1
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Attar AG, Paturej J, Banigan EJ, Erbaş A. Chromatin phase separation and nuclear shape fluctuations are correlated in a polymer model of the nucleus. Nucleus 2024; 15:2351957. [PMID: 38753956 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2351957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cell nuclear shapes are hallmarks of diseases, including progeria, muscular dystrophy, and many cancers. Experiments have shown that disruption of heterochromatin and increases in euchromatin lead to nuclear deformations, such as blebs and ruptures. However, the physical mechanisms through which chromatin governs nuclear shape are poorly understood. To investigate how heterochromatin and euchromatin might govern nuclear morphology, we studied chromatin microphase separation in a composite coarse-grained polymer and elastic shell simulation model. By varying chromatin density, heterochromatin composition, and heterochromatin-lamina interactions, we show how the chromatin phase organization may perturb nuclear shape. Increasing chromatin density stabilizes the lamina against large fluctuations. However, increasing heterochromatin levels or heterochromatin-lamina interactions enhances nuclear shape fluctuations by a "wetting"-like interaction. In contrast, fluctuations are insensitive to heterochromatin's internal structure. Our simulations suggest that peripheral heterochromatin accumulation could perturb nuclear morphology, while nuclear shape stabilization likely occurs through mechanisms other than chromatin microphase organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Goktug Attar
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Edward J Banigan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aykut Erbaş
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Chorzów, Poland
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2
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Kono Y, Shimi T. Crosstalk between mitotic reassembly and repair of the nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2024; 15:2352203. [PMID: 38780365 PMCID: PMC11123513 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2352203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope (NE) is a membrane partition between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to compartmentalize nuclear contents. It plays an important role in facilitating nuclear functions including transcription, DNA replication and repair. In mammalian cells, the NE breaks down and then reforms during cell division, and in interphase it is restored shortly after the NE rupture induced by mechanical force. In this way, the partitioning effect is regulated through dynamic processes throughout the cell cycle. A failure in rebuilding the NE structure triggers the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, leading to catastrophic consequences for the nuclear functions. Whereas the precise details of molecular mechanisms for NE reformation during cell division and NE restoration in interphase are still being investigated, here, we mostly focus on mammalian cells to describe key aspects that have been identified and to discuss the crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kono
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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3
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Srivastava LK, Ehrlicher AJ. Sensing the squeeze: nuclear mechanotransduction in health and disease. Nucleus 2024; 15:2374854. [PMID: 38951951 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2374854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus not only is a repository for DNA but also a center of cellular and nuclear mechanotransduction. From nuclear deformation to the interplay between mechanosensing components and genetic control, the nucleus is poised at the nexus of mechanical forces and cellular function. Understanding the stresses acting on the nucleus, its mechanical properties, and their effects on gene expression is therefore crucial to appreciate its mechanosensitive function. In this review, we examine many elements of nuclear mechanotransduction, and discuss the repercussions on the health of cells and states of illness. By describing the processes that underlie nuclear mechanosensation and analyzing its effects on gene regulation, the review endeavors to open new avenues for studying nuclear mechanics in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen J Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Lee IW, Tazehkand AP, Sha ZY, Adhikari D, Carroll J. An aggregated mitochondrial distribution in preimplantation embryos disrupts nuclear morphology, function, and developmental potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317316121. [PMID: 38917013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317316121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A dispersed cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria is a hallmark of normal cellular organization. Here, we have utilized the expression of exogenous Trak2 in mouse oocytes and embryos to disrupt the dispersed distribution of mitochondria by driving them into a large cytoplasmic aggregate. Our findings reveal that aggregated mitochondria have minimal impact on asymmetric meiotic cell divisions of the oocyte. In contrast, aggregated mitochondria during the first mitotic division result in daughter cells with unequal sizes and increased micronuclei. Further, in two-cell embryos, microtubule-mediated centering properties of the mitochondrial aggregate prevent nuclear centration, distort nuclear shape, and inhibit DNA synthesis and the onset of embryonic transcription. These findings demonstrate the motor protein-mediated distribution of mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm is highly regulated and is an essential feature of cytoplasmic organization to ensure optimal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Won Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Abbas Pirpour Tazehkand
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Zi-Yi Sha
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Deepak Adhikari
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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5
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Perea Paizal J, Au SH, Bakal C. Nuclear rupture induced by capillary constriction forces promotes differential effects on metastatic and normal breast cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14793. [PMID: 38926422 PMCID: PMC11208511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During metastatic dissemination, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) enter capillary beds, where they experience mechanical constriction forces. The transient and persistent effects of these forces on CTCs behaviour remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a high-throughput microfluidic platform mimicking human capillaries to investigate the impact of mechanical constriction forces on malignant and normal breast cell lines. We observed that capillary constrictions induced nuclear envelope rupture in both cancer and normal cells, leading to transient changes in nuclear and cytoplasmic area. Constriction forces transiently activated cGAS/STING and pathways involved in inflammation (NF-κB, STAT and IRF3), especially in the non-malignant cell line. Furthermore, the non-malignant cell line experienced transcriptional changes, particularly downregulation of epithelial markers, while the metastatic cell lines showed minimal alterations. These findings suggest that mechanical constriction forces within capillaries may promote differential effects in malignant and normal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Perea Paizal
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Division of Cancer Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW6 6JB, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, Roderic Hill Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BB, UK.
| | - Sam H Au
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, Roderic Hill Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BB, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Division of Cancer Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW6 6JB, UK
- Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, Roderic Hill Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BB, UK
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6
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Zhuang Y, Guo X, Razorenova OV, Miles CE, Zhao W, Shi X. Coaching ribosome biogenesis from the nuclear periphery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.597078. [PMID: 38948754 PMCID: PMC11212990 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.597078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Severe invagination of the nuclear envelope is a hallmark of cancers, aging, neurodegeneration, and infections. However, the outcomes of nuclear invagination remain unclear. This work identified a new function of nuclear invagination: regulating ribosome biogenesis. With expansion microscopy, we observed frequent physical contact between nuclear invaginations and nucleoli. Surprisingly, the higher the invagination curvature, the more ribosomal RNA and pre-ribosomes are made in the contacted nucleolus. By growing cells on nanopillars that generate nuclear invaginations with desired curvatures, we can increase and decrease ribosome biogenesis. Based on this causation, we repressed the ribosome levels in breast cancer and progeria cells by growing cells on low-curvature nanopillars, indicating that overactivated ribosome biogenesis can be rescued by reshaping nuclei. Mechanistically, high-curvature nuclear invaginations reduce heterochromatin and enrich nuclear pore complexes, which promote ribosome biogenesis. We anticipate that our findings will serve as a foundation for further studies on nuclear deformation. Highlights Nuclear invaginations regulate ribosome biogenesis by physically contacting nucleoli.High-curvature nuclear tunnels increase ribosome biogenesis.Nanopillars reduce ribosome biogenesis by transforming high-curvature nuclear invaginations to low-curvature ones.
