1
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Liu WS, Lu ZM, Pu XH, Li XY, Zhang HQ, Zhang ZZ, Zhang XY, Shi T, Jiang XH, Zhou JS, Zhou X, Xin ZY, Li MG, Yuan J, Chen CM, Zhang XW, Gao J, Li M. A dendritic cell-recruiting, antimicrobial blood clot hydrogel for melanoma recurrence prevention and infected wound management. Biomaterials 2025; 313:122776. [PMID: 39236629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Surgical resection, the mainstay for melanoma treatment, faces challenges due to high tumor recurrence rates and complex postoperative wound healing. Chronic inflammation from residual disease and the risk of secondary infections impede healing. We introduce an innovative, injectable hydrogel system that integrates a multifaceted therapeutic approach. The hydrogel, crosslinked by calcium ions with sodium alginate, encapsulates a blood clot rich in dendritic cells (DCs) chemoattractants and melanoma cell-derived nanovesicles (NVs), functioning as a potent immunostimulant. This in situ recruitment strategy overcomes the limitations of subcutaneous tumor vaccine injections and more effectively achieves antitumor immunity. Additionally, the hydrogel incorporates Chlorella extracts, enhancing its antimicrobial properties to prevent wound infections and promote healing. One of the key findings of our research is the dual functionality of Chlorella extracts; they not only expedite the healing process of infected wounds but also increase the hydrogel's ability to stimulate an antitumor immune response. Given the patient-specific nature of the blood clot and NVs, our hydrogel system offers customizable solutions for individual postoperative requirements. This personalized approach is highlighted by our study, which demonstrates the synergistic impact of the composite hydrogel on preventing melanoma recurrence and hastening wound healing, potentially transforming postsurgical melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Mao Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Pu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory & Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuan-Zhuan Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Te Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Liberation Army of China Naval Medical Center, Shanghai, 200052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-He Jiang
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Sheng Zhou
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Gui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Min Chen
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Lahdenperä ASK, Dhankhar J, Davies DJ, Lam NYS, Bacoş PD, de la Vega-Hernández K, Phipps RJ. A chiral hydrogen atom abstraction catalyst for the enantioselective epimerization of meso-diols. Science 2024; 386:42-49. [PMID: 39361751 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom abstraction is an important elementary chemical process but is very difficult to carry out enantioselectively. We have developed catalysts, readily derived from the Cinchona alkaloid family of natural products, which can achieve this by virtue of their chiral amine structure. The catalyst, following single-electron oxidation, desymmetrizes meso-diols by selectively abstracting a hydrogen atom from one carbon center, which then regains a hydrogen atom by abstraction from a thiol. This results in an enantioselective epimerization process, forming the chiral diastereomer with high enantiomeric excess. Cyclic and acyclic 1,2-diols are compatible, as are acyclic 1,3-diols. Additionally, we demonstrate the viability of combining our approach with carbon-carbon bond formation in Giese addition. Given the increasing number of synthetic methods involving hydrogen atom transfer steps, we anticipate that this work will have a broad impact in the field of enantioselective radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jyoti Dhankhar
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel J Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - P David Bacoş
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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3
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Garwood JJA, Chen AD, Nagib DA. Radical Polarity. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39363280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The polarity of a radical intermediate profoundly impacts its reactivity and selectivity. To quantify this influence and predict its effects, the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity of >500 radicals has been calculated. This database of open-shell species entails frequently encountered synthetic intermediates, including radicals centered at sp3, sp2, and sp hybridized carbon atoms or various heteroatoms (O, N, S, P, B, Si, X). Importantly, these computationally determined polarities have been experimentally validated for electronically diverse sets of >50 C-centered radicals, as well as N- and O- centered radicals. High correlations are measured between calculated polarity and quantified reactivity, as well as within parallel sets of competition experiments (across different radical types and reaction classes). These multipronged analyses show a strong relationship between the computed electrophilicity, ω, of a radical and its relative reactivity (krel vs Δω slopes up to 40; showing mere Δω of 0.1 eV affords up to 4-fold rate enhancement). We expect this experimentally validated database will enable reactivity and selectivity prediction (by harnessing polarity-matched rate enhancement) and assist with troubleshooting in synthetic reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J A Garwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andrew D Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Lütjohann C, Näther C, Lindhorst TK. Ready chemistry with a rare sugar: Altrobioside synthesis and analysis of conformational characteristics. Carbohydr Res 2024; 544:109228. [PMID: 39153326 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of the full set of the so far unknown methyl altrobiosides and the initial analysis of the conformational dynamic which occurs in some of the synthesized compounds. d-Altrose chemistry has largely been neglected as it is a rare sugar and has first to be synthesized from glucose or mannose, respectively. Nevertheless, d-altrose is particularly interesting as the energy barrier between the complementary chair conformations is rather low and therefore dynamic mixtures of conformers might occur. We describe the ready synthesis of the selectively protected altrosyl acceptors for the glycosidation from d-mannose and the altrosyl-trichloroacetimidate as useful glycosyl donor to achieve the (1 → 2), (1 → 3), (1 → 4), and (1 → 6)-α-linked altrobiosides. The diastereomeric α- and β-O-(d-altropyranosyl)-trichloroacetimidates adopt different ring conformations as analyzed by NMR and VCD spectroscopy. Also, the pyranose ring conformations of the obtained altrobiosides apparently differ from a regular 4C1 chair according to NMR analysis and are influenced by the regiochemistry of the interglycosidic linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lütjohann
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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5
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Xia Y, Zhi J, Zhang R, Zhou F, Liu S, Xu Q, Qin Y. Synchronous Switching Strategy to Enhance the Real-Time Powering and Charging Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403361. [PMID: 38728529 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are of great significance as sustainable power sources that harvest energy from the human body and environment. Nevertheless, due to TENG's impedance-dependent output voltage characteristics, in traditional strategy (TS), real-timely powering a sensor with TENG has a poor sensing on/off ratio (or response), and directly charging a capacitor with TENG shows a low charging efficiency. This degraded real-time powering and charging performance of TENG compared to a commercial constant voltage source is a huge challenge of the TENG field for a long time. This work proposes a synchronous switching strategy (SSS) for TENG to real-timely power sensors or charge capacitors without degrading its performance. Compared with TS, this new strategy enables sensors to have 5-7 times sensing on/off ratio enhancement when using TENG as a power source, reaching the powering ability of a commercial constant voltage source, it makes the powering performance of TENG stable under different driving frequency, improving the powering robustness of TENG. In addition, compared with TS, SSS can also enhance the charging efficiency of TENG in every charging cycle by up to 2.4 times when charging capacitors. This work contributes to real-timely powering or charging the distributed, mobile and wireless electronics using TENG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jinyan Zhi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Ruichao Zhang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuhai Liu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yong Qin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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6
