1
|
Wells K, Liu T, Zhu L, Yang L. Immunomodulatory nanoparticles activate cytotoxic T cells for enhancement of the effect of cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:17699-17722. [PMID: 39257225 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01780c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising targeted treatment by leveraging the patient's immune system or adoptive transfer of active immune cells to selectively eliminate cancer cells. Despite notable clinical successes, conventional immunotherapies face significant challenges stemming from the poor infiltration of endogenous or adoptively transferred cytotoxic T cells in tumors, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the immune evasion capability of cancer cells, leading to limited efficacy in many types of solid tumors. Overcoming these hurdles is essential to broaden the applicability of immunotherapies. Recent advances in nanotherapeutics have emerged as an innovative tool to overcome these challenges and enhance the therapeutic potential of tumor immunotherapy. The unique biochemical and biophysical properties of nanomaterials offer advantages in activation of immune cells in vitro for cell therapy, targeted delivery, and controlled release of immunomodulatory agents in vivo. Nanoparticles are excellent carriers for tumor associated antigens or neoantigen peptides for tumor vaccine, empowering activation of tumor specific T cell responses. By precisely delivering immunomodulatory agents to the tumor site, immunoactivating nanoparticles can promote tumor infiltration of endogenous T cells or adoptively transferred T cells into tumors, to overcoming delivery and biological barriers in the tumor microenvironment, augmenting the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. This review provides an overview of the current advances in immunotherapeutic approaches utilizing nanotechnology. With a focus on discussions concerning strategies to enhance activity and efficacy of cytotoxic T cells and explore the intersection of engineering nanoparticles and immunomodulation aimed at bolstering T cell-mediated immune responses, we introduce various nanoparticle formulations designed to deliver therapeutic payloads, tumor antigens and immunomodulatory agents for T cell activation. Diverse mechanisms through which nanoparticle-based approaches influence T cell responses by improving antigen presentation, promoting immune cell trafficking, and reprogramming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments to potentiate anti-tumor immunity are examined. Additionally, the synergistic potential of combining nanotherapeutics with existing immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapies is explored. In conclusion, this review highlights emerging research advances on activation of cytotoxic T cells using nanoparticle agents to support the promises and potential applications of nanoparticle-based immunomodulatory agents for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kory Wells
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Clinic C, Room 4088, 1365 C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tongrui Liu
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Clinic C, Room 4088, 1365 C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Clinic C, Room 4088, 1365 C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Clinic C, Room 4088, 1365 C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qu L, Cui G, Sun Y, Ye R, Sun Y, Meng F, Wang S, Zhong Z. A Biomimetic Autophagosomes-Based Nanovaccine Boosts Anticancer Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2409590. [PMID: 39194369 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines based on tumor cell lysates offer promise for cancer immunotherapy yet fail to elicit a robust therapeutic effect due to the weak immunogenicity of tumor antigens. Autophagosomes, obtained from pleural effusions and ascites of cancer patients, have been identified as abundant reservoirs of tumor neoantigens that exhibit heightened immunogenicity. However, their potential as personalized cancer vaccines have been constrained by suboptimal lymphatic-targeting performances and challenges in antigen-presenting cell endocytosis. Here,a reinforced biomimetic autophagosome-based (BAPs) nanovaccine generated by precisely amalgamating autophagosome-derived neoantigens and two types of adjuvants capable of targeting lymph nodes is developed to potently elicit antitumor immunity. The redox-responsive BAPs facilitate cytosolic vaccine opening within antigen-presenting cells, thereby exposing adjuvants and antigens to stimulate a strong immune response. BAPs evoke broad-spectrum T-cell responses, culminating in the effective eradication of 71.4% of established tumors. Notably, BAPs vaccination triggers enduring T-cell responses that confer robust protection, with 100% of mice shielded against tumor rechallenge and a significant reduction in tumor incidence by 87.5%. Furthermore, BAPs synergize with checkpoint blockade therapy to inhibit tumor growth in the poorly immunogenic breast cancer model. The biomimetic approach presents a powerful nanovaccine formula with high versatility for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guanhong Cui
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yinping Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Ye
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shenqiang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kjer-Hansen P, Phan TG, Weatheritt RJ. Protein isoform-centric therapeutics: expanding targets and increasing specificity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:759-779. [PMID: 39232238 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-01025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Most protein-coding genes produce multiple protein isoforms; however, these isoforms are commonly neglected in drug discovery. The expression of protein isoforms can be specific to a disease, tissue and/or developmental stage, and this specific expression can be harnessed to achieve greater drug specificity than pan-targeting of all gene products and to enable improved treatments for diseases caused by aberrant protein isoform production. In recent years, several protein isoform-centric therapeutics have been developed. Here, we collate these studies and clinical trials to highlight three distinct but overlapping modes of action for protein isoform-centric drugs: isoform switching, isoform introduction or depletion, and modulation of isoform activity. In addition, we discuss how protein isoforms can be used clinically as targets for cell type-specific drug delivery and immunotherapy, diagnostic biomarkers and sources of cancer neoantigens. Collectively, we emphasize the value of a focus on isoforms as a route to discovering drugs with greater specificity and fewer adverse effects. This approach could enable the targeting of proteins for which pan-inhibition of all isoforms is toxic and poorly tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kjer-Hansen
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St. Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Precision Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zilberberg J, Uhl C, Scott CB, Andrews DW, Exley MA. Broad applicability of the Goldspire™ platform for the treatment of solid tumors. Clin Immunol 2024:110373. [PMID: 39349152 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Goldspire™ is a personalized immunotherapy platform that combines whole tumor-derived cells with antisense oligonucleotide (IMV-001) against Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) in biodiffusion chambers (BDCs; 0.1 μm pore). BDCs are exposed to 5-6 Gy and implanted at abdominal sites for ~48 h to deliver an antigenic payload and immunostimulatory factors to train the immune system. Lead product IGV-001 was evaluated in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (ndGBM) patients in Phase 1a and 1b trials (NCT02507583). A Phase 2b study (NCT04485949) recently completed enrollment. Preventative treatment with tumor-specific products manufactured with Goldspire limited tumor progression and extended overall survival in mice challenged with bladder, pancreatic, ovarian, colorectal, or renal carcinomas. The benefit of this immunotherapy was enhanced with anti-PD-1; combination treatment was superior to either monotherapy in orthotopic GBM and melanoma models. Lastly, Goldspire elicited immune T cell activation and memory phenotypes against patient-derived endometrial tumor-derived products in co-cultures with matching immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Uhl
- Imvax, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Sygnomics Precision Oncology, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Charles B Scott
- CBS Squared, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - David W Andrews
- Imvax, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mark A Exley
- Imvax, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu DW, Jia SP, Xing SJ, Ma HL, Wang X, Tang QY, Li ZW, Wu Q, Bai M, Zhang XY, Fu XF, Jia MM, Tang Y, Chen L, Li N. Personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines: current progression, challenges and a bright future. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:229. [PMID: 39325256 PMCID: PMC11427492 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Tumor neoantigens possess specific immunogenicity and personalized therapeutic vaccines based on neoantigens which have shown promising results in some clinical trials, with broad application prospects. However, the field is developing rapidly and there are currently few relevant review articles. Summarizing and analyzing the status of global personalized neoantigen vaccine clinical trials will provide important data for all stakeholders in drug development. Based on the Trialtrove database, a retrospective analysis was conducted using trial quantity as a key indicator for neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapy anti-PD-1/PD-L1 clinical trials initiated before the end of 2022. The time trend of newly initiated trials was investigated. The sponsor type, host country, treatment mode, combination strategy, tested drugs, and targeted cancer types of these trials were summarized. As of December 2022, a total of 199 trials were included in the analysis. Among these studies, Phase I studies were the most numerous (119, 59.8%), and Phase I studies have been the predominant study type since 2015. Peptide vaccines were the largest neoantigen vaccines type, accounting for 64.8% of all clinical trials. Based on peptide delivery platforms, the proportion of trials was highest for the DC system (32, 16.1%), followed by LNP (11, 5.5%), LPX (11, 5.5%), and viruses (7, 3.5%). Most vaccines were applied in trials as a monotherapy (133/199, 66.8%), meanwhile combining immunotherapeutic drugs was the most common form for combination therapy. In terms of indications, the largest number of trials involved three or more unspecified solid tumors (50/199, 25.1%), followed by non-small cell lung cancer (24/199, 12.1%) and pancreatic cancer (15/199, 7.5%). The clinical development of personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines is still in the early stage. A clear shift in delivery systems from peptides to DC and liposomal platforms, with the largest number of studies in Asia, collectively marks a new era in the field. The adjuvant or maintenance therapy, and the combination treatment with ICIs are becoming the important clinical development orientation. As research on tumor-immune interactions intensifies, the design, development, and application of neoantigen vaccines are bound to develop rapidly, which will bring a new revolution in the future cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wu
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuo-Peng Jia
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shu-Jun Xing
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hai-Lan Ma
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Clinical Trials Center, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Qi-Yu Tang
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zi-Wei Li
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Min Bai
- Department of Hematology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Xin-Yong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Fu
- Beijing Likang Life Science, Beijing, 100000, China
| | | | - Yu Tang
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Likang Life Science, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aguadé-Gorgorió G, Anderson ARA, Solé R. Modeling tumors as complex ecosystems. iScience 2024; 27:110699. [PMID: 39280631 PMCID: PMC11402243 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancers resist therapeutic intervention. This is fundamentally related to intratumor heterogeneity: multiple cell populations, each with different phenotypic signatures, coexist within a tumor and its metastases. Like species in an ecosystem, cancer populations are intertwined in a complex network of ecological interactions. Most mathematical models of tumor ecology, however, cannot account for such phenotypic diversity or predict its consequences. Here, we propose that the generalized Lotka-Volterra model (GLV), a standard tool to describe species-rich ecological communities, provides a suitable framework to model the ecology of heterogeneous tumors. We develop a GLV model of tumor growth and discuss how its emerging properties provide a new understanding of the disease. We discuss potential extensions of the model and their application to phenotypic plasticity, cancer-immune interactions, and metastatic growth. Our work outlines a set of questions and a road map for further research in cancer ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ricard Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, UPF-PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koutsoumpli G, Stasiukonyte N, Hoogeboom BN, Daemen T. An in vitro CD8 T-cell priming assay enables epitope selection for hepatitis C virus vaccines. Vaccine 2024; 42:126032. [PMID: 38964950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
For the rational design of epitope-specific vaccines, identifying epitopes that can be processed and presented is essential. As algorithm-based epitope prediction is frequently discordant with actually recognized CD8+ T-cell epitopes, we developed an in vitro CD8 T-cell priming protocol to enable the identification of truly and functionally expressed HLA class I epitopes. The assay was established and validated to identify epitopes presented by hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected cells. In vitro priming of naïve CD8 T cells was achieved by culturing unfractionated PBMCs in the presence of a specific cocktail of growth factors and cytokines, and next exposing the cells to hepatic cells expressing the NS3 protein of HCV. After a 10-day co-culture, HCV-specific T-cell responses were identified based on IFN-γ ELISpot analysis. For this, the T cells were restimulated with long synthetic peptides (SLPs) spanning the whole NS3 protein sequence allowing the identification of HCV-specificity. We demonstrated that this protocol resulted in the in vitro priming of naïve precursors to antigen-experienced T-cells specific for 11 out of 98 SLPs tested. These 11 SLPs contain 12 different HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitopes, as predicted by a combination of three