1
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Chen LK, Xiao YH, Lin JD, Sajid Z, Zhou JZ, Wu DY, Tian ZQ. Adsorption Structures, Vibrational Raman Spectra and Chemical Binding Properties of Thioglycolic Acid on Cu(111) Surfaces: A DFT Study. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400330. [PMID: 38676545 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Copper is widely used in everyday life and industrial production because of its good electrical and thermal conductivity. To overcome copper oxidation and maintain its good physical properties, small organic molecules adsorbed on the surface of copper make a passivated layer to further avoid copper corrosion. In this work, we have investigated thioglycolic acid (TGA, another name is mercaptoacetic acid) adsorbed on copper surfaces by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and a periodical slab model. We first get five stable adsorption structures, and the binding interaction between TGA and Cu(111) surfaces by using density of states (DOS), indicating that the most stable configuration adopts a triple-end binding model. Then, we analyze the vibrational Raman spectra of TGA adsorbed on the Cu(111) surface and make vibrational assignments according to the vibrational vectors. Finally, we explore the temperature effect of the thermodynamically Gibbs free energy of TGA on the Cu(111) surface and the antioxidant ability of the small organic molecular layer of copper oxidation on the copper surface. Our calculated results further provide evidences to interpret the stability of adsorption structures and antioxidant properties of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jian-De Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zubia Sajid
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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2
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Siday T, Hayes J, Schiegl F, Sandner F, Menden P, Bergbauer V, Zizlsperger M, Nerreter S, Lingl S, Repp J, Wilhelm J, Huber MA, Gerasimenko YA, Huber R. All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales. Nature 2024; 629:329-334. [PMID: 38720038 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Bringing optical microscopy to the shortest possible length and time scales has been a long-sought goal, connecting nanoscopic elementary dynamics with the macroscopic functionalities of condensed matter. Super-resolution microscopy has circumvented the far-field diffraction limit by harnessing optical nonlinearities1. By exploiting linear interaction with tip-confined evanescent light fields2, near-field microscopy3,4 has reached even higher resolution, prompting a vibrant research field by exploring the nanocosm in motion5-19. Yet the finite radius of the nanometre-sized tip apex has prevented access to atomic resolution20. Here we leverage extreme atomic nonlinearities within tip-confined evanescent fields to push all-optical microscopy to picometric spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. On these scales, we discover an unprecedented and efficient non-classical near-field response, in phase with the vector potential of light and strictly confined to atomic dimensions. This ultrafast signal is characterized by an optical phase delay of approximately π/2 and facilitates direct monitoring of tunnelling dynamics. We showcase the power of our optical concept by imaging nanometre-sized defects hidden to atomic force microscopy and by subcycle sampling of current transients on a semiconducting van der Waals material. Our results facilitate access to quantum light-matter interaction and electronic dynamics at ultimately short spatio-temporal scales in both conductive and insulating quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Siday
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Hayes
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Schiegl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Sandner
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Menden
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Bergbauer
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Zizlsperger
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Nerreter
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Lingl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Repp
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Wilhelm
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - M A Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Y A Gerasimenko
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Pitters J, Croshaw J, Achal R, Livadaru L, Ng S, Lupoiu R, Chutora T, Huff T, Walus K, Wolkow RA. Atomically Precise Manufacturing of Silicon Electronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6766-6816. [PMID: 38376086 PMCID: PMC10919096 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is a key technique that involves the direct control of atoms in order to manufacture products or components of products. It has been developed most successfully using scanning probe methods and has received particular attention for developing atom scale electronics with a focus on silicon-based systems. This review captures the development of silicon atom-based electronics and is divided into several sections that will cover characterization and atom manipulation of silicon surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, development of silicon dangling bonds as atomic quantum dots, creation of atom scale devices, and the wiring and packaging of those circuits. The review will also cover the advance of silicon dangling bond logic design and the progress of silicon quantum atomic designer (SiQAD) simulators. Finally, an outlook of APM and silicon atom electronics will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pitters
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre, National Research Council
of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lucian Livadaru
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samuel Ng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert Lupoiu
- School
of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Taras Chutora
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Canadian
Bank Note Company, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 1A1, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert A. Wolkow
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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4
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Riemann A, Rankin L, Henry D. Atomic Charge Dependency of Spiropyran/Merocyanine Adsorption as a Precursor to Surface Isomerization Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:798-810. [PMID: 38222550 PMCID: PMC10785610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This computational study investigates the adsorption of various spiropyran and merocyanine isomers on a NaCl substrate using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics (MM) calculations. Four different charge methods were used to determine the partial atomic charges for the adsorbate molecules, including Mulliken population analysis and three electrostatic potential (ESP) methods (Merz-Kollman, ChelpG, and Hu-Lu-Yang), while three different force fields (AMBER 3, CHARMM 27, and MM+) were employed for the MM calculations. The results show that the various DFT charge methods produced similar outcomes for the molecules' partial atomic charges, with some exceptions for individual atoms and methods. Additionally, it was found that the ESP charge methods were more sensitive to the conformer orientation than the