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Shehzad A, Cui C, Cheng R, Luo Z. Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia by atomically precise Cu 6 nanoclusters supported on graphene oxide. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39012338 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) enables the production of ammonia by the use of renewable energy, providing a direct method for nitrogen fixation. Nevertheless, the NRR process under ambient conditions is often impeded by inertness of N2 and the occurrence of hydrogen evolution as a byproduct in aqueous electrolytes, resulting in a diminished reaction rate and reduced efficiency. In this study, we synthesized Cu6(SMPP)6 nanoclusters (Cu6 NCs for short) and immobilized them on graphene oxide (GO) to investigate their electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) using an H-cell setup. The GO-supported Cu6 NCs exhibit enhanced catalysis with a high NH3 yield rate of 4.8 μg h-1 cm-2 and a high faradaic efficiency up to 30.39% at -1.1 V. Quantum chemistry calculations reveal that the Cu6S6 cluster on GO support facilitates the N2 adsorption and NN bond activation with a surmountable energy barrier for the potential-determining step (N2* → NNH*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang Y, Sun J, Sun N, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang A, Wang L. The spin polarization strategy regulates heterogeneous catalytic activity performance: from fundamentals to applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7397-7413. [PMID: 38946499 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant attention towards the development of catalysts that exhibit superior performance and environmentally friendly attributes. This surge in interest is driven by the growing demands for energy utilization and storage as well as environmental preservation. Spin polarization plays a crucial role in catalyst design, comprehension of catalytic mechanisms, and reaction control, offering novel insights for the design of highly efficient catalysts. However, there are still some significant research gaps in the current study of spin catalysis. Therefore, it is urgent to understand how spin polarization impacts catalytic reactions to develop superior performance catalysts. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary of the application of spin polarization in catalysis. Firstly, we summarize the fundamental mechanism of spin polarization in catalytic reactions from two aspects of kinetics and thermodynamics. Additionally, we review the regulation mechanism of spin polarization in various catalytic applications and several approaches to modulate spin polarization. Moreover, we discuss the future development of spin polarization in catalysis and propose several potential avenues for further progress. We aim to improve current catalytic systems through implementing a novel and distinctive spin engineering strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Junkang Sun
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Sun
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xianya Liu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Anlei Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Longlu Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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Benaissa I, Rialland B, Bennaamane S, Espada MF, Saffon-Merceron N, Fustier-Boutignon M, Clot E, Mézailles N. N 2 Functionalization via Molybdenum-Nitride Complex: Stepwise BH Bond Additions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402586. [PMID: 38683630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Reactivity of (triphosphine)MoIV-nitrido complex generated by N2 splitting, toward boranes is reported. The simple adduct Mo≡N→BH3 is observed with BH3.SMe2 while 1,2 addition is evidenced with 9-BBN leading to H-Mo=NBR2. A second addition of BH3.SMe2 is facile and forms an unprecedented complex featuring two bridging H between two B and the Mo centers. Addition of PMe3 or BH3.SMe2 promotes reductive elimination and N-H bond formation. The full sequence of functionalization at Mo≡N obtained after N2 splitting is therefore evidenced in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idir Benaissa
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Barbara Rialland
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Maria F Espada
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-UAR2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Eric Clot
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie, Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Present address: Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation-UM6P, Hay Moulay Rachid, BP43150, Benguerir, Morocco
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Wang M, Li S, Gu Y, Xu W, Wang H, Sun J, Chen S, Tie Z, Zuo JL, Ma J, Su J, Jin Z. Polynuclear Cobalt Cluster-Based Coordination Polymers for Efficient Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electroreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38993055 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) holds great promise for purifying wastewater and producing valuable ammonia (NH3). However, the lack of efficient electrocatalysts has impeded the achievement of highly selective NH3 synthesis from the NITRR. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of two polynuclear Co-cluster-based coordination polymers, {[Co2(TCPPDA)(H2O)5]·(H2O)9(DMF)} and {Co1.5(TCPPDA)[(CH3)2NH2]·(H2O)6(DMF)2} (namely, NJUZ-2 and NJUZ-3), which possess distinct coordination motifs with well-defined porosity, high-density catalytic sites, accessible mass transfer channels, and nanoconfined chemical environments. Benefitting from their intriguing multicore metal-organic coordination framework structures, NJUZ-2 and NJUZ-3 exhibit remarkable catalytic activities for the NITRR. At a potential of -0.8 V (vs. RHE) in an H-type cell, they achieve an optimal Faradaic efficiency of approximately 98.5% and high long-term durability for selective NH3 production. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic performance is well maintained even under strongly acidic conditions. When operated under an industrially relevant current density of 469.9 mA cm-2 in a flow cell, a high NH3 yield rate of up to 3370.6 mmol h-1 g-1cat. was observed at -0.5 V (vs. RHE), which is 20.1-fold higher than that obtained in H-type cells under the same conditions. Extensive experimental analyses, in combination with theoretical computations, reveal that the great enhancement of the NITRR activity is attributed to the preferential adsorption of NO3- and the reduction in energy input required for the hydrogenation of *NO3 and *NO2 intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shufan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Huaizhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shuangming Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zuoxiu Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Research Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
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5
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Duletski OL, Platz D, Pollock CJ, Mosquera MA, Arulsamy N, Mock MT. Dinitrogen activation at chromium by photochemically induced Cr II-C bond homolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7029-7032. [PMID: 38894651 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of the organochromium(II) complexes [POCOPtBu]Cr(R) (R = p-Tol, Bn) is reported. Exposure of [POCOPtBu]Cr(Bn) to visible light promoted homolytic Cr-CBn bond cleavage and formed {[POCOPtBu]Cr}2(η1:η1μ-N2) via a putative [POCOPtBu]Cr(I) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Duletski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Duncan Platz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Charlie J Pollock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Martín A Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | | | - Michael T Mock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Yang D, Wang B, Qu J. Construction and Function of Thiolate-Bridged Diiron N xH y Nitrogenase Model Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1761-1776. [PMID: 38861704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusBiological nitrogen fixation mediated by nitrogenases has garnered significant research interest due to its critical importance to the development of efficient catalysts for mild ammonia synthesis. Although the active center of the most studied FeMo-nitrogenases has been determined to be a complicated [Fe7S9MoC] hetero-multinuclear metal-sulfur cluster known as the FeMo-cofactor, the exact binding site and reduction pathway of N2 remain a subject of debate. Over the past decades, the majority of studies have focused on mononuclear molybdenum or iron centers as potential reaction sites. In stark contrast, cooperative activation of N2 through bi- or multimetallic centers has been largely overlooked and underexplored, despite the renewed interest sparked by recent biochemical and computational studies. Consequently, constructing bioinspired bi- or multinuclear metallic model complexes presents an intriguing yet challenging prospect. In this Account, we detail our long-standing research on the design and synthesis of novel thiolate-bridged diiron complexes as nitrogenase models and their application to chemical simulations of potential biological N2 reduction pathways.Inspired by the structural and electronic features of the potential diiron active center in the belt region of the FeMo-cofactor, we have designed and synthesized a series of new thiolate-bridged diiron nitrogenase model complexes, wherein iron centers with +2 or +3 oxidation states are coordinated by Cp* as carbon-based donors and thiolate ligands as sulfur donors. Through the synergistic interaction between the two iron centers, unstable diazene (NH═NH) species can be trapped to generate the first example of a [Fe2S2]-type complex bearing a cis-μ-η1:η1-NH═NH subunit. Significantly, this species can not only catalyze the reductive N-N bond cleavage of hydrazine to ammonia but also trigger a stepwise reduction sequence NH═NH → [NH2-NH]- → [NH]2-(+NH3) → [NH2]- → NH3. Furthermore, an unprecedented thiolate-bridged diiron μ-nitride featuring a bent Fe-N-Fe moiety was successfully isolated and structurally characterized. Importantly, this diiron μ-nitride can undergo successive proton-coupled electron transfer processes to efficiently release ammonia in the presence of separate protons and electrons and can even be directly hydrogenated using H2 as a combination of protons and electrons for high-yield ammonia formation. Based on combined experimental and computational studies, we proposed two distinct reductive transformation sequences on the diiron centers, which involve a series of crucial NxHy intermediates. Moreover, we also achieved catalytic N2 reduction to silylamines with [Fe2S2]-type complexes by ligand modulation.Our bioinspired diiron cooperative scaffold may provide a suitable model for probing the potential N2 stepwise reduction pathways from the molecular level. Different from the traditional alternating and distal pathways dominated by mononuclear iron or molybdenum complexes, our proposed alternating transformation route based on the diiron centers may not involve the N2H4 intermediate, and the convergence point of the alternating and terminal pathways is imide, not amide. Our research strategy could inform the design and development of new types of bioinspired catalysts for mild and efficient nitrogen reduction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Xue Z, Tan R, Tian J, Hou H, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Unraveling the activity trends of T-C 2N based Single-Atom catalysts for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction via high-throughput screening. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:353-360. [PMID: 38941929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method to simultaneously yield valuable NH3and alleviate NO3-pollution under mild operating conditions.However, this complicated eight-electron reaction suffers from low selectivity and Faradaic efficiency, which highlight the importance of developing efficient catalysts, but still a critical challenge. Here, a theoretical screening is performed on transition metal-tetragonal carbon nitride (TM@T-C2N) as active and selective electrocatalysts for NO3RR, where detailed reaction mechanisms and activity origins are explored. In addition, five-step screening criteria and volcano plots enable fast prescreening among numerous candidates.We identify that V@T-C2N and Cr@T-C2N are promising candidates with low overpotentials and high selectivity and stability. In particular, a significant negative correlation between the adsorption strength ofnitrate and the Gibbs free energy for the last proton-electron coupling step (*NH2→*NH3) was existed, which is considerably advantaged to track the activity trend and reveal the origin of activity. This work provides theoretical insights into the rational design of TM-N4/C catalysts for NO3RR andpaves a valuable electrochemical screening framework for other multi-step reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province for High-performance Al/Mg Alloy Materials, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Jinzhong Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province for High-performance Al/Mg Alloy Materials, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province for High-performance Al/Mg Alloy Materials, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province for High-performance Al/Mg Alloy Materials, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083, China.
