Tim Stevens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
| | - Stijn Ringeling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
| | - Simone Spolaor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
| | - Marco Fattori
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AP, Netherlands
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15
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Shingaya Y, Iwasaki T, Hayakawa R, Nakaharai S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Aimi J, Wakayama Y. Multifunctional In-Memory Logics Based on a Dual-Gate Antiambipolar Transistor toward Non-von Neumann Computing Architecture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33796-33805. [PMID: 38910437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In-memory computing may make it possible to realize non-von Neumann computing because the logic circuits are unified in the memory units. We investigated two types of in-memory logic operations, namely, two-input logic circuits and multifunctional artificial synapses. These were realized in a dual-gate antiambipolar transistor (AAT) with a ReS2/WSe2 heterojunction, in which polystyrene with a zinc phthalocyanine core (ZnPc-PS4) was incorporated as a memory layer. Here, reconfigurability is a key concept for both types of device operations and was achieved by merging the Λ-shaped transfer curve of the AAT and the nonvolatile memory effect of ZnPc-PS4. First, we achieved electrically reconfigurable two-input logic circuits. Versatile logic circuits such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and XOR circuits were demonstrated by taking advantage of the Λ-shaped transfer curve of the dual-gate AAT. Importantly, the nonvolatile memory function provided the electrical switching of the individual circuits between AND/OR, NAND/NOR, and XOR/NAND circuits with constant input signals. Second, the memory effect was applied to multifunctional artificial synapses. The inhibitory/excitatory and long-term potentiation/depression synaptic operations were electrically reconfigured simply by controlling one parameter (readout voltage), making three distinct responses possible even with the same presynaptic signals. These findings provide hints that may lead to the realization of new in-memory computing architectures beyond the current von Neumann computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Shingaya
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ryoma Hayakawa
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shu Nakaharai
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki,, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junko Aimi
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Wakayama
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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16
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Zhao B, Xu L, Peng R, Xin Z, Shi R, Wu Y, Wang B, Chen J, Pan T, Liu K. High-Performance 2D Ambipolar MoTe 2 Lateral Memristors by Mild Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402727. [PMID: 38958086 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been intensively explored in memristors for brain-inspired computing. Oxidation, which is usually unavoidable and harmful in 2D TMDCs, could also be used to enhance their memristive performances. However, it is still unclear how oxidation affects the resistive switching behaviors of 2D ambipolar TMDCs. In this work, a mild oxidation strategy is developed to greatly enhance the resistive switching ratio of ambipolar 2H-MoTe2 lateral memristors by more than 10 times. Such an enhancement results from the amplified doping due to O2 and H2O adsorption and the optimization of effective gate voltage distribution by mild oxidation. Moreover, the ambipolarity of 2H-MoTe2 also enables a change of resistive switching direction, which is uncommon in 2D memristors. Consequently, as an artificial synapse, the MoTe2 device exhibits a large dynamic range (≈200) and a good linearity (1.01) in long-term potentiation and depression, as well as a high-accuracy handwritten digit recognition (>96%). This work not only provides a feasible and effective way to enhance the memristive performance of 2D ambipolar materials, but also deepens the understanding of hidden mechanisms for RS behaviors in oxidized 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Longlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ruixuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zeqin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yonghuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bolun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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17
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Huang YB, Su SQ, Xu WH, Zheng WW, Gao KG, Ji TC, Zhang XP, Shui QR, Zhou ZQ, Ikeda T, Wu SQ, Sato O. Fully Optical Control of Polarization Current Direction in a Cyanide-Bridged Trinuclear Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409948. [PMID: 38949953 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
As a remote and non-contact stimulus, light offers the potential for manipulating the polarization of ferroelectric materials without physical contact. However, in current research, the non-contact write-read (erase) process lacks direct observation through the stable current as output signal. To address this limitation, we investigated the photoinduced polarization switching capabilities of the cyanide-bridged compound [Fe2Co] using visible light, leading to the achievement of rewritable polarization. By subjecting [Fe2Co] crystals to alternating irradiation with 785 nm and 532 nm light, the polarization changes exhibited a distinct square wave pattern, confirming the reliability of the writing and erasing processes. Initialization involved exposing specific crystal units to 532 nm light for storing "1" or "0" information, while reading was accomplished by scanning the units with 785 nm light, resulting in brief current pulses for "1" states and no current signal for "0" states. This research unveils new possibilities for optical storage systems, paving the way for efficient and rewritable data storage and retrieval technologies, such as the next-generation memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Huang
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sheng-Qun Su
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Wen-Huang Xu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Wen-Wei Zheng
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kai-Ge Gao
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Chi Ji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Qi-Rui Shui
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ikeda
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shu-Qi Wu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Osamu Sato
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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18
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Gonzales C, Bou A, Guerrero A, Bisquert J. Capacitive and Inductive Characteristics of Volatile Perovskite Resistive Switching Devices with Analog Memory. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6496-6503. [PMID: 38869927 PMCID: PMC11215770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing demands and complexity of the neuromorphic computing schemes utilizing highly efficient analog resistive switching devices, understanding the apparent capacitive and inductive effects in device operation is of paramount importance. Here, we present a systematic array of characterization methods that unravel two distinct voltage-dependent regimes demonstrating the complex interplay between the dynamic capacitive and inductive effects in volatile perovskite-based memristors: (1) a low voltage capacitance-dominant and (2) an inductance-dominant regime evidenced by the highly correlated hysteresis type with nonzero crossing, the impedance responses, and the transient current characteristics. These dynamic capacitance- and inductance-dominant regimes provide fundamental insight into the resistive switching of memristors governing the synaptic depression and potentiation functions, respectively. More importantly, the pulse width-dependent and long-term transient current measurements further demonstrate a dynamic transition from a fast capacitive to a slow inductive response, allowing for the tailored stimulus programming of memristor devices to mimic synaptic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Gonzales
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Agustín Bou
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Leibniz-Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica
de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas), Av. dels Tarongers, 46022, València, Spain
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19
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Liu T, Li X, An H, Chen S, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xu X, Zhou C, Zhang H, Zhou Y. Reconfigurable spintronic logic gate utilizing precessional magnetization switching. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14796. [PMID: 38926523 PMCID: PMC11208557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In traditional von Neumann computing architecture, the efficiency of the system is often hindered by the data transmission bottleneck between the processor and memory. A prevalent approach to mitigate this limitation is the use of non-volatile memory for in-memory computing, with spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) being a leading area of research. In this study, we numerically demonstrate that a precise combination of damping-like and field-like spin-orbit torques can facilitate precessional magnetization switching. This mechanism enables the binary memristivity of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) through the modulation of the amplitude and width of input current pulses. Building on this foundation, we have developed a scheme for a reconfigurable spintronic logic gate capable of directly implementing Boolean functions such as AND, OR, and XOR. This work is anticipated to leverage the sub-nanosecond dynamics of SOT-MRAM cells, potentially catalyzing further experimental developments in spintronic devices for in-memory computing.