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Cassels WR, Sherman ER, Longmore KA, Johnson JS. Switchable Enantio- and Diastereoselective Michael Additions of β-Keto Amides to Nitroolefins: Crystallization-Based Inversion of Kinetic Stereocontrol. Org Lett 2024; 26:7176-7180. [PMID: 39151143 PMCID: PMC11420994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalytic reactions rely on chiral catalysts that induce highly ordered transition states capable of imparting stereoselectivity in the bond-forming step(s). Productive deviations from this paradigm are rare yet hold the potential for accessing different stereoisomers using the same catalyst. Here, we present an enantio- and diastereoselective Michael addition of β-keto amides to nitroolefin electrophiles proceeding via an unusual scenario where the kinetic diastereocontrol imparted by the catalyst may be overridden by crystallization to provide the complementary stereoisomer of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Emily R. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Kaylah A. Longmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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7
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Cho YH, Jin M, Jin H, Han J, Yu S, Li L, Kim YS. Efficient Ionovoltaic Energy Harvesting via Water-Induced p-n Junction in Reduced Graphene Oxide. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404893. [PMID: 39099395 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Water motion-induced energy harvesting has emerged as a prominent means of facilitating renewable electricity from the interaction between nanostructured materials and water over the past decade. Despite the growing interest, comprehension of the intricate solid-liquid interfacial phenomena related to solid state physics remains elusive and serves as a hindrance to enhancing energy harvesting efficiency up to the practical level. Herein, the study introduces the energy harvester by utilizing inversion on the majority charge carrier in graphene materials upon interaction with water molecules. Specifically, various metal electrode configurations are employed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to unravel its distinctive charge carriers that experience the inversion in semiconductor type upon water contact, and exploit this characteristic to leverage the efficacy of generated electricity. Through the strategic arrangement of the metal electrodes on rGO membrane, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) have exhibited a remarkable augmentation, reaching 1.05 V and 31.6 µA, respectively. The demonstration of effectively tailoring carrier dynamics via electrode configuration expands the practicality by achieving high power density and elucidating how the water-induced carrier density modulation occurs in 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Cho
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Jin
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Huding Jin
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyup Han
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Yu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lianghui Li
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Sang Kim
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, 16229, Republic of Korea
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8
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Dang QD, Deng YH, Sun TY, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Wu YD, Niu D. Catalytic glycosylation for minimally protected donors and acceptors. Nature 2024; 632:313-319. [PMID: 38885695 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides have myriad functions throughout biological processes1,2. Chemical synthesis of these structurally complex molecules facilitates investigation of their functions. With a dense concentration of stereocentres and hydroxyl groups, oligosaccharide assembly through O-glycosylation requires simultaneous control of site, stereo- and chemoselectivities3,4. Chemists have traditionally relied on protecting group manipulations for this purpose5-8, adding considerable synthetic work. Here we report a glycosylation platform that enables selective coupling between unprotected or minimally protected donor and acceptor sugars, producing 1,2-cis-O-glycosides in a catalyst-controlled, site-selective manner. Radical-based activation9 of allyl glycosyl sulfones forms glycosyl bromides. A designed aminoboronic acid catalyst brings this reactive intermediate close to an acceptor through a network of non-covalent hydrogen bonding and reversible covalent B-O bonding interactions, allowing precise glycosyl transfer. The site of glycosylation can be switched with different aminoboronic acid catalysts by affecting their interaction modes with substrates. The method accommodates a wide range of sugar types, amenable to the preparation of naturally occurring sugar chains and pentasaccharides containing 11 free hydroxyls. Experimental and computational studies provide insights into the origin of selectivity outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Di Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomic, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Dawen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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9
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Carder HM, Occhialini G, Bistoni G, Riplinger C, Kwan EE, Wendlandt AE. The sugar cube: Network control and emergence in stereoediting reactions. Science 2024; 385:456-463. [PMID: 39052778 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Stereochemical editing strategies have recently enabled the transformation of readily accessible substrates into rare and valuable products. Typically, site selectivity is achieved by minimizing kinetic complexity by using protecting groups to suppress reactivity at undesired sites (substrate control) or by using catalysts with tailored shapes to drive reactivity at the desired site (catalyst control). We propose "network control," a contrasting paradigm that exploits hidden interactions between rate constants to greatly amplify modest intrinsic biases and enable precise multisite editing. When network control is applied to the photochemical isomerization of hexoses, six of the eight possible diastereomers can be selectively obtained. The amplification effect can be viewed as a mesoscale phenomenon between the limiting regimes of kinetic control in simple chemical systems and metabolic regulation in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden M Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gino Occhialini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Pasca F, Gelato Y, Andresini M, Romanazzi G, Degennaro L, Colella M, Luisi R. Synthesis of alcohols: streamlined C1 to C n hydroxyalkylation through photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11337-11346. [PMID: 39055000 PMCID: PMC11268494 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring and readily available α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs) are utilized as platforms for visible light-mediated oxidative CO2-extrusion furnishing α-hydroxy radicals proved to be versatile C1 to Cn hydroxyalkylating agents. The direct decarboxylative Giese reaction (DDGR) is operationally simple, not requiring activator or sacrificial oxidants, and enables the synthesis of a diverse range of hydroxylated products, introducing connectivity typically precluded from conventional polar domains. Notably, the methodology has been extended to widely used glycolic acid resulting in a highly efficient and unprecedented C1 hydroxyhomologation tactic. The use of flow technology further facilitates scalability and adds green credentials to this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pasca