Mulliken approach. The adsorption behavior of merocyanine conformers with the central bond in trans orientation (T-conformers) was similar for various configurations, with the molecule adsorbing mostly flat with its aromatic rings almost parallel to the substrate. However, C-conformers (with their central bond in cis orientation) and spiropyran isomers exhibited inconsistent adsorption behavior, mostly because only some of the aromatic rings contributed to the adsorption behavior. Due to additional van der Waals interactions of more aromatic rings, the adsorption energies for T-conformers are consistently 0.2-0.3 eV higher than for C-conformers and for spiropyran. The study found that the adsorption geometries and energies of stable T-conformers were independent of the partial atomic charge scheme and force field used, and C-conformers show parameter-dependent behavior upon adsorption, leading to metastable configurations. These findings indicate viable pathways during the spiropyran-merocyanine isomerization reactions. Therefore, the results provide initial insights into the possibility of switching spiropyran isomers into merocyanine isomers and vice versa after adsorption onto substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Riemann
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Lauren Rankin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Dylan Henry
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
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5
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Sellies L, Spachtholz R, Bleher S, Eckrich J, Scheuerer P, Repp J. Single-molecule electron spin resonance by means of atomic force microscopy. Nature 2023; 624:64-68. [PMID: 38057570 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling decoherence in open quantum systems is of fundamental interest in science, whereas achieving long coherence times is critical for quantum information processing1. Although great progress was made for individual systems, and electron spin resonance (ESR) of single spins with nanoscale resolution has been demonstrated2-4, the understanding of decoherence in many complex solid-state quantum systems requires ultimately controlling the environment down to atomic scales, as potentially enabled by scanning probe microscopy with its atomic and molecular characterization and manipulation capabilities. Consequently, the recent implementation of ESR in scanning tunnelling microscopy5-8 represents a milestone towards this goal and was quickly followed by the demonstration of coherent oscillations9,10 and access to nuclear spins11 with real-space atomic resolution. Atomic manipulation even fuelled the ambition to realize the first artificial atomic-scale quantum devices12. However, the current-based sensing inherent to this method limits coherence times12,13. Here we demonstrate pump-probe ESR atomic force microscopy (AFM) detection of electron spin transitions between non-equilibrium triplet states of individual pentacene molecules. Spectra of these transitions exhibit sub-nanoelectronvolt spectral resolution, allowing local discrimination of molecules that only differ in their isotopic configuration. Furthermore, the electron spins can be coherently manipulated over tens of microseconds. We anticipate that single-molecule ESR-AFM can be combined with atomic manipulation and characterization and thereby paves the way to learn about the atomistic origins of decoherence in atomically well-defined quantum elements and for fundamental quantum-sensing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Sellies
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Raffael Spachtholz
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Bleher
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Eckrich
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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6
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Kaiser K, Lieske LA, Repp J, Gross L. Charge-state lifetimes of single molecules on few monolayers of NaCl. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4988. [PMID: 37591847 PMCID: PMC10435478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In molecular tunnel junctions, where the molecule is decoupled from the electrodes by few-monolayers-thin insulating layers, resonant charge transport takes place by sequential charge transfer to and from the molecule which implies transient charging of the molecule. The corresponding charge state transitions, which involve tunneling through the insulating decoupling layers, are crucial for understanding electrically driven processes such as electroluminescence or photocurrent generation in such a geometry. Here, we use scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the decharging of single ZnPc and H2Pc molecules through NaCl films of 3 to 5 monolayers thickness on Cu(111) and Au(111). To this end, we approach the tip to the molecule at resonant tunnel conditions up to a regime where charge transport is limited by tunneling through the NaCl film. The resulting saturation of the tunnel current is a direct measure of the lifetimes of the anionic and cationic states, i.e., the molecule's charge-state lifetime, and thus provides a means to study charge dynamics and, thereby, exciton dynamics. Comparison of anion and cation lifetimes on different substrates reveals the critical role of the level alignment with the insulator's conduction and valence band, and the metal-insulator interface state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kaiser
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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7
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Fan Y, Qiao F, Du D, Bao J, Liang J, Liu H, Shen W. Carbohydrazide-Assisted Morphology and Structure Controlling for Lead-Free Cs 2AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37486316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The stability and toxicity problems have haunted the development and applications of metal halide perovskite materials, for which the lead-free inorganic double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 has emerged as a promising substitute in recent years. However, poor film quality has severely limited its photovoltaic performance that could have been induced by some key factors such as high annealing temperature. Herein, we present a facile strategy to fabricate high-quality pinhole-free Cs2AgBiBr6 films with large grain sizes by introducing carbohydrazide (CBH) into the precursor. Detailed characterizations have shown that the carbonyl group (C═O) in CBH plays the critical role in coordinating with Ag+ and Bi3+ cations during the film formation process. As another consequence, the as-fabricated devices have exhibited significantly higher reproducibility for fabrication. By optimizing the amount of CBH, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) relatively increased 37 to 1.57%, which remained 95.0% in an ambient environment for a 1000-h test. Hopefully, this work could facilitate the current technologies in the exploration of high-performance lead-free perovskites such as Cs2AgBiBr6 and better understanding of the mechanism in the additive engineering as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxue Du
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - JingJing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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8