epitope prediction algorithms. Furthermore, we identified responses against 3 peptides that were not predicted to contain any immunogenic HLA class I epitopes, yet showed HCV-specific responses in vitro. Separation of CD8+ and CD8- T cells from PBMCs primed in vitro showed responses only upon restimulation with short peptides. We established an in vitro method that enables the identification of HLA class I epitopes resulting from cross-presented antigens and that can cross-prime T cells and allows the effective selection of functional immunogenic epitopes, but also less immunogenic ones, for the design of tailored therapeutic vaccines against persistent viral infections and tumor antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Koutsoumpli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, HPC EB88, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Neringa Stasiukonyte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, HPC EB88, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Baukje Nynke Hoogeboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, HPC EB88, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, HPC EB88, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng W, Li S, Shi Z, Su K, Ding Y, Zhang L, Tang Q, Han J, Zhao H, Wang F, Zhang H, Hong Z. Recombinant ferritin-based nanoparticles as neoantigen carriers significantly inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:562. [PMID: 39272180 PMCID: PMC11401311 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor neoantigen peptide-based vaccines, systemic immunotherapies that enhance antitumor immunity by activating and expanding antigen-specific T cells, have achieved remarkable results in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. However, how to effectively deliver neoantigens to induce robust antitumor immune responses remains a major obstacle. RESULTS Here, we developed a safe and effective neoantigen peptide delivery system (neoantigen-ferritin nanoparticles, neoantigen-FNs) that successfully achieved effective lymph node targeting and induced robust antitumor immune responses. The genetically engineered self-assembled particles neoantigen-FNs with a size of 12 nm were obtained by fusing a neoantigen with optimized ferritin, which rapidly drainage to and continuously accumulate in lymph nodes. The neoantigen-FNs vaccine induced a greater quantity and quality of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and resulted in significant growth control of multiple tumors, dramatic inhibition of melanoma metastasis and regression of established tumors. In addition, no obvious toxic side effects were detected in the various models, indicating the high safety of optimized ferritin as a vaccine carrier. CONCLUSIONS Homogeneous and safe neoantigen-FNs could be a very promising system for neoantigen peptide delivery because of their ability to efficiently drainage to lymph nodes and induce efficient antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Shixiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Kailing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Luyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Jiani Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Fengwei Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
- People's Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300180, PR China
| | - Hongru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (SHENZHEN FUTIAN), Shenzhen, 518045, PR China.
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Cancer Biology Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (SHENZHEN FUTIAN), Shenzhen, 518045, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Z, Guo X, Li Z, Meng Z, Huang S. The neoantigens derived from transposable elements - A hidden treasure for cancer immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189126. [PMID: 38849060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Neoantigen-based therapy is a promising approach that selectively activates the immune system of the host to recognize and eradicate cancer cells. Preliminary clinical trials have validated the feasibility, safety, and immunogenicity of personalized neoantigen-directed vaccines, enhancing their effectiveness and broad applicability in immunotherapy. While many ongoing oncological trials concentrate on neoantigens derived from mutations, these targets do not consistently provoke an immune response in all patients harboring the mutations. Additionally, tumors like ovarian cancer, which have a low tumor mutational burden (TMB), may be less amenable to mutation-based neoantigen therapies. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have uncovered a rich source of neoantigens from non-canonical RNAs associated with transposable elements (TEs). Considering the substantial presence of TEs in the human genome and the proven immunogenicity of TE-derived neoantigens in various tumor types, this review investigates the latest findings on TE-derived neoantigens, examining their clinical implications, challenges, and unique advantages in enhancing tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Hu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziteng Li
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shenglin Huang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhattacharya M, Sarkar A, Wen ZH, Wu YJ, Chakraborty C. Rational Design of a Multi-epitope Vaccine Using Neoantigen Against Colorectal Cancer Through Structural Immunoinformatics and ML-Enabled Simulation Approach. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01242-2. [PMID: 39190054 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer poses a substantial global health burden. Regarding WHO, the global burden of colorectal cancer will be about 3.2 million new cases by the year 2040. Simultaneously, it indicated that this cancer will cause 6 million deaths per year. Despite advancements in chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy, the disease remains a significant challenge due to the resistance of cancer stem cells. This study endeavors to design a multi-epitopic peptide (9-mer epitopes) neoantigen-based vaccine targeting the TLR4/MD2 complex as a potential vaccine candidate. These tumor-specific neoantigens (TSA) are considered novel antigens that can be used for vaccine development against cancer. To develop the neoantigen vaccine candidate, we used the SPENCER database, and 140 lncRNA-derived epitopes were retrieved. From 140 epitopes, we selected seven neoantigens with high antigenic properties for the vaccine construct. A novel vaccine containing epitopes, linkers (EAAAK and CPCPG), and adjuvants (ribosomal [50S] protein L7L12) was formulated utilizing immunoinformatics tools. The vaccine's biophysical properties were evaluated, revealing its antigenicity (0.6469), stability (instability index: 37.05), and potential for immune system interaction. In-depth structural analyses, molecular docking studies, and ML-enabled immune simulation profiling underscored the vaccine's structural integrity, binding affinity with TLR4, and ability to elicit robust immune responses against colorectal cancer antigens. These findings suggest that the multi-epitopic vaccine holds promise as a next-generation approach to combat colorectal cancer. Our in silico studies exhibit potentiality of the vaccine candidate; however, further in vivo and in vitro investigations are crucial to validate immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy before clinical implementation. Our study developed a first-time lncRNA-derived neoantigen-based cancer vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756020, India
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Jung Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80284, Taiwan.