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7
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Wyle Y, Lu N, Hepfer J, Sayal R, Martinez T, Wang A. The Role of Biophysical Factors in Organ Development: Insights from Current Organoid Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:619. [PMID: 38927855 PMCID: PMC11200479 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biophysical factors play a fundamental role in human embryonic development. Traditional in vitro models of organogenesis focused on the biochemical environment and did not consider the effects of mechanical forces on developing tissue. While most human tissue has a Young's modulus in the low kilopascal range, the standard cell culture substrate, plasma-treated polystyrene, has a Young's modulus of 3 gigapascals, making it 10,000-100,000 times stiffer than native tissues. Modern in vitro approaches attempt to recapitulate the biophysical niche of native organs and have yielded more clinically relevant models of human tissues. Since Clevers' conception of intestinal organoids in 2009, the field has expanded rapidly, generating stem-cell derived structures, which are transcriptionally similar to fetal tissues, for nearly every organ system in the human body. For this reason, we conjecture that organoids will make their first clinical impact in fetal regenerative medicine as the structures generated ex vivo will better match native fetal tissues. Moreover, autologously sourced transplanted tissues would be able to grow with the developing embryo in a dynamic, fetal environment. As organoid technologies evolve, the resultant tissues will approach the structure and function of adult human organs and may help bridge the gap between preclinical drug candidates and clinically approved therapeutics. In this review, we discuss roles of tissue stiffness, viscoelasticity, and shear forces in organ formation and disease development, suggesting that these physical parameters should be further integrated into organoid models to improve their physiological relevance and therapeutic applicability. It also points to the mechanotransductive Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway as a key player in the interplay between extracellular matrix stiffness, cellular mechanics, and biochemical pathways. We conclude by highlighting how frontiers in physics can be applied to biology, for example, how quantum entanglement may be applied to better predict spontaneous DNA mutations. In the future, contemporary physical theories may be leveraged to better understand seemingly stochastic events during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yofiel Wyle
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Children’s, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nathan Lu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Jason Hepfer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Rahul Sayal
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Taylor Martinez
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Children’s, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Surgical Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4625 2nd Ave., Research II, Suite 3005, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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8
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Keys J, Cheung BCH, Elpers MA, Wu M, Lammerding J. Rear cortex contraction aids in nuclear transit during confined migration by increasing pressure in the cell posterior. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260623. [PMID: 38832512 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As cells migrate through biological tissues, they must frequently squeeze through micron-sized constrictions in the form of interstitial pores between extracellular matrix fibers and/or other cells. Although it is now well recognized that such confined migration is limited by the nucleus, which is the largest and stiffest organelle, it remains incompletely understood how cells apply sufficient force to move their nucleus through small constrictions. Here, we report a mechanism by which contraction of the cell rear cortex pushes the nucleus forward to mediate nuclear transit through constrictions. Laser ablation of the rear cortex reveals that pushing forces behind the nucleus are the result of increased intracellular pressure in the rear compartment of the cell. The pushing forces behind the nucleus depend on accumulation of actomyosin in the rear cortex and require Rho kinase (ROCK) activity. Collectively, our results suggest a mechanism by which cells generate elevated intracellular pressure in the posterior compartment to facilitate nuclear transit through three-dimensional (3D) constrictions. This mechanism might supplement or even substitute for other mechanisms supporting nuclear transit, ensuring robust cell migrations in confined 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Keys
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian C H Cheung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Margaret A Elpers
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Zuela-Sopilniak N, Morival J, Lammerding J. Multi-level transcriptomic analysis of LMNA -related dilated cardiomyopathy identifies disease-driving processes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598511. [PMID: 38915720 PMCID: PMC11195185 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
LMNA- related dilated cardiomyopathy ( LMNA -DCM) is one of the most severe forms of DCM. The incomplete understanding of the molecular disease mechanisms results in lacking treatment options, leading to high mortality amongst patients. Here, using an inducible, cardiomyocyte-specific lamin A/C depletion mouse model, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic study, combining both bulk and single nucleus RNA sequencing, and spanning LMNA -DCM disease progression, to identify potential disease drivers. Our refined analysis pipeline identified 496 genes already misregulated early in disease. The expression of these genes was largely driven by disease specific cardiomyocyte sub-populations and involved biological processes mediating cellular response to DNA damage, cytosolic pattern recognition, and innate immunity. Indeed, DNA damage in LMNA -DCM hearts was significantly increased early in disease and correlated with reduced cardiomyocyte lamin A levels. Activation of cytosolic pattern recognition in cardiomyocytes was independent of cGAS, which is rarely expressed in cardiomyocytes, but likely occurred downstream of other pattern recognition sensors such as IFI16. Altered gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts and immune cell infiltration further contributed to tissue-wide changes in gene expression. Our transcriptomic analysis further predicted significant alterations in cell-cell communication between cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells, mediated through early changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the LMNA -DCM hearts. Taken together, our work suggests a model in which nuclear damage in cardiomyocytes leads to activation of DNA damage responses, cytosolic pattern recognition pathway, and other signaling pathways that activate inflammation, immune cell recruitment, and transcriptional changes in cardiac fibroblasts, which collectively drive LMNA -DCM pathogenesis.
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10
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Massidda MW, Ashirov D, Demkov A, Sices A, Baker AB. A Computational Model of Mechanical Stretching of Cultured Cells on a Flexible Membrane. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597769. [PMID: 38895285 PMCID: PMC11185657 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces applied to cells are known to regulate a wide variety of biological processes. Recent studies have supported that mechanical forces can cause nuclear deformation, leading to significant alterations in the gene expression and chromatin landscape of the cell. While the stresses and strains applied to cells is it is often known or controlled experimentally on a macroscopic length scale, it is often unclear what the actual forces and displacements are at the microscopic level of the cell. In this work, we created a model of cell deformation during application of mechanical stretch to cultured cells growth on a flexible membrane. This configuration is commonly used is in experimental studies as a means to apply controlled mechanical strains to adherent cultured cells. The parameters used in the study were used for application of strain to a mesenchymal stem cell stretched on a membrane. computational model was created to simulate the stresses and strains within the cell under a variety of stain amplitudes, waveforms and frequencies of mechanical loading with the range of commonly used experimental systems. The results demonstrate the connection between mechanical loading parameters applied through the flexible membrane and the resulting stresses and strains within the cell and nucleus. Using a viscoelastic model of chromatin, we connected the results provide to a rough model of resulting deformation within chromatin from the forces applied to the nucleus. Overall, the model is useful in providing insight between experimentally applied mechanical forces and the actual forces within the cell to better interpret the results of experimental studies. Statement of Significance In this work, we created a computational model of the mechanical stretching of cell on a flexible membrane under cyclic mechanical loading. This model provides insight into the forces and displacements inside of cell that result from that application of stretch. As many experiments use this set up, our work is relevant to interpreting many studies that use mechanical stretch to stimulate mechanotransduction.
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11
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Chojowski R, Schwarz US, Ziebert F. The role of the nucleus for cell mechanics: an elastic phase field approach. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4488-4503. [PMID: 38804018 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00345d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells typically makes up around 30% of the cell volume and has significantly different mechanics, which can make it effectively up to ten times stiffer than the surrounding cytoplasm. Therefore it is an important element for cell mechanics, but a quantitative understanding of its mechanical role during whole cell dynamics is largely missing. Here we demonstrate that elastic phase fields can be used to describe dynamical cell processes in adhesive or confining environments in which the nucleus acts as a stiff inclusion in an elastic cytoplasm. We first introduce and verify our computational method and then study several prevalent cell-mechanical measurement methods. For cells on adhesive patterns, we find that nuclear stress is shielded by the adhesive pattern. For cell compression between two parallel plates, we obtain force-compression curves that allow us to extract an effective modulus for the cell-nucleus composite. For micropipette aspiration, the effect of the nucleus on the effective modulus is found to be much weaker, highlighting the complicated interplay between extracellular geometry and cell mechanics that is captured by our approach. We also show that our phase field approach can be used to investigate the effects of Kelvin-Voigt-type viscoelasticity and cortical tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chojowski
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Falko Ziebert
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Toscano E, Cimmino E, Pennacchio FA, Riccio P, Poli A, Liu YJ, Maiuri P, Sepe L, Paolella G. Methods and computational tools to study eukaryotic cell migration in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1385991. [PMID: 38887515 PMCID: PMC11180820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1385991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular movement is essential for many vital biological functions where it plays a pivotal role both at the single cell level, such as during division or differentiation, and at the macroscopic level within tissues, where coordinated migration is crucial for proper morphogenesis. It also has an impact on various pathological processes, one for all, cancer spreading. Cell migration is a complex phenomenon and diverse experimental methods have been developed aimed at dissecting and analysing its distinct facets independently. In parallel, corresponding analytical procedures and tools have been devised to gain deep insight and interpret experimental results. Here we review established experimental techniques designed to investigate specific aspects of cell migration and present a broad collection of historical as well as cutting-edge computational tools used in quantitative analysis of cell motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Toscano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cimmino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio A. Pennacchio
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Riccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
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13
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Vos BE, Muenker TM, Betz T. Characterizing intracellular mechanics via optical tweezers-based microrheology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102374. [PMID: 38824902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular organization is a highly regulated homeostatic state maintained to ensure eukaryotic cells' correct and efficient functioning. Thanks to decades of research, vast knowledge of the proteins involved in intracellular transport and organization has been acquired. However, how these influence and potentially regulate the intracellular mechanical properties of the cell is largely unknown. There is a deep knowledge gap between the understanding of cortical mechanics, which is accessible by a series of experimental tools, and the intracellular situation that has been largely neglected due to the difficulty of performing intracellular mechanics measurements. Recently, tools required for such quantitative and localized analysis of intracellular mechanics have been introduced. Here, we review how these approaches and the resulting viscoelastic models lead the way to a full mechanical description of the cytoplasm, which is instrumental for a quantitative characterization of the intracellular life of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart E Vos