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Yuri Gelato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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11
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Lunic D, Vystavkin N, Qin J, Teskey CJ. Dual-Catalytic Structural Isomerisation as a Route to α-Arylated Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409388. [PMID: 38977417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Isomerisation reactions provide streamlined routes to organic compounds which are otherwise hard to directly synthesise. The most common forms are positional, geometrical or stereochemical isomerisations which involve the relocation of a double bond or a change in relative location of groups in space. In contrast, far fewer examples of structural (or constitutional) isomerisation exist where the connectivity between atoms is altered. The development of platforms capable of such rearrangement poses a unique set of challenges because chemical bonds must be selectively cleaved, and new ones formed without overall addition or removal of atoms. Here, we show that a dual catalytic system can enable the structural isomerisation of readily available allylic alcohols into more challenging-to-synthesise α-arylated ketones via a H-atom transfer initiated semi-pinacol rearrangement. Key to our strategy is the combination of a cobalt catalyst and photocatalyst under reductive, protic conditions which allows intermediates to propagate catalytic turnover. By providing an unusual disconnection to structural motifs which are difficult to access through direct arylation, we anticipate inspiring other advanced catalytic isomerisation strategies that will further retrosynthetic logic for complex molecule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Lunic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikita Vystavkin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jingyang Qin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Lin A, Lee S, Knowles RR. Organic Synthesis Away from Equilibrium: Contrathermodynamic Transformations Enabled by Excited-State Electron Transfer. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1827-1838. [PMID: 38905487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusChemists have long been inspired by biological photosynthesis, wherein a series of excited-state electron transfer (ET) events facilitate the conversion of low energy starting materials such as H2O and CO2 into higher energy products in the form of carbohydrates and O2. While this model for utilizing light-driven charge transfer to drive catalytic reactions thermodynamically "uphill" has been extensively adapted for small molecule activation, molecular machines, photoswitches, and solar fuel chemistry, its application in organic synthesis has been less systematically developed. However, the potential benefits of these approaches are significant, both in enabling transformations that cannot be readily achieved using conventional thermal chemistry and in accessing distinct selectivity regimes that are uniquely enabled by excited-state mechanisms. In this Account, we present work from our group that highlights the ability of visible light photoredox catalysis to drive useful organic transformations away from their equilibrium positions, addressing a number of long-standing synthetic challenges.We first discuss how excited-state ET enabled the first general methods for the catalytic anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of unactivated alkenes with alkyl amines. In these reactions, an excited-state iridium(III) photocatalyst reversibly oxidizes secondary amine substrates to their corresponding aminium radical cations (ARCs). These electrophilic N-centered radicals can then react with olefins to furnish valuable tertiary amine products with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity. Notably, some of these products are less thermodynamically stable than their corresponding amine and alkene starting materials. We next present a strategy for light-driven C-C bond cleavage within various aliphatic alcohols mediated by homolytic activation of alcohol O-H bonds by excited-state proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). The resulting alkoxy radical intermediates then undergo C-C β-scission to ultimately provide isomeric linear carbonyl products that are often higher in energy than their cyclic alcohol precursors. Applications of this chemistry for the light-driven depolymerization of lignin biomass, commercial phenoxy resin, hydroxylated polyolefin derivatives, and thermoset polymers are presented as well. We then describe a method for the contrathermodynamic positional isomerization of highly substituted olefins by means of cooperative photoredox and chromium(II) catalysis. In this work, generation of an allylchromium(III) species that can undergo highly regioselective in situ protodemetalation enables access to a less substituted and thermodynamically less stable positional isomer. Product selectivity in this reaction is determined by the large differential in oxidation potentials between differently substituted olefin isomers. Lastly, we discuss a light-driven deracemization reaction developed in collaboration with the Miller group, wherein a racemic urea substrate undergoes spontaneous optical enrichment upon visible light irradiation in the presence of an iridium(III) chromophore, a chiral Brønsted base, and a chiral peptide thiol. Excellent levels of enantioselectivity are achieved via sequential and synergistic proton transfer (PT) and H atom transfer (HAT) steps. Taken together, these examples highlight the ability of excited-state ET events to enable access to nonequilibrium product distributions across a wide range of catalytic, redox-neutral transformations in which photons are the only stoichiometric reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Wang Y, Chu L, Meng S, Yang M, Yu Y, Deng X, Qi C, Kong T, Liu Z. Scalable and Ultra-Sensitive Nanofibers Coaxial Yarn-Woven Triboelectric Nanogenerator Textile Sensors for Real-Time Gait Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401436. [PMID: 38749008 PMCID: PMC11267306 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Yarn-woven triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have greatly advanced wearable sensor technology, but their limited sensitivity and stability hinder broad adoption. To address these limitations, Poly(VDF-TrFE) and P(olyadiohexylenediamine (PA66)-based nanofibers coaxial yarns (NCYs) combining coaxial conjugated electrospinning and online conductive adhesive coating are developed. The integration of these NCYs led to enhanced TENGs (NCY-TENGs), notable for their flexibility, stretchability, and improved sensitivity, which is ideal for capturing body motion signals. One significant application of this technology is the fabrication of smart insoles from NCY-TENG plain-woven fabrics. These insoles are highly sensitive and possess antibacterial, breathable, and washable properties, making them ideal for real-time gait monitoring in patients with diabetic foot conditions. The NCY-TENGs and their derivatives show immense potential for a variety of wearable electronic devices, representing a considerable advancement in the field of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Lang Chu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Si Meng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Mingxuan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Yidan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Xiaokang Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Cheng Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics EngineeringCollege of Mechatronics and Control EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhenGuangdong518037China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
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14