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Sierda E, Huang X, Badrtdinov DI, Kiraly B, Knol EJ, Groenenboom GC, Katsnelson MI, Rösner M, Wegner D, Khajetoorians AA. Quantum simulator to emulate lower-dimensional molecular structure. Science 2023; 380:1048-1052. [PMID: 37289865 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up quantum simulators have been developed to quantify the role of various interactions, dimensionality, and structure in creating electronic states of matter. Here, we demonstrated a solid-state quantum simulator emulating molecular orbitals, based solely on positioning individual cesium atoms on an indium antimonide surface. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, combined with ab initio calculations, we showed that artificial atoms could be made from localized states created from patterned cesium rings. These artificial atoms served as building blocks to realize artificial molecular structures with different orbital symmetries. These corresponding molecular orbitals allowed us to simulate two-dimensional structures reminiscent of well-known organic molecules. This platform could further be used to monitor the interplay between atomic structures and the resulting molecular orbital landscape with submolecular precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sierda
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - X Huang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - D I Badrtdinov
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - B Kiraly
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - E J Knol
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - G C Groenenboom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Rösner
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - D Wegner
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A A Khajetoorians
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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9
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Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pozo I, Tavernelli I, Repp J, Peña D, Gross L. Selectivity in single-molecule reactions by tip-induced redox chemistry. Science 2022; 377:298-301. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlling selectivity of reactions is an ongoing quest in chemistry. In this work, we demonstrate reversible and selective bond formation and dissociation promoted by tip-induced reduction-oxidation reactions on a surface. Molecular rearrangements leading to different constitutional isomers are selected by the polarity and magnitude of applied voltage pulses from the tip of a combined scanning tunneling and atomic force microscope. Characterization of voltage dependence of the reactions and determination of reaction rates demonstrate selectivity in constitutional isomerization reactions and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms. With support of density functional theory calculations, we find that the energy landscape of the isomers in different charge states is important to rationalize the selectivity. Tip-induced selective single-molecule reactions increase our understanding of redox chemistry and could lead to novel molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shadi Fatayer
- IBM Research Europe – Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Applied Physics Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iago Pozo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe – Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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10
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Lim S, Pan S, Wang K, Ushakov AV, Sukhanova EV, Popov ZI, Kvashnin DG, Streltsov SV, Cheong SW. Tunable Single-Atomic Charges on a Cleaved Intercalated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1812-1817. [PMID: 34890208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of a single ionic charge state by altering the number of bound electrons has been considered as an ultimate testbed for atomic charge-induced interactions and manipulations, and such subject has been studied in artificially deposited objects on thin insulating layers. We demonstrate that an entire layer of controllable atomic charges on a periodic lattice can be obtained by cleaving metallic Co1/3NbS2, an intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide. We identified a metastable charge state of Co with a different valence and manipulated atomic charges to form a linear chain of the metastable charge state. Density functional theory investigation reveals that the charge state is stable due to a modified crystal field at the surface despite the coupling between NbS2 and Co via a1g orbitals. The idea can be generalized to other combinations of intercalants and base matrices, suggesting that they can be a new platform to explore single-atom-operational 2D electronics/spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoon Lim
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shangke Pan
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Function Materials and Preparation Science, School of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Kefeng Wang
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Alexey V Ushakov
- Institute of Metal Physics, S. Kovalevskaya Street 18, Yekaterinburg 620108, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sukhanova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zakhar I Popov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny per., 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G Kvashnin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutskiy per., 141701, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey V Streltsov
- Institute of Metal Physics, S. Kovalevskaya Street 18, Yekaterinburg 620108, Russia
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Sang-Wook Cheong
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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11
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Thorpe J, Riemann A. Combined DFT and Molecular Mechanics Modeling of the Adsorption of Semiconducting Molecules on an Ionic Substrate: PTCDA and CuPc on NaCl. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4095-4100. [PMID: 35155903 PMCID: PMC8829859 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results suggest that molecular geometry and energies can be influenced by the presence of thin film substrates as well as surrounding molecules. It is imperative that computational models take this influence into account. The accurate computational modeling of these molecules is an efficient way of carrying out chemistry calculations and reinforcing experimental findings. In our study, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics (MM) are used to model the configurations of the organic semiconducting materials, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, C24H8O6 (PTCDA), and copper(II) phthalocyanine, C32H16CuN8 (CuPc), as adsorbed on single- and double-layer NaCl substrates of various dimensions and charge settings. After a geometry and charge optimization of the molecules using DFT, the molecular geometries are optimized under different environments using computational calculations with specific force-field settings in HyperChem Professional 8.0(TM) software using MM. Energies and geometries of the molecules are then recorded, and our data are compared to experimental results of similar systems. We find that, with the appropriate choice of substrate properties, the calculated molecular configurations directly reflect those found experimentally. Our results support the idea that this method of simulation can produce reliable models in the field of physical chemistry.