- Third Institute of Physics, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till M Muenker
- Third Institute of Physics, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Third Institute of Physics, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Wang Q, Gao C, Zhai H, Peng C, Yu X, Zheng X, Zhang H, Wang X, Yu L, Wang S, Ding J. Electrospun Scaffolds are Not Necessarily Always Made of Nanofibers as Demonstrated by Polymeric Heart Valves for Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303395. [PMID: 38554036 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
In the last 30 years, there are ≈60 000 publications about electrospun nanofibers, but it is still unclear whether nanoscale fibers are really necessary for electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds. The present report puts forward this argument and reveals that compared with electrospun nanofibers, microfibers with diameter of ≈3 µm (named as "oligo-micro fiber") are more appropriate for tissue engineering scaffolds owing to their better cell infiltration ability caused by larger pores with available nuclear deformation. To further increase pore sizes, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds are fabricated using latticed collectors with meshes. Fiber orientation leads to sufficient mechanical strength albeit increases porosity. The latticed scaffolds exhibit good biocompatibility and improve cell infiltration. Under aortic conditions in vitro, the performances of latticed scaffolds are satisfactory in terms of the acute systolic hemodynamic functionality, except for the higher regurgitation fraction caused by the enlarged pores. This hierarchical electrospun scaffold with sparse fibers in macropores and oligo-micro fibers in filaments provides new insights into the design of tissue engineering scaffolds, and tissue engineering may provide living heart valves with regenerative capabilities for patients with severe valve disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Caiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huajuan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chen Peng
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoye Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaofan Zheng
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shengzhang Wang
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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15
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Liang L, Song X, Zhao H, Lim CT. Insights into the mechanobiology of cancer metastasis via microfluidic technologies. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:021506. [PMID: 38841688 PMCID: PMC11151435 DOI: 10.1063/5.0195389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During cancer metastasis, cancer cells will encounter various microenvironments with diverse physical characteristics. Changes in these physical characteristics such as tension, stiffness, viscosity, compression, and fluid shear can generate biomechanical cues that affect cancer cells, dynamically influencing numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. For example, a dense extracellular matrix drives cancer cells to reorganize their cytoskeleton structures, facilitating confined migration, while this dense and restricted space also acts as a physical barrier that potentially results in nuclear rupture. Identifying these pathophysiological processes and understanding their underlying mechanobiological mechanisms can aid in the development of more effective therapeutics targeted to cancer metastasis. In this review, we outline the advances of engineering microfluidic devices in vitro and their role in replicating tumor microenvironment to mimic in vivo settings. We highlight the potential cellular mechanisms that mediate their ability to adapt to different microenvironments. Meanwhile, we also discuss some important mechanical cues that still remain challenging to replicate in current microfluidic devices in future direction. While much remains to be explored about cancer mechanobiology, we believe the developments of microfluidic devices will reveal how these physical cues impact the behaviors of cancer cells. It will be crucial in the understanding of cancer metastasis, and potentially contributing to better drug development and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfeng Liang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Eskndir N, Hossain M, Currey ML, Pho M, Berrada Y, Stephens AD. DNA damage causes ATM-dependent heterochromatin loss leading to nuclear softening, blebbing, and rupture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595790. [PMID: 38853925 PMCID: PMC11160674 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The nucleus must maintain stiffness to protect the shape and integrity of the nucleus to ensure proper function. Defects in nuclear stiffness caused from chromatin and lamin perturbations produce abnormal nuclear shapes common in aging, heart disease, and cancer. Loss of nuclear shape via protrusions called blebs leads to nuclear rupture that is well-established to cause nuclear dysfunction, including DNA damage. However, it remains unknown how increased DNA damage affects nuclear stiffness, shape, and ruptures, which could create a negative feedback loop. To determine if increased DNA damage alters nuclear physical properties, we treated MEF cells with DNA damage drugs cisplatin and bleomycin. DNA damage drugs caused increased nuclear blebbing and rupture in interphase nuclei within a few hours and independent of mitosis. Micromanipulation force measurements reveal that DNA damage decreased chromatin-based nuclear mechanics but did not change lamin-based strain stiffening at long extensions relative to wild type. Immunofluorescence measurements of DNA damage treatments reveal the mechanism is an ATM-dependent decrease in heterochromatin leading to nuclear weaken, blebbing, and rupture which can be rescued upon ATM inhibition treatment. Thus, DNA damage drugs cause ATM-dependent heterochromatin loss resulting in nuclear softening, blebbing, and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyat Eskndir
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Manseeb Hossain
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Marilena L Currey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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17
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Gregory EF, Luxton GWG, Starr DA. Anchorage of H3K9-methylated heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery helps mediate P-cell nuclear migration though constricted spaces in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595380. [PMID: 38826247 PMCID: PMC11142143 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Nuclei adjust their deformability while migrating through constrictions to enable structural changes and maintain nuclear integrity. The effect of heterochromatin anchored at the nucleoplasmic face of the inner nuclear membrane on nuclear morphology and deformability during in vivo nuclear migration through constricted spaces remains unclear. Here, we show that abolishing peripheral heterochromatin anchorage by eliminating CEC-4, a chromodomain protein that tethers H3K9-methylated chromatin to the nuclear periphery, disrupts constrained P-cell nuclear migration in Caenorhabditis elegans larvae in the absence of the established LINC complex-dependent pathway. CEC-4 acts in parallel to an actin and CDC-42-based pathway. We also demonstrate the necessity for the chromatin methyltransferases MET-2 and JMJD-1.2 during P-cell nuclear migration in the absence of functional LINC complexes. We conclude that H3K9-nethylated chromatin needs to be anchored to the nucleoplasmic face of the inner nuclear membrane to help facilitate nuclear migration through constricted spaces in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - G W Gant Luxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Daniel A Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
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18
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Ghagre A, Delarue A, Srivastava LK, Koushki N, Ehrlicher A. Nuclear curvature determines Yes-associated protein localization and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biophys J 2024; 123:1222-1239. [PMID: 38605521 PMCID: PMC11140468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation remains a critical challenge in MSCs' therapeutic application. Numerous biophysical and mechanical stimuli influence stem cell fate; however, their relative efficacy and specificity in mechanically directed differentiation remain unclear. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is one key mechanosensitive protein that controls MSC differentiation. Previous studies have related nuclear mechanics with YAP activity, but we still lack an understanding of what nuclear deformation specifically regulates YAP and its relationship with mechanical stimuli. Here, we report that maximum nuclear curvature is the most precise biophysical determinant for YAP mechanotransduction-mediated MSC differentiation and is a relevant parameter for stem cell-based therapies. We employed traction force microscopy and confocal microscopy to characterize the causal relationships between contractility and nuclear deformation in regulating YAP activity in MSCs. We observed that an increase in contractility compresses nuclei anisotropically, whereby the degree of asymmetric compression increased the bending curvature of the nuclear membrane. We then examined membrane curvature and tension using thin micropatterned adhesive substrate lines and an FRET-based tension sensor, revealing the direct role of curvature in YAP activity driven by both active and passive nuclear import. Finally, we employed micropatterned lines to control nuclear curvature and precisely direct MSC differentiation. This work illustrates that nuclear curvature subsumes other biophysical aspects to control YAP-mediated differentiation in MSCs and may provide a deterministic solution to some of the challenges in mesenchymal stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Ghagre
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alice Delarue
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Newsha Koushki
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Allen Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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19
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Sinha S, Huang MS, Mikos G, Bedi Y, Soto L, Lensch S, Ayushman M, Bintu L, Bhutani N, Heilshorn SC, Yang F. Laminin-associated integrins mediate Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma infiltration and therapy response within a neural assembloid model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:71. [PMID: 38706008 PMCID: PMC11070088 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a highly aggressive and fatal pediatric brain cancer. One pre-requisite for tumor cells to infiltrate is adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components. However, it remains largely unknown which ECM proteins are critical in enabling DIPG adhesion and migration and which integrin receptors mediate these processes. Here, we identify laminin as a key ECM protein that supports robust DIPG cell adhesion and migration. To study DIPG infiltration, we developed a DIPG-neural assembloid model, which is composed of a DIPG spheroid fused to a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural organoid. Using this assembloid model, we demonstrate that knockdown of laminin-associated integrins significantly impedes DIPG infiltration. Moreover, laminin-associated integrin knockdown improves DIPG response to radiation and HDAC inhibitor treatment within the DIPG-neural assembloids. These findings reveal the critical role of laminin-associated integrins in mediating DIPG progression and drug response. The results also provide evidence that disrupting integrin receptors may offer a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance DIPG treatment outcomes. Finally, these results establish DIPG-neural assembloid models as a powerful tool to study DIPG disease progression and enable drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradeep Sinha
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle S Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Georgios Mikos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yudhishtar Bedi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr., Biomedical Innovation Building 1254, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis Soto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah Lensch
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Manish Ayushman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lacramioara Bintu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr., Biomedical Innovation Building 1254, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, McCullough Building, Room 246, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr., Biomedical Innovation Building 1254, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
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20