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Li Y, Shi H, Yin G. Synthetic techniques for thermodynamically disfavoured substituted six-membered rings. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:535-550. [PMID: 38822206 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Six-membered rings are ubiquitous structural motifs in bioactive compounds and multifunctional materials. Notably, their thermodynamically disfavoured isomers, like disubstituted cyclohexanes featuring one substituent in an equatorial position and the other in an axial position, often exhibit enhanced physical and biological activities in comparison with their opposite isomers. However, the synthesis of thermodynamically disfavoured isomers is, by its nature, challenging, with only a limited number of possible approaches. In this Review, we summarize and compare synthetic methodologies that produce substituted six-membered rings with thermodynamically disfavoured substitution patterns. We place particular emphasis on elucidating the crucial stereoinduction factors within each transformation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in the synthesis of these unique structures, while simultaneously providing synthetic chemists with a guide to approaching this synthetic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongjin Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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15
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Min G, Wang W, Li H, Wang T, Li C, Xu S, Xu K, Shang Y, Zhao X, Khandelwal G, Jiao X, Tang W. Optimizing Droplet-Based Electricity Generator via a Low Sticky Hydrophobic Droplet-Impacted Surface. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402765. [PMID: 38940416 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) are increasingly recognized for their potential in converting renewable energy sources. This study explores the interplay of surface hydrophobicity and stickiness in improving DEG efficiency. It find that the high-performance C-WaxDEGs leverage both these properties. Specifically, DEGs incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with carnauba wax (C-wax) exhibit increased output as surface stickiness decreases. Through experimental comparisons, PDMS with 1wt.% C-wax demonstrated a significant power output increase from 0.07 to 1.2 W m- 2, which attribute to the minimized adhesion between water molecules and the polymer surface, achieved by embedding C-wax into PDMS surface to form microstructures. This improvement in DEG performance is notable even among samples with similar surface potentials and contact angles, suggesting that C-wax's primary contribution is in reducing surface stickiness rather than altering other surface properties. The further investigations into the C-WaxDEG variant with 1wt.% C-wax PDMS uncover its potential as a sensor for water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, and heavy metal ion concentration. These findings open avenues for the integration of C-WaxDEGs into flexible electronic devices aimed at environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Min
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Huifan Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuxing Xu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yurui Shang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Gaurav Khandelwal
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xufeng Jiao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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16
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Chen J, Gan Z, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Liu S, Cui R, Xue Z, Sun H, Shi L, Jiang WF, Jin Y. Iron-Catalyzed Photoredox Alcohol α-C-H Alkylation and Tandem Intramolecular Cyclization: Facile Access to Multisubstituted 2,3-Dihydrofurans and γ-Butyrolactones. Org Lett 2024; 26:5329-5334. [PMID: 38869223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Multisubstituted furans occupy a pivotal position within the realms of synthetic chemistry and pharmacological science due to their distinctive chemical configurations and inherent properties. We herein introduce a tandem difunctionalization protocol of alcohols for the efficient synthesis of multisubstituted 2,3-dihydrofurans and γ-butyrolactones through the combination of photocatalysis and iron catalysis under mild conditions. Photoredox alcohol α-C(sp3)-H activation and Pinner-type intramolecular cyclization are two key processes. This method features significant convenience, economic benefits, and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ziyu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Rongqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen-Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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17
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Hoskin JF, Jeong M, Siler DA, Ebner DC, Sorensen EJ. Development of a Divergent Synthesis of Pleurotinoid Natural Products. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8551-8561. [PMID: 38841743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the evolution of our syntheses of the pleurotinoid natural products pleurotin (1), pleurogrisein (3), and 4-hydroxypleurogrisein (4). An approach based on a proximity-induced intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a transient ortho-quinone dimethide (e.g., 6, Scheme 1) was inferior to an alternative construction featuring Gao's titanium(IV)-mediated photoenolization Diels-Alder coupling of ortho-tolualdehyde 20 with functionalized hydrindenone 22. While this pairing exhibited the desired stereoface selectivity and produced cis-fused hydrindanone 23, the successful realization of our syntheses of 1, 3, and 4 required a post-Diels-Alder epimerization of the unactivated stereocenter at C-5 in compound 23. Ultimately, it was possible to generate a reactive oxygen-centered radical via a reductive homolytic cleavage of the N-O bond in 23 and capitalize on its ability to break the C5-H bond in an intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The carbon radical arising from this pivotal 1,5-HAT was subsequently trapped in situ by an exogenous thiol in a kinetically controlled HAT reaction to establish the natural configuration at C-5. The successful flipping of the cis-hydrindane in 23 to the challenging trans configuration in 24 provided a firm foundation for a formal synthesis of pleurotin (1), as well as syntheses of pleurogrisein (3) and 4-hydroxypleurogrisein (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Hoskin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Myungeun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David A Siler
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David C Ebner
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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18
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Zhao X, Hou YL, Qian BC, Shen GB. Thermodynamic H-Abstraction Abilities of Nitrogen Centered Radical Cations as Potential Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysts in Y-H Bond Functionalization. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26708-26718. [PMID: 38911737 PMCID: PMC11191127 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Y-H bond functionalization has always been the focus of research interest in the area of organic synthesis. Direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the Y-H bond is one of the most efficient and practical methods to activate the Y-H bond. Recently, nitrogen centered radical cations were broadly utilized as H-abstraction catalysts to activate Y-H bonds via the HAT process. As a type of HAT catalyst, the H-affinity of nitrogen centered radical cations is a significant thermodynamic parameter to quantitatively evaluate the thermodynamic H-abstraction potentials of nitrogen centered radical cations. In this work, the pK a values of 120 protonated N-containing compounds in acetonitrile (AN) are predicted, and the H-affinities of 120 nitrogen centered radical cations in AN are derived from the reduction potentials of nitrogen centered radical cations and pK a of protonated N-containing compounds using Hess' law. This work focuses on the H-abstraction abilities of 120 nitrogen centered radical cations in AN to enrich the molecule library of novel HAT catalysts or H-abstractors and provides valuable thermodynamic guidelines for the application of nitrogen centered radical cations in Y-H bond functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Hou
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Chen Qian
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Bin Shen
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
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19