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Grants
- 12104322,12375237,52001215,12374123,11974298 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 12104322,12375237,52001215,12374123,11974298 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 12104322,12375237,52001215,12374123,11974298 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2021B1515120047,2021A1515012055 Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
- 2021B1515120047,2021A1515012055 Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
- ZDSYS20200811143600001 Shenzhen Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFA1603200, 2022YFA1603202 National Key R&D Program of China
- KQTD20180413181702403 Shenzhen Peacock Group Plan
- JCYJ20210324120213037 The Shenzhen Fundamental Research Fund
- National Key R&D Program of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- College of Engineering Physics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- College of Engineering Physics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Hongyu An
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Shi Chen
- College of Engineering Physics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yuelei Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Research Institute of Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University & Collaborative Innovation Center for Shanxi Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials and Technology, Linfen, 041004, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University & Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, Linfen, 041004, China
| | - Cangtao Zhou
- College of Engineering Physics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Engineering Physics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Tian B, Duan C. New-Generation Ferroelectric AlScN Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:227. [PMID: 38918252 PMCID: PMC11199478 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ferroelectrics have great potential in the field of nonvolatile memory due to programmable polarization states by external electric field in nonvolatile manner. However, complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatibility and uniformity of ferroelectric performance after size scaling have always been two thorny issues hindering practical application of ferroelectric memory devices. The emerging ferroelectricity of wurtzite structure nitride offers opportunities to circumvent the dilemma. This review covers the mechanism of ferroelectricity and domain dynamics in ferroelectric AlScN films. The performance optimization of AlScN films grown by different techniques is summarized and their applications for memories and emerging in-memory computing are illustrated. Finally, the challenges and perspectives regarding the commercial avenue of ferroelectric AlScN are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bobo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chungang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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21
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Noh K, Kwak H, Son J, Kim S, Um M, Kang M, Kim D, Ji W, Lee J, Jo H, Woo J, Lee HM, Kim S. Retention-aware zero-shifting technique for Tiki-Taka algorithm-based analog deep learning accelerator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3350. [PMID: 38875324 PMCID: PMC11177898 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We present the fabrication of 4 K-scale electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) cross-point arrays for analog neural network training accelerator and an electrical characteristic of an 8 × 8 ECRAM array with a 100% yield, showing excellent switching characteristics, low cycle-to-cycle, and device-to-device variations. Leveraging the advances of the ECRAM array, we showcase its efficacy in neural network training using the Tiki-Taka version 2 algorithm (TTv2) tailored for non-ideal analog memory devices. Through an experimental study using ECRAM devices, we investigate the influence of retention characteristics on the training performance of TTv2, revealing that the relative location of the retention convergence point critically determines the available weight range and, consequently, affects the training accuracy. We propose a retention-aware zero-shifting technique designed to optimize neural network training performance, particularly in scenarios involving cross-point devices with limited retention times. This technique ensures robust and efficient analog neural network training despite the practical constraints posed by analog cross-point devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmi Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjeong Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Um
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minil Kang
- Department of Semiconductor System Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - HwiJeong Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Woo
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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22
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Xiong J, Xie J, Cheng B, Dai Y, Cui X, Wang L, Liu Z, Zhou J, Wang N, Xu X, Chen X, Cheong SW, Liang SJ, Miao F. Electrical switching of Ising-superconducting nonreciprocity for quantum neuronal transistor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4953. [PMID: 38858363 PMCID: PMC11164936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonreciprocal quantum transport effect is mainly governed by the symmetry breaking of the material systems and is gaining extensive attention in condensed matter physics. Realizing electrical switching of the polarity of the nonreciprocal transport without external magnetic field is essential to the development of nonreciprocal quantum devices. However, electrical switching of superconducting nonreciprocity remains yet to be achieved. Here, we report the observation of field-free electrical switching of nonreciprocal Ising superconductivity in Fe3GeTe2/NbSe2 van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure. By taking advantage of this electrically switchable superconducting nonreciprocity, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept nonreciprocal quantum neuronal transistor, which allows for implementing the XOR logic gate and faithfully emulating biological functionality of a cortical neuron in the brain. Our work provides a promising pathway to realize field-free and electrically switchable nonreciprocity of quantum transport and demonstrate its potential in exploring neuromorphic quantum devices with both functionality and performance beyond the traditional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Xiong
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Physical Sciences, School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yudi Dai
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizheng Wang
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Zenglin Liu
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Naizhou Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianghan Xu
- Center for Quantum Materials Synthesis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xianhui Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sang-Wook Cheong
- Center for Quantum Materials Synthesis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shi-Jun Liang
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Miao
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
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23
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Bae J, Kwon C, Park SO, Jeong H, Park T, Jang T, Cho Y, Kim S, Choi S. Tunable ion energy barrier modulation through aliovalent halide doping for reliable and dynamic memristive neuromorphic systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7221. [PMID: 38848362 PMCID: PMC11160469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Memristive neuromorphic computing has emerged as a promising computing paradigm for the upcoming artificial intelligence era, offering low power consumption and high speed. However, its commercialization remains challenging due to reliability issues from stochastic ion movements. Here, we propose an innovative method to enhance the memristive uniformity and performance through aliovalent halide doping. By introducing fluorine concentration into dynamic TiO2-x memristors, we experimentally demonstrate reduced device variations, improved switching speeds, and enhanced switching windows. Atomistic simulations of amorphous TiO2-x reveal that fluoride ions attract oxygen vacancies, improving the reversible redistribution and uniformity. A number of migration barrier calculations statistically show that fluoride ions also reduce the migration energies of nearby oxygen vacancies, facilitating ionic diffusion and high-speed switching. The detailed Voronoi volume analysis further suggests design principles in terms of the migrating species' electrostatic repulsion and migration barriers. This work presents an innovative methodology for the fabrication of reliable memristor devices, contributing to the realization of hardware-based neuromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Bae
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choah Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - See-On Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakcheon Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonho Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangtae Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhyun Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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24
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Acal C, Maldonado D, Cantudo A, González MB, Jiménez-Molinos F, Campabadal F, Roldán JB. Variability in HfO 2-based memristors described with a new bidimensional statistical technique. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10812-10818. [PMID: 38766810 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A new statistical analysis is presented to assess cycle-to-cycle variability in resistive memories. This method employs two-dimensional (2D) distributions of parameters to analyse both set and reset voltages and currents, coupled with a 2D coefficient of variation (CV). This 2D methodology significantly enhances the analysis, providing a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of the data compared to conventional one-dimensional methods. Resistive switching (RS) data from two different technologies based on hafnium oxide are used in the variability study. The 2D CV allows a more compact assessment of technology suitability for applications such as non-volatile memories, neuromorphic computing and random number generation circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Acal
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa e Instituto de Matemáticas (IMAG), Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - D Maldonado
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- IHP-Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - A Cantudo
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - M B González