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Dupouy G, Dong Y, Herzog E, Chabouté ME, Berr A. Nuclear envelope dynamics in connection to chromatin remodeling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:963-981. [PMID: 37067011 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is a central organelle of eukaryotic cells undergoing dynamic structural changes during cellular fundamental processes such as proliferation and differentiation. These changes rely on the integration of developmental and stress signals at the nuclear envelope (NE), orchestrating responses at the nucleo-cytoplasmic interface for efficient genomic functions such as DNA transcription, replication and repair. While in animals, correlation has already been established between NE dynamics and chromatin remodeling using last-generation tools and cutting-edge technologies, this topic is just emerging in plants, especially in response to mechanical cues. This review summarizes recent data obtained in this field with more emphasis on the mechanical stress response. It also highlights similarities/differences between animal and plant cells at multiples scales, from the structural organization of the nucleo-cytoplasmic continuum to the functional impacts of NE dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Dupouy
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yihan Dong
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Berr
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Kroll J, Renkawitz J. Principles of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2172-2187. [PMID: 38627564 PMCID: PMC11094012 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells are equipped with asymmetrically localised and functionally specialised components, including cytoskeletal structures and organelles. Positioning these components to specific intracellular locations in an asymmetric manner is critical for their functionality and affects processes like immune responses, tissue maintenance, muscle functionality, and neurobiology. Here, we provide an overview of strategies to actively move, position, and anchor organelles to specific locations. By conceptualizing the cytoskeletal forces and the organelle-to-cytoskeleton connectivity, we present a framework of active positioning of both membrane-enclosed and membrane-less organelles. Using this framework, we discuss how different principles of force generation and organelle anchorage are utilised by different cells, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid cells, and how the microenvironment influences the plasticity of organelle positioning. Given that motile cells face the challenge of coordinating the positioning of their content with cellular motion, we particularly focus on principles of organelle positioning during migration. In this context, we discuss novel findings on organelle positioning by anchorage-independent mechanisms and their advantages and disadvantages in motile as well as stationary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kroll
- Biomedical Center, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Biomedical Center, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Wang C, Felli E, Selicean S, Nulan Y, Lozano JJ, Guixé-Muntet S, Bosch J, Berzigotti A, Gracia-Sancho J. Role of calcium integrin-binding protein 1 in the mechanobiology of the liver endothelium. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31198. [PMID: 38451745 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) dysfunction is a key process in the development of chronic liver disease (CLD). Progressive scarring increases liver stiffness in a winch-like loop stimulating a dysfunctional liver cell phenotype. Cellular stretching is supported by biomechanically modulated molecular factors (BMMFs) that can translocate into the cytoplasm to support mechanotransduction through cytoskeleton remodeling and gene transcription. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of stiffness-induced LSECs dysfunction remain largely unclear. Here we propose calcium- and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1) as BMMF with crucial role in LSECs mechanobiology in CLD. CIB1 expression and translocation was characterized in healthy and cirrhotic human livers and in LSECs cultured on polyacrylamide gels with healthy and cirrhotic-like stiffnesses. Following the modulation of CIB1 with siRNA, the transcriptome was scrutinized to understand downstream effects of CIB1 downregulation. CIB1 expression is increased in LSECs in human cirrhosis. In vitro, CIB1 emerges as an endothelial BMMF. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells and LSECs, CIB1 expression and localization are modulated by stiffness-induced trafficking across the nuclear membrane. LSECs from cirrhotic liver tissue both in animal model and human disease exhibit an increased amount of CIB1 in cytoplasm. Knockdown of CIB1 in LSECs exposed to high stiffness improves LSECs phenotype by regulating the intracellular tension as well as the inflammatory response. Our results demonstrate that CIB1 is a key factor in sustaining cellular tension and stretching in response to high stiffness. CIB1 downregulation ameliorates LSECs dysfunction, enhancing their redifferentiation, and reducing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eric Felli
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Selicean
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yeliduosi Nulan
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annalisa Berzigotti
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Comptdaer T, Tardivel M, Schirmer C, Buée L, Galas MC. Cell redistribution of G quadruplex-structured DNA is associated with morphological changes of nuclei and nucleoli in neurons during tau pathology progression. Brain Pathol 2024:e13262. [PMID: 38649330 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
While the double helical structure has long been its iconic representation, DNA is structurally dynamic and can adopt alternative secondary configurations. Specifically, guanine-rich DNA sequences can fold in guanine quadruplexes (G4) structures. These G4 play pivotal roles as regulators of gene expression and genomic stability, and influence protein homeostasis. Despite their significance, the association of G4 with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been underappreciated. Recent findings have identified DNA sequences predicted to form G4 in sarkosyl-insoluble aggregates from AD brains, questioning the involvement of G4-structured DNA (G4 DNA) in the pathology. Using immunofluorescence coupled to confocal microscopy analysis we investigated the impact of tau pathology, a hallmark of tauopathies including AD, on the distribution of G4 DNA in murine neurons and its relevance to AD brains. In healthy neurons, G4 DNA is detected in nuclei with a notable presence in nucleoli. However, in a transgenic mouse model of tau pathology (THY-Tau22), early stages of the disease exhibit an impairment in the nuclear distribution of G4 DNA. In addition, G4 DNA accumulates in the cytoplasm of neurons exhibiting oligomerized tau and oxidative DNA damage. This altered distribution persists in the later stage of the pathology when larger tau aggregates are present. Still cytoplasmic deposition of G4 DNA does not appear to be a critical factor in the tau aggregation process. Similar patterns are observed in neurons from the AD cortex. Furthermore, the disturbance in G4 DNA distribution is associated with various changes in the size of neuronal nuclei and nucleoli, indicative of responses to stress and the activation of pro-survival mechanisms. Our results shed light on a significant impact of tau pathology on the dynamics of G4 DNA and on nuclear and nucleolar mechanobiology in neurons. These findings reveal new dimensions in the etiopathogenesis of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Comptdaer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US41-UAR 2014-PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Claire Schirmer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Galas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
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24
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Wu Y, Song Y, Soto J, Hoffman T, Zhang A, Han X, Fang Z, Eoh J, Gu L, Gu Z, Li S. Viscoelastic Extracellular Matrix Enhances Epigenetic Remodeling and Cellular Plasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.14.589442. [PMID: 38659850 PMCID: PMC11042188 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.14.589442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Living tissue and extracellular matrices possess viscoelastic properties, but understanding how viscoelastic matrix regulates chromatin and the epigenome is limited. Here, we find that the regulation of the epigenetic state by the viscoelastic matrix is more pronounced on softer matrices. Cells on viscoelastic matrices exhibit larger nuclei, increased nuclear lamina ruffling, loosely organized chromatin, and faster chromatin dynamics, compared to those on elastic matrices. These changes are accompanied by a global increase in euchromatic marks and a local increase in chromatin accessibility at the cis -regulatory elements associated with neuronal and pluripotent genes. Consequently, viscoelastic matrices enhanced the efficiency of reprogramming fibroblasts into neurons and induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively. Together, our findings demonstrate the key roles of matrix viscoelasticity in the regulation of epigenetic state, and uncover a new mechanism of biophysical regulation of chromatin and cell reprogramming, with implications for the design of smart materials to engineer cell fate.
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25
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Hu S, Chapski DJ, Gehred ND, Kimball TH, Gromova T, Flores A, Rowat AC, Chen J, Packard RRS, Olszewski E, Davis J, Rau CD, McKinsey TA, Rosa-Garrido M, Vondriska TM. Histone H1.0 couples cellular mechanical behaviors to chromatin structure. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2024; 3:441-459. [PMID: 38765203 PMCID: PMC11101354 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-024-00460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Tuning of genome structure and function is accomplished by chromatin-binding proteins, which determine the transcriptome and phenotype of the cell. Here we investigate how communication between extracellular stress and chromatin structure may regulate cellular mechanical behaviors. We demonstrate that histone H1.0, which compacts nucleosomes into higher-order chromatin fibers, controls genome organization and cellular stress response. We show that histone H1.0 has privileged expression in fibroblasts across tissue types and that its expression is necessary and sufficient to induce myofibroblast activation. Depletion of histone H1.0 prevents cytokine-induced fibroblast contraction, proliferation and migration via inhibition of a transcriptome comprising extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal and contractile genes, through a process that involves locus-specific H3K27 acetylation. Transient depletion of histone H1.0 in vivo prevents fibrosis in cardiac muscle. These findings identify an unexpected role of linker histones to orchestrate cellular mechanical behaviors, directly coupling force generation, nuclear organization and gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Douglas J. Chapski
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Natalie D. Gehred
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Todd H. Kimball
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Tatiana Gromova
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Angelina Flores
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - René R. Sevag Packard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Emily Olszewski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Christoph D. Rau
- Department of Genetics and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Timothy A. McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Manuel Rosa-Garrido
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Thomas M. Vondriska
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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26
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Younesi FS, Miller AE, Barker TH, Rossi FMV, Hinz B. Fibroblast and myofibroblast activation in normal tissue repair and fibrosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00716-0. [PMID: 38589640 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The term 'fibroblast' often serves as a catch-all for a diverse array of mesenchymal cells, including perivascular cells, stromal progenitor cells and bona fide fibroblasts. Although phenotypically similar, these subpopulations are functionally distinct, maintaining tissue integrity and serving as local progenitor reservoirs. In response to tissue injury, these cells undergo a dynamic fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, marked by extracellular matrix secretion and contraction of actomyosin-based stress fibres. Importantly, whereas transient activation into myofibroblasts aids in tissue repair, persistent activation triggers pathological fibrosis. In this Review, we discuss the roles of mechanical cues, such as tissue stiffness and strain, alongside cell signalling pathways and extracellular matrix ligands in modulating myofibroblast activation and survival. We also highlight the role of epigenetic modifications and myofibroblast memory in physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for therapeutically interfering with these factors and the associated signal transduction pathways to improve the outcome of dysregulated healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Sadat Younesi