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8
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Shao B, Chen X, Chen X, Peng S, Song M. Advancements in MXene Composite Materials for Wearable Sensors: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4092. [PMID: 39000870 PMCID: PMC11244375 DOI: 10.3390/s24134092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), manufacturing processes, and material synthesis technologies have positioned flexible sensors as critical components in wearable devices. These developments are propelling wearable technologies based on flexible sensors towards higher intelligence, convenience, superior performance, and biocompatibility. Recently, two-dimensional nanomaterials known as MXenes have garnered extensive attention due to their excellent mechanical properties, outstanding electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and abundant surface functional groups. These notable attributes confer significant potential on MXenes for applications in strain sensing, pressure measurement, gas detection, etc. Furthermore, polymer substrates such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyurethane (PU), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are extensively utilized as support materials for MXene and its composites due to their light weight, flexibility, and ease of processing, thereby enhancing the overall performance and wearability of the sensors. This paper reviews the latest advancements in MXene and its composites within the domains of strain sensors, pressure sensors, and gas sensors. We present numerous recent case studies of MXene composite material-based wearable sensors and discuss the optimization of materials and structures for MXene composite material-based wearable sensors, offering strategies and methods to enhance the development of MXene composite material-based wearable sensors. Finally, we summarize the current progress of MXene wearable sensors and project future trends and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Shao
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Xingwei Chen
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuzhe Peng
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Mingxin Song
- School of Electronic Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Chen H, Hu W, Ma T, Pu Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Yuan S. Molybdenum-Modified Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays as an Efficient Electrode for the Electroreduction of Nitrate to Ammonia. Molecules 2024; 29:2782. [PMID: 38930847 PMCID: PMC11206489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3-RR) has been recognized as a promising strategy for sustainable ammonia (NH3) production due to its environmental friendliness and economical nature. However, the NO3-RR reaction involves an eight-electron coupled proton transfer process with many by-products and low Faraday efficiency. In this work, a molybdenum oxide (MoOx)-decorated titanium dioxide nanotube on Ti foil (Mo/TiO2) was prepared by means of an electrodeposition and calcination process. The structure of MoOx can be controlled by regulating the concentration of molybdate during the electrodeposition process, which can further influence the electron transfer from Ti to Mo atoms, and enhance the binding energy of intermediate species in NO3-RR. The optimized Mo/TiO2-M with more Mo(IV) sites exhibited a better activity for NO3-RR. The Mo/TiO2-M electrode delivered a NH3 yield of 5.18 mg h-1 cm-2 at -1.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl, and exhibited a Faraday efficiency of 88.05% at -1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In addition, the cycling test demonstrated that the Mo/TiO2-M electrode possessed a good stability. This work not only provides an attractive electrode material, but also offers new insights into the rational design of catalysts for NO3-RR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Wang
- Low-Carbon Technology & Chemical Reaction Engineering Labaratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.C.); (W.H.); (T.M.); (Y.P.); (S.W.)
| | - Shaojun Yuan
- Low-Carbon Technology & Chemical Reaction Engineering Labaratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.C.); (W.H.); (T.M.); (Y.P.); (S.W.)
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10
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Ostermann N, Rotthowe N, Stückl AC, Siewert I. (Electro)chemical N 2 Splitting by a Molybdenum Complex with an Anionic PNP Pincer-Type Ligand. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:329-337. [PMID: 38855335 PMCID: PMC11157508 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum(III) complexes bearing pincer-type ligands are well-known catalysts for N2-to-NH3 reduction. We investigated herein the impact of an anionic PNP pincer-type ligand in a Mo(III) complex on the (electro)chemical N2 splitting ([LMoCl3]-, 1 -, LH = 2,6-bis((di-tert-butylphosphaneyl)methyl)-pyridin-4-one). The increased electron-donating properties of the anionic ligand should lead to a stronger degree of N2 activation. The catalyst is indeed active in N2-to-NH3 conversion utilizing the proton-coupled electron transfer reagent SmI2/ethylene glycol. The corresponding Mo(V) nitrido complex 2H exhibits similar catalytic activity as 1H and thus could represent a viable intermediate. The Mo(IV) nitrido complex 3 - is also accessible by electrochemical reduction of 1 - under a N2 atmosphere. IR- and UV/vis-SEC measurements suggest that N2 splitting occurs via formation of an "overreduced" but more stable [(L(N2)2Mo0)2μ-N2]2- dimer. In line with this, the yield in the nitrido complex increases with lower applied potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ostermann
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nils Rotthowe
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - A. Claudia Stückl
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, International Center
for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Tammannstr. 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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11
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Steiner L, Achazi AJ, Kelterer AM, Paulus B, Reissig HU. Diastereoselective Dearomatizing Cyclizations of 5-Arylpentan-2-ones by Samarium Diiodide - A Computational Analysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401120. [PMID: 38512639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
This study analyzes the samarium diiodide-promoted cyclizations of 5-arylpentan-2-ones to dearomatized bicyclic products utilizing density functional theory. The reaction involves a single electron transfer to the carbonyl group, which occurs synchronously with the rate determining cyclization event, and a second subsequent proton-coupled electron transfer. These redox reactions are accurately computed employing small core pseudo potentials explicitly involving all f-electrons of samarium. Comparison of the energies of the possible final products rules out thermodynamic control of the observed regio- and diastereoselectivities. Kinetic control via appropriate transition states is correctly predicted, but to obtain reasonable energy levels the influence of the co-solvent hexamethylphosphortriamide has to be estimated by using a correction term. The steric effect of the bulky samarium ligands is decisive for the observed stereoselectivity. Carbonyl groups in para-position of the aryl group change the regioselectivity of the cyclization and lead to spiro compounds. The computations suggest again kinetic control of this deviating outcome. However, the standard mechanism has to be modified and the involvement of a complex activated by two SmI2 moieties is proposed in which two electrons are transferred simultaneously to form the new C-C bond. Computation of model intermediates show the feasibility of this alternative+ mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Steiner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretischen Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas J Achazi
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Zentrum für Materialforschung, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretischen Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation Using Well-Defined Molecular Catalysts under Ambient or Mild Reaction Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406404. [PMID: 38781115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is industrially produced from dinitrogen (N2) and dihydrogen (H2) by the Haber-Bosch process, although H2 is prepared from fossil fuels, and the reaction requires harsh conditions. On the other hand, microorganisms have fixed nitrogen under ambient reaction conditions. Recently, well-defined molecular transition metal complexes have been found to work as catalyst to convert N2 into NH3 by reactions with chemical reductants and proton sources under ambient reaction conditions. Among them, involvement of both N2-splitting pathway and proton-coupled electron transfer is found to be very effective for high catalytic activity. Furthermore, direct electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversions of N2 into NH3 have been recently achieved. In addition to catalytic formation of NH3, selective catalytic conversion of N2 into hydrazine (NH2NH2) and catalytic silylation of N2 into silylamines have been reported. Catalytic C-N bond formation has been more recently established to afford cyanate anion (NCO-) under ambient reaction conditions. Further development of direct conversion of N2 into nitrogen-containing compounds as well as green ammonia synthesis leading to the use of ammonia as an energy carrier is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Luo Z, Shehzad A. Advances in Naked Metal Clusters for Catalysis. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300715. [PMID: 38450926 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The properties of sub-nano metal clusters are governed by quantum confinement and their large surface-to-bulk ratios, atomically precise compositions and geometric/electronic structures. Advances in metal clusters lead to new opportunities in diverse aspects of sciences including chemo-sensing, bio-imaging, photochemistry, and catalysis. Naked metal clusters having synergic multiple active sites and coordinative unsaturation and tunable stability/activity enable researchers to design atomically precise metal catalysts with tailored catalysis for different reactions. Here we summarize the progress of ligand-free naked metal clusters for catalytic applications. It is anticipated that this review helps to better understand the chemistry of small metal clusters and facilitates the design and development of new catalysts for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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14