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til·lers s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Jiménez-Molinos
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - F Campabadal
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Carrer dels Til·lers s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J B Roldán
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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25
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Li B, Xia F, Du B, Zhang S, Xu L, Su Q, Zhang D, Yang J. 2D Halide Perovskites for High-Performance Resistive Switching Memory and Artificial Synapse Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310263. [PMID: 38647431 PMCID: PMC11187899 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are considered as promising candidates in the application of nonvolatile high-density, low-cost resistive switching (RS) memories and artificial synapses, resulting from their excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties including large light absorption coefficient, fast ion migration, long carrier diffusion length, low trap density, high defect tolerance. Among MHPs, 2D halide perovskites have exotic layered structure and great environment stability as compared with 3D counterparts. Herein, recent advances of 2D MHPs for the RS memories and artificial synapses realms are comprehensively summarized and discussed, as well as the layered structure properties and the related physical mechanisms are presented. Furthermore, the current issues and developing roadmap for the next-generation 2D MHPs RS memories and artificial synapse are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Li
- School of Physics and ChemistryHunan First Normal UniversityChangsha410205China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)Xi'anShaanxi710072China
- School of PhysicsCentral South University932 South Lushan RoadChangshaHunan410083China
| | - Fei Xia
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)Xi'anShaanxi710072China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXi'an Polytechnic UniversityXi'an710048China
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- School of Physics and ChemistryHunan First Normal UniversityChangsha410205China
| | - Lan Xu
- School of Physics and ChemistryHunan First Normal UniversityChangsha410205China
| | - Qiong Su
- School of Physics and ChemistryHunan First Normal UniversityChangsha410205China
| | - Dingke Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic EngineeringChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Junliang Yang
- School of PhysicsCentral South University932 South Lushan RoadChangshaHunan410083China
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26
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Vermeulen BB, Sorée B, Couet S, Temst K, Nguyen VD. Progress in Spin Logic Devices Based on Domain-Wall Motion. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:696. [PMID: 38930666 PMCID: PMC11205657 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Spintronics, utilizing both the charge and spin of electrons, benefits from the nonvolatility, low switching energy, and collective behavior of magnetization. These properties allow the development of magnetoresistive random access memories, with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) playing a central role. Various spin logic concepts are also extensively explored. Among these, spin logic devices based on the motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs) enable the implementation of compact and energy-efficient logic circuits. In these devices, DW motion within a magnetic track enables spin information processing, while MTJs at the input and output serve as electrical writing and reading elements. DW logic holds promise for simplifying logic circuit complexity by performing multiple functions within a single device. Nevertheless, the demonstration of DW logic circuits with electrical writing and reading at the nanoscale is still needed to unveil their practical application potential. In this review, we discuss material advancements for high-speed DW motion, progress in DW logic devices, groundbreaking demonstrations of current-driven DW logic, and its potential for practical applications. Additionally, we discuss alternative approaches for current-free information propagation, along with challenges and prospects for the development of DW logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Bert Vermeulen
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Solid-State Physics (QSP) Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Sorée
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT-INSYS Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Couet
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Kristiaan Temst
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Solid-State Physics (QSP) Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Van Dai Nguyen
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (B.S.); (S.C.); (K.T.)
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27
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Zhang L, Lorut F, Gruel K, Hÿtch MJ, Gatel C. Measuring Electrical Resistivity at the Nanoscale in Phase-Change Materials. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5913-5919. [PMID: 38710045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Electrical resistivity is the key parameter in the active regions of many current nanoscale devices, from memristors to resistive random-access memory and phase-change memories. The local resistivity of the materials is engineered on the nanoscale to fit the performance requirements. Phase-change memories, for example, rely on materials whose electrical resistance increases dramatically with a change from a crystalline to an amorphous phase. Electrical characterization methods have been developed to measure the response of individual devices, but they cannot map the local resistance across the active area. Here, we propose a method based on operando electron holography to determine the local resistance within working devices. Upon switching the device, we show that electrical resistance is inhomogeneous on the scale of only a few nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leifeng Zhang
- CEMES-CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lorut
- STMicroelectronics, 820 rue Jean Monnet, 38920 Crolles, France
| | - Kilian Gruel
- CEMES-CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Martin J Hÿtch
- CEMES-CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Gatel
- CEMES-CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
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28
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Baek GW, Kim YJ, Kim J, Chang JH, Kim U, An S, Park J, Yu S, Bae WK, Lim J, Lee SY, Kwak J. Memristive Switching Mechanism in Colloidal InP/ZnSe/ZnS Quantum Dot-Based Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5855-5861. [PMID: 38690800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have garnered a significant amount of attention as promising memristive materials owing to their size-dependent tunable bandgap, structural stability, and high level of applicability for neuromorphic computing. Despite these advantageous properties, the development of QD-based memristors has been hindered by challenges in understanding and adjusting the resistive switching (RS) behavior of QDs. Herein, we propose three types of InP/ZnSe/ZnS QD-based memristors to elucidate the RS mechanism, employing a thin poly(methyl methacrylate) layer. This approach not only allows us to identify which carriers (electron or hole) are trapped within the QD layer but also successfully demonstrates QD-based synaptic devices. Furthermore, to utilize the QD memristor as a synapse, long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) characteristics are measured, resulting in a low nonlinearity of LTP/LTD at 0.1/1. On the basis of the LTP/LTD characteristics, single-layer perceptron simulations were performed using the Extended Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology, verifying a maximum recognition rate of 91.46%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Woo Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekwon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Chang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhjin Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Centre for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin An
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeong Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Yu
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lim
- Department of Energy Science, Centre for Artificial Atoms, and SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), and Department of Future Energy Engineering (DFEE), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Motaman S, Ghafouri T, Manavizadeh N. Low power nanoscale S-FED based single ended sense amplifier applied in integrate and fire neuron circuit. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10691. [PMID: 38724680 PMCID: PMC11082184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Current advancements in neuromorphic computing systems are focused on decreasing power consumption and enriching computational functions. Correspondingly, state-of-the-art system-on-chip developers are encouraged to design nanoscale devices with minimum power dissipation and high-speed operation. This paper deals with designing a sense amplifier based on side-contacted field-effect diodes to reduce the power-delay product (PDP) and the noise susceptibility, as critical factors in neuron circuits. Our findings reveal that both static and dynamic power consumption of the S-FED-based sense amplifier, equal to 1.86 μW and 1.92 fW/GHz, are × 243.03 and × 332.83 lower than those of the conventional CMOS counterpart, respectively. While the sense-amplifier circuit based on CMOS technology undergoes an output voltage deviation of 170.97 mV, the proposed S-FED-based one enjoys a minor output deviation of 27.31 mV. Meanwhile, the superior HIGH-level and LOW-level noise margins of the S-FED-based sense amplifier to the CMOS counterparts (∆NMH = 70 mV and ∆NML = 120 mV), respectively, can ensure the system-level operation stability of the former one. Subsequent to the attainment of an area-efficient, low-power, and high-speed S-FED-based sense amplifier (PDP = 187.75 × 10-18 W s) as a fundamental building block, devising an innovative integrate-and-fire neuron circuit based on S-FED paves the way to realize a new generation of neuromorphic architectures. To shed light on this context, an S-FED-based integrate-and-fire neuron circuit is designed and analyzed utilizing a sense amplifier and feedback loop to enhance spiking voltage and subsequent noise immunity in addition to an about fourfold increase in firing frequency compared to CMOS-based ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedMohamadJavad Motaman
- Nanostructured-Electronic Devices Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1631714191, Iran
| | - Tara Ghafouri
- Nanostructured-Electronic Devices Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1631714191, Iran
| | - Negin Manavizadeh
- Nanostructured-Electronic Devices Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1631714191, Iran.