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Saito-Koyama R, Tamai K, Yasuda J, Okamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Inoue C, Miki Y, Abe J, Oishi H, Sato I, Sasano H. Morphometric analysis of nuclear shape irregularity as a novel predictor of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:609-620. [PMID: 37171482 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has been established as one of the key treatment strategies for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSQ). The status of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells and/or immune cells using immunohistochemistry has been primarily used as a surrogate marker for determining ICI treatment; however, when the tissues to be examined are small, false-negative results could be unavoidable due to the heterogeneity of PD-L1 immunoreactivity. To overcome this practical limitation, we attempted to explore the status of nuclear atypia evaluated using morphometry as a potential predictor of PD-L1 status in LUSQ. We correlated the parameters related to nuclear atypia with PD-L1 status using two different cohorts of LUSQ patients (95 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and 30 cases from the Miyagi Cancer Center). Furthermore, we studied the gene mutation status to elucidate the genetic profile of PD-L1 predictable cases. The results revealed that nuclear atypia, especially morphometric parameters related to nuclear shape irregularity, including aspect ratio, circularity, roundness, and solidity, were all significantly associated with PD-L1 status. Additionally, LUSQ cases with high PD-L1 expression and pronounced nuclear atypia were significantly associated with C10orf71 and COL14A1 mutations compared with those with low PD-L1 expression and mild nuclear atypia. We demonstrated for the first time that nuclear shape irregularity could represent a novel predictor of PD-L1 expression in LUSQ. Including the morphometric parameters related to nuclear atypia in conjunction with PD-L1 status could help determine an effective ICI therapeutic strategy; however, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Saito-Koyama
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, 2-11-12 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8520, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Okamura
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science & Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Division of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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28
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Fu X, Taghizadeh A, Taghizadeh M, Li CJ, Lim NK, Lee J, Kim HS, Kim H. Targeting Nuclear Mechanics Mitigates the Fibroblast Invasiveness in Pathological Dermal Scars Induced by Matrix Stiffening. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308253. [PMID: 38353381 PMCID: PMC11022731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Pathological dermal scars such as keloids present significant clinical challenges lacking effective treatment options. Given the distinctive feature of highly stiffened scar tissues, deciphering how matrix mechanics regulate pathological progression can inform new therapeutic strategies. Here, it is shown that pathological dermal scar keloid fibroblasts display unique metamorphoses to stiffened matrix. Compared to normal fibroblasts, keloid fibroblasts show high sensitivity to stiffness rather than biochemical stimulation, activating cytoskeletal-to-nuclear mechanosensing molecules. Notably, keloid fibroblasts on stiff matrices exhibit nuclear softening, concomitant with reduced lamin A/C expression, and disrupted anchoring of lamina-associated chromatin. This nuclear softening, combined with weak adhesion and high contractility, facilitates the invasive migration of keloid fibroblasts through confining matrices. Inhibiting lamin A/C-driven nuclear softening, via lamin A/C overexpression or actin disruption, mitigates such invasiveness of keloid fibroblasts. These findings highlight the significance of the nuclear mechanics of keloid fibroblasts in scar pathogenesis and propose lamin A/C as a potential therapeutic target for managing pathological scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Fu
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Taghizadeh
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Ji Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Lim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryDankook University Hospital (DKUH)Cheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research CenterDankook University Hospital (DKUH)Cheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of DentistryDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter InstituteDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research CenterDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research CenterDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
| | - Hae‐Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)Dankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Global Research Center for Regeneration MedicineDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of DentistryDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter InstituteDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research CenterDankook UniversityCheonan31116Republic of Korea
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29
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Kelley ME, Carlini L, Kornakov N, Aher A, Khodjakov A, Kapoor TM. Spastin regulates anaphase chromosome separation distance and microtubule-containing nuclear tunnels. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar48. [PMID: 38335450 PMCID: PMC11064660 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0031-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope reassembly during the final stages of each mitosis depends on disassembling spindle microtubules without disrupting chromosome separation. This process involves the transient recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex and spastin, a microtubule-severing AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) mechanoenzyme, to late-anaphase chromosomes. However, dissecting mechanisms underlying these rapid processes, which can be completed within minutes, has been difficult. Here, we combine fast-acting chemical inhibitors with live-cell imaging and find that spindle microtubules, along with spastin activity, regulate the number and lifetimes of spastin foci at anaphase chromosomes. Unexpectedly, spastin inhibition impedes chromosome separation, but does not alter the anaphase localization dynamics of CHMP4B, an ESCRT-III protein, or increase γ-H2AX foci, a DNA damage marker. We show spastin inhibition increases the frequency of lamin-lined nuclear microtunnels that can include microtubules penetrating the nucleus. Our findings suggest failure to sever spindle microtubules impedes chromosome separation, yet reforming nuclear envelopes can topologically accommodate persistent microtubules ensuring nuclear DNA is not damaged or exposed to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Kelley
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lina Carlini
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Nikolay Kornakov
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Amol Aher
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237
| | - Tarun M. Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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30
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Pujadas Liwag EM, Acosta N, Almassalha LM, Su YP, Gong R, Kanemaki MT, Stephens AD, Backman V. Nuclear blebs are associated with destabilized chromatin packing domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587095. [PMID: 38585954 PMCID: PMC10996693 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Disrupted nuclear shape is associated with multiple pathological processes including premature aging disorders, cancer-relevant chromosomal rearrangements, and DNA damage. Nuclear blebs (i.e., herniations of the nuclear envelope) have been induced by (1) nuclear compression, (2) nuclear migration (e.g., cancer metastasis), (3) actin contraction, (4) lamin mutation or depletion, and (5) heterochromatin enzyme inhibition. Recent work has shown that chromatin transformation is a hallmark of bleb formation, but the transformation of higher-order structures in blebs is not well understood. As higher-order chromatin has been shown to assemble into nanoscopic packing domains, we investigated if (1) packing domain organization is altered within nuclear blebs and (2) if alteration in packing domain structure contributed to bleb formation. Using Dual-Partial Wave Spectroscopic microscopy, we show that chromatin packing domains within blebs are transformed both by B-type lamin depletion and the inhibition of heterochromatin enzymes compared to the nuclear body. Pairing these results with single-molecule localization microscopy of constitutive heterochromatin, we show fragmentation of nanoscopic heterochromatin domains within bleb domains. Overall, these findings indicate that translocation into blebs results in a fragmented higher-order chromatin structure. SUMMARY STATEMENT Nuclear blebs are linked to various pathologies, including cancer and premature aging disorders. We investigate alterations in higher-order chromatin structure within blebs, revealing fragmentation of nanoscopic heterochromatin domains.
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31
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Lightsey S, Sharma B. Natural Killer Cell Mechanosensing in Solid Tumors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:328. [PMID: 38671750 PMCID: PMC11048000 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, which are an exciting alternative cell source for cancer immunotherapies, must sense and respond to their physical environment to traffic to and eliminate cancer cells. Herein, we review the mechanisms by which NK cells receive mechanical signals and explore recent key findings regarding the impact of the physical characteristics of solid tumors on NK cell functions. Data suggest that different mechanical stresses present in solid tumors facilitate NK cell functions, especially infiltration and degranulation. Moreover, we review recent engineering advances that can be used to systemically study the role of mechanical forces on NK cell activity. Understanding the mechanisms by which NK cells interpret their environment presents potential targets to enhance NK cell immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanka Sharma
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 23610, USA;
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32
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Estrach S, Vivier CM, Féral CC. ECM and epithelial stem cells: the scaffold of destiny. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1359585. [PMID: 38572486 PMCID: PMC10987781 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1359585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and promoting longevity. The intricate organization and presence of common markers among adult epithelial stem cells in the intestine, lung, and skin serve as hallmarks of these cells. The specific location pattern of these cells within their respective organs highlights the significance of the niche in which they reside. The extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides physical support but also acts as a reservoir for various biochemical and biophysical signals. We will consider differences in proliferation, repair, and regenerative capacities of the three epithelia and review how environmental cues emerging from the niche regulate cell fate. These cues are transduced via mechanosignaling, regulating gene expression, and bring us to the concept of the fate scaffold. Understanding both the analogies and discrepancies in the mechanisms that govern stem cell fate in various organs can offer valuable insights for rejuvenation therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soline Estrach
- INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Chloé C. Féral
- INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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33
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Wherley TJ, Thomas S, Millay DP, Saunders T, Roy S. Molecular regulation of myocyte fusion. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 158:53-82. [PMID: 38670716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Myocyte fusion is a pivotal process in the development and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Failure during fusion can lead to a range of developmental as well as pathological consequences. This review aims to comprehensively explore the intricate processes underlying myocyte fusion, from the molecular to tissue scale. We shed light on key players, such as the muscle-specific fusogens - Myomaker and Myomixer, in addition to some lesser studied molecules contributing to myocyte fusion. Conserved across vertebrates, Myomaker and Myomixer play a crucial role in driving the merger of plasma membranes of fusing myocytes, ensuring the formation of functional muscle syncytia. Our multiscale approach also delves into broader cell and tissue dynamics that orchestrate the timing and positioning of fusion events. In addition, we explore the relevance of muscle fusogens to human health and disease. Mutations in fusogen genes have been linked to congenital myopathies, providing unique insights into the molecular basis of muscle diseases. We conclude with a discussion on potential therapeutic avenues that may emerge from manipulating the myocyte fusion process to remediate skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J Wherley
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Serena Thomas
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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34
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Gunn AL, Yashchenko AI, Dubrulle J, Johnson J, Hatch EM. A high-content screen reveals new regulators of nuclear membrane stability. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6013. [PMID: 38472343 PMCID: PMC10933478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear membrane rupture is a physiological response to multiple in vivo processes, such as cell migration, that can cause extensive genome instability and upregulate invasive and inflammatory pathways. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of rupture are unclear and few regulators have been identified. In this study, we developed a reporter that is size excluded from re-compartmentalization following nuclear rupture events. This allows for robust detection of factors influencing nuclear integrity in fixed cells. We combined this with an automated image analysis pipeline in a high-content siRNA screen to identify new proteins that both increase and decrease nuclear rupture frequency in cancer cells. Pathway analysis identified an enrichment of nuclear membrane and ER factors in our hits and we demonstrate that one of these, the protein phosphatase CTDNEP1, is required for nuclear stability. Analysis of known rupture determinants, including an automated quantitative analysis of nuclear lamina gaps, are consistent with CTDNEP1 acting independently of actin and nuclear lamina organization. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of nuclear rupture and define a highly adaptable program for rupture analysis that removes a substantial barrier to new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gunn