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Zheng Q, Long S, Chen Z, Fu J, Ju X, Li L. Characterization of a novel ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B from Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens ZXL1 for D-allose production. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1641-1649. [PMID: 38623425 PMCID: PMC11016020 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic preparation of rare sugars as an alternative to traditional sweeteners is an effective strategy to achieve a low-calorie healthy diet. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B (RpiB) is a key enzyme in the non-oxidative branch of the catalytic pentose phosphate pathway. Here, we investigated the potential of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens ZXL1 (C. flaccumfaciens ZXL1) derived RpiB (CfRpiB) in D-allose preparation. The optimal reaction conditions for recombinant CfRpiB were found experimentally to be pH 7.0, 55 °C, and no metal ions. The kinetic parameters Km, kcat, and catalytic efficiency kcat/Km were 320 mM, 4769 s-1, and 14.9 mM-1 s-1 respectively. The conversion of D-allulose by purified enzyme (1 g L-1 ) to D-allose was 13% within 1 h. In addition, homology modeling and molecular docking were used to predict the active site residues: Asp13, Asp14, Cys72, Gly73, Thr74, Gly77, Asn106, and Lys144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Long
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Fu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Ju
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Sun Z, Yin Y, Jiang T, Zhou B, Ding H, Gai S, Yang P. Stretchable Unsymmetrical Piezoelectric BiO 2-x Deposited-Hydrogel as Multimodal Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Biomechanical Motion Harvesting. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400480. [PMID: 38803307 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is essential for increasing their application in smart devices. Oxygen-vacancy-rich BiO2-x nanosheets (BiO2-x NSs) are advanced-engineered nanomaterials with excellent piezoelectric properties. Herein, a stretchable unsymmetrical BiO2-x NSs deposited-hydrogel made of polyacrylamide (PAM) as a multimodal TENG is rationally fabricated, and the performance of TENG can be tailored by controlling the BiO2-x NSs deposition amount and spatial distribution. The alteration of resistance caused by the Poisson effect of PAM/BiO2-x composite hydrogel (H-BiO2-x) can be used as a piezoresistive sensor, and the piezoelectricity of BiO2-x NSs can effectively enhance the density of transfer charge, thus improving the output performance of the H-BiO2-x-based TENG. In addition, the chemical cross-linking between the BiO2-x NSs and the PAM polymer chain allows the hydrogel electrode to have a higher tensile capacity (867%). Used for biomechanical motion signal detection, the sensors made of H-BiO2-x have high sensitivity (gauge factor = 6.93) and can discriminate a range of forces (0.1-5.0 N) at low frequencies (0.5-2.0 Hz). Finally, the prepared TENG can collect biological energy and convert it into electricity. Consequently, the improved TENG shows a good application prospect as multimodal biomechanical sensors by combining piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tianzong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Bingchen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - He Ding
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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21
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Guo H, Kirchhoff JL, Strohmann C, Grabe B, Loh CCJ. Asymmetric Pd/Organoboron-Catalyzed Site-Selective Carbohydrate Functionalization with Alkoxyallenes Involving Noncovalent Stereocontrol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400912. [PMID: 38530140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the robustness of a synergistic chiral Pd/organoboron system in tackling a challenging suite of site-, regio-, enantio- and diastereoselectivity issues across a considerable palette of biologically relevant carbohydrate polyols, when prochiral alkoxyallenes were employed as electrophiles. In view of the burgeoning role of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) in stereoselective carbohydrate synthesis, our mechanistic experiments and DFT modeling of the reaction path unexpectedly revealed that NCIs such as hydrogen bonding and CH-π interactions between the resting states of the Pd-π-allyl complex and the borinate saccharide are critically involved in the stereoselectivity control. Our strategy thus illuminates the untapped potential of harnessing NCIs in the context of transition metal catalysis to tackle stereoselectivity challenges in carbohydrate functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Anorganische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Anorganische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- NMR Department Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C J Loh
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Tang X, Ravikumar Y, Zhang G, Yun J, Zhao M, Qi X. D-allose, a typical rare sugar: properties, applications, and biosynthetic advances and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38764407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2350617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
D-allose, a C-3 epimer of D-glucose and an aldose-ketose isomer of D-allulose, exhibits 80% of sucrose's sweetness while being remarkably low in calories and nontoxic, making it an appealing sucrose substitute. Its diverse physiological functions, particularly potent anticancer and antitumor effects, render it a promising candidate for clinical treatment, garnering sustained attention. However, its limited availability in natural sources and the challenges associated with chemical synthesis necessitate exploring biosynthetic strategies to enhance production. This overview encapsulates recent advancements in D-allose's physicochemical properties, physiological functions, applications, and biosynthesis. It also briefly discusses the crucial role of understanding aldoketose isomerase structure and optimizing its performance in D-allose synthesis. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and future perspectives in D-allose bioproduction. Early efforts focused on identifying and characterizing enzymes responsible for D-allose production, followed by detailed crystal structure analysis to improve performance through molecular modification. Strategies such as enzyme immobilization and implementing multi-enzyme cascade reactions, utilizing more cost-effective feedstocks, were explored. Despite progress, challenges remain, including the lack of efficient high-throughput screening methods for enzyme modification, the need for food-grade expression systems, the establishment of ordered substrate channels in multi-enzyme cascade reactions, and the development of downstream separation and purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuvaraj Ravikumar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Sano K, Ishiwata A, Takamori H, Kikuma T, Tanaka K, Ito Y, Takeda Y. Synthesis of Sucrose-Mimicking Disaccharide by Intramolecular Aglycone Delivery. Molecules 2024; 29:1771. [PMID: 38675593 PMCID: PMC11051705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are known for their ability to suppress postprandial blood glucose levels. Therefore, oligosaccharides and disaccharides derived from rare sugars could potentially serve as functional sweeteners. A disaccharide [α-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-psicofuranoside] mimicking sucrose was synthesized from rare monosaccharides D-allose and D-psicose. Glycosylation using the intermolecular aglycon delivery (IAD) method was employed to selectively form 1,2-cis α-glycosidic linkages of the allopyranose residues. Moreover, β-selective psicofuranosylation was performed using a psicofuranosyl acceptor with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl groups. This is the first report on the synthesis of non-reducing disaccharides comprising only rare d-sugars by IAD using protected ketose as a unique acceptor; additionally, this approach is expected to be applicable to the synthesis of functional sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Sano
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.I.)
| | - Hiroto Takamori
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.I.)