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Liu Q, Wang P, Wang Y, Zou J, Leng X, Deng L. Iron(I) Complex Bearing an Open-Shell Diazenido Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13629-13640. [PMID: 38706251 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent transition-metal diazenido species are important intermediates in transition-metal-mediated dinitrogen reduction reactions. Isolable complexes of the type unanimously feature closed-shell diazenido ligands. Those bearing open-shell diazenido ligands have remained elusive. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a d7 iron(I) complex featuring an open-shell silyldiazenido ligand, [(ICy)Fe(NNSiiPr3)(η2:η2-dvtms)] (1, ICy = 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazole-2-ylidene, dvtms = divinyltetramethyldisiloxane). Complex 1 is prepared in good yield by silylation of the iron(-I)-N2 complex [K(18-crown-6)][(ICy)Fe(N2)(η2:η2-dvtms)] with iPr3SiOTf and has been fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods. Theoretical studies, in combination with characterization data, established an S = 1/2 ground spin-state for 1 that can best be described as a quartet iron(I) center featuring an antiferromagnetically coupled triplet silyldiazenido ligand. The diazenido and alkene ligands in 1 are labile, as indicated by the facile disproportionation reaction of 1 at ambient temperature to transform into the iron(II) bis(diazenido) species [(ICy)(NNSiiPr3)2Fe(dvtms)Fe(NNSiiPr3)2(ICy)] (2) and the iron(0) species [(ICy)Fe(η2:η2-dvtms)] and also the alkene-exchange reaction of 1 with PhCH═CHBC8H14 to form [(ICy)Fe(NNSiiPr3)(η2-trans-PhCH═CHBC8H14)] (3). Complex 1 is light-sensitive. Upon photolysis, it undergoes a SiiPr3 radical-transfer reaction to yield [(ICy)Fe(σ:η2-MeCHSiMe2OSiMe2CH═CHSiiPr3)] (4) and N2. The reactions of 1 with the trityl radical and organic bromides yield iron(II) complexes, which indicates its reducing nature. Moreover, 1 is a weak hydrogen-atom abstractor, as indicated by its inertness toward HSi(SiMe3)3 and cyclohexa-1,4-diene and the low calculated N-H bond dissociation energy (48 kcal/mol) of its corresponding iron(II) iso-hydrazenido species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yujian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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15
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Jori N, Moreno JJ, Shivaraam RAK, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Maron L, Campos J, Mazzanti M. Iron promoted end-on dinitrogen-bridging in heterobimetallic complexes of uranium and lanthanides. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6842-6852. [PMID: 38725514 PMCID: PMC11077558 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
End-on binding of dinitrogen to low valent metal centres is common in transition metal chemistry but remains extremely rare in f-elements chemistry. In particular, heterobimetallic end-on N2 bridged complexes of lanthanides are unprecedented despite their potential relevance in catalytic reduction of dinitrogen. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of N2 bridged heterobimetallic complexes of U(iii), Ln(iii) and Ln(ii) which were prepared by reacting the Fe dinitrogen complex [Fe(depe)2(N2)] (depe = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)-ethane), complex A with [MIII{N(SiMe3)2}3] (M = U, Ce, Sm, Dy, Tm) and [LnII{N(SiMe3)2}2], (Ln = Sm, Yb). Despite the lack of reactivity of the U(iii), Ln(iii) and Ln(ii) amide complexes with dinitrogen, the end-on dinitrogen bridged heterobimetallic complexes [{Fe(depe)2}(μ-η1:η1-N2)(M{N(SiMe3)2}3)], 1-M (M = U(iii), Ce(iii), Sm(iii), Dy(iii) and Tm(iii)), [{Fe(depe)2}(μ-η1:η1-N2)(Ln{N(SiMe3)2}2)], 1*-Ln (Ln = Sm(ii), Yb(ii)) and [{Fe(depe)2(μ-η1:η1-N2)}2{SmII{N(SiMe3)2}2}], 3 could be prepared. The synthetic method used here allowed to isolate unprecedented end-on bridging N2 complexes of divalent lanthanides which provide relevant structural models for the species involved in the catalytic reduction of dinitrogen by Fe/Sm(ii) systems. Computational studies showed an essentially electrostatic interaction of the end-on bridging N2 with both Ln(iii) and Ln(ii) complexes with the degree of N2 activation correlating with their Lewis acidity. In contrast, a back-bonding covalent contribution to the U(iii)-N2Fe bond was identified by computational studies. Computational studies also suggest that end-on binding of N2 to U(iii) and Ln(ii) complexes is favoured for the iron-bound N2 compared to free N2 due to the higher N2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Jori
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Sevilla 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - R A Keerthi Shivaraam
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Cedex 4 Toulouse France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Cedex 4 Toulouse France
| | - Jesús Campos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Sevilla 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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16
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Mondal T, Leitner W, Hölscher M. Computational design of cooperatively acting molecular catalyst systems: carbene based tungsten- or molybdenum-catalysts with rhodium- or iridium-complexes for the ionic hydrogenation of N 2 to NH 3. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7890-7898. [PMID: 38634911 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This density functional theory (DFT) study explores the efficacy of cooperative catalytic systems in enabling the ionic hydrogenation of N2 with H2, leading to NH3 formation. A set of N-heterocyclic carbene-based pincer tungsten/molybdenum metal complexes of the form [(PCP)M1(H)2] (M1 = W/Mo) were chosen to bind N2 at the respective metal centres. Simultaneously, cationic rhodium/iridium complexes of type [Cp*M2{2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl}(CH3CN)]+ (Cp* = C5(CH3)5 and M2 = Rh/Ir), are employed as cooperative coordination partners for heterolytic H2 splitting. The stepwise transfer of protons and hydrides to the bound N2 and intermediate NxHy units results in the formation of NH3. Interestingly, the calculated results reveal an encouraging low range of energy spans ranging from ∼30 to 42 kcal mol-1 depending on different combinations of ligands and metal complexes. The optimal combination of pincer ligand and metal center allowed for an energy span of unprecedented 29.7 kcal mol-1 demonstrating significant potential for molecular catalysts for the N2/H2 reaction system. While exploring obvious potential off-cycle reactions leading to catalyst deactivation, the computed results indicate that no increase in energy span would need to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Mondal
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Hölscher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Kfoury J, Oláh J. Role of Lewis acid/base anchor atoms in catalyst regeneration: a comprehensive study on biomimetic EP 3Fe nitrogenases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12520-12529. [PMID: 38605679 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for sustainable ammonia synthesis routes, biomimetic complexes have been intensively studied. Here we focus on the Peter's group Fe-nitrogenase catalyst with EPPP scorpionate ligands, and explore the effect of anchor atom selection (B, Al, Ga, N and P) and the impact of chloro substitution on the phenyl rings on nitrogen fixation. The reaction profiles of complexes with Lewis basic anchor atoms exhibited energy-demanding reduction steps, with more exergonic protonation steps compared to the smoother reaction profiles observed for catalysts with Lewis acid anchor atoms, also implying that catalyst regeneration is especially challenging for catalysts with Lewis basic anchor atoms. The binding affinities of N2 and H2 to the complexes suggest that the autocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which ultimately leads to consumption of reactants and catalyst deactivation, is likely to become more prevalent for heavier anchor atoms and be more significant for Lewis basic anchor atom complexes. Out of the studied complexes, boron showed the smoothest reaction profile and the smallest affinity for H2, which supports its superiour role as an anchor atom in accordance with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kfoury
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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18
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Beasley CH, Duletski OL, Stankevich KS, Arulsamy N, Mock MT. Catalytic dinitrogen reduction to hydrazine and ammonia using Cr(N 2) 2(diphosphine) 2 complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6496-6500. [PMID: 38563332 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00702f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization of trans-[Cr(N2)2(depe)2] (1) is described. 1 and trans-[Cr(N2)2(dmpe)2] (2) catalyze the reduction of N2 to N2H4 and NH3 in THF using SmI2 and H2O or ethylene glycol as proton sources. 2 produces the highest total fixed N for a molecular Cr catalyst to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Beasley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Olivia L Duletski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Ksenia S Stankevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | | | - Michael T Mock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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19
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Liu K, Li H, Xie M, Wang P, Jin Z, Liu Y, Zhou M, Li P, Yu G. Thermally Enhanced Relay Electrocatalysis of Nitrate-to-Ammonia Reduction over Single-Atom-Alloy Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7779-7790. [PMID: 38466142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) holds promise for converting nitrogenous pollutants to valuable ammonia products. However, conventional electrocatalysis faces challenges in effectively driving the complex eight-electron and nine-proton transfer process of the NO3RR while also competing with the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this study, we present the thermally enhanced electrocatalysis of nitrate-to-ammonia conversion over nickel-modified copper oxide single-atom alloy oxide nanowires. The catalyst demonstrates improved ammonia production performance with a Faradaic efficiency of approximately 80% and a yield rate of 9.7 mg h-1 cm-2 at +0.1 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode at elevated cell temperatures. In addition, this thermally enhanced electrocatalysis system displays impressive stability, interference resistance, and favorable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for the simulated industrial wastewater treatment. Complementary in situ analyses confirm that the significantly superior relay of active hydrogen species formed at Ni sites facilitates the thermal-field-coupled electrocatalysis of Cu surface-adsorbed *NOx hydrogenation. Theoretical calculations further support the thermodynamic and kinetic feasibility of the relay catalysis mechanism for the NO3RR over the Ni1Cu model catalyst. This study introduces a conceptual thermal-electrochemistry approach for the synergistic regulation of complex catalytic processes, highlighting the potential of multifield-coupled catalysis to advance sustainable-energy-powered chemical synthesis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Minghao Xie
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhaoyu Jin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuanting Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Panpan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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20
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Ajmal S, Kumar A, Mushtaq MA, Tabish M, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Khan AS, Saad A, Yasin G, Zhao W. Uniting Synergistic Effect of Single-Ni Site and Electric Field of B- Bridged-N for Boosted Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310082. [PMID: 38470193 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of nitrate, a prevalent water pollutant, to ammonia (NH3 ) is a delocalized and green path for NH3 production. Despite the existence of different nitrate reduction pathways, selectively directing the reaction pathway on the road to NH3 is now hindered by the absence of efficient catalysts. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are extensively investigated in a wide range of catalytic processes. However, their application in electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 - RR) to NH3 is infrequent, mostly due to their pronounced inclination toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, Ni single atoms on the electrochemically active carrier boron, nitrogen doped-graphene (BNG) matrix to modulate the atomic coordination structure through a boron-spanning strategy to enhance the performance of NO3 - RR is designed. Density functional theory (DFT) study proposes that BNG supports with ionic characteristics, offer a surplus electric field effect as compared to N-doped graphene, which can ease the nitrate adsorption. Consistent with the theoretical studies, the as-obtained NiSA@BNG shows higher catalytic activity with a maximal NH3 yield rate of 168 µg h-1 cm-2 along with Faradaic efficiency of 95% and promising electrochemical stability. This study reveals novel ways to rationally fabricate SACs' atomic coordination structure with tunable electronic properties to enhance electrocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Ajmal
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Nano-Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Muhammad Asim Mushtaq
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Mohammad Tabish
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Abdul Sammed Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Ali Saad
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 36, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
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21
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Ren S, Gao RT, Nguyen NT, Wang L. Enhanced Charge Carrier Dynamics on Sb 2 Se 3 Photocathodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317414. [PMID: 38225198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) is recognized as a transportable carrier for renewable energy fuels. Photoelectrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (PEC NO3 RR) offers a sustainable solution for nitrate-rich wastewater treatment by directly converting solar energy to ammonia. In this study, we demonstrate the highly selective PEC ammonia production from NO3 RR by constructing a CoCu/TiO2 /Sb2 Se3 photocathode. The constructed CoCu/TiO2 /Sb2 Se3 photocathode achieves an ammonia Faraday efficiency (FE) of 88.01 % at -0.2 VRHE and an ammonia yield as high as 15.91 μmol h-1 cm-2 at -0.3 VRHE with an excellent onset potential of 0.43 VRHE . Dynamics experiments and theoretical calculations have demonstrated that the CoCu/TiO2 /Sb2 Se3 photocathode possesses high light absorption capacity, excellent carrier transfer capability, and high charge separation and transfer efficiencies. The photocathode can effectively adsorb the reactant NO3 - and intermediate, and the CoCu co-catalyst increases the maximum Gibbs free energy difference between NO3 RR and HER. Meanwhile, the Co species enhances the spin density of Cu, and increases the density of states near the Fermi level in pdos, which results in a high PEC NO3 RR activity on CoCu/TiO2 /Sb2 Se3 . This work provides a new avenue for the feasibility of efficient PEC ammonia synthesis from nitrate-rich wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy Material and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Rui-Ting Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy Material and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Nhat Truong Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy Material and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
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22
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Romano C, Mansell JI, Procter DJ. A blueprint for catalysis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:478. [PMID: 38448506 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Romano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack I Mansell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Procter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Eberle L, Lindenthal S, Ballmann J. To Split or Not to Split: [AsCCAs]-Coordinated Mo, W, and Re Complexes and Their Reactivity toward Molecular Dinitrogen. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3682-3691. [PMID: 38359784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium halides bearing a 2,2'-(iPr2As)2-substituted diphenylacetylene ([AsCCAs], 1-As) were prepared and reduced under an atmosphere of dinitrogen in order to activate the latter substrate. In the case of molybdenum, a diiodo (2-As) and a triiodo molybdenum precursor (5) were equally suited for reductive N2 splitting, which led to the isolation of [AsCCAs]Mo≡N(I) (3-As) in each case. For tungsten, [AsCCAs]WCl3 (6) was reduced under N2 to afford {[AsCCAs]WCl2}2(N2) (7), which is best described as a dinuclear π8δ4-configured μ-(η1: η1)-N2-bridged dimer. Attempts to reductively cleave the N2 unit in 7 did not lead to the expected tungsten nitride (8), which had to be prepared independently via the treatment of 7 with sodium azide. To arrive at a π10δ4-configured N2-bridged dimer in a tetragonally distorted ligand environment, [AsCCAs]ReCl3 (9) was reduced in the presence of N2. As expected, a μ-(η1: η1)-N2-bridged dirhenium species, namely, {[AsCCAs]ReCl2}2(N2) (10), was formed, but found to very quickly decompose (presumably via loss of N2), not only under reduced pressure, but also upon irradiation or heating. Hence, an alternative synthetic route to the originally envisioned nitride, [AsCCAs]Re≡N(Cl)2 (11), was developed. While all the aforementioned nitrides (3-As, 8, and 11) were found to be fairly robust, significantly different stabilities were noticed for {[AsCCAs]MCl2}2(N2) (7 for M = W, 10 for M = Re), which is ascribed to the electronically different MN2M cores (π8δ4 for 7 vs π10δ4 for 10) in these μ-(η1: η1)-N2-bridged dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eberle
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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24
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Kamiguchi S, Asakura K, Shibayama T, Yokaichiya T, Ikeda T, Nakayama A, Shimizu KI, Hou Z. Catalytic ammonia synthesis on HY-zeolite-supported angstrom-size molybdenum cluster. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2914-2922. [PMID: 38404367 PMCID: PMC10882513 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new catalysts with high N2 activation ability is an effective approach for low-temperature ammonia synthesis. Herein, we report a novel angstrom-size molybdenum metal cluster catalyst for efficient ammonia synthesis. This catalyst is prepared by the impregnation of a molybdenum halide cluster complex with an octahedral Mo6 metal core on HY zeolite, followed by the removal of all the halide ligands by activation with hydrogen. In this activation, the size of the Mo6 cluster (ca. 7 Å) is almost retained. The resulting angstrom-size cluster shows catalytic activity for ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2, and the reaction proceeds continuously even at 200 °C under 5.0 MPa. DFT calculations suggest that N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N bond cleavage is promoted by the cooperation of the multiple molybdenum sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kamiguchi
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Asakura
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Tamaki Shibayama
- Center for Advanced Research of Energy Conversion Materials, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Tomoko Yokaichiya
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Tatsushi Ikeda
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shimizu
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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25
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Hu Q, Qi S, Huo Q, Zhao Y, Sun J, Chen X, Lv M, Zhou W, Feng C, Chai X, Yang H, He C. Designing Efficient Nitrate Reduction Electrocatalysts by Identifying and Optimizing Active Sites of Co-Based Spinels. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2967-2976. [PMID: 38155548 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-based spinel oxides (i.e., Co3O4) are emerging as low-cost and selective electrocatalysts for the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-RR) to ammonia (NH3), although their activity is still unsatisfactory and the genuine active site is unclear. Here, we discover that the NO3-RR activity of Co3O4 is highly dependent on the geometric location of the Co site, and the NO3-RR prefers to occur at octahedral Co (CoOh) rather than tetrahedral Co (CoTd) sites. Moreover, CoOhO6 is electrochemically transformed to CoOhO5 along with the formation of O vacancies (Ov) during the process of NO3-RR. Both experimental and theoretic results reveal that in situ generated CoOhO5-Ov configuration is the genuine active site for the NO3-RR. To further enhance the activity of CoOh sites, we replace inert CoTd with different contents of Cu2+ cations, and a volcano-shape correlation between NO3-RR activity and electronic structures of CoOh is observed. Impressively, in 1.0 M KOH, (Cu0.6Co0.4)Co2O4 with optimized CoOh sites achieves a maximum NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 96.5% with an ultrahigh NH3 rate of 1.09 mmol h-1 cm-2 at -0.45 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming most of other reported nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts. Clearly, this work paves new pathways for boosting the NO3-RR activity of Co-based spinels by tuning local electronic structures of CoOh sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Qi
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Huo
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianju Sun
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbao Chen
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoyuan Lv
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Zhou
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Chai
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengpan Yang
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
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26
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Song G, Song J, Li Q, Nong DZ, Dong J, Li G, Fan J, Wang C, Xiao J, Xue D. Werner Salt as Nickel and Ammonia Source for Photochemical Synthesis of Primary Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314355. [PMID: 37914669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cheap, stable and easy-to-handle Werner ammine salts have been known for more than a century; but they have been rarely used in organic synthesis. Herein, we report that the Werner hexammine complex [Ni(NH3 )6 ]Cl2 can be used as both a nitrogen and a catalytic nickel source that allow for the efficient amination of aryl chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of bipyridine ligand under the irradiation of 390-395 nm light without the need of any additional catalysts. More than 80 aryl chlorides, including more than 20 drug molecules, were aminated, demonstrating the practicality and generality of this method in synthetic chemistry. A slow NH3 release mechanism is in operation, obviating the problem of catalyst poisoning. Still interestingly, we show that the Werner salt can be easily recovered and reused, solving the problem of difficult recovery of transition metal nickel catalysts. The protocol thus provides an efficient new strategy for the synthesis of primary aryl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiameng Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Ding-Zhan Nong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062, Xi'an, China
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27
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Guo X, Wang P, Wu T, Wang Z, Li J, Liu K, Fu J, Liu M, Wu J, Lin Z, Chai L, Bian Z, Li H, Liu M. Aqueous Electroreduction of Nitric Oxide to Ammonia at Low Concentration via Vacancy Engineered FeOCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318792. [PMID: 38117669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Electroreduction of nitric oxide (NO) to NH3 (NORR) has gained extensive attention for the sake of low carbon emission and air pollutant treatment. Unfortunately, NORR is greatly hindered by its sluggish kinetics, especially under low concentrations of NO. Herein, we developed a chlorine (Cl) vacancy strategy to overcome this limitation over FeOCl nanosheets (FeOCl-VCl ). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the Cl vacancy resulted in defective Fe with sharp d-states characteristics in FeOCl-VCl to enhance the absorption and activation of NO. In situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) verified the lower average oxidation state of defective Fe to enhance the electron transfer for NO adsorption/activation and facilitate the generation of key NHO and NHx intermediates. As a result, the FeOCl-VCl exhibited superior NORR activities with the NH3 Faradaic efficiency up to 91.1 % while maintaining a high NH3 yield rate of 455.4 μg cm-2 h-1 under 1.0 vol % NO concentration, competitive with those of previously reported literatures under higher NO concentration. Further, the assembled Zn-NO battery utilizing FeOCl-VCl as cathode delivered a record peak power density of 6.2 mW cm-2 , offering a new route for simultaneous NO removal, NH3 production, and energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Pai Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Tongwei Wu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Fu
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Bian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, P. R. China
| | - Hengfeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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28
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Xu L, Liu T, Liu D, Xu A, Wang S, Huang H, Liu X, Sun M, Luo Q, Zheng X, Ding T, Yao T. Boosting Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis via Synergistic Effect of Iron-Based Single Atoms and Clusters. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1197-1204. [PMID: 38227967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NO3RR) is gaining attention for low carbon emissions and environmental protection. However, low ammonia production rate and poor selectivity have remained major challenges in this multi-proton coupling process. Herein, we report a facile strategy toward a novel Fe-based hybrid structure composed of Fe single atoms and Fe3C atomic clusters that demonstrates outstanding performance for synergistic electrocatalytic NO3RR. By operando synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and theoretical computation, we clarify that Fe single atoms serve as the active site for NO3RR, while Fe3C clusters facilitate H2O dissociation to provide protons (*H) for continued hydrogenation reactions. As a result, the Fe-based electrocatalyst exhibits ammonia Faradaic efficiency of nearly 100%, with a corresponding production rate of 24768 μg h-1 cm-2 at -0.4 V vs RHE, exceeding most reported metal-based catalysts. This research provides valuable guidance toward multi-step reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Airong Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Sicong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Qiquan Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
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29
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Mohanty A, Rout SR, Dandela R, Daw P. Ammonia synthesis by the reductive N-N bond cleavage of hydrazine using an air-stable, phosphine-free ruthenium catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:416-419. [PMID: 38084087 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of an effective molecular catalyst to reduce hydrazine efficiently to ammonia using a suitable reductant and proton source is demanding. Herein, an unprecedented air-stable, phosphine-free ruthenium complex is used as a potent catalyst for hydrazine hydrate reduction to generate ammonia using SmI2 and water under ambient reaction conditions. Maximizing the flow of electrons from the reductant to the hydrazine hydrate via the metal centre results in a greater yield of ammonia while minimizing the evolution of H2 gas as a competing product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisa Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Transit Campus, (Govt. ITI Building), Engg. School Junction, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India.
| | - Smruti Rekha Rout
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Prosenjit Daw
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Transit Campus, (Govt. ITI Building), Engg. School Junction, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India.