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Li X, Wan C, Zhang R, Zhao M, Xiong S, Kong D, Luo X, He B, Liu S, Xia J, Yu G, Han X. Restricted Boltzmann Machines Implemented by Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5420-5428. [PMID: 38666707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has surged forward with the advent of generative models, which rely heavily on stochastic computing architectures enhanced by true random number generators with adjustable sampling probabilities. In this study, we develop spin-orbit torque magnetic tunnel junctions (SOT-MTJs), investigating their sigmoid-style switching probability as a function of the driving voltage. This feature proves to be ideally suited for stochastic computing algorithms such as the restricted Boltzmann machines (RBM) prevalent in pretraining processes. We exploit SOT-MTJs as both stochastic samplers and network nodes for RBMs, enabling the implementation of RBM-based neural networks to achieve recognition tasks for both handwritten and spoken digits. Moreover, we further harness the weights derived from the preceding image and speech training processes to facilitate cross-modal learning from speech to image generation. Our results clearly demonstrate that these SOT-MTJs are promising candidates for the development of hardware accelerators tailored for Boltzmann neural networks and other stochastic computing architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caihua Wan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingkun Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shilong Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dehao Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuming Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bin He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jihao Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xiufeng Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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31
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Lai J, Shi K, Qiu B, Liang J, Liu H, Zhang W, Yu G. Spacer Engineering Enables Fine-Tuned Thin Film Microstructure and Efficient Charge Transport for Ultrasensitive 2D Perovskite-Based Heterojunction Phototransistors and Optoelectronic Synapses. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310002. [PMID: 38109068 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
2D Ruddlesden-Popper phase layered perovskites (RPLPs) hold great promise for optoelectronic applications. In this study, a series of high-performance heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) based on RPLPs with different organic spacer cations (namely butylammonium (BA+), cyclohexylammonium (CyHA+), phenethylammonium (PEA+), p-fluorophenylethylammonium (p-F-PEA+), and 2-thiophenethylammonium (2-ThEA+)) are fabricated successfully, in which high-mobility organic semiconductor 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene is adopted to form type II heterojunction channels with RPLPs. The 2-ThEA+-RPLP-based HPTs show the highest photosensitivity of 3.18 × 107 and the best detectivity of 9.00 × 1018 Jones, while the p-F-PEA+-RPLP-based ones exhibit the highest photoresponsivity of 5.51 × 106 A W-1 and external quantum efficiency of 1.32 × 109%, all of which are among the highest reported values to date. These heterojunction systems also mimicked several optically controllable fundamental characteristics of biological synapses, including excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory states. The device based on 2-ThEA+-RPLP film shows an ultra-high PPF index of 234%. Moreover, spacer engineering brought fine-tuned thin film microstructures and efficient charge transport/transfer, which contributes to the superior photodetection performance and synaptic functions of these RPLP-based HPTs. In-depth structure-property correlations between the organic spacer cations/RPLPs and thin film microstructure/device performance are systematically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lai
- Key Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Keli Shi
- Key Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jufang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Haicui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Solid-State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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32
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Guo Y, Guo B, Liu G, Liu Y, He L, Li Y, He J, Tang M. Enhancing the Uniformity of a Memristor Using a Bilayer Dielectric Structure. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:605. [PMID: 38793178 PMCID: PMC11123252 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Resistive random access memory (RRAM) holds great promise for in-memory computing, which is considered the most promising strategy for solving the von Neumann bottleneck. However, there are still significant problems in its application due to the non-uniform performance of RRAM devices. In this work, a bilayer dielectric layer memristor was designed based on the difference in the Gibbs free energy of the oxide. We fabricated Au/Ta2O5/HfO2/Ta/Pt (S3) devices with excellent uniformity. Compared with Au/HfO2/Pt (S1) and Au/Ta2O5/Pt (S2) devices, the S3 device has a low reset voltage fluctuation of 2.44%, and the resistive coefficients of variation are 13.12% and 3.84% in HRS and LRS, respectively, over 200 cycles. Otherwise, the bilayer device has better linearity and more conductance states in multi-state regulation. At the same time, we analyze the physical mechanism of the bilayer device and provide a physical model of ion migration. This work provides a new idea for designing and fabricating resistive devices with stable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China;
- Department of Micro and Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Qilai Chen
- Aerospace Science & Industry Shenzhen (Group) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Yanbo Guo
- Department of Micro and Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Bingjie Guo
- Department of Micro and Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Micro and Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Shi Changxu Class of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (Y.L.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Lei He
- Shi Changxu Class of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (Y.L.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Yutong Li
- Shi Changxu Class of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (Y.L.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingyan He
- Shi Changxu Class of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (Y.L.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Minghua Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China;
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Stasner P, Kopperberg N, Schnieders K, Hennen T, Wiefels S, Menzel S, Waser R, Wouters DJ. Reliability effects of lateral filament confinement by nano-scaling the oxide in memristive devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:764-774. [PMID: 38511616 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00520h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Write-variability and resistance instability are major reliability concerns impeding implementation of oxide-based memristive devices in neuromorphic systems. The root cause of the reliability issues is the stochastic nature of conductive filament formation and dissolution, whose impact is particularly critical in the high resistive state (HRS). Optimizing the filament stability requires mitigating diffusive processes within the oxide, but these are unaffected by conventional electrode scaling. Here we propose a device design that laterally confines the switching oxide volume and thus the filament to 10 nm, which yields reliability improvements in our measurements and simulations. We demonstrate a 50% decrease in HRS write-variability for an oxide nano-fin device in our full factorial analysis of modulated current-voltage sweeps. Furthermore, we use ionic noise measurements to quantify the HRS filament stability against diffusive processes. The laterally confined filaments exhibit a change in the signal-to-noise ratio distribution with a shift to higher values. Our complementing kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of oxygen vacancy (re-)distribution for confined filaments shows improved noise behavior and elucidates the underlying physical mechanisms. While lateral oxide volume scaling down to filament sizes is challenging, our efforts motivate further examination and awareness of filament confinement effects in regards to reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Stasner
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Nils Kopperberg
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Kristoffer Schnieders
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut 7 (PGI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Tyler Hennen
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wiefels
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut 7 (PGI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut 7 (PGI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Rainer Waser
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut 7 (PGI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut 10 (PGI-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dirk J Wouters
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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34
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Koh EK, Dananjaya PA, Poh HY, Liu L, Lee CXX, Thong JR, You YS, Lew WS. Unraveling the origins of the coexisting localized-interfacial mechanism in oxide-based memristors in CMOS-integrated synaptic device implementations. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:828-842. [PMID: 38450438 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The forefront of neuromorphic research strives to develop devices with specific properties, i.e., linear and symmetrical conductance changes under external stimuli. This is paramount for neural network accuracy when emulating a biological synapse. A parallel exploration of resistive memory as a replacement for conventional computing memory ensues. In search of a holistic solution, the proposed memristive device in this work is uniquely poised to address this elusive gap as a unified memory solution. Opposite biasing operations are leveraged to achieve stable abrupt and gradual switching characteristics within a single device, addressing the demands for lower latency and energy consumption for binary switching applications, and graduality for neuromorphic computing applications. We evaluated the underlying principles of both switching modes, attributing the anomalous gradual switching to the modulation of oxygen-deficient layers formed between the active electrode and oxide switching layer. The memristive cell (1R) was integrated with 40 nm transistor technology (1T) to form a 1T-1R memory cell, demonstrating a switching speed of 50 ns with a pulse amplitude of ±2.5 V in its forward-biased mode. Applying pulse trains of 20 ns to 490 ns in the reverse-biased mode exhibited synaptic weight properties, obtaining a nonlinearity (NL) factor of <0.5 for both potentiation and depression. The devices in both modes also demonstrated an endurance of >106 cycles, and their conductance states were also stable under temperature stress at 85 °C for 104 s. With the duality of the two switching modes, our device can be used for both memory and synaptic weight-storing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kang Koh
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte Ltd, 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406, Singapore
| | - Putu Andhita Dananjaya
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Han Yin Poh
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte Ltd, 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406, Singapore
| | - Lingli Liu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Calvin Xiu Xian Lee
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte Ltd, 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406, Singapore
| | - Jia Rui Thong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte Ltd, 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406, Singapore
| | - Young Seon You
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte Ltd, 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406, Singapore
| | - Wen Siang Lew
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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Falcone DF, Menzel S, Stecconi T, Galetta M, La Porta A, Offrein BJ, Bragaglia V. Analytical modelling of the transport in analog filamentary conductive-metal-oxide/HfO x ReRAM devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:775-784. [PMID: 38517375 PMCID: PMC11057356 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The recent co-optimization of memristive technologies and programming algorithms enabled neural networks training with in-memory computing systems. In this context, novel analog filamentary conductive-metal-oxide (CMO)/HfOx redox-based resistive switching memory (ReRAM) represents a key technology. Despite device performance enhancements reported in literature, the underlying mechanism behind resistive switching is not fully understood. This work presents the first physics-based analytical model of the current transport and of the resistive switching in these devices. As a case study, analog TaOx/HfOx ReRAM devices are considered. The current transport is explained by a trap-to-trap tunneling process, and the resistive switching by a modulation of the defect density within the sub-band of the TaOx that behaves as electric field and temperature confinement layer. The local temperature and electric field distributions are derived from the solution of the electric and heat transport equations in a 3D finite element ReRAM model. The intermediate resistive states are described as a gradual modulation of the TaOx defect density, which results in a variation of its electrical conductivity. The drift-dynamics of ions during the resistive switching is analytically described, allowing the estimation of defect migration energies in the TaOx layer. Moreover, the role of the electro-thermal properties of the CMO layer is unveiled. The proposed analytical model accurately describes the experimental switching characteristic of analog TaOx/HfOx ReRAM devices, increasing the physical understanding and providing the equations necessary for circuit simulations incorporating this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Matteo Galetta
- IBM Research Europe - Zürich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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Lewerenz M, Passerini E, Cheng B, Fischer M, Emboras A, Luisier M, Koch U, Leuthold J. Versatile Nanoscale Three-Terminal Memristive Switch Enabled by Gating. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10798-10806. [PMID: 38593383 PMCID: PMC11044582 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A three-terminal memristor with an ultrasmall footprint of only 0.07 μm2 and critical dimensions of 70 nm × 10 nm × 6 nm is introduced. The device's feature is the presence of a gate contact, which enables two operation modes: either tuning the set voltage or directly inducing a resistance change. In I-V mode, we demonstrate that by changing the gate voltages between ±1 V one can shift the set voltage by 69%. In pulsing mode, we show that resistance change can be triggered by a gate pulse. Furthermore, we tested the device endurance under a 1 kHz operation. In an experiment with 2.6 million voltage pulses, we found two distinct resistance states. The device response to a pseudorandom bit sequence displays an open eye diagram and a success ratio of 97%. Our results suggest that this device concept is a promising candidate for a variety of applications ranging from Internet-of-Things to neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Lewerenz
- TH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elias Passerini
- TH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bojun Cheng
- The
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Thrust of Microelectronics, Guangzhou 529200, China
| | - Markus Fischer
- TH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandros Emboras
- ETH
Zurich, Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Luisier
- ETH
Zurich, Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Koch
- TH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- TH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Jiang X, Jia X, Wang S, Guo Y, Guo F, Long X, Geng L, Yang J, Liu M. A Cross-Process Signal Integrity Analysis (CPSIA) Method and Design Optimization for Wafer-on-Wafer Stacked DRAM. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:557. [PMID: 38793129 PMCID: PMC11123111 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A multi-layer stacked Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) platform is introduced to address the memory wall issue. This platform features high-density vertical interconnects established between DRAM units for high-capacity memory and logic units for computation, utilizing Wafer-on-Wafer (WoW) hybrid bonding and mini Through-Silicon Via (TSV) technologies. This 3DIC architecture includes commercial DRAM, logic, and 3DIC manufacturing processes. Their design documents typically come from different foundries, presenting challenges for signal integrity design and analysis. This paper establishes a lumped circuit based on 3DIC physical structure and calculates all values of the lumped elements in the circuit model with the transmission line model. A Cross-Process Signal Integrity Analysis (CPSIA) method is introduced, which integrates three different manufacturing processes by modeling vertical stacking cells and connecting DRAM and logic netlists in one simulation environment. In combination with the dedicated buffer driving method, the CPSIA method is used to analyze 3DIC impacts. Simulation results show that the timing uncertainty introduced by 3DIC crosstalk ranges from 31 ps to 62 ps. This analysis result explains the stable slight variation in the maximum frequency observed in vertically stacked memory arrays from different DRAM layers in the physical testing results, demonstrating the effectiveness of this CPSIA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Jiang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- Xi’an UniIC Semiconductors, Xi’an 710075, China; (X.J.); (S.W.); (Y.G.); (F.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuerong Jia
- Xi’an UniIC Semiconductors, Xi’an 710075, China; (X.J.); (S.W.); (Y.G.); (F.G.); (X.L.)