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
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24
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Chen C, Chen L, Mao C, Jin L, Wu S, Zheng Y, Cui Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Jiang H, Liu X. Natural Extracts for Antibacterial Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306553. [PMID: 37847896 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria-induced epidemics and infectious diseases are seriously threatening the health of people around the world. In addition, antibiotic therapy has been inducing increasingly more serious bacterial resistance, which makes it urgent to develop new treatment strategies to combat bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Natural extracts displaying antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility have attracted much attention due to greater concerns about the safety of synthetic chemicals and emerging drug resistance. These antibacterial components can be isolated and utilized as antimicrobials, as well as transformed, combined, or wrapped with other substances by using modern assistive technologies to fight bacteria synergistically. This review summarizes recent advances in natural extracts from three kinds of sources-plants, animals, and microorganisms-for antibacterial applications. This work discusses the corresponding antibacterial mechanisms and the future development of natural extracts in antibacterial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Chen
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340#, Tianjin, 300401, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340#, Tianjin, 300401, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Congyang Mao
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Liguo Jin
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340#, Tianjin, 300401, China
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25
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Gorelik DJ, Desai SP, Jdanova S, Turner JA, Taylor MS. Transformations of carbohydrate derivatives enabled by photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1204-1236. [PMID: 38274059 PMCID: PMC10806712 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the diverse ways in which recent developments in the areas of photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry are impacting synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The major topics covered are photocatalytic glycosylations, generation of radicals at the anomeric position, transformations involving radical formation at non-anomeric positions, additions to glycals, processes initiated by photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from sugars, and functional group interconversions at OH and SH groups. Factors influencing stereo- and site-selectivity in these processes, along with mechanistic aspects, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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26
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Wang G, Ho CC, Zhou Z, Hao YJ, Lv J, Jin J, Jin Z, Chi YR. Site-Selective C-O Bond Editing of Unprotected Saccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:824-832. [PMID: 38123470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and its polyhydroxy saccharide analogs are complex molecules that serve as essential structural components in biomacromolecules, natural products, medicines, and agrochemicals. Within the expansive realm of saccharides, a significant area of research revolves around chemically transforming naturally abundant saccharide units to intricate or uncommon molecules such as oligosaccharides or rare sugars. However, partly due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups with similar reactivities and the structural complexities arising from stereochemistry, the transformation of unprotected sugars to the desired target molecules remains challenging. One such formidable challenge lies in the efficient and selective activation and modification of the C-O bonds in saccharides. In this study, we disclose a modular 2-fold "tagging-editing" strategy that allows for direct and selective editing of C-O bonds of saccharides, enabling rapid preparation of valuable molecules such as rare sugars and drug derivatives. The first step, referred to as "tagging", involves catalytic site-selective installation of a photoredox active carboxylic ester group to a specific hydroxyl unit of an unprotected sugar. The second step, namely, "editing", features a C-O bond cleavage to form a carbon radical intermediate that undergoes further transformations such as C-H and C-C bond formations. Our strategy constitutes the most effective and shortest route in direct transformation and modification of medicines and other molecules bearing unprotected sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chang Chin Ho
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhixu Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yong-Jia Hao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jie Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiamiao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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27
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Vargas-Rivera MA, Liu AS, Ellman JA. Visible-Light-Mediated, Diastereoselective Epimerization of Exocyclic Amines. Org Lett 2023; 25:9197-9201. [PMID: 38114418 PMCID: PMC10771010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective α-amino C-H epimerization of exocyclic amines is achieved via photoredox catalyzed, thiyl-radical mediated, reversible hydrogen atom transfer to provide thermodynamically controlled anti/syn isomer ratios. The method is applicable to different substituents and substitution patterns about aminocyclopentanes, aminocyclohexanes, and a N-Boc-3-aminopiperidine. The method also provided efficient epimerization for primary, alkyl and (hetero)aryl secondary, and tertiary exocyclic amines. Demonstration of reversible epimerization, deuterium labeling, and luminescence quenching provides insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aidan S. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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28
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Großkopf J, Plaza M, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Creating a Defined Chirality in Amino Acids and Cyclic Dipeptides by Photochemical Deracemization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313606. [PMID: 37793026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines are cyclic dipeptides displaying a wide range of applications. Their enantioselective preparation has now been found possible from the respective racemates by a photochemical deracemization (53 examples, 74 % to quantitative yield, 71-99 % ee). A chiral benzophenone catalyst in concert with irradiation at λ=366 nm enables to establish the configuration at the stereogenic carbon atom C6 at will. If other stereogenic centers are present in the diketopiperazines they remain unaffected and a stereochemical editing is possible at a single position. Consecutive reactions, including the conversion into N-aryl or N-alkyl amino acids or the reduction to piperazines, occur without compromising the newly created stereogenic center. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the benzophenone catalyst processes one enantiomer of the 2,5-diketopiperazines preferentially and enables a reversible hydrogen atom transfer that is responsible for the deracemization process. The remarkably long lifetime of the protonated ketyl radical implies a yet unprecedented mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
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29
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Abstract
The structural complexity of glycans poses a serious challenge in the chemical synthesis of glycosides, oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Glycan complexity, determined by composition, connectivity, and configuration far exceeds what nature achieves with nucleic acids and proteins. Consequently, glycoside synthesis ranks among the most complex tasks in organic synthesis, despite involving only a simple type of bond-forming reaction. Here, we introduce the fundamental principles of glycoside bond formation and summarize recent advances in glycoside bond formation and oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Crawford
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Kim SF, Sarpong R. Interconverting mirror-image molecules. Science 2023; 382:373-374. [PMID: 37883536 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk7116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven multitasking catalyst enhances chirality in molecular mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojung F Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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31