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30
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Dai J, Tong Y, Zhao L, Hu Z, Chen CT, Kuo CY, Zhan G, Wang J, Zou X, Zheng Q, Hou W, Wang R, Wang K, Zhao R, Gu XK, Yao Y, Zhang L. Spin polarized Fe 1-Ti pairs for highly efficient electroreduction nitrate to ammonia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:88. [PMID: 38167739 PMCID: PMC10762114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia offers an attractive solution to environmental sustainability and clean energy production but suffers from the sluggish *NO hydrogenation with the spin-state transitions. Herein, we report that the manipulation of oxygen vacancies can contrive spin-polarized Fe1-Ti pairs on monolithic titanium electrode that exhibits an attractive NH3 yield rate of 272,000 μg h-1 mgFe-1 and a high NH3 Faradic efficiency of 95.2% at -0.4 V vs. RHE, far superior to the counterpart with spin-depressed Fe1-Ti pairs (51000 μg h-1 mgFe-1) and the mostly reported electrocatalysts. The unpaired spin electrons of Fe and Ti atoms can effectively interact with the key intermediates, facilitating the *NO hydrogenation. Coupling a flow-through electrolyzer with a membrane-based NH3 recovery unit, the simultaneous nitrate reduction and NH3 recovery was realized. This work offers a pioneering strategy for manipulating spin polarization of electrocatalysts within pair sites for nitrate wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yawen Tong
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nothnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chien-Te Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan, China
| | - Chang-Yang Kuo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan, China
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, China
| | - Guangming Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaxian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xingyue Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruizhao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiang-Kui Gu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yancai Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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31
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Yin H, Dong F, Wang Y, Su H, Li X, Peng Y, Duan H, Li J. Understanding the Activity Trends in Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia on Cu Catalysts. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11899-11906. [PMID: 38071625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Cu-based catalysts possess great potential in the electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3-) reduction reaction for ammonia (NH3) synthesis. However, the low atomic economy limits their further application. Here we report a Cu single-atom (SA) incorporated in nitrogen-doped carbon (Cu SA/NC) with high atomic economy, which exhibits superior NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 100% along with an impressive NH3 yield rate of 7480 μg h-1 mgcat.-1. As counterparts, Cus+n/NC, with mixed SA and nanoparticles (NPs), shows decreasing NH3 FE with decreasing SA content, but the production of N2 and N2O increases gradually, which reaches the maximum on pure Cu NPs. In situ characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that a higher NH3 FE of Cu SA/NC is ascribed to a lower free energy of the rate-limiting step (HNO* → N*) and effective inhibition for the N-N coupled process. This work provides the intuitive activity trends of Cu-based catalysts, opening an avenue for subsequent catalysts design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Feng Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Haiwei Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiansheng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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32
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Yin H, Dong F, Su H, Zhuang Z, Wang Y, Wang D, Peng Y, Li J. Unraveling the Activity Trends and Design Principles of Single-Atom Catalysts for Nitrate Electrocatalytic Reduction. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25614-25624. [PMID: 38064206 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3-) reduction represents one of the most promising approaches to mitigate NO3- pollution and yield NH3, but it is still challenged by the atomic economy and selectivity issues of substantial active sites. Here, we describe a comprehensive investigation on a series of single-atom catalysts (SACs) using nitrogen-doped carbon as substrate (metal/NC). The essence of activity is related to the extent of the electron transfer capacity (SAs → NO3-). Among these examined SACs, the Cu/NC presents good performance toward NH3 synthesis, i.e., a maximum NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 100% with a high NH3 yield rate of up to 32,300 μg h-1 mgcat.-1. X-ray absorption fine structure spectra and density functional theory calculations provide evidence that the electronic structure of Cu-N4 coordination prohibits the formation of N2, N2O, and H2 and facilitates the orbital hybridization between the 2p orbitals of NO3- and 3d orbitals of Cu single-atom sites. Our study is believed to provide fundamental guidance for the future design of highly efficient electrocatalysts in NO3- reduction to NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Haiwei Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zechao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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33
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Wang GX, Yin ZB, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Hydrazido Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3211-3222. [PMID: 37937752 PMCID: PMC10666292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe activation and functionalization of N2 to form nitrogen-element bonds have long posed challenges to industrial, biological, and synthetic chemists. The first transition-metal dinitrogen complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965 provoked researchers to explore homogeneous N2 fixation. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, efficient and quantitative conversion of N2 to diazenido and hydrazido species remains problematic. Relative to a plethora of reactions to generate N2 complexes, their functionalization reactions are rather rare, and the yields are often unsatisfactory, emphasizing the need for systematic investigations of the reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize our recent work on the synthesis, spectroscopic features, electronic structures, and reactivities of several Cr-N2 complexes. Initially, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear Cr(I)-N2 complexes bearing cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands were accessed. However, they cannot achieve N2 functionalization but undergo oxidative addition reactions with phenylsilane, azobenzene, and other unsaturated organic compounds at the low-valent Cr(I) centers rather than at the N2 unit. Further reduction of these Cr(I) complexes leads to the formation of more activated mononuclear Cr(0) bis-dinitrogen complexes. Remarkably, silylation of the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine Cr(0)-N2 complex with Me3SiCl afforded the first Cr hydrazido complex. This process follows the distal pathway to functionalize the Nβ atom twice, yielding an end-on η1-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)═N-N(SiMe3)2. In contrast, upon substitution of the phosphine ligand in the Cr(0)-N2 complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the corresponding reaction with Me3SiCl proceeds via the alternating pathway; the silylation occurs at both Nα and Nβ atoms and generates a side-on η2-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)(η2-Me3SiN-NSiMe3). Both silylation reactions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of Cr(III) hydrazido complexes and Cr(II) chlorides with a 2:1 ratio. These processes exhibit a peculiar '3-4-2-1' stoichiometry (i.e., treating 3 equiv of Cr(0)-N2 complexes with 4 equiv of Me3SiCl yields 2 equiv of Cr(III) disilyl-hydrazido complexes and 1 equiv of Cr(II) chloride). Upon replacing the monodentate phosphine and/or NHC ligand with a bisphosphine ligand, a monodinitrogen Cr(0) complex, instead of the bis-dinitrogen Cr(0) complexes, is obtained; consequently, the silylation reactions progress via the normal two-electron route, which passes through Cr(II)-N═N-R diazenido species as an intermediate and furnishes [Cr(IV)═N-NR2]+ hydrazido as the final products. More importantly, this type of Cr(0)-N2 complex can be not only silylated but also protonated and alkylated proficiently. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations are determined along with the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we have successfully carried out nearly quantitative preparations of the Cr(IV) hydrazido species with unmixed or hybrid substituents.The studies of Cr-N2 systems provide effective approaches for the activation and functionalization of N2, deepening the understanding of N2 electrophilic attack. We hope that this Account will inspire more discoveries related to the transformation of gaseous N2 to high-value-added nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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34
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Zhang S, Zha Y, Ye Y, Li K, Lin Y, Zheng L, Wang G, Zhang Y, Yin H, Shi T, Zhang H. Oxygen-Coordinated Single Mn Sites for Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:9. [PMID: 37932531 PMCID: PMC10628069 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction has attracted increasing attention due to its goal of low carbon emission and environmental protection. Here, we report an efficient NitRR catalyst composed of single Mn sites with atomically dispersed oxygen (O) coordination on bacterial cellulose-converted graphitic carbon (Mn-O-C). Evidence of the atomically dispersed Mn-(O-C2)4 moieties embedding in the exposed basal plane of carbon surface is confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. As a result, the as-synthesized Mn-O-C catalyst exhibits superior NitRR activity with an NH3 yield rate (RNH3) of 1476.9 ± 62.6 μg h-1 cm-2 at - 0.7 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) and a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 89.0 ± 3.8% at - 0.5 V (vs. RHE) under ambient conditions. Further, when evaluated with a practical flow cell, Mn-O-C shows a high RNH3 of 3706.7 ± 552.0 μg h-1 cm-2 at a current density of 100 mA cm-2, 2.5 times of that in the H cell. The in situ FT-IR and Raman spectroscopic studies combined with theoretical calculations indicate that the Mn-(O-C2)4 sites not only effectively inhibit the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, but also greatly promote the adsorption and activation of nitrate (NO3-), thus boosting both the FE and selectivity of NH3 over Mn-(O-C2)4 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuankang Zha
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixing Ye
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Wang
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajie Yin
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Gu Z, Zhang Y, Wei X, Duan Z, Gong Q, Luo K. Intermediates Regulation via Electron-Deficient Cu Sites for Selective Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electroreduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303107. [PMID: 37730433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ), known as one of the fundamental raw materials for manufacturing commodities such as chemical fertilizers, dyes, ammunitions, pharmaceuticals, and textiles, exhibits a high hydrogen storage capacity of ≈17.75%. Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3 RR) to valuable ammonia at ambient conditions is a promising strategy to facilitate the artificial nitrogen cycle. Herein, copper-doped cobalt selenide nanosheets with selenium vacancies are reported as a robust and highly efficient electrocatalyst for the reduction of nitrate to ammonia, exhibiting a maximum Faradaic efficiency of ≈93.5% and an ammonia yield rate of 2360 µg h-1 cm-2 at -0.60 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The in situ spectroscopical and theoretical study demonstrates that the incorporation of Cu dopants and Se vacancies into cobalt selenide efficiently enhances the electron transfer from Cu to Co atoms via the bridging Se atoms, forming the electron-deficient structure at Cu sites to accelerate NO3 - dissociation and stabilize the *NO2 intermediates, eventually achieving selective catalysis in the entire NO3 RR process to produce ammonia efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Gu
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yechuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuelian Wei
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenyu Duan
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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36
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Winslow C, Rathke P, Rittle J. Multielectron Bond Cleavage Processes Enabled by Redox-Responsive Phosphinimide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17697-17704. [PMID: 37847032 PMCID: PMC10618924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of small molecules via multielectron redox processes offers promise in mediating difficult transformations related to energy conversion processes. While molecular systems that engage in one- and two-electron redox processes are widespread, those that participate in the direct transfer of four or more electrons to small molecules are very rare. To that end, we report a mononuclear CrII complex competent for the 4-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) and nitrosoarenes. These systems additionally engage in facile two-electron group transfer reactivity, including O atom excision and nitrene transfer. Structural, spectroscopic, and computational studies support bond activation processes that intimately occur at a mononuclear chromium(phosphinimide) center and highlight the unusual structural responsiveness of the phosphinimides in stabilizing a range of metal redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles
C. Winslow
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Rathke
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan Rittle
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Mitsumoto T, Ashida Y, Arashiba K, Kuriyama S, Egi A, Tanaka H, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Activity of Molybdenum Complexes Bearing PNP-Type Pincer Ligand toward Ammonia Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306631. [PMID: 37382559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We newly designed and prepared a novel molybdenum complex bearing a 4-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligand, based on the bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of the N-H bonds in molybdenum-imide complexes bearing various substituted pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligands. The complex worked as an excellent catalyst toward ammonia formation from the reaction of an atmospheric pressure of dinitrogen with samarium diiodide as a reductant and water as a proton source under ambient reaction conditions, where up to 3580 equivalents of ammonia were formed based on the molybdenum atom of the catalyst. The catalytic activity was significantly improved by one order of magnitude larger than that observed when using the complex before modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Mitsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Egi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Yang Y, Jia H, Su S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Li J, Ruan Q, Zhang CY. A Pd-based plasmonic photocatalyst for nitrogen fixation through an antenna-reactor mechanism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10953-10961. [PMID: 37829007 PMCID: PMC10566465 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02862c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanocrystals (e.g., Au, Ag, and Cu) hold great promise for driving photocatalytic reactions, but little is known about the plasmonic properties of Pd nanocrystals. Herein, we constructed a plasmonic Pd/Ru antenna-reactor photocatalyst through the controllable growth of a Ru nanoarray 'reactor' on a Pd nano-octahedron 'antenna' and demonstrated a plasmonic Pd-driven N2 photofixation process. The plasmonic properties of Pd nano-octahedrons were verified using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and refractive index sensitivity tests in water-glycerol mixtures. Notably, the constructed plasmonic antenna-reactor nanostructures exhibited superior photocatalytic activities during N2 photofixation, with a maximum ammonia production rate of 117.5 ± 15.0 μmol g-1 h-1 under visible and near-infrared (NIR) light illumination. The mechanism can be attributed to the ability of the plasmonic Pd nanoantennas to harvest light to generate abundant hot electrons and the Ru nanoreactors to provide active sites for adsorption and activation of N2. This work paves the way for the development of Pd-based plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient N2 photofixation and sheds new light on the optimal design and construction of antenna-reactor nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Henglei Jia
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Sihua Su
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information Systems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Mengxuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Jingzhao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information Systems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
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39
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Eizawa A, Arashiba K, Tanaka H, Konomi A, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Design, synthesis and reactivity of dimolybdenum complex bearing quaterphenylene-bridged pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligand. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14012-14016. [PMID: 37740311 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Dimolybdenum complexes bearing 3,3'''-(1,1':3',1'':3'',1'''-quaterphenylene)-bridged pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligand are designed and prepared according to DFT calculations on the cleavage step of dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum complexes bearing polyphenylene-bridged pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligands. The dimolybdenum complexes are found to work as effective catalysts toward ammonia formation from dinitrogen with samarium diiodide as a reductant and water as a proton source under ambient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Eizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Daido University, Takiharu-cho, Minami-ku, Nagoya, 457-8530, Japan
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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40
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Deng Q, Yin K, Wang L, Zhang H, Huang Q, Luo Z, He J, Duan JA. One Droplet toward Efficient Alcohol Detection Using Femtosecond Laser Textured Micro/Nanostructured Surface with Superwettability. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300290. [PMID: 37140085 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol with different concentrations is commonly used in food, industry, and medicine fields all over the world. However, current methods for detecting alcohol concentration are restricted to large sample consumption, additional senergy consuming, or complex operations. Here, inspired by superwettability of lotus leaves, a superhydrophobic and superorganophilic surface is designed on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for one droplet efficient alcohol detection, which is prepared via femtosecond laser direct writing technology. Meanwhile, the contact angles of droplets with various alcohol concentrations on the laser-treated PDMS (LTP) surface are different. Based on the above characteristic, alcohol concentration through contact angle measurement without any external energy is directly detected, which is simple and efficient. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the LTP surface remains stable wettability after 1000 water-ethanol cycles and 300 days tests in air, indicating strong surface repeatability and stability. Significantly, the LTP surface has a broad potential application in one droplet detecting alcohol concentration, fake or genuine wine, and alcohol molecules. This work provides a new strategy to fabricate a superwetting surface for efficient one droplet alcohol detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ji-An Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
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41
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Zhao C, Wu R, Zhang S, Hong X. Benchmark Study of Density Functional Theory Methods in Geometry Optimization of Transition Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6791-6803. [PMID: 37530446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The current benchmark study is focused on determining the most precise theoretical method for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. To accomplish this goal, seven density functional (DF) methods from five distinct classes of density functional theory (DFT) have been selected, including B3LYP-D3(BJ), BP86-D3(BJ), PBE0-D3(BJ), ωB97X-D, M06, M06-L, and TPSSh-D3(BJ). These DFs will be utilized with the Karlsruhe basis set (def2-SVP). To carry out this benchmark study, a total of forty-two structurally diverse transition metal-dinitrogen compounds with experimentally known X-ray data have been selected from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). Based on a comparison of the theoretical data with experimental values (X-ray) of the selected transition metal-dinitrogen compounds, statistical parameters such as root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and N-N and M-N bond lengths are obtained to evaluate the performance of the seven chosen DFs. According to the obtained results, among all DFT methods used in the study, Minnesota functionals (M06 and M06-L) and TPSSh-D3(BJ) show good performance, with lower RMSD values. This suggests that these three methods are the most reliable for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. Based on the absolute errors of the N-N and M-N bond lengths relative to the X-ray data, further analysis is conducted, and it is determined that M06-L is the best functional for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen compounds. Additionally, the influence of using a high-level basis set (def2-TZVP) compared to def2-SVP on the calculated RMSD among the seven chosen methods is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Zhao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rongkai Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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42
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Peters JC. Advancing electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation: insights from molecular systems. Faraday Discuss 2023; 243:450-472. [PMID: 37021388 PMCID: PMC10524484 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation has a rich history within the inorganic chemistry community. In recent years attention has (re)focused on developing electrocatalytic systems capable of mediating the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR). Well-defined molecular catalyst systems have much to offer in this context. This personal perspective summarizes recent progress from our laboratory at Caltech, pulling together lessons learned from a number of studies we have conducted, placing them within the broader context of thermodynamic efficiency and selectivity for the N2RR. In particular, proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) provides an attractive strategy to achieve enhanced efficiency for the multi-electron/proton reduction of N2 to produce NH3 (or NH4+), and electrocatalytic PCET (ePCET) via an ePCET mediator affords a promising means of mitigating HER such that the N2RR can be achieved in a catalytic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Peters
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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43