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Artem I Yashchenko
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jodiene Johnson
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily M Hatch
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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35
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Cao R, Tian H, Tian Y, Fu X. A Hierarchical Mechanotransduction System: From Macro to Micro. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302327. [PMID: 38145330 PMCID: PMC10953595 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a strictly regulated process whereby mechanical stimuli, including mechanical forces and properties, are sensed and translated into biochemical signals. Increasing data demonstrate that mechanotransduction is crucial for regulating macroscopic and microscopic dynamics and functionalities. However, the actions and mechanisms of mechanotransduction across multiple hierarchies, from molecules, subcellular structures, cells, tissues/organs, to the whole-body level, have not been yet comprehensively documented. Herein, the biological roles and operational mechanisms of mechanotransduction from macro to micro are revisited, with a focus on the orchestrations across diverse hierarchies. The implications, applications, and challenges of mechanotransduction in human diseases are also summarized and discussed. Together, this knowledge from a hierarchical perspective has the potential to refresh insights into mechanotransduction regulation and disease pathogenesis and therapy, and ultimately revolutionize the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCenter for Diabetes Metabolism ResearchState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical SchoolWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCenter for Diabetes Metabolism ResearchState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical SchoolWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCenter for Diabetes Metabolism ResearchState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical SchoolWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCenter for Diabetes Metabolism ResearchState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical SchoolWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation CenterChengduSichuan610041China
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36
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Patta I, Zand M, Lee L, Mishra S, Bortnick A, Lu H, Prusty A, McArdle S, Mikulski Z, Wang HY, Cheng CS, Fisch KM, Hu M, Murre C. Nuclear morphology is shaped by loop-extrusion programs. Nature 2024; 627:196-203. [PMID: 38355805 PMCID: PMC11052650 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that neutrophils adopt malleable polymorphonuclear shapes to migrate through narrow interstitial tissue spaces1-3. However, how polymorphonuclear structures are assembled remains unknown4. Here we show that in neutrophil progenitors, halting loop extrusion-a motor-powered process that generates DNA loops by pulling in chromatin5-leads to the assembly of polymorphonuclear genomes. Specifically, we found that in mononuclear neutrophil progenitors, acute depletion of the loop-extrusion loading factor nipped-B-like protein (NIPBL) induced the assembly of horseshoe, banded, ringed and hypersegmented nuclear structures and led to a reduction in nuclear volume, mirroring what is observed during the differentiation of neutrophils. Depletion of NIPBL also induced cell-cycle arrest, activated a neutrophil-specific gene program and conditioned a loss of interactions across topologically associating domains to generate a chromatin architecture that resembled that of differentiated neutrophils. Removing NIPBL resulted in enrichment for mega-loops and interchromosomal hubs that contain genes associated with neutrophil-specific enhancer repertoires and an inflammatory gene program. On the basis of these observations, we propose that in neutrophil progenitors, loop-extrusion programs produce lineage-specific chromatin architectures that permit the packing of chromosomes into geometrically confined lobular structures. Our data also provide a blueprint for the assembly of polymorphonuclear structures, and point to the possibility of engineering de novo nuclear shapes to facilitate the migration of effector cells in densely populated tumorigenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Patta
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Zand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay Lee
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shreya Mishra
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexandra Bortnick
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hanbin Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arpita Prusty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huan-You Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine S Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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37
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Procès A, Alpizar YA, Halliez S, Brône B, Saudou F, Ris L, Gabriele S. Stretch-injury promotes microglia activation with enhanced phagocytic and synaptic stripping activities. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122426. [PMID: 38134473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells, as the primary defense line in the central nervous system, play a crucial role in responding to various mechanical signals that can trigger their activation. Despite extensive research on the impact of chemical signaling on brain cells, the understanding of mechanical signaling in microglia remains limited. To bridge this gap, we subjected microglial cells to a singular mechanical stretch and compared their responses with those induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment, a well-established chemical activator. Here we show that stretching microglial cells leads to their activation, highlighting their significant mechanosensitivity. Stretched microglial cells exhibited distinct features, including elevated levels of Iba1 protein, a denser actin cytoskeleton, and increased persistence in migration. Unlike LPS-treated microglial cells, the secretory profile of chemokines and cytokines remained largely unchanged in response to stretching, except for TNF-α. Intriguingly, a single stretch injury resulted in more compacted chromatin and DNA damage, suggesting potential long-term genomic instabilities in stretched microglia. Using compartmentalized microfluidic chambers with neuronal networks, we observed that stretched microglial cells exhibited enhanced phagocytic and synaptic stripping activities. These findings collectively suggest that stretching events can unlock the immune potential of microglial cells, contributing to the maintenance of brain tissue homeostasis following mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Procès
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, CIRMAP, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, B-7000, Mons, Belgium; Neuroscience Laboratory, Neuroscience Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, BIOMED Research Institute, UHasselt, B-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sophie Halliez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bert Brône
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, BIOMED Research Institute, UHasselt, B-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Saudou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neuroscience, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Ris
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Neuroscience Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, CIRMAP, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
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Ma T, Liu X, Su H, Shi Q, He Y, Wu F, Gao C, Li K, Liang Z, Zhang D, Zhang X, Hu K, Li S, Wang L, Wang M, Yue S, Hong W, Chen X, Zhang J, Zheng L, Deng X, Wang P, Fan Y. Coupling of Perinuclear Actin Cap and Nuclear Mechanics in Regulating Flow-Induced Yap Spatiotemporal Nucleocytoplasmic Transport. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305867. [PMID: 38161226 PMCID: PMC10953556 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including flow shear stress, govern fundamental cellular processes by modulating nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcription factors like Yes-associated Protein (YAP). However, the underlying mechanical mechanism remains elusive. In this study, it is reported that unidirectional flow induces biphasic YAP transport with initial nuclear import, followed by nuclear export as actin cap formation and nuclear stiffening. Conversely, pathological oscillatory flow induces slight actin cap formation, nuclear softening, and sustained YAP nuclear localization. To elucidate the disparately YAP spatiotemporal distribution, a 3D mechanochemical model is developed, which integrates flow sensing, cytoskeleton organization, nucleus mechanotransduction, and YAP transport. The results unveiled that despite the significant localized nuclear stress imposed by the actin cap, its inherent stiffness counteracts the dispersed contractile stress exerted by conventional fibers on the nuclear membrane. Moreover, alterations in nuclear stiffness synergistically regulate nuclear deformation, thereby governing YAP transport. Furthermore, by expanding the single-cell model to a collective vertex framework, it is revealed that the irregularities in actin cap formation within individual cells have the potential to induce topological defects and spatially heterogeneous YAP distribution in the cellular monolayer. This work unveils a unified mechanism of flow-induced nucleocytoplasmic transport, providing a linkage between transcription factor localization and mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Haoran Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Qiusheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Chenxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Zhuqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Dongrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Ke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Shangyu Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC)Peking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsStrategic Support Force Medical CenterBeijing100101China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Weili Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Lisha Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
- School of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
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Mannion AJ, Zhao H, Zhang Y, von Wright Y, Bergman O, Roy J, Saharinen P, Holmgren L. Regulation of YAP Promotor Accessibility in Endothelial Mechanotransduction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:666-689. [PMID: 38299356 PMCID: PMC10880945 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells are constantly exposed to mechanical forces in the form of fluid shear stress, extracellular stiffness, and cyclic strain. The mechanoresponsive activity of YAP (Yes-associated protein) and its role in vascular development are well described; however, whether changes to transcription or epigenetic regulation of YAP are involved in these processes remains unanswered. Furthermore, how mechanical forces are transduced to the nucleus to drive transcriptional reprogramming in endothelial cells is poorly understood. The YAP target gene, AmotL2 (angiomotin-like 2), is a junctional mechanotransducer that connects cell-cell junctions to the nuclear membrane via the actin cytoskeleton. METHODS We applied mechanical manipulations including shear flow, stretching, and substrate stiffness to endothelial cells to investigate the role of mechanical forces in modulating YAP transcription. Using in vitro and in vivo endothelial depletion of AmotL2, we assess nuclear morphology, chromatin organization (using transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing), and whole-mount immunofluorescent staining of the aorta to determine the regulation and functionality of YAP. Finally, we use genetic and chemical inhibition to uncouple the nuclear-cytoskeletal connection to investigate the role of this pathway on YAP transcription. RESULTS Our results reveal that mechanical forces sensed at cell-cell junctions by the YAP target gene AmotL2 are directly involved in changes in global chromatin accessibility and activity of the histone methyltransferase EZH2, leading to modulation of YAP promotor activity. Functionally, shear stress-induced proliferation of endothelial cells in vivo was reliant on AmotL2 and YAP/TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) expression. Mechanistically, uncoupling of the nuclear-cytoskeletal connection from junctions and focal adhesions led to altered nuclear morphology, chromatin accessibility, and YAP promotor activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a role for AmotL2 and nuclear-cytoskeletal force transmission in modulating the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of YAP to maintain a mechano-enforced positive feedback loop of vascular homeostasis. These findings may offer an explanation as to the proinflammatory phenotype that leads to aneurysm formation observed in AmotL2 endothelial deletion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarren J. Mannion
- Departments of Oncology-Pathology (A.J.M., H.Z., Y.Z., L.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (A.J.M.)