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Lee BC, Koh MJ. Diversification of Glycosyl Compounds via Glycosyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305138. [PMID: 37278303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl radical functionalization is one of the central topics in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. Recent advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry and metallaphotoredox catalysis provided powerful platforms for glycosyl radical diversification. In particular, the discovery of new glycosyl radical precursors in conjunction with these advanced reaction technologies have significantly expanded the space for glycosyl compound synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the most recent progress in this area starting from 2021, and the reports included will be categorized based on different reaction types for better clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boon Chong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
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32
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Brägger Y, Green O, Bhawal BN, Morandi B. Late-Stage Molecular Editing Enabled by Ketone Chain-Walking Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19496-19502. [PMID: 37640367 PMCID: PMC10510328 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a method for the isomerization of ketones in a manner akin to the chain-walking reaction of alkenes is described. Widely available and inexpensive pyrrolidine and elemental sulfur are deployed as catalysts to achieve this reversible transformation. Key to the utility of this approach was the elucidation of a stereochemical model to determine the thermodynamically favored product of the reaction and the kinetic selectivity observed. With the distinct selectivity profile of our ketone chain-walking process, the isomerization of various steroids was demonstrated to rapidly access novel steroids with "unnatural" oxidation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Brägger
- ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ori Green
- ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin N. Bhawal
- ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Bill Morandi
- ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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34
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Chen K, Zeng Q, Xie L, Xue Z, Wang J, Xu Y. Functional-group translocation of cyano groups by reversible C-H sampling. Nature 2023; 620:1007-1012. [PMID: 37364765 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations that introduce, remove or manipulate functional groups are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry1. Unlike conventional functional-group interconversion reactions that swap one functionality for another, transformations that alter solely the location of functional groups are far less explored. Here, by photocatalytic, reversible C-H sampling, we report a functional-group translocation reaction of cyano (CN) groups in common nitriles, allowing for the direct positional exchange between a CN group and an unactivated C-H bond. The reaction shows high fidelity for 1,4-CN translocation, frequently contrary to inherent site selectivity in conventional C-H functionalizations. We also report the direct transannular CN translocation of cyclic systems, providing access to valuable structures that are non-trivial to obtain by other methods. Making use of the synthetic versatility of CN and a key CN translocation step, we showcase concise syntheses of building blocks of bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the combination of C-H cyanation and CN translocation allows access to unconventional C-H derivatives. Overall, the reported reaction represents a way to achieve site-selective C-H transformation reactions without requiring a site-selective C-H cleavage step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrui Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhuan Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zisheng Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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35
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Hejna BG, Ganley JM, Shao H, Tian H, Ellefsen JD, Fastuca NJ, Houk KN, Miller SJ, Knowles RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogen Atom Transfer: Enantioselective Hydroamination of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16118-16129. [PMID: 37432783 PMCID: PMC10544660 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a highly enantioselective radical-based hydroamination of enol esters with sulfonamides jointly catalyzed by an Ir photocatalyst, Brønsted base, and tetrapeptide thiol. This method is demonstrated for the formation of 23 protected β-amino-alcohol products, achieving selectivities up to 97:3 er. The stereochemistry of the product is set through selective hydrogen atom transfer from the chiral thiol catalyst to a prochiral C-centered radical. Structure-selectivity relationships derived from structural variation of both the peptide catalyst and olefin substrate provide key insights into the development of an optimal catalyst. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that hydrogen-bonding, π-π stacking, and London dispersion interactions are contributing factors for substrate recognition and enantioinduction. These findings further the development of radical-based asymmetric catalysis and contribute to the understanding of the noncovalent interactions relevant to such transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Haowen Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Ellefsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Fastuca
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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36
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Qiu G, Ni CL, Knowles RR. Isotopic Fractionation as a Mechanistic Probe in Light-Driven C-H Bond Exchange Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11537-11543. [PMID: 37192535 PMCID: PMC10510749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a diagnostic framework for elucidating the mechanisms of photoredox-based hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions based on hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) fractionation. Traditional thermal HIE methods generally proceed by reversible bond cleavage and bond reformation steps that share a common transition state. However, bond cleavage and bond reformation in light-driven HIE reactions can proceed via multiple, non-degenerate sets of elementary steps, complicating both mechanistic analysis and attendant optimization efforts. Building on classical treatments of equilibrium isotope effects, the fractionation method presented here extracts information regarding the nature of the key bond-forming and bond-breaking steps by comparing the extent of deuterium incorporation into an exchangeable C-H bond in the substrate relative to the H/D isotopic ratio of a solvent reservoir. We show that the extent of fractionation is sensitive to the mechanism of the exchange process and provides a means to distinguish between degenerate and non-degenerate mechanisms for isotopic exchange. In model systems, the mechanisms implied by the fractionation method align with those predicted by thermochemical considerations. We then employed the method to study HIE reactions whose mechanisms are ambiguous on thermodynamic grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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37
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Cassels WR, Crawford ET, Johnson JS. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Mannich Reactions of ß-Dicarbonyls by Second Stage Diastereoconvergent Crystallization. ACS Catal 2023; 13:6518-6524. [PMID: 38046476 PMCID: PMC10688612 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chiral α-monosubstituted-ß-dicarbonyls is a challenging task in asymmetric catalysis due to the rapid, typically uncontrolled, product racemization or epimerization under most reaction conditions. For this reason, diastereoselective additions of unsubstituted ß-dicarbonyls to π-electrophiles are unusual. Herein, we disclose a simple catalytic crystallization-driven enantio- and diastereoselective Mannich reaction for the synthesis of stereodefined α-monosubstituted-ß-keto esters, dissymmetric ß-diesters, dissymmetric ß-diketones, and ß-keto amides that productively leverages product epimerization in solution. Mechanistic studies suggest a scenario where the initial enantioselective, diastereodivergent skeletal assembly is catalyzed by a chiral tertiary amine organocatalyst, which then facilitates second stage crystallization-induced diastereoconvergence to provide the challenging α-stereocenter in excellent stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Evan T Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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38