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Boyd EA, Peters JC. Highly Selective Fe-Catalyzed Nitrogen Fixation to Hydrazine Enabled by Sm(II) Reagents with Tailored Redox Potential and p Ka. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37376713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Controlling product selectivity in multiproton, multielectron reductions of unsaturated small molecules is of fundamental interest in catalysis. For the N2 reduction reaction (N2RR) in particular, parameters that dictate selectivity for either the 6H+/6e- product ammonia (NH3) or the 4H+/4e- product hydrazine (N2H4) are poorly understood. To probe this issue, we have developed conditions to invert the selectivity of a tris(phosphino)borane iron catalyst (Fe), with which NH3 is typically the major product of N2R, to instead favor N2H4 as the sole observed fixed-N product (>99:1). This dramatic shift is achieved by replacing moderate reductants and strong acids with a very strongly reducing but weakly acidic SmII-(2-pyrrolidone) core supported by a hexadentate dianionic macrocyclic ligand (SmII-PH) as the net hydrogen-atom donor. The activity and efficiency of the catalyst with this reagent remain high (up to 69 equiv of N2H4 per Fe and 67% fixed-N yield per H+). However, by generating N2H4 as the kinetic product, the overpotential of this Sm-driven reaction is 700 mV lower than that of the mildest reported set of NH3-selective conditions with Fe. Mechanistic data support assignment of iron hydrazido(2-) species FeNNH2 as selectivity-determining: we infer that protonation of FeNNH2 at Nβ, favored by strong acids, releases NH3, whereas one-electron reduction to FeNNH2-, favored by strong reductants such as SmII-PH, produces N2H4 via reactivity initiated at Nα. Spectroscopic data also implicate a role for SmIII-binding to anionic FeN2- (via an Fe-N2- -SmIII species) with respect to catalytic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Boyd
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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44
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Leitner D, Wittwer B, Neururer FR, Seidl M, Wurst K, Tambornino F, Hohloch S. Expanding the Utility of β-Diketiminate Ligands in Heavy Group VI Chemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten. Organometallics 2023; 42:1411-1424. [PMID: 37388273 PMCID: PMC10302891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of 17 molybdenum and tungsten complexes supported by the ubiquitous BDI ligand framework (BDI = β-diketiminate). The focal entry point is the synthesis of four molybdenum and tungsten(V) BDI complexes of the general formula [MO(BDIR)Cl2] [M = Mo, R = Dipp (1); M = W, R = Dipp (2); M = Mo, R = Mes (3); M = W, R = Mes (4)] synthesized by the reaction between MoOCl3(THF)2 or WOCl3(THF)2 and LiBDIR. Reactivity studies show that the BDIDipp complexes are excellent precursors toward adduct formation, reacting smoothly with dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and triethylphosphine oxide (OPEt3). No reaction with small phosphines has been observed, strongly contrasting the chemistry of previously reported rhenium(V) complexes. Additionally, the complexes 1 and 2 are good precursors for salt metathesis reactions. While 1 can be chemically reduced to the first stable example of a Mo(IV) BDI complex 15, reduction of 2 resulted in degradation of the BDI ligand via a nitrene transfer reaction, leading to MAD (4-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino)pent-2-enide) supported tungsten(V) and tungsten(VI) complexes 16 and 17. All reported complexes have been thoroughly studied by VT-NMR and (heteronuclear) NMR spectroscopy, as well as UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leitner
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Benjamin Wittwer
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Florian R. Neururer
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Michael Seidl
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Frank Tambornino
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftlichen Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
(WZMW), Phillips-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
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45
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VanderWeide A, Prokopchuk DE. Cyclopentadienyl ring activation in organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00501-1. [PMID: 37258685 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand is a cornerstone of modern organometallic chemistry. Since the discovery of ferrocene, the Cp ligand and its various derivatives have become foundational motifs in catalysis, medicine and materials science. Although largely considered an ancillary ligand for altering the stereoelectronic properties of transition metal centres, there is mounting evidence that the core Cp ring structure also serves as a reservoir for reactive protons (H+), hydrides (H-) or radical hydrogen (H•) atoms. This Review chronicles the field of Cp ring activation, highlighting the pivotal role that Cp ligands can have in electrocatalytic H2 production, N2 reduction, hydride transfer reactions and proton-coupled electron transfer.
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46
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Hosono H. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Catalytic activation of molecular nitrogen for green ammonia synthesis: introduction and current status. Faraday Discuss 2023. [PMID: 37212151 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of ammonia using carbon-footprint-free hydrogen under mild conditions is a grand challenge in chemistry today. To achieve this objective, novel concepts are needed for the activation process and catalyst. This article briefly reviews catalytic activation of N2 for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. The features of the various activation methods reported so far are summarized, looking chronologically back at progress in heterogeneous catalysts since the use of iron oxide for the Haber-Bosch process, and finally the technical challenges to be overcome are described. Establishing low work functions for the support materials of the metal catalysts is one key to reducing the activation barrier to dissociate N2. Surfaces of electride materials that preserve the character of the bulk are shown to be useful for this purpose. The requirements of desired catalysts are high efficiency at low temperatures, Ru-free compositions, and chemical robustness in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hosono
- MDX Research Centre for Element Strategy, International Research Frontiers Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
- WPI-mana, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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47
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Moriya I. Converting N 2 molecules into NH 3 with TiO 2/Fe 3O 4 composite covered with a thin water layer under ambient condition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7746. [PMID: 37173377 PMCID: PMC10181994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As ammonia manufacture today require huge energy and very pure hydrogen gas and moreover emit large quantities of CO2, researches for new ammonia synthesis methods are actively performed. Here, author reports the novel method through which N2 molecules in air is reduced into ammonia with TiO2/Fe3O4 composite having thin water layer on composite's surface under ambient condition (less than 100 °C and atmospheric pressure). The composites were composed of both nm-sized TiO2 particles and μm-sized Fe3O4 ones. First, composites were held in refrigerator, mainly at that time, N2 molecules in air adsorbed onto surface of composite. Next, the composite was irradiated with various lights including solar light, 365 nm LED light and tungsten light through thin water layer formed by condensation of water vapour in air. Reliable amount of ammonia was obtained under 5 min's irradiation of solar light or of both 365 m LED light and 500 W tungsten light. This reaction was catalytic reaction promoted by photocatalytic one. In addition, holding in freezer instead of refrigerator provided larger amount of ammonia. Maximum ammonia yield was approximately 18.7 μmol/g 5 min under irradiation of 300 W tungsten light only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Moriya
- , South wing 101, Maebara-nishi 3-6-3, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
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48
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Yang X, An P, Wang R, Jia J. Tuning the Site-to-Site Interaction of Heteronuclear Diatom Catalysts MoTM/C 2N (TM = 3d Transition Metal) for Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104003. [PMID: 37241745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) synthesis is one of the most important catalytic reactions in energy and chemical fertilizer production, which is of great significance to the sustainable development of society and the economy. The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR), especially when driven by renewable energy, is generally regarded as an energy-efficient and sustainable process to synthesize NH3 in ambient conditions. However, the performance of the electrocatalyst is far below expectations, with the lack of a high-efficiency catalyst being the main obstacle. Herein, by means of comprehensive spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) computations, the catalytic performance of MoTM/C2N (TM = 3d transition metal) for use in eNRR was systematically evaluated. Among the results, MoFe/C2N can be considered the most promising catalyst due to its having the lowest limiting potential (-0.26 V) and high selectivity in the context of eNRR. Compared with its homonuclear counterparts, MoMo/C2N and FeFe/C2N, MoFe/C2N can balance the first protonation step and the sixth protonation step synergistically, showing outstanding activity regarding eNRR. Our work not only opens a new door to advancing sustainable NH3 production by tailoring the active sites of heteronuclear diatom catalysts but also promotes the design and production of novel low-cost and efficient nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Ping An
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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49
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Kim JH, Dai TY, Yang M, Seo JM, Lee JS, Kweon DH, Lang XY, Ihm K, Shin TJ, Han GF, Jiang Q, Baek JB. Achieving volatile potassium promoted ammonia synthesis via mechanochemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2319. [PMID: 37087491 PMCID: PMC10122650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium oxide (K2O) is used as a promotor in industrial ammonia synthesis, although metallic potassium (K) is better in theory. The reason K2O is used is because metallic K, which volatilizes around 400 °C, separates from the catalyst in the harsh ammonia synthesis conditions of the Haber-Bosch process. To maximize the efficiency of ammonia synthesis, using metallic K with low temperature reaction below 400 °C is prerequisite. Here, we synthesize ammonia using metallic K and Fe as a catalyst via mechanochemical process near ambient conditions (45 °C, 1 bar). The final ammonia concentration reaches as high as 94.5 vol%, which was extraordinarily higher than that of the Haber-Bosch process (25.0 vol%, 450 °C, 200 bar) and our previous work (82.5 vol%, 45 °C, 1 bar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tian-Yi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Mihyun Yang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Seo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kweon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Xing-You Lang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Kyuwook Ihm
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Gao-Feng Han
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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50
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Wang GX, Wang X, Jiang Y, Chen W, Shan C, Zhang P, Wei J, Ye S, Xi Z. Snapshots of Early-Stage Quantitative N 2 Electrophilic Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9746-9754. [PMID: 37067517 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic functionalization of N2 moieties in metal dinitrogen complexes typically initiates the catalytic synthesis of N-containing molecules directly from N2. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, how to efficiently and even quantitatively convert N2 into diazenido and hydrazido species still poses a great challenge. In this regard, systematic and comprehensive investigations to elucidate the reaction intricacies are of profound significance. Herein, we report a kinetic dissection on the first and second electrophilic functionalization steps of a new Cr0-N2 system with HOTf, MeOTf, and Me3SiOTf. All reactions pass through fleeting diazenido intermediates and furnish long-lived final hydrazido products, and both steps are quantitative conversions at low temperatures. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations were determined as well as the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we succeeded in large-scale and near-quantitative preparation of all hydrazido species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunxiao Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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