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12
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Vasilev K, Doppagne B, Neuman T, Rosławska A, Bulou H, Boeglin A, Scheurer F, Schull G. Internal Stark effect of single-molecule fluorescence. Nat Commun 2022; 13:677. [PMID: 35115513 PMCID: PMC8813982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical properties of chromophores can be efficiently tuned by electrostatic fields generated in their close environment, a phenomenon that plays a central role for the optimization of complex functions within living organisms where it is known as internal Stark effect (ISE). Here, we realised an ISE experiment at the lowest possible scale, by monitoring the Stark shift generated by charges confined within a single chromophore on its emission energy. To this end, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) functioning at cryogenic temperatures is used to sequentially remove the two central protons of a free-base phthalocyanine chromophore deposited on a NaCl-covered Ag(111) surface. STM-induced fluorescence measurements reveal spectral shifts that are associated to the electrostatic field generated by the internal charges remaining in the chromophores upon deprotonation. The internal Stark effect, a shift of the spectral lines of a chromophore induced by electrostatic fields in its close environment, plays an important role in nature. Here the authors observe a Stark shift in the fluorescence spectrum of a phthalocyanine molecule upon charge modifications within the molecule itself, achieved by sequential removal of the central protons with a STM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Vasilev
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Doppagne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomáš Neuman
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Rosławska
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Bulou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alex Boeglin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Scheurer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Schull
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
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13
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Oinonen N, Xu C, Alldritt B, Canova FF, Urtev F, Cai S, Krejčí O, Kannala J, Liljeroth P, Foster AS. Electrostatic Discovery Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:89-97. [PMID: 34806866 PMCID: PMC8793147 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
While offering high resolution atomic and electronic structure, scanning probe microscopy techniques have found greater challenges in providing reliable electrostatic characterization on the same scale. In this work, we offer electrostatic discovery atomic force microscopy, a machine learning based method which provides immediate maps of the electrostatic potential directly from atomic force microscopy images with functionalized tips. We apply this to characterize the electrostatic properties of a variety of molecular systems and compare directly to reference simulations, demonstrating good agreement. This approach offers reliable atomic scale electrostatic maps on any system with minimal computational overhead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Oinonen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chen Xu
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin Alldritt
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filippo Federici Canova
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
- Nanolayers
Research Computing Ltd, London N12 0HL, United Kingdom
| | - Fedor Urtev
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shuning Cai
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ondřej Krejčí
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Kannala
- Department
of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
- E-mail:
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi,
Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- E-mail:
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14
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Maier S, Stöhr M. Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:950-956. [PMID: 34540518 PMCID: PMC8404214 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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15
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Peng J, Sokolov S, Hernangómez-Pérez D, Evers F, Gross L, Lupton JM, Repp J. Atomically resolved single-molecule triplet quenching. Science 2021; 373:452-456. [PMID: 34437120 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The nonequilibrium triplet state of molecules plays an important role in photocatalysis, organic photovoltaics, and photodynamic therapy. We report the direct measurement of the triplet lifetime of an individual pentacene molecule on an insulating surface with atomic resolution by introducing an electronic pump-probe method in atomic force microscopy. Strong quenching of the triplet lifetime is observed if oxygen molecules are coadsorbed in close proximity. By means of single-molecule manipulation techniques, different arrangements with oxygen molecules were created and characterized with atomic precision, allowing for the direct correlation of molecular arrangements with the lifetime of the quenched triplet. Such electrical addressing of long-lived triplets of single molecules, combined with atomic-scale manipulation, offers previously unexplored routes to control and study local spin-spin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Peng
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Sophia Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hernangómez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ferdinand Evers
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - John M Lupton
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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16
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Rosławska A, Merino P, Leon CC, Grewal A, Etzkorn M, Kuhnke K, Kern K. Gigahertz Frame Rate Imaging of Charge-Injection Dynamics in a Molecular Light Source. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4577-4583. [PMID: 34038142 PMCID: PMC8193635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light sources on the scale of single molecules can be addressed and characterized at their proper sub-nanometer scale by scanning tunneling microscopy-induced luminescence (STML). Such a source can be driven by defined short charge pulses while the luminescence is detected with sub-nanosecond resolution. We introduce an approach to concurrently image the molecular emitter, which is based on an individual defect, with its local environment along with its luminescence dynamics at a resolution of a billion frames per second. The observed dynamics can be assigned to the single electron capture occurring in the low-nanosecond regime. While the emitter's location on the surface remains fixed, the scanning of the tip modifies the energy landscape for charge injection into the defect. The principle of measurement is extendable to fundamental processes beyond charge transfer, like exciton diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosławska
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Université
de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pablo Merino
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
de Física Fundamental, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Abhishek Grewal
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Etzkorn
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kuhnke
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Ardejani MS, Noodleman L, Powers ET, Kelly JW. Stereoelectronic effects in stabilizing protein-N-glycan interactions revealed by experiment and machine learning. Nat Chem 2021; 13:480-487. [PMID: 33723379 PMCID: PMC8102341 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The energetics of protein-carbohydrate interactions, central to many life processes, cannot yet be manipulated predictably. This is mostly due to an incomplete quantitative understanding of the enthalpic and entropic basis of these interactions in aqueous solution. Here, we show that stereoelectronic effects contribute to stabilizing protein-N-glycan interactions in the context of a cooperatively folding protein. Double-mutant cycle analyses of the folding data from 52 electronically varied N-glycoproteins demonstrate an enthalpy-entropy compensation depending on the electronics of the interacting side chains. Linear and nonlinear models obtained using quantum mechanical calculations and machine learning explain up to 79% and 97% of the experimental interaction energy variability, as inferred from the R2 value of the respective models. Notably, the protein-carbohydrate interaction energies strongly correlate with the molecular orbital energy gaps of the interacting substructures. This suggests that stereoelectronic effects must be given a greater weight than previously thought for accurately modelling the short-range dispersive van der Waals interactions between the N-glycan and the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar S. Ardejani
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Louis Noodleman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Fatayer S, Albrecht F, Tavernelli I, Persson M, Moll N, Gross L. Probing Molecular Excited States by Atomic Force Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:176801. [PMID: 33988431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.176801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By employing single charge injections with an atomic force microscope, we investigated redox reactions of a molecule on a multilayer insulating film. First, we charged the molecule positively by attaching a single hole. Then we neutralized it by attaching an electron and observed three channels for the neutralization. We rationalize that the three channels correspond to transitions to the neutral ground state, to the lowest energy triplet excited states and to the lowest energy singlet excited states. By single-electron tunneling spectroscopy we measured the energy differences between the transitions obtaining triplet and singlet excited state energies. The experimental values are compared with density functional theory calculations of the excited state energies. Our results show that molecules in excited states can be prepared and that energies of optical gaps can be quantified by controlled single-charge injections. Our work demonstrates the access to, and provides insight into, ubiquitous electron-attachment processes related to excited-state transitions important in electron transfer and molecular optoelectronics phenomena on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Fatayer
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Florian Albrecht
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Ivano Tavernelli
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Mats Persson
- Surface Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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19
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Nanoscale electric-field imaging based on a quantum sensor and its charge-state control under ambient condition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2457. [PMID: 33911073 PMCID: PMC8080810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond can be used as quantum sensors to image the magnetic field with nanoscale resolution. However, nanoscale electric-field mapping has not been achieved so far because of the relatively weak coupling strength between NV and electric field. Here, using individual shallow NVs, we quantitatively image electric field contours from a sharp tip of a qPlus-based atomic force microscope (AFM), and achieve a spatial resolution of ~10 nm. Through such local electric fields, we demonstrated electric control of NV's charge state with sub-5 nm precision. This work represents the first step towards nanoscale scanning electrometry based on a single quantum sensor and may open up the possibility of quantitatively mapping local charge, electric polarization, and dielectric response in a broad spectrum of functional materials at nanoscale.
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20
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Xu J, Zhu X, Tan S, Zhang Y, Li B, Tian Y, Shan H, Cui X, Zhao A, Dong Z, Yang J, Luo Y, Wang B, Hou JG. Determining structural and chemical heterogeneities of surface species at the single-bond limit. Science 2021; 371:818-822. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yunzhe Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huan Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Aidi Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenchao Dong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - J. G. Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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21
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Croshaw J, Huff T, Rashidi M, Wood J, Lloyd E, Pitters J, Wolkow RA. Ionic charge distributions in silicon atomic surface wires. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3237-3245. [PMID: 33533379 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a non-contact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), we examine continuous dangling bond (DB) wire structures patterned on the hydrogen terminated silicon (100)-2 × 1 surface. By probing the DB structures at varying energies, we identify the formation of previously unobserved ionic charge distributions which are correlated to the net charge of DB wires and their predicted degrees of freedom in lattice distortions. Performing spectroscopic analysis, we identify higher energy configurations corresponding to alternative lattice distortions as well as tip-induced charging effects. By varying the length and orientation of these DB structures, we further highlight key features in the formation of these ionic surface phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada. and Quantum Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mohammad Rashidi
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada.
| | - John Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada.
| | - Erika Lloyd
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada.