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Niu Y, Bian F. The progress of tumor vaccines clinical trials in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03678-z. [PMID: 39179939 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a significant global health challenge, with high mortality rates and limited treatment options. Tumor vaccines have emerged as a potential therapeutic approach, aiming to stimulate the immune system to specifically target tumor cells. METHODS This study screened 283 clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov through July 31, 2023. After excluding data that did not meet the inclusion criteria, a total of 108 trials were assessed. Data on registered number, study title, study status, vaccine types, study results, conditions, interventions, outcome measures, sponsor, collaborators, drug target, phases, enrollment, start date, completion date and locations were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS The number of vaccines clinical trials for NSCLC has continued to increase in recent years, the majority of which were conducted in the United States. Most of the clinical trials were at stages ranging from Phase I to Phase II. Peptide-based vaccines accounted for the largest proportion. Others include tumor cell vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and DC vaccines. Several promising tumor vaccine candidates have shown encouraging results in early-phase clinical trials. However, challenges such as heterogeneity of tumor antigens and immune escape mechanisms still need to be addressed. CONCLUSION Tumor vaccines represent a promising avenue in the treatment of NSCLC. Ongoing clinical trials are crucial for optimizing vaccine strategies and identifying the most effective combinations. Further research is needed to overcome existing limitations and translate these promising findings into clinical practice, offering new hope for NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang Key Laboratory of Special Preparation of Vitiligo, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Yunping Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang Key Laboratory of Special Preparation of Vitiligo, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liang J, Liao Y, Tu Z, Liu J. Revamping Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy: The Advent of Microbial Neoantigen Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:930. [PMID: 39204053 PMCID: PMC11359864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its efficacy varies significantly with each patient's genetic composition and the complex interactions with their microbiome, both of which are pivotal in shaping anti-tumor immunity. The emergence of microbial neoantigens, a novel class of tumor vaccines, heralds a transformative shift in HCC therapy. This review explores the untapped potential of microbial neoantigens as innovative tumor vaccines, poised to redefine current HCC treatment modalities. For instance, neoantigens derived from the microbiome have demonstrated the capacity to enhance anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer, suggesting similar applications in HCC. By harnessing these unique neoantigens, we propose a framework for a personalized immunotherapeutic response, aiming to deliver a more precise and potent treatment strategy for HCC. Leveraging these neoantigens could significantly advance personalized medicine, potentially revolutionizing patient outcomes in HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mundhara N, Sadhukhan P. Cracking the Codes behind Cancer Cells' Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8899. [PMID: 39201585 PMCID: PMC11354234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is a key phenomenon in understanding tumor recurrence, metastasis, and other critical steps in tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is in constant flux due to the tumor's ability to release signals that affect it, while immune cells within it can impact cancer cell behavior. Cancer cells undergo several changes, which can change the enrichment of different immune cells and modulate the activity of existing immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance by downregulating antigen presentation or expressing immune checkpoint molecules. High levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) correlate with better outcomes, and robust immune responses can control tumor growth. On the contrary, increased enrichment of Tregs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and M2-like anti-inflammatory macrophages can hinder effective immune surveillance and predict poor prognosis. Overall, understanding these immune evasion mechanisms guides therapeutic strategies. Researchers aim to modulate the TME to enhance immune surveillance and improve patient outcomes. In this review article, we strive to summarize the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment, factors affecting the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and different therapeutic modalities targeting the immune cells. This review is a first-hand reference to understand the basics of immune surveillance and immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritam Sadhukhan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen G, Wang Y, Mo L, Xu X, Zhang X, Yang S, Huang R, Li R, Zhang L, Zhang B. Ultrasound-Activatable In Situ Vaccine for Enhanced Antigen Self- and Cross-Presentation to Overcome Cancer Immunotherapy Resistance. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39051505 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient antigen self-presentation of tumor cells and ineffective antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to diminished immune recognition and activation, which cause resistance to immunotherapies. Herein, we present an ultrasound-activatable in situ vaccine by utilizing a hybrid nanovesicle composed of a thylakoid (TK)/platelet (PLT) membrane and a liposome encapsulating DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine (Zeb) and sonosensitizer hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME). Upon local exposure to ultrasound, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated and induce the sequential release of the payloads. Zeb can efficiently inhibit tumor DNA hypermethylation, promoting major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules-mediated antigen self-presentation to improve immune recognition. Meanwhile, the catalase on the TK membrane can decompose the tumoral overexpressed H2O2 into O2, which boosts the generation of ROS and the destruction of tumor cells, resulting in the in situ antigen release and cross-presentation of tumor antigens by DCs. This in situ vaccine simultaneously promotes antigen self-presentation and cross-presentation, resulting in heightened antitumor immunity to overcome resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lianfeng Mo