| | - Honglei Zhao
- Departments of Oncology-Pathology (A.J.M., H.Z., Y.Z., L.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Departments of Oncology-Pathology (A.J.M., H.Z., Y.Z., L.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva von Wright
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland (Y.v.W., P.S.)
| | - Otto Bergman
- Medicine (O.B.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joy Roy
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (J.R.)
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland (Y.v.W., P.S.)
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program and Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland (P.S.)
| | - Lars Holmgren
- Departments of Oncology-Pathology (A.J.M., H.Z., Y.Z., L.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mestres I, Atabay A, Escolano JC, Arndt S, Schmidtke K, Einsiedel M, Patsonis M, Bolaños-Castro LA, Yun M, Bernhardt N, Taubenberger A, Calegari F. Manipulation of the nuclear envelope-associated protein SLAP during mammalian brain development affects cortical lamination and exploratory behavior. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060359. [PMID: 38466184 PMCID: PMC10958201 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the first characterization of the effects resulting from the manipulation of Soluble-Lamin Associated Protein (SLAP) expression during mammalian brain development. We found that SLAP localizes to the nuclear envelope and when overexpressed causes changes in nuclear morphology and lengthening of mitosis. SLAP overexpression in apical progenitors of the developing mouse brain altered asymmetric cell division, neurogenic commitment and neuronal migration ultimately resulting in unbalance in the proportion of upper, relative to deeper, neuronal layers. Several of these effects were also recapitulated upon Cas9-mediated knockdown. Ultimately, SLAP overexpression during development resulted in a reduction in subcortical projections of young mice and, notably, reduced their exploratory behavior. Our study shows the potential relevance of the previously uncharacterized nuclear envelope protein SLAP in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mestres
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azra Atabay
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joan-Carles Escolano
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Solveig Arndt
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klara Schmidtke
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Einsiedel
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Melina Patsonis
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lizbeth Airais Bolaños-Castro
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximina Yun
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Anna Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Li H, Playter C, Das P, McCord RP. Chromosome compartmentalization: causes, changes, consequences, and conundrums. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00021-7. [PMID: 38395734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The spatial segregation of the genome into compartments is a major feature of 3D genome organization. New data on mammalian chromosome organization across different conditions reveal important information about how and why these compartments form and change. A combination of epigenetic state, nuclear body tethering, physical forces, gene expression, and replication timing (RT) can all influence the establishment and alteration of chromosome compartments. We review the causes and implications of genomic regions undergoing a 'compartment switch' that changes their physical associations and spatial location in the nucleus. About 20-30% of genomic regions change compartment during cell differentiation or cancer progression, whereas alterations in response to a stimulus within a cell type are usually much more limited. However, even a change in 1-2% of genomic bins may have biologically relevant implications. Finally, we review the effects of compartment changes on gene regulation, DNA damage repair, replication, and the physical state of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Playter
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Priyojit Das
- University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UT-ORNL) Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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42
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Pho M, Berrada Y, Gunda A, Stephens AD. Nuclear shape is affected differentially by loss of lamin A, lamin C, or both lamin A and C. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001103. [PMID: 38440331 PMCID: PMC10910297 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Lamin intermediate filaments form a peripheral meshwork to support nuclear shape and function. Knockout of the LMNA gene that encodes for both lamin A and C results in an abnormally shaped nucleus. To determine the relative contribution of lamin A and C to nuclear shape, we measured nuclear blebbing and circular deviation in separate lamin A and lamin C knockdown and LMNA-/- stable cells. Lamin A knockdown increased nuclear blebbing while loss of lamin A, C, or both increased circular deviation. Overall, loss of lamin A, lamin C or both lamin A/C affect nuclear shape differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aachal Gunda
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
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43
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Bueno C, García-Bernal D, Martínez S, Blanquer M, Moraleda JM. The nuclei of human adult stem cells can move within the cell and generate cellular protrusions to contact other cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:32. [PMID: 38321563 PMCID: PMC10848534 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal transdifferentiation of adult bone marrow cells (BMCs) is still considered an artifact based on an alternative explanation of experimental results supporting this phenomenon obtained over decades. However, recent studies have shown that following neural induction, BMCs enter an intermediate cellular state before adopting neural-like morphologies by active neurite extension and that binucleated BMCs can be formed independent of any cell fusion events. These findings provide evidence to reject the idea that BMC neural transdifferentiation is merely an experimental artifact. Therefore, understanding the intermediate states that cells pass through during transdifferentiation is crucial given their potential application in regenerative medicine and disease modelling. METHODS In this study, we examined the functional significance of the variety of morphologies and positioning that cell nuclei of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) can adopt during neural-like differentiation using live-cell nuclear fluorescence labelling, time-lapse microscopy, and confocal microscopy analysis. RESULTS Here, we showed that after neural induction, hBM-MSCs enter an intermediate cellular state in which the nuclei are able to move within the cells, switching shapes and positioning and even generating cellular protrusions as they attempt to contact the cells around them. These findings suggest that changes in nuclear positioning occur because human cell nuclei somehow sense their environment. In addition, we showed the process of direct interactions between cell nuclei, which opens the possibility of a new level of intercellular interaction. CONCLUSIONS The present study advances the understanding of the intermediate stage through which hBM-MSCs pass during neural transdifferentiation, which may be crucial to understanding the mechanisms of these cell conversion processes and eventually harness them for use in regenerative medicine. Importantly, our study provides for the first time evidence that the nuclei of hBM-MSC-derived intermediate cells somehow sense their environment, generating cellular protrusions to contact other cells. In summary, human mesenchymal stromal cells could not only help to increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cellular plasticity but also facilitate the exact significance of nuclear positioning in cellular function and in tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bueno
- Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - David García-Bernal
- Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30120, Murcia, Spain
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (UMH-CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernandez, 03550, San Juan, Alicante, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Moraleda
- Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30120, Murcia, Spain
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Pennacchio FA, Poli A, Pramotton FM, Lavore S, Rancati I, Cinquanta M, Vorselen D, Prina E, Romano OM, Ferrari A, Piel M, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Maiuri P. N2FXm, a method for joint nuclear and cytoplasmic volume measurements, unravels the osmo-mechanical regulation of nuclear volume in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1070. [PMID: 38326317 PMCID: PMC10850064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes are tightly regulated to ensure proper cell homeostasis. However, current methods to measure cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes, including confocal 3D reconstruction, have limitations, such as relying on two-dimensional projections or poor vertical resolution. Here, to overcome these limitations, we describe a method, N2FXm, to jointly measure cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes in single cultured adhering human cells, in real time, and across cell cycles. We find that this method accurately provides joint size over dynamic measurements and at different time resolutions. Moreover, by combining several experimental perturbations and analyzing a mathematical model including osmotic effects and tension, we show that N2FXm can give relevant insights on how mechanical forces exerted by the cytoskeleton on the nuclear envelope can affect the growth of nucleus volume by biasing nuclear import. Our method, by allowing for accurate joint nuclear and cytoplasmic volume dynamic measurements at different time resolutions, highlights the non-constancy of the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio along the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio A Pennacchio
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Poli
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Michela Pramotton
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Lavore
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rancati
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cinquanta
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Elisabetta Prina
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Orso Maria Romano
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, and I.N.F.N., Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Bunner S, Prince K, Srikrishna K, Pujadas EM, McCarthy AA, Kuklinski A, Jackson O, Pellegrino P, Jagtap S, Eweka I, Lawlor C, Eastin E, Yas G, Aiello J, LaPointe N, von Blucher IS, Hardy J, Chen J, Backman V, Janssen A, Packard M, Dorfman K, Almassalha L, Bahiru MS, Stephens AD. DNA density is a better indicator of a nuclear bleb than lamin B loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579152. [PMID: 38370828 PMCID: PMC10871186 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear blebs are herniations of the nucleus that occur in diseased nuclei that cause nuclear rupture leading to cellular dysfunction. Chromatin and lamins are two of the major structural components of the nucleus that maintain its shape and function, but their relative roles in nuclear blebbing remain elusive. Lamin B is reported to be lost in blebs by qualitative data while quantitative studies reveal a spectrum of lamin B levels in nuclear blebs dependent on perturbation and cell type. Chromatin has been reported to be decreased or de-compacted in nuclear blebs, but again the data are not conclusive. To determine the composition of nuclear blebs, we compared the immunofluorescence intensity of lamin B and DNA in the main nucleus body and nuclear bleb across cell types and perturbations. Lamin B nuclear bleb levels varied drastically across MEF wild type and chromatin or lamins perturbations, HCT116 lamin B1-GFP imaging, and human disease model cells of progeria and prostate cancer. However, DNA concentration was consistently decreased to about half that of the main nucleus body across all measured conditions. Using Partial Wave Spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy to measure chromatin density in the nuclear bleb vs body we find similar results that DNA is consistently less dense in nuclear blebs. Thus, our data spanning many different cell types and perturbations supports that decreased DNA is a better marker of a nuclear bleb than lamin B levels that vary widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bunner