- School of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28#, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Song Wang
- Xi’an UniIC Semiconductors, Xi’an 710075, China; (X.J.); (S.W.); (Y.G.); (F.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Yixin Guo
- Xi’an UniIC Semiconductors, Xi’an 710075, China; (X.J.); (S.W.); (Y.G.); (F.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Fuzhi Guo
- Xi’an UniIC Semiconductors, Xi’an 710075, China; (X.J.); (S.W.); (Y.G.); (F.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Long
- Xi’an UniIC Semiconductors, Xi’an 710075, China; (X.J.); (S.W.); (Y.G.); (F.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Geng
- School of Microelectronics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road 28#, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Jianguo Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
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38
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Monakhov KY. Oxovanadium electronics for in-memory, neuromorphic, and quantum computing applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1838-1842. [PMID: 38334459 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01926h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium is a critical raw material. In the nearby future, it may, however, become one of the key elements of computer devices based on two-dimensional arrays of spin qubits for quantum information processing or charge- and resistance-based data memory cells for non-volatile in-memory and neuromorphic computing. The research and development (R&D) of vanadium-containing electronic materials and methods for their responsible fabrication underpins the transition to innovative hybrid semiconductors for energy- and resource-efficient memory and information processing technologies. The combination of standard and emerging solid-state semiconductors with stimuli-responsive oxo complexes of vanadium(IV,V) is envisioned to result in electronics with a new room-temperature device nanophysics, and the ability to modulate and control it at the sub-nanometer level. The development of exponential (Boolean) logics based on the oxovanadium-comprising circuitry and crossbar arrays of individual memristive cells for in-memory computing, the implementation of basic synaptic functions via dynamic electrical pulses for neuromorphic computing, and the readout and control of spin networks and interfaces for quantum computing are strategically important future areas of molecular chemistry and applied physics of vanadium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Yu Monakhov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
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39
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Li JC, Ma YX, Wu SH, Liu ZC, Ding PF, Dai D, Ding YT, Zhang YY, Huang Y, Lai PT, Wang YL. 1-Selector 1-Memristor Configuration with Multifunctional a-IGZO Memristive Devices Fabricated at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17766-17777. [PMID: 38534058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Serving as neuromorphic hardware accelerators, memristors play a crucial role in large-scale neuromorphic computing. Herein, two-terminal memristors utilizing amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) are fabricated through room-temperature sputtering. The electrical characteristics of these memristors are effectively modulated by varying the oxygen flow during the deposition process. The optimized a-IGZO memristor, fabricated under 3 sccm oxygen flow, presents a 5 × 103 ratio between its high- and low-resistance states, which can be maintained over 1 × 104 s with minimal degradation. Meanwhile, desirable properties such as electroforming-free and self-compliance, crucial for low-energy consumption, are also obtained in the a-IGZO memristor. Moreover, analog conductance switching is observed, demonstrating an interface-type behavior, as evidenced by its device-size-dependent performance. The coexistence of negative differential resistance with analog switching is attributed to the migration of oxygen vacancies and the trapping/detrapping of charges. Furthermore, the device demonstrates optical storage capabilities by exploiting the optical properties of a-IGZO, which can stably operate for up to 50 sweep cycles. Various synaptic functions have been demonstrated, including paired-pulse facilitation and spike-timing-dependent plasticity. These functionalities contribute to a simulated recognition accuracy of 90% for handwritten digits. Importantly, a one-selector one-memristor (1S1M) architecture is successfully constructed at room temperature by integrating a-IGZO memristor on a TaOx-based selector. This architecture exhibits a 107 on/off ratio, demonstrating its potential to suppress sneak currents among adjacent units in a memristor crossbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng Li
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Xiao Ma
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Song Hao Wu
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- R&D Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zi Chun Liu
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Fei Ding
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - De Dai
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Tao Ding
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Yun Zhang
- R&D Center for Solid-State Lighting, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peter To Lai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ye Liang Wang
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, and Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Shin DH, Park H, Ghenzi N, Kim YR, Cheong S, Shim SK, Yim S, Park TW, Song H, Lee JK, Kim BS, Park T, Hwang CS. Multiphase Reset Induced Reliable Dual-Mode Resistance Switching of the Ta/HfO 2/RuO 2 Memristor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16462-16473. [PMID: 38513155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Higher functionality should be achieved within the device-level switching characteristics to secure the operational possibility of mixed-signal data processing within a memristive crossbar array. This work investigated electroforming-free Ta/HfO2/RuO2 resistive switching devices for digital- and analog-type applications through various structural and electrical analyses. The multiphase reset behavior, induced by the conducting filament modulation and oxygen vacancy generation (annihilation) in the HfO2 layer by interacting with the Ta (RuO2) electrode, was utilized for the switching mode change. Therefore, a single device can manifest stable binary switching between low and high resistance states for the digital mode and the precise 8-bit conductance modulation (256 resistance values) via an optimized pulse application for the analog mode. An in-depth analysis of the operation in different modes and comparing memristors with different electrode structures validate the proposed mechanism. The Ta/HfO2/RuO2 resistive switching device is feasible for a mixed-signal processable memristive array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Néstor Ghenzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Universidad de Avelleneda UNDAV and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mario Bravo 1460, Avellaneda, Buenos Aires 1872, Argentina
| | - Yeong Rok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Cheong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongpil Yim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Su Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Seong Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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41
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Song CM, Kim D, Lee S, Kwon HJ. Ferroelectric 2D SnS 2 Analog Synaptic FET. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308588. [PMID: 38375965 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the development and characterization of 2D ferroelectric field-effect transistor (2D FeFET) devices are presented, utilizing nanoscale ferroelectric HfZrO2 (HZO) and 2D semiconductors. The fabricated device demonstrated multi-level data storage capabilities. It successfully emulated essential biological characteristics, including excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSC/IPSC), Pair-Pulse Facilitation (PPF), and Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP). Extensive endurance tests ensured robust stability (107 switching cycles, 105 s (extrapolated to 10 years)), excellent linearity, and high Gmax/Gmin ratio (>105), all of which are essential for realizing multi-level data states (>7-bit operation). Beyond mimicking synaptic functionalities, the device achieved a pattern recognition accuracy of ≈94% on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten dataset when incorporated into a neural network, demonstrating its potential as an effective component in neuromorphic systems. The successful implementation of the 2D FeFET device paves the way for the development of high-efficiency, ultralow-power neuromorphic hardware which is in sub-femtojoule (48 aJ/spike) and fast response (1 µs), which is 104 folds faster than human synapse (≈10 ms). The results of the research underline the potential of nanoscale ferroelectric and 2D materials in building the next generation of artificial intelligence technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Myeong Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Dongha Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Shinbuhm Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jun Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea
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42
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Wang H, Guan Z, Li J, Luo Z, Du X, Wang Z, Zhao H, Shen S, Yin Y, Li X. Silicon-Compatible Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions with a SiO 2/Hf 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 Composite Barrier as Low-Voltage and Ultra-High-Speed Memristors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211305. [PMID: 38291852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The big data era requires ultrafast, low-power, and silicon-compatible materials and devices for information storage and processing. Here, ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) based on SiO2/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 composite barrier and both conducting electrodes are designed and fabricated on Si substrates. The FTJ achieves the fastest write speed of 500 ps under 5 V (2 orders of magnitude faster than reported silicon-compatible FTJs) or 10 ns speed at a low voltage of 1.5 V (the lowest voltage among FTJs at similar speeds), low write current density of 1.3 × 104 A cm-2, 8 discrete states, good retention > 105 s at 85 °C, and endurance > 107. In addition, it provides a large read current (88 A cm-2) at 0.1 V, 2 orders of magnitude larger than reported FTJs. Interestingly, in FTJ-based synapses, gradually tunable conductance states (128 states) with high linearity (<1) are obtained by 10 ns pulses of <1.2 V, and a high accuracy of 91.8% in recognizing fashion product images is achieved by online neural network simulations. These results highlight that silicon-compatible HfO2-based FTJs are promising for high-performance nonvolatile memories and electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Guan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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43
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Youn S, Lee J, Kim S, Park J, Kim K, Kim H. Programmable Threshold Logic Implementations in a Memristor Crossbar Array. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3581-3589. [PMID: 38471119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the implementation of programmable threshold logics using a 32 × 32 memristor crossbar array. Thanks to forming-free characteristics obtained by the annealing process, its accurate programming characteristics are presented by a 256-level grayscale image. By simultaneous subtraction between weighted sum and threshold values with a differential pair in an opposite way, 3-input and 4-input Boolean logics are implemented in the crossbar without additional reference bias. Also, we verify a full-adder circuit and analyze its fidelity, depending on the device programming accuracy. Lastly, we successfully implement a 4-bit ripple carry adder in the crossbar and achieve reliable operations by read-based logic operations. Compared to stateful logic driven by device switching, a 4-bit ripple carry adder on a memristor crossbar array can perform more reliably in fewer steps thanks to its read-based parallel logic operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Youn
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jungjin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sungjoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kyuree Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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44
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Cho S, Kim S, Kang M, Baik S, Jeon J. Analyzing Various Structural and Temperature Characteristics of Floating Gate Field Effect Transistors Applicable to Fine-Grain Logic-in-Memory Devices. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:450. [PMID: 38675262 PMCID: PMC11052355 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Although the von Neumann architecture-based computing system has been used for a long time, its limitations in data processing, energy consumption, etc. have led to research on various devices and circuit systems suitable for logic-in-memory (LiM) computing applications. In this paper, we analyze the temperature-dependent device and circuit characteristics of the floating gate field effect transistor (FGFET) source drain barrier (SDB) and FGFET central shallow barrier (CSB) identified in previous papers, and their applicability to LiM applications is specifically confirmed. These FGFETs have the advantage of being much more compatible with existing silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes compared to devices using new materials such as ferroelectrics for LiM computing. Utilizing the 32 nm technology node, the leading-edge node where the planar metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor structure is applied, FGFET devices were analyzed in TCAD, and an environment for analyzing circuits in HSPICE was established. To seamlessly connect FGFET-based devices and circuit analyses, compact models of FGFET-SDB and -CSBs were developed and applied to the design of ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) and full adder (FA) circuits for LiM. In addition, depression and potential for application of FGFET devices to neural networks were analyzed. The temperature-dependent characteristics of the TCAM and FA circuits with FGFETs were analyzed as an indicator of energy and delay time, and the appropriate number of CSBs should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangki Cho
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sueyeon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myounggon Kang
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seungjae Baik
- Semiconductor Research and Development Center, Samsung Electronics, Hwasung-si 18448, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jongwook Jeon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
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Li T, Wu Y, Yu G, Li S, Ren Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Feng H, Deng Y, Chen M, Zhang Z, Min T. Realization of sextuple polarization states and interstate switching in antiferroelectric CuInP 2S 6. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2653. [PMID: 38531845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Realization of higher-order multistates with mutual interstate switching in ferroelectric materials is a perpetual drive for high-density storage devices and beyond-Moore technologies. Here we demonstrate experimentally that antiferroelectric van der Waals CuInP2S6 films can be controllably stabilized into double, quadruple, and sextuple polarization states, and a system harboring polarization order of six is also reversibly tunable into order of four or two. Furthermore, for a given polarization order, mutual interstate switching can be achieved via moderate electric field modulation. First-principles studies of CuInP2S6 multilayers help to reveal that the double, quadruple, and sextuple states are attributable to the existence of respective single, double, and triple ferroelectric domains with antiferroelectric interdomain coupling and Cu ion migration. These findings offer appealing platforms for developing multistate ferroelectric devices, while the underlining mechanism is transformative to other non-volatile material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongyi Wu
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoliang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Centre for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China
| | - Shengxian Li
- Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Centre for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China
| | - Yifeng Ren
- Solid State Microstructure National Key Lab and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Yadong Liu
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Solid State Microstructure National Key Lab and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Centre for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD) and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Tai Min
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
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Mucchietto A, Baumgaertl K, Grundler D. Magnon-Assisted Magnetization Reversal of Ni 81Fe 19 Nanostripes on Y 3Fe 5O 12 with Different Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8641-8648. [PMID: 38488387 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic bit writing by short-wave magnons without conversion to the electrical domain is expected to be a game-changer for in-memory computing architectures. Recently, the reversal of nanomagnets by propagating magnons was demonstrated. However, experiments have not yet explored different wavelengths and the nonlinear excitation regime of magnons required for computational tasks. We report on the magnetization reversal of individual 20 nm thick Ni81Fe19 (Py) nanostripes integrated onto 113 nm thick yttrium iron garnet (YIG). We suppress direct interlayer exchange coupling by an intermediate layer, such as Cu and SiO2. By exciting magnons in YIG with wavelengths λ down to 148 nm we observe the reversal of the integrated ferromagnets in a small external field of 14 mT. Magnons with a small wavelength of λ = 195 nm, i.e., twice the width of the Py nanostripes, induced the reversal at a spin-precessional power of only about 1 nW after propagating over 15 μm in YIG. Such small power value has not been reported so far. Considerations based on dynamic dipolar coupling explain the observed wavelength dependence of the magnon-induced reversal efficiency. For an increased power, the stripes reversed in an external field of only about 1 mT. Our findings are important for the practical implementation of nonvolatile storage of broadband magnon signals in YIG by means of bistable nanomagnets without the need of an appreciable global magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mucchietto
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Korbinian Baumgaertl
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Grundler
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), 'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Alquliah A, Ha J, Ndao A. Multi-channel broadband nonvolatile programmable modal switch. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10979-10999. [PMID: 38570958 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) in chip-scale photonics is paramount to sustain data capacity growth and reduce power consumption. However, its scalability hinges on developing efficient and dynamic modal switches. Existing active modal switches suffer from substantial static power consumption, large footprints, and narrow bandwidth. Here, we present, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a novel multiport, broadband, non-volatile, and programmable modal switch designed for on-chip MDM systems. Our design leverages the unique properties of integrating nanoscale phase-change materials (PCM) within a silicon photonic architecture. This enables independent manipulation of spatial modes, allowing for dynamic, non-volatile, and selective routing to six distinct output ports. Crucially, our switch outperforms current dynamic modal switches by offering non-volatile, energy-efficient multiport functionality and excels in performance metrics. Our switch exhibits exceptional broadband operating bandwidth exceeding 70 nm, with low loss (< 1 dB), and a high extinction ratio (> 10 dB). Our framework provides a step forward in chip-scale MDM, paving the way for future green and scalable data centers and high-performance computers.
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Yin X, Qian Y, Vardar A, Günther M, Müller F, Laleni N, Zhao Z, Jiang Z, Shi Z, Shi Y, Gong X, Zhuo C, Kämpfe T, Ni K. Ferroelectric compute-in-memory annealer for combinatorial optimization problems. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2419. [PMID: 38499524 PMCID: PMC10948773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Computationally hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) are ubiquitous in many applications. Various digital annealers, dynamical Ising machines, and quantum/photonic systems have been developed for solving COPs, but they still suffer from the memory access issue, scalability, restricted applicability to certain types of COPs, and VLSI-incompatibility, respectively. Here we report a ferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET) based compute-in-memory (CiM) annealer for solving larger-scale COPs efficiently. Our CiM annealer converts COPs into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formulations, and uniquely accelerates in-situ the core vector-matrix-vector (VMV) multiplication operations of QUBO formulations in a single step. Specifically, the three-terminal FeFET structure allows for lossless compression of the stored QUBO matrix, achieving a remarkably 75% chip size saving when solving Max-Cut problems. A multi-epoch simulated annealing (MESA) algorithm is proposed for efficient annealing, achieving up to 27% better solution and ~ 2X speedup than conventional simulated annealing. Experimental validation is performed using the first integrated FeFET chip on 28nm HKMG CMOS technology, indicating great promise of FeFET CiM array in solving general COPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzhao Yin
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of CS&AUS of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiguo Shi
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of CS&AUS of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Shi
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Xiao Gong
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Zhuo
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of CS&AUS of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | - Kai Ni
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA.
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Yu S, Liu W, Tao SJ, Li ZP, Wang YT, Zhong ZP, Patel RB, Meng Y, Yang YZ, Wang ZA, Guo NJ, Zeng XD, Chen Z, Xu L, Zhang N, Liu X, Yang M, Zhang WH, Zhou ZQ, Xu JS, Tang JS, Han YJ, Li CF, Guo GC. A von-Neumann-like photonic processor and its application in studying quantum signature of chaos. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:74. [PMID: 38485915 PMCID: PMC10940704 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Photonic quantum computation plays an important role and offers unique advantages. Two decades after the milestone work of Knill-Laflamme-Milburn, various architectures of photonic processors have been proposed, and quantum advantage over classical computers has also been demonstrated. It is now the opportune time to apply this technology to real-world applications. However, at current technology level, this aim is restricted by either programmability in bulk optics or loss in integrated optics for the existing architectures of processors, for which the resource cost is also a problem. Here we present a von-Neumann-like architecture based on temporal-mode encoding and looped structure on table, which is capable of multimode-universal programmability, resource-efficiency, phase-stability and software-scalability. In order to illustrate these merits, we execute two different programs with varying resource requirements on the same processor, to investigate quantum signature of chaos from two aspects: the signature behaviors exhibited in phase space (13 modes), and the Fermi golden rule which has not been experimentally studied in quantitative way before (26 modes). The maximal program contains an optical interferometer network with 1694 freely-adjustable phases. Considering current state-of-the-art, our architecture stands as the most promising candidate for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Si-Jing Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhong
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Raj B Patel
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Parks Road OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Ze Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhao-An Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Nai-Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Mu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jian-Shun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Yong-Jian Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
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50
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Shin Y, Cho K, Kim S. Binarized neural network of diode array with high concordance to vector-matrix multiplication. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5891. [PMID: 38467776 PMCID: PMC10928169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a binarized neural network (BNN) of silicon diode arrays achieved vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) between the binarized weights and inputs in these arrays. The diodes that operate in a positive-feedback loop in their p+-n-p-n+ device structure possess steep switching and bistable characteristics with an extremely low subthreshold swing (below 1 mV) and a high current ratio (approximately 108). Moreover, the arrays show a self-rectifying functionality and an outstanding linearity by an R-squared value of 0.99986, which allows to compose a synaptic cell with a single diode. A 2 × 2 diode array can perform matrix multiply-accumulate operations for various binarized weight matrix cases with some input vectors, which is in high concordance with the VMM, owing to the high reliability and uniformity of the diodes. Moreover, the disturbance-free, nondestructive readout, and semi-permanent holding characteristics of the diode arrays support the feasibility of implementing the BNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwoo Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungah Cho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsig Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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