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Siyi Yang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ruifang Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lianzhong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma W, Wang X, Zhang D, Mu X. Research Progress of Disulfide Bond Based Tumor Microenvironment Targeted Drug Delivery System. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:7547-7566. [PMID: 39071505 PMCID: PMC11283832 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s471734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant threat to human life and health. Chemotherapy is currently one of the effective cancer treatments, but many chemotherapy drugs have cell toxicity, low solubility, poor stability, a narrow therapeutic window, and unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. To solve the above problems, target drug delivery to tumor cells, and reduce the side effects of drugs, an anti-tumor drug delivery system based on tumor microenvironment has become a focus of research in recent years. The construction of a reduction-sensitive nanomedicine delivery system based on disulfide bonds has attracted much attention. Disulfide bonds have good reductive responsiveness and can effectively target the high glutathione (GSH) levels in the tumor environment, enabling precise drug delivery. To further enhance targeting and accelerate drug release, disulfide bonds are often combined with pH-responsive nanocarriers and highly expressed ligands in tumor cells to construct drug delivery systems. Disulfide bonds can connect drug molecules and polymer molecules in the drug delivery system, as well as between different drug molecules and carrier molecules. This article summarized the drug delivery systems (DDS) that researchers have constructed in recent years based on disulfide bond drug delivery systems targeting the tumor microenvironment, disulfide bond cleavage-triggering conditions, various drug loading strategies, and carrier design. In this review, we also discuss the controlled release mechanisms and effects of these DDS and further discuss the clinical applicability of delivery systems based on disulfide bonds and the challenges faced in clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Ma
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongqi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xupeng Mu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu T, Yao W, Sun W, Yuan Y, Liu C, Liu X, Wang X, Jiang H. Components, Formulations, Deliveries, and Combinations of Tumor Vaccines. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18801-18833. [PMID: 38979917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tumor vaccines, an important part of immunotherapy, prevent cancer or kill existing tumor cells by activating or restoring the body's own immune system. Currently, various formulations of tumor vaccines have been developed, including cell vaccines, tumor cell membrane vaccines, tumor DNA vaccines, tumor mRNA vaccines, tumor polypeptide vaccines, virus-vectored tumor vaccines, and tumor-in-situ vaccines. There are also multiple delivery systems for tumor vaccines, such as liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, viruses, exosomes, and emulsions. In addition, to decrease the risk of tumor immune escape and immune tolerance that may exist with a single tumor vaccine, combination therapy of tumor vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, CAR-T therapy, or photoimmunotherapy is an effective strategy. Given the critical role of tumor vaccines in immunotherapy, here, we look back to the history of tumor vaccines, and we discuss the antigens, adjuvants, formulations, delivery systems, mechanisms, combination therapy, and future directions of tumor vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wenyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yihan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang P, Wen F, Tuerhong N, Yang Y, Li Q. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy: focusing on alternative splicing. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437774. [PMID: 39055714 PMCID: PMC11269099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) functions as a crucial program in transcriptional modulation, leading to proteomic diversity and functional alterations of proteins. These splicing actions induce various neoantigens that hold prognostic significance and contribute to various aspects of cancer progression, including immune responses against cancer. The advent of immunotherapy has remarkably revolutionized tumor therapy. In this regard, AS-derived neoantigens are potent targets for cancer vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. In this review, we outline that AS-derived neoantigens serve as promising immunotherapeutic targets and guide immunotherapy strategies. This evidence contributes to a deeper comprehension of the complexity of proteomic diversity and provides novel perspectives and techniques for precision medicine in immunotherapy. Moreover, we underscore the obstacles that are awaited to be addressed for this novel approach to become clinically applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nuerye Tuerhong
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aerts JG, Belderbos R, Baas P, Scherpereel A, Bezemer K, Enninga I, Meijer R, Willemsen M, Berardi R, Fennell D, Kerstens R, Cornelissen R, van Meerbeeck JP. Dendritic cells loaded with allogeneic tumour cell lysate plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone in patients with pleural mesothelioma as maintenance therapy after chemotherapy (DENIM): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2/3 study. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:865-878. [PMID: 38848742 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell immunotherapy has proven to be safe and induces an immune response in humans. We aimed to establish the efficacy of dendritic cells loaded with allogeneic tumour cell lysate (MesoPher, Amphera BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands) as maintenance therapy in patients with pleural mesothelioma. METHODS In this open-label, randomised, phase 2/3 study, patients with histologically confirmed unresectable pleural mesothelioma, aged 18 years or older, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0-1, and non-progressing disease after four to six cycles of standard chemotherapy (with pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 plus platinum [cisplatin 75 mg/m2 or carboplatin area under the curve of 5]) were recruited from four centres in Belgium, France, and The Netherlands. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), using block randomisation (block size of 4), stratified by centre and histology (epithelioid vs other), to MesoPher treatment plus best supportive care or best supportive care alone. Patients received up to a maximum of five MesoPher infusions, with treatment administered on days 1, 15, and 29, and weeks 18 and 30. At each timepoint, participants received an injection of 25 × 106 dendritic cells (two-thirds of the dendritic cells were administered intravenously and a third were injected intradermally). Best supportive care was per local institutional standards. The primary endpoint was overall survival, assessed in all participants randomly assigned to treatment (full analysis set) and safety assessed in all randomly assigned participants, and who underwent leukapheresis if they were in the MesoPher group. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03610360, and is closed for accrual. FINDINGS Between June 21, 2018, and June 10, 2021, 176 patients were screened and randomly assigned to the MesoPher group (n=88) or best supportive care alone group (n=88). One participant in the MesoPher group did not undergo leukapheresis. Mean age was 68 years (SD 8), 149 (85%) of 176 were male, 27 (15%) were female, 173 (98%) were White, two were Asian (1%), and one (1%) was other race. As of data cutoff (June 24, 2023), after a median follow up of 15·1 months (IQR 9·5-22·4), median overall survival was 16·8 months (95% CI 12·4-20·3; 61 [69%] of 88 died) in the MesoPher group and 18·3 months (14·3-21·9; 59 [67%] of 88 died) in the best supportive care group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·77-1·57]; log-rank p=0·62). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events were chest pain (three [3%] of 87 in the MesoPher group vs two [2%] of 88 in the best supportive care group), dyspnoea (none vs two [2%]), anaemia (two [2%] vs none), nausea (none vs two [2%]), and pneumonia (none vs two [2%]). No deaths due to treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. Treatment-related adverse events consisted of infusion-related reactions (fever, chills, and fatigue), which occurred in 64 (74%) of 87 patients in the MesoPher group, and injection-site reactions (itch, erythema, and induration), which occurred in 73 (84%) patients, and all were grade 1-2 in severity. No deaths were determined to be treatment related. INTERPRETATION MesoPher did not show improvement in overall survival in patients with pleural mesothelioma. Immune checkpoint therapy is now standard of care in pleural mesothelioma. Further randomised studies are needed of combinations of MesoPher and immune checkpoint therapy, which might increase efficacy without adding major toxicities. FUNDING Amphera BV and EU HORIZON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim G Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Robert Belderbos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Baas
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Koen Bezemer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Amphera BV, s'-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Meijer
- Amphera BV, s'-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Marcella Willemsen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Dean Fennell
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rene Kerstens
- Orion Statistical Consulting BV, Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands
| | - Robin Cornelissen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hao Q, Long Y, Yang Y, Deng Y, Ding Z, Yang L, Shu Y, Xu H. Development and Clinical Applications of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines with Individualized and Shared Neoantigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:717. [PMID: 39066355 PMCID: PMC11281709 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neoantigens, presented as peptides on the surfaces of cancer cells, have recently been proposed as optimal targets for immunotherapy in clinical practice. The promising outcomes of neoantigen-based cancer vaccines have inspired enthusiasm for their broader clinical applications. However, the individualized tumor-specific antigens (TSA) entail considerable costs and time due to the variable immunogenicity and response rates of these neoantigens-based vaccines, influenced by factors such as neoantigen response, vaccine types, and combination therapy. Given the crucial role of neoantigen efficacy, a number of bioinformatics algorithms and pipelines have been developed to improve the accuracy rate of prediction through considering a series of factors involving in HLA-peptide-TCR complex formation, including peptide presentation, HLA-peptide affinity, and TCR recognition. On the other hand, shared neoantigens, originating from driver mutations at hot mutation spots (e.g., KRASG12D), offer a promising and ideal target for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. A series of clinical practices have established the efficacy of these vaccines in patients with distinct HLA haplotypes. Moreover, increasing evidence demonstrated that a combination of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and neoantigens can also improve the prognosis, thus expand the repertoire of shared neoantigens for cancer vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex process involved in identifying personalized neoantigens, their clinical applications, advances in vaccine technology, and explore the therapeutic potential of shared neoantigen strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yuhang Long
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yiqi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
- Gastric Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (Z.D.); (L.Y.)
- Institute of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yin N, Li X, Zhang X, Xue S, Cao Y, Niedermann G, Lu Y, Xue J. Development of pharmacological immunoregulatory anti-cancer therapeutics: current mechanistic studies and clinical opportunities. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:126. [PMID: 38773064 PMCID: PMC11109181 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represented by anti-PD-(L)1 and anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment, but challenges related to resistance and toxicity still remain. Due to the advancement of immuno-oncology, an increasing number of novel immunoregulatory targets and mechanisms are being revealed, with relevant therapies promising to improve clinical immunotherapy in the foreseeable future. Therefore, comprehending the larger picture is important. In this review, we analyze and summarize the current landscape of preclinical and translational mechanistic research, drug development, and clinical trials that brought about next-generation pharmacological immunoregulatory anti-cancer agents and drug candidates beyond classical immune checkpoint inhibitors. Along with further clarification of cancer immunobiology and advances in antibody engineering, agents targeting additional inhibitory immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, CD47, and B7 family members are becoming an important part of cancer immunotherapy research and discovery, as are structurally and functionally optimized novel anti-PD-(L)1 and anti-CTLA-4 agents and agonists of co-stimulatory molecules of T cells. Exemplified by bispecific T cell engagers, newly emerging bi-specific and multi-specific antibodies targeting immunoregulatory molecules can provide considerable clinical benefits. Next-generation agents also include immune epigenetic drugs and cytokine-based therapeutics. Cell therapies, cancer vaccines, and oncolytic viruses are not covered in this review. This comprehensive review might aid in further development and the fastest possible clinical adoption of effective immuno-oncology modalities for the benefit of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanhao Yin
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xintong Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xuanwei Zhang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shaolong Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Institute of Disaster Medicine & Institute of Emergency Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Gabriele Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site DKTK-Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - You Lu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 2222, Xinchuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 2222, Xinchuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aguadé-Gorgorió G, Anderson AR, Solé R. Modeling tumors as species-rich ecological communities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590504. [PMID: 38712062 PMCID: PMC11071393 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Many advanced cancers resist therapeutic intervention. This process is fundamentally related to intra-tumor heterogeneity: multiple cell populations, each with different mutational and phenotypic signatures, coexist within a tumor and its metastatic nodes. Like species in an ecosystem, many cancer cell populations are intertwined in a complex network of ecological interactions. Most mathematical models of tumor ecology, however, cannot account for such phenotypic diversity nor are able to predict its consequences. Here we propose that the Generalized Lotka-Volterra model (GLV), a standard tool to describe complex, species-rich ecological communities, provides a suitable framework to describe the ecology of heterogeneous tumors. We develop a GLV model of tumor growth and discuss how its emerging properties, such as outgrowth and multistability, provide a new understanding of the disease. Additionally, we discuss potential extensions of the model and their application to three active areas of cancer research, namely phenotypic plasticity, the cancer-immune interplay and the resistance of metastatic tumors to treatment. Our work outlines a set of questions and a tentative road map for further research in cancer ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander R.A. Anderson
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Ricard Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, UPF-PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Truex N, Mohapatra S, Melo M, Rodriguez J, Li N, Abraham W, Sementa D, Touti F, Keskin DB, Wu CJ, Irvine DJ, Gómez-Bombarelli R, Pentelute BL. Design of Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes by Machine Learning of Human Degrons. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:793-802. [PMID: 38680558 PMCID: PMC11046456 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Antigen processing is critical for therapeutic vaccines to generate epitopes for priming cytotoxic T cell responses against cancer and pathogens, but insufficient processing often limits the quantity of epitopes released. We address this challenge using machine learning to ascribe a proteasomal degradation score to epitope sequences. Epitopes with varying scores were translocated into cells using nontoxic anthrax proteins. Epitopes with a low score show pronounced immunogenicity due to antigen processing, but epitopes with a high score show limited immunogenicity. This work sheds light on the sequence-activity relationships between proteasomal degradation and epitope immunogenicity. We anticipate that future efforts to incorporate proteasomal degradation signals into vaccine designs will lead to enhanced cytotoxic T cell priming by these vaccines in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
L. Truex
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Somesh Mohapatra
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Machine
Intelligence and Manufacturing Operations Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mariane Melo
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Ragon Institute
of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Na Li
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Deborah Sementa
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Faycal Touti
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derin B. Keskin
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Translational
Immunogenomics Laboratory (TIGL), Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Section
for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Ragon Institute
of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
| | - Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center
for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sheikhlary S, Lopez DH, Moghimi S, Sun B. Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 38672519 PMCID: PMC11048403 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the global leading causes of death and various vaccines have been developed over the years against it, including cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and viral-based cancer vaccines. Although many vaccines have been effective in in vivo and clinical studies and some have been FDA-approved, there are major limitations to overcome: (1) developing one universal vaccine for a specific cancer is difficult, as tumors with different antigens are different for different individuals, (2) the tumor antigens may be similar to the body's own antigens, and (3) there is the possibility of cancer recurrence. Therefore, developing personalized cancer vaccines with the ability to distinguish between the tumor and the body's antigens is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of cancer vaccines and highlights important factors necessary for developing efficient cancer vaccines. Moreover, the application of other technologies in cancer therapy is discussed. Finally, several insights and conclusions are presented, such as the possibility of using cold plasma and cancer stem cells in developing future cancer vaccines, to tackle the major limitations in the cancer vaccine developmental process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikhlary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Humberto Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophia Moghimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ragone C, Cavalluzzo B, Mauriello A, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L. Lack of shared neoantigens in prevalent mutations in cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:344. [PMID: 38600547 PMCID: PMC11005154 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are mostly characterized by genetic instability, as result of mutations in surveillance mechanisms, such as DNA damage checkpoint, DNA repair machinery and mitotic checkpoint. Defect in one or more of these mechanisms causes additive accumulation of mutations. Some of these mutations are drivers of transformation and are positively selected during the evolution of the cancer, giving a growth advantage on the cancer cells. If such mutations would result in mutated neoantigens, these could be actionable targets for cancer vaccines and/or adoptive cell therapies. However, the results of the present analysis show, for the first time, that the most prevalent mutations identified in human cancers do not express mutated neoantigens. The hypothesis is that this is the result of the selection operated by the immune system in the very early stages of tumor development. At that stage, the tumor cells characterized by mutations giving rise to highly antigenic non-self-mutated neoantigens would be efficiently targeted and eliminated. Consequently, the outgrowing tumor cells cannot be controlled by the immune system, with an ultimate growth advantage to form large tumors embedded in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The outcome of such a negative selection operated by the immune system is that the development of off-the-shelf vaccines, based on shared mutated neoantigens, does not seem to be at hand. This finding represents the first demonstration of the key role of the immune system on shaping the tumor antigen presentation and the implication in the development of antitumor immunological strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Ragone
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavalluzzo
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mauriello