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Kelsey Prince
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Karan Srikrishna
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Emily Marie Pujadas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- IBIS Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Anna Kuklinski
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Olivia Jackson
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Pedro Pellegrino
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Shrushti Jagtap
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Imuetiyan Eweka
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Colman Lawlor
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Emma Eastin
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Griffin Yas
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Julianna Aiello
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Nathan LaPointe
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | | | - Jillian Hardy
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anne Janssen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Packard
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Katherine Dorfman
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Luay Almassalha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael Seifu Bahiru
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A. D. Stephens
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Yamamoto-Hino M, Ariura M, Tanaka M, Iwasaki YW, Kawaguchi K, Shimamoto Y, Goto S. PIGB maintains nuclear lamina organization in skeletal muscle of Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202301062. [PMID: 38261271 PMCID: PMC10808031 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina (NL) plays various roles and participates in nuclear integrity, chromatin organization, and transcriptional regulation. Lamin proteins, the main components of the NL, form a homogeneous meshwork structure under the nuclear envelope. Lamins are essential, but it is unknown whether their homogeneous distribution is important for nuclear function. Here, we found that PIGB, an enzyme involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) synthesis, is responsible for the homogeneous lamin meshwork in Drosophila. Loss of PIGB resulted in heterogeneous distributions of B-type lamin and lamin-binding proteins in larval muscles. These phenotypes were rescued by expression of PIGB lacking GPI synthesis activity. The PIGB mutant exhibited changes in lamina-associated domains that are large heterochromatic genomic regions in the NL, reduction of nuclear stiffness, and deformation of muscle fibers. These results suggest that PIGB maintains the homogeneous meshwork of the NL, which may be essential for chromatin distribution and nuclear mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamamoto-Hino
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Ariura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Tanaka
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yuka W. Iwasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Functional Non-Coding Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimamoto
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Pho M, Berrada Y, Gunda A, Lavallee A, Chiu K, Padam A, Currey ML, Stephens AD. Actin contraction controls nuclear blebbing and rupture independent of actin confinement. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar19. [PMID: 38088876 PMCID: PMC10881147 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus is a mechanically stable compartment of the cell that contains the genome and performs many essential functions. Nuclear mechanical components chromatin and lamins maintain nuclear shape, compartmentalization, and function by resisting antagonistic actin contraction and confinement. Studies have yet to compare chromatin and lamins perturbations side-by-side as well as modulated actin contraction while holding confinement constant. To accomplish this, we used nuclear localization signal green fluorescent protein to measure nuclear shape and rupture in live cells with chromatin and lamin perturbations. We then modulated actin contraction while maintaining actin confinement measured by nuclear height. Wild type, chromatin decompaction, and lamin B1 null present bleb-based nuclear deformations and ruptures dependent on actin contraction and independent of actin confinement. Actin contraction inhibition by Y27632 decreased nuclear blebbing and ruptures while activation by CN03 increased rupture frequency. Lamin A/C null results in overall abnormal shape also reliant on actin contraction, but similar blebs and ruptures as wild type. Increased DNA damage is caused by nuclear blebbing or abnormal shape which can be relieved by inhibition of actin contraction which rescues nuclear shape and decreases DNA damage levels in all perturbations. Thus, actin contraction drives nuclear blebbing, bleb-based ruptures, and abnormal shape independent of changes in actin confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Aachal Gunda
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Anya Lavallee
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Arimita Padam
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Marilena L. Currey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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48
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Sabri E, Brosseau C. Electromechanical interactions between cell membrane and nuclear envelope: Beyond the standard Schwan's model of biological cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108583. [PMID: 37883860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigate little-appreciated features of the hierarchical core-shell (CS) models of the electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical interactions between the cell membrane (CM) and nuclear envelope (NE). We first consider a simple model of an individual cell based on a coupled resistor-capacitor (Schwan model (SM)) network and show that the CM, when exposed to ac electric fields, acts as a low pass filter while the NE acts as a wide and asymmetric bandpass filter. We provide a simplified calculation for characteristic time associated with the capacitive charging of the NE and parameterize its range of behavior. We furthermore observe several new features dealing with mechanical analogs of the SM based on elementary spring-damper combinations. The chief merit of these models is that they can predict creep compliance responses of an individual cell under static stress and their effective retardation time constants. Next, we use an alternative and a more accurate CS physical model solved by finite element simulations for which geometrical cell reshaping under electromechanical stress (electrodeformation (ED)) is included in a continuum approach with spatial resolution. We show that under an electric field excitation, the elongated nucleus scales differently compared to the electrodeformed cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Sabri
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Lab-STICC, CS 93837, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Christian Brosseau
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Lab-STICC, CS 93837, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France.
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49
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Luciano M, Versaevel M, Kalukula Y, Gabriele S. Mechanoresponse of Curved Epithelial Monolayers Lining Bowl-Shaped 3D Microwells. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2203377. [PMID: 37820698 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The optimal functioning of many organs relies on the curved architecture of their epithelial tissues. However, the mechanoresponse of epithelia to changes in curvature remains misunderstood. Here, bowl-shaped microwells in hydrogels are designed via photopolymerization to faithfully replicate the shape and dimensions of lobular structures. Leveraging these hydrogel-based microwells, curved epithelial monolayers are engineered, and how in-plane and Gaussian curvatures at the microwell entrance influence epithelial behavior is investigated. Cells and nuclei around the microwell edge display a more pronounced centripetal orientation as the in-plane curvature decreases, and enhanced cell straightness and speed. Moreover, cells reorganize their actin cytoskeleton by forming a supracellular actin cable at the microwell edge, with its size becoming more pronounced as the in-plane curvature decreases. The Gaussian curvature at the microwell entrance enhances the maturation of the supracellular actin cable architecture and leads to a vertical orientation of nuclei toward the bottom of the microwell. Increasing Gaussian curvature results in flattened and elongated nuclear morphologies characterized by highly compacted chromatin states. This approach provides better understanding of the mechanoresponse of curved epithelial monolayers curvatures lining lobular structures. In addition, bowl-shaped microwells offer a powerful platform to study curvature-dependent mechanotransduction pathways in anatomically relevant 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Luciano
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Marie Versaevel
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Yohalie Kalukula
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology & Biomaterials Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
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50
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Attar AG, Paturej J, Banigan EJ, Erbas A. Chromatin phase separation and nuclear shape fluctuations are correlated in a polymer model of the nucleus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.16.571697. [PMID: 38168411 PMCID: PMC10760070 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.16.571697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the shapes of mammalian cell nuclei are hallmarks of a variety of diseases, including progeria, muscular dystrophy, and various cancers. Experiments have shown that there is a causal relationship between chromatin organization and nuclear morphology. Decreases in heterochromatin levels, perturbations to heterochromatin organization, and increases in euchromatin levels all lead to misshapen nuclei, which exhibit deformations, such as nuclear blebs and nuclear ruptures. However, the polymer physical mechanisms of how chromatin governs nuclear shape and integrity are poorly understood. To investigate how heterochromatin and euchromatin, which are thought to microphase separate in vivo , govern nuclear morphology, we implemented a composite coarse-grained polymer and elastic shell model. By varying chromatin volume fraction (density), heterochromatin levels and structure, and heterochromatin-lamina interactions, we show how the spatial organization of chromatin polymer phases within the nucleus could perturb nuclear shape in some scenarios. Increasing the volume fraction of chromatin in the cell nucleus stabilizes the nuclear lamina against large fluctuations. However, surprisingly, we find that increasing heterochromatin levels or heterochromatin-lamina interactions enhances nuclear shape fluctuations in our simulations by a "wetting"-like interaction. In contrast, shape fluctuations are largely insensitive to the internal structure of the heterochromatin, such as the presence or absence of chromatin-chromatin crosslinks. Therefore, our simulations suggest that heterochromatin accumulation at the nuclear periphery could perturb nuclear morphology in a nucleus or nuclear region that is sufficiently soft, while stabilization of the nucleus via heterochromatin likely occurs through mechanisms other than chromatin microphase organization.
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