| | - Jason Pitters
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Robert A Wolkow
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada. and Quantum Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada and Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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22
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Li QF, Wang Y, Wang F, Hou Y, Lu Q. 100 MHz large bandwidth preamplifier and record-breaking 50 kHz scanning rate quantum point contact mode probe microscopy imaging with atomic resolution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:013701. [PMID: 33514189 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high-bandwidth preamplifier is a vital component designed to increase the scanning speed of a high-speed scanning tunneling microscope (STM). However, the bandwidth is limited not only by the characteristic GΩ feedback resistor RF but also by the characteristic unity-gain-stable operational amplifier (UGS-OPA) in the STM preamplifier. Here, we report that paralleling a resistor with the tunneling junction (PRTJ) can break both limitations. Then, the UGS-OPA can be replaced by a higher rate, higher antinoise ability, decompensated OPA. By doing so, a bandwidth of more than 100 MHz was achieved in the STM preamplifier with decompensated OPA657, and a higher bandwidth is possible. High-clarity atomic resolution STM images were obtained under about 10 MHz bandwidth and quantum point contact microscopy mode with a record-breaking line rate of 50 k lines/s and a record-breaking frame rate of 250 frames/s. Both the PRTJ method and the decompensated OPA will pave the way for higher scanning speeds and play a key role in the design of high-performance STMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Feng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Hou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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23
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Liu XJ, Tang GS, Pan JQ, Ma CZ, Wan KN. A possible channel effect of the organics adsorbed to the electrode surface on interfacial electron transfer in the alkaline Pb electrodeposition process. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A possible electron transfer channel in solid–liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Guang-Shi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Jun-Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Chun-Ze Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Kang-Ni Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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24
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Patera LL, Queck F, Repp J. Imaging Charge Localization in a Conjugated Oligophenylene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:176803. [PMID: 33156651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.176803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polaron formation in conjugated polymers has a major impact on their optical and electronic properties. In polyphenylene, the molecular conformation is determined by a delicate interplay between electron delocalization and steric effects. Injection of excess charges is expected to increase the degree of conjugation, leading to structural distortions of the chain. Here we investigated at the single-molecule level the role of an excess charge in an individual oligophenylene deposited on sodium chloride films. By combining sub-molecular-resolved atomic force microscopy with redox-state-selective orbital imaging, we characterize both structural and electronical changes occurring upon hole injection. While the neutral molecule exhibits a delocalized frontier orbital, for the cationic radical the excess charge is observed to localize, inducing a partial planarization of the molecule. These results provide direct evidence for self-trapping of the excess charge in oligophenylenes, shedding light on the interplay of charge localization and structural distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Queck
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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25
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Surface coordination layer passivates oxidation of copper. Nature 2020; 586:390-394. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Gunasekaran S, Reed DA, Paley DW, Bartholomew AK, Venkataraman L, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Single-Electron Currents in Designer Single-Cluster Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14924-14932. [PMID: 32809814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters can be used to create single-electron devices wherein a single redox-active cluster is connected to two macroscopic electrodes via anchoring ligands. Unlike single-electron devices comprising nanocrystals, these cluster-based devices can be fabricated with atomic precision. This affords an unprecedented level of control over the device properties. Herein, we design a series of cobalt chalcogenide clusters with varying ligand geometries and core nuclearities to control their current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in a scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) device. First, the device geometry is modified by precisely positioning junction-anchoring ligands on the surface of the cluster. We show that the I-V characteristics are independent of ligand placement, confirming a sequential, single-electron tunneling mechanism. Next, we chemically fuse two clusters to realize a larger cluster dimer that behaves as a single electronic unit, possessing a smaller reorganization energy and more accessible redox states than the monomeric analogues. As a result, dimer-based devices exhibit significantly higher currents and can even be pushed to current saturation at high bias. Owing to these controllable properties, single-cluster junctions serve as an excellent platform for exploring incoherent charge transport processes at the nanoscale. With this understanding, as well as properties such as nonlinear I-V characteristics and rectification, these molecular clusters may function as conductive inorganic nodes in new devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Douglas A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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27
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Liebig A, Hapala P, Weymouth AJ, Giessibl FJ. Quantifying the evolution of atomic interaction of a complex surface with a functionalized atomic force microscopy tip. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14104. [PMID: 32839507 PMCID: PMC7445177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminating the tip of an atomic force microscope with a CO molecule allows data to be acquired with a well-known and inert apex. Previous studies have shown conflicting results regarding the electrostatic interaction, indicating in some cases that the negative charge at the apex of the CO dominates, whereas in other cases the positive charge at the end of the metal tip dominates. To clarify this, we investigated [Formula: see text](111). [Formula: see text] is an ionic crystal and the (111) surface does not possess charge inversion symmetry. Far from the surface, the interaction is dominated by electrostatics via the negative charge at the apex. Closer to the surface, Pauli repulsion and CO bending dominate, which leads to an unexpected appearance of the complex 3-atom unit cell. We compare simulated data in which the electrostatics are modeled by point particles versus a charge density calculated by DFT. We also compare modeling Pauli repulsion via individual Lennard-Jones potentials versus a total charge density overlap. In doing so, we determine forcefield parameters useful for future investigations of biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Liebig
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred J Weymouth
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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28
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Weymouth AJ, Riegel E, Gretz O, Giessibl FJ. Strumming a Single Chemical Bond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:196101. [PMID: 32469591 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy can image the internal structure of molecules adsorbed on surfaces. One reliable method is to terminate the tip with a nonreactive adsorbate, often a single CO molecule, and to collect data at a close distance where Pauli repulsion plays a strong role. Lateral force microscopy, in which the tip oscillates laterally, probes similar interactions but has the unique ability to pull the CO over a chemical bond, load it as a torsional spring, and release it as it snaps over with each oscillation cycle. This produces measurable energy dissipation. The dissipation has a characteristic decay length in the vertical direction of 4 pm, which is 13 times smaller than the decay length in typical STM or AFM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Gretz
- University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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29
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Hernangómez-Pérez D, Gunasekaran S, Venkataraman L, Evers F. Solitonics with Polyacetylenes. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2615-2619. [PMID: 32125870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyacetylene molecular wires have attracted a long-standing interest for the past 40 years. From a fundamental perspective, there are two main reasons for the interest. First, polyacetylenes are a prime realization of a one-dimensional topological insulator. Second, long molecules support freely propagating topological domain-wall states, so-called "solitons," which provide an early paradigm for spin-charge separation. Because of recent experimental developments, individual polyacetylene chains can now be synthesized on substrates. Motivated by this breakthrough, we here propose a novel way for chemically supported soliton design in these systems. We demonstrate how to control the soliton position and how to read it out via external means. Also, we show how extra soliton-antisoliton pairs arise when applying a moderate static electric field. We thus make a step toward functionality of electronic devices based on soliton manipulation, that is, "solitonics".
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ferdinand Evers
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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30
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Fatayer S, Albrecht F, Zhang Y, Urbonas D, Peña D, Moll N, Gross L. Molecular structure elucidation with charge-state control. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 365:142-145. [PMID: 31296763 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The charge state of a molecule governs its physicochemical properties, such as conformation, reactivity, and aromaticity, with implications for on-surface synthesis, catalysis, photoconversion, and applications in molecular electronics. On insulating, multilayer sodium chloride (NaCl) films, we controlled the charge state of organic molecules and resolved their structures in neutral, cationic, anionic, and dianionic states by atomic force microscopy, obtaining atomic resolution and bond-order discrimination using carbon monoxide (CO)-functionalized tips. We detected changes in conformation, adsorption geometry, and bond-order relations for azobenzene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, and pentacene in multiple charge states. Moreover, for porphine, we investigate the charge state-dependent change of aromaticity and conjugation pathway in the macrocycle. This work opens the way to studying chemical-structural changes of individual molecules for a wide range of charge states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunlong Zhang
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, Rueschlikon 8803, Switzerland
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, Rueschlikon 8803, Switzerland.
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31
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Quantum dissipation driven by electron transfer within a single molecule investigated with atomic force microscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1337. [PMID: 32165626 PMCID: PMC7067884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer processes play an important role in many biological, chemical and physical processes including photosynthesis, redox chemical reactions and electron transfer in molecular electronics. These charge transfer processes are frequently influenced by the dynamics of their molecular or atomic environments, and they are accompanied with energy dissipation into this environment. The detailed understanding of such processes is fundamental for their control and possible exploitation in future technological applications. Most of the experimental studies of the intramolecular charge transfer processes so far have been carried out using time-resolved optical spectroscopies on large molecular ensembles. This hampers detailed understanding of the charge transfer on the single molecular level. Here we build upon the recent progress in scanning probe microscopy, and demonstrate the control of mixed valence state. We report observation of single electron transfer between two ferrocene redox centers within a single molecule and the detection of energy dissipation associated with the single electron transfer. Here, the authors use atomic force microscopy under ultra-high vacuum conditions to study intramolecular single electron transfer within a single molecule. This allows them to investigate energy dissipation process related to the electron transfer as a function of temperature.
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Scheuerer P, Patera LL, Repp J. Manipulating and Probing the Distribution of Excess Electrons in an Electrically Isolated Self-Assembled Molecular Structure. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1839-1845. [PMID: 32069421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting single electrical charges and their mutual interactions for computation has been proposed as a concept for future nanoelectronics. Controlling and probing charge transfer in electrically isolated atomic-scale structures are fundamental to push its experimental realization. Here, we controllably inject individual excess electrons and study their distribution in a self-assembled structure supported on a nonconductive substrate. The self-assembly ensures structural order down to the atomic scale. Depending on the charge state of the molecular assembly, intermolecular electron hopping and specific electron distributions have been resolved by atomic force microscopy, clarifying the charge-transfer pathways in the tunnel-coupled structure. When mutual charge interactions were exploited, control over specific charge distributions in the self-assembled structure has been achieved with single-molecule precision, paving the way toward the design of data processing platforms based on molecular nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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33
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Ding M, Chen W, Xu H, Lu C, Lin T, Shen Z, Tao H, Zhang K. Synergistic Features of Superoxide Molecule Anchoring and Charge Transfer on Two-Dimensional Ti 3C 2T x MXene for Efficient Peroxymonosulfate Activation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9209-9218. [PMID: 32019305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous Fenton-like process is regarded as a promising approach to produce reactive oxygen species for water purification and environmental remediation. Here, we report a simple and rational strategy for the design of an efficient catalyst by reducing the dimensionality instead of changing the composition or structure. Based on theoretical and experimental evidence, considerable active sites were exposed on the low-dimensional Ti3C2Tx monolayer surface and showed outstanding reactivity toward peroxymonosulfate activation, which was mainly because of the superior compatibility between the highest occupied molecular orbital of catalysts and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of Oxone. Stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy innovatively provided visual insights into the spatiotemporal heterogeneous activation process and revealed that the unilaminar Ti3C2Tx nanosheet exhibited preferable reaction dynamics relative to its inert bulk counterpart, with an aqueous 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation rate ∼376 times higher than that when using bulk Ti3C2Tx as the activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Ding
- College of Environment , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environment , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Hang Xu
- College of Environment , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Chunhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Environment , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Zhen Shen
- College of Environment , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Hui Tao
- College of Environment , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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34
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Cox RP, Sandanayake S, Langford SJ, Bell TDM. Electron Transfer in a Naphthalene Diimide System Studied by Single-Molecule Delayed Fluorescence. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) is a key chemical reaction in nature and has been extensively studied in bulk systems, but remains challenging to investigate at the single-molecule level. A previously reported naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based system (Higginbotham et al., Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 5061–5063) displays delayed fluorescence with good quantum yield (~0.5) and long-lived (nanoseconds) prompt and delayed fluorescence lifetimes, providing an opportunity to interrogate the underlying ET processes in single molecules. Time-resolved single-molecule fluorescence measurements enabled forward and reverse ET rate constants to be calculated for 45 individual molecules embedded in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) film. Interpretation of the results within the framework of Marcus–Hush theory for ET demonstrates that variation in both the electronic coupling and the driving force for ET is occurring from molecule to molecule within the PMMA film and over time for individual molecules.
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35
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Abstract
Direct visualization of electronic and molecular events during biochemical reactions is essential to mechanistic insights. This Letter presents an in-depth analysis of the serial crystallographic data sets collected by Barends and Schlichting et al. ( Science 2015 , 350 , 445 ) that probe the ligand photodissociation in carbonmonoxy myoglobin. This analysis reveals electron density changes caused by the formation of high-spin 3d atomic orbitals of the heme iron upon photolysis and their dynamic behaviors within the first few picoseconds. The heme iron is found popping out of and recoiling back into the heme plane in succession. These findings provide long-awaited visual validations for previous works using ultrafast spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Electron density variations are also found largely in the solvent during the first period of a low-frequency oscillation. This work demonstrates the importance of the analytical methods in detecting and isolating weak, transient signals of electronic changes arising from chemical reactions.
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36
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Scheuerer P, Patera LL, Simbürger F, Queck F, Swart I, Schuler B, Gross L, Moll N, Repp J. Charge-Induced Structural Changes in a Single Molecule Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:066001. [PMID: 31491133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular structural relaxations occurring upon electron transfer are crucial in determining the rate of redox reactions. Here, we demonstrate that subangstrom structural changes occurring upon single-electron charging can be quantified by means of atomically resolved atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the case of single copper(II)phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules deposited on an ultrathin NaCl film. Imaging the molecule in distinct charge states (neutral and anionic) reveals characteristic differences in the AFM contrast. In comparison to density functional theory simulations these changes in contrast can be directly related to relaxations of the molecule's geometric structure upon charging. The dominant contribution arises from a nonhomogeneous vertical relaxation of the molecule, caused by a change in the electrostatic interaction with the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Simbürger
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Queck
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Swart
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 000, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Patera LL, Queck F, Scheuerer P, Moll N, Repp J. Accessing a Charged Intermediate State Involved in the Excitation of Single Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:016001. [PMID: 31386418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate states are elusive to many experimental techniques due to their short lifetimes. Here, by performing single-electron alternate charging scanning tunneling microscopy of molecules on insulators, we accessed a charged intermediate state involved in the rapid toggling of individual metal phthalocyanines deposited on NaCl films. By stabilizing the transient species, we reveal how electron injection into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital leads to a pronounced change in the adsorption geometry, characterized by a different azimuthal orientation. This observation allows clarifying the nature of the toggling process, unveiling the role of transient ionic states involved into fundamental processes occurring at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Queck
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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