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Manoutcharian K, Gevorkian G. Are we getting closer to a successful neoantigen cancer vaccine? Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101254. [PMID: 38354548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although significant advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types over the past decade, the field of vaccine therapy, an important component of cancer immunotherapy, despite decades-long intense efforts, is still transmitting signals of promises and awaiting strong data on efficacy to proceed with regulatory approval. The field of cancer vaccines faces standard challenges, such as tumor-induced immunosuppression, immune response in inhibitory tumor microenvironment (TME), intratumor heterogeneity (ITH), permanently evolving cancer mutational landscape leading to neoantigens, and less known obstacles: neoantigen gain/loss upon immunotherapy, the timing and speed of appearance of neoantigens and responding T cell clonotypes and possible involvement of immune interference/heterologous immunity, in the complex interplay between evolving tumor epitopes and the immune system. In this review, we discuss some key issues related to challenges hampering the development of cancer vaccines, along with the current approaches focusing on neoantigens. We summarize currently well-known ideas/rationales, thus revealing the need for alternative vaccine approaches. Such a discussion should stimulate vaccine researchers to apply out-of-box, unconventional thinking in search of new avenues to deal with critical, often yet unaddressed challenges on the road to a new generation of therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), CDMX, Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), CDMX, Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP, 04510, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Terai M, Sato T. Individualised neoantigen cancer vaccine therapy. Lancet 2024; 403:590-591. [PMID: 38246193 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Adams AC, Macy AM, Borden ES, Herrmann LM, Brambley CA, Ma T, Li X, Hughes A, Roe DJ, Mangold AR, Buetow KH, Wilson MA, Baker BM, Hastings KT. Distinct sets of molecular characteristics define tumor-rejecting neoantigens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.579546. [PMID: 38405868 PMCID: PMC10888839 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.579546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Challenges in identifying tumor-rejecting neoantigens limit the efficacy of neoantigen vaccines to treat cancers, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). A minority of human cSCC tumors shared neoantigens, supporting the need for personalized vaccines. Using a UV-induced mouse cSCC model which recapitulated the mutational signature and driver mutations found in human disease, we found that CD8 T cells constrain cSCC. Two MHC class I neoantigens were identified that constrained cSCC growth. Compared to the wild-type peptides, one tumor-rejecting neoantigen exhibited improved MHC binding and the other had increased solvent accessibility of the mutated residue. Across known neoantigens that do not impact MHC binding, structural modeling of the peptide/MHC complexes indicated that increased solvent accessibility, which will facilitate TCR recognition of the neoantigen, distinguished tumor-rejecting from non-immunogenic neoantigens. This work reveals characteristics of tumor-rejecting neoantigens that may be of considerable importance in identifying optimal vaccine candidates in cSCC and other cancers.
Collapse
|
28
|
Han Y, Yang Y, Tian Y, Fattah FJ, von Itzstein MS, Hu Y, Zhang M, Kang X, Yang DM, Liu J, Xue Y, Liang C, Raman I, Zhu C, Xiao O, Dowell JE, Homsi J, Rashdan S, Yang S, Gwin ME, Hsiehchen D, Gloria-McCutchen Y, Pan K, Wu F, Gibbons D, Wang X, Yee C, Huang J, Reuben A, Cheng C, Zhang J, Gerber DE, Wang T. pan-MHC and cross-Species Prediction of T Cell Receptor-Antigen Binding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569599. [PMID: 38105939 PMCID: PMC10723300 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Profiling the binding of T cell receptors (TCRs) of T cells to antigenic peptides presented by MHC proteins is one of the most important unsolved problems in modern immunology. Experimental methods to probe TCR-antigen interactions are slow, labor-intensive, costly, and yield moderate throughput. To address this problem, we developed pMTnet-omni, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system based on hybrid protein sequence and structure information, to predict the pairing of TCRs of αβ T cells with peptide-MHC complexes (pMHCs). pMTnet-omni is capable of handling peptides presented by both class I and II pMHCs, and capable of handling both human and mouse TCR-pMHC pairs, through information sharing enabled this hybrid design. pMTnet-omni achieves a high overall Area Under the Curve of Receiver Operator Characteristics (AUROC) of 0.888, which surpasses competing tools by a large margin. We showed that pMTnet-omni can distinguish binding affinity of TCRs with similar sequences. Across a range of datasets from various biological contexts, pMTnet-omni characterized the longitudinal evolution and spatial heterogeneity of TCR-pMHC interactions and their functional impact. We successfully developed a biomarker based on pMTnet-omni for predicting immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment in a cohort of 57 ICI-treated patients. pMTnet-omni represents a major advance towards developing a clinically usable AI system for TCR-pMHC pairing prediction that can aid the design and implementation of TCR-based immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang R, Zhou P, Chen B, Zhu Y, Chen X, Min Y. Stimuli-Responsive Nanoadjuvant Rejuvenates Robust Immune Responses to Sensitize Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21455-21469. [PMID: 37897704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite their immense therapeutic potential, cancer immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) benefit only a small subset of patients. Toll-like receptor agonists reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance antitumor immunity, but their systemic administration induces side effects. This work describes a TME-responsive nanotherapeutic platform for the site-specific release of drug candidates in tumors with a significant antitumor efficacy. Imidazoquinoline (IMQ)-derived liposomal nanovesicles (LN-IMQ) triggered the antitumor ability of macrophages, mobilized T-cell immunity, and promoted the secretion of antitumor cytokines, explaining the synergistic effect of LN-IMQ with ICBs. LN-IMQ monotherapy observed complete tumor regression in 6/8 of 4T1-bearing mouse, and cured mice resisted secondary tumor challenge. Besides, LN-IMQ decreased the occurrence of lung metastases, being effective against advanced metastases. On the other hand, neoantigen-based cancer vaccine has very low immune responses. Here, we also verified that LN-IMQ can serve as an ideal tumor antigen delivery vector. Cancer cells in vitro treated with chemotherapeutic drugs included multiple neoantigens and high levels of damage-associated molecular patterns, which were then successfully encapsulated in LN-IMQ to obtain a "personalized nanovaccine" with artificially amplified antigenicity and adjuvant properties. This study developed an attractive potential personalized nanovaccine for chemotherapeutic-drug-induced tumor neoantigens and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peijie Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|