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Yamatsugu K, Kanai M. Catalytic Approaches to Chemo- and Site-Selective Transformation of Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6793-6838. [PMID: 37126370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a fundamental unit playing pivotal roles in all the biological processes. It is thus essential to develop methods for synthesizing, functionalizing, and manipulating carbohydrates for further understanding of their functions and the creation of sugar-based functional materials. It is, however, not trivial to develop such methods, since carbohydrates are densely decorated with polar and similarly reactive hydroxy groups in a stereodefined manner. New approaches to chemo- and site-selective transformations of carbohydrates are, therefore, of great significance for revolutionizing sugar chemistry to enable easier access to sugars of interest. This review begins with a brief overview of the innate reactivity of hydroxy groups of carbohydrates. It is followed by discussions about catalytic approaches to enhance, override, or be orthogonal to the innate reactivity for the transformation of carbohydrates. This review avoids making a list of chemo- and site-selective reactions, but rather focuses on summarizing the concept behind each reported transformation. The literature references were sorted into sections based on the underlying ideas of the catalytic approaches, which we hope will help readers have a better sense of the current state of chemistry and develop innovative ideas for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamatsugu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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39
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Lainer B, Das K, Dydio P. Variable structure diversification by multicatalysis: the case of alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4716-4725. [PMID: 36974691 PMCID: PMC10111201 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Given that alcohol moieties are present in a great diversity of valuable fine chemicals from nature and synthesis, methods enabling their structure diversification are highly sought after. Catalysis proved to enable the development of new transformations that are beyond the inherent reactivity of alcohols. However, modifying the structure of alcohols at certain unbiased positions remains a major challenge or requires tedious multistep procedures. Recently, increased attention has been given to multicatalyis, which combines multiple reactions and catalysts within one system, creating room for discovering previously inaccessible reactivities or increasing the overall efficiency of multistep transformations. This feature article focuses on demonstrating various aspects of devising such multicatalytic systems that modify the structure of alcohol-containing compounds. Special attention is given to highlighting the challenges and advantages of multicatalysis, and in a broader context discussing how the field of catalysis may progress toward more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lainer
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kuhali Das
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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40
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Amoah E, Kulyk DS, Callam CS, Hadad CM, Badu-Tawiah AK. Mass Spectrometry Approach for Differentiation of Positional Isomers of Saccharides: Toward Direct Analysis of Rare Sugars. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5635-5642. [PMID: 36947664 PMCID: PMC10696529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Rare sugars have gained popularity in recent years due to their use in antiaging treatments, their ability to sweeten with few calories, and their ability to heal infections. Rare sugars are found in small quantities in nature, and they exist typically as isomeric forms of traditional sugars, rendering some challenges in their isolation, synthesis, and characterization. In this work, we present the first direct mass spectrometric approach for differentiating structural isomers of sucrose that differ only by their glycosidic linkages. The method employed a noncontact nanoelectrospray (nESI) platform capable of analyzing minuscule volumes (5 μL) of saccharides via the formation of halide adducts ([M+X]-; X = Cl and Br). Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the five structural isomers of sucrose afforded diagnostic fragment ions that can be used to distinguish each isomer. Detailed mechanisms showcasing the distinct fragmentation pattern for each isomer are discussed. The method was applied to characterize and confirm the presence of all five selected rare sugars in raw honey complex samples. Aside from the five natural α isomers of sucrose, the method was also suitable for differentiating some β isomers of the same glycosidic linkages, provided the monomeric sugar units are different. The halide adduct formation via the noncontact nESI source was also proven to be effective for oligosaccharides such as raffinose, β-cyclodextrin, and maltoheptaose. The results from this study encourage the future development of methods that function with simple operation to enable straightforward characterization of small quantities of rare sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Amoah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dmytro S. Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher S. Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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41
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Jiao H, Cao X. Key characters of glycodrugs. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36942783 DOI: 10.1002/med.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycodrug is an important chemical medicine category derived from biological carbohydrates and their mimics. However, the fundamental logic and features of glycodrugs are obscure issues. To make it easier to understand, four key characters of glycodrugs are extracted for reference. First, Glc relating drugs are key guards in glycometabolism. Second, Rib, GlcN/GalN, and Sia relating drugs are efficient modulators in life signaling regulations. Third, rare sugar relating drugs are effective weapons against various pathogens. Finally, glycosylation modifications are helpful strategies for druggability enhancement. In light of such key characters, more innovative glycodrugs will emerge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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42
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Tan G, Glorius F. Stereochemical Editing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217840. [PMID: 36576752 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemical editing has recently risen to prominence, allowing the direct editing of organic molecules with stereocenter(s) to adjust their relative stereochemistry at a late-stage. Several seminal light-driven stereochemical editing reactions such as deracemization and epimerization have been successively developed. Recently, Wendlandt and co-workers reported a versatile photochemical epimerization of unactivated tertiary stereogenic centers to rapidly prepare the stereoisomers that were previously challenging to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Tan
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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43
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Joo Y, Sung JY, Shin SM, Park SJ, Kim KS, Park KD, Kim SB, Lee DW. A Retro-Aldol Reaction Prompted the Evolvability of a Phosphotransferase System for the Utilization of a Rare Sugar. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0366022. [PMID: 36786576 PMCID: PMC10101011 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03660-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS) linked to glycolysis is dependent on the availability of naturally occurring sugars. Although bacteria exhibit sugar specificities based on carbon catabolite repression, the acquisition and evolvability of the cellular sugar preference under conditions that are suboptimal for growth (e.g., environments rich in a rare sugar) are poorly understood. Here, we generated Escherichia coli mutants via a retro-aldol reaction to obtain progeny that can utilize the rare sugar d-tagatose. We detected a minimal set of adaptive mutations in the d-fructose-specific PTS to render E. coli capable of d-tagatose utilization. These E. coli mutant strains lost the tight regulation of both the d-fructose and N-acetyl-galactosamine PTS following deletions in the binding site of the catabolite repressor/activator protein (Cra) upstream from the fruBKA operon and in the agaR gene, encoding the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) repressor, respectively. Acquired d-tagatose catabolic pathways then underwent fine-tuned adaptation via an additional mutation in 1-phosphofructose kinase to adjust metabolic fluxes. We determined the evolutionary trajectory at the molecular level, providing insights into the mechanism by which enteric bacteria evolved a substrate preference for the rare sugar d-tagatose. Furthermore, the engineered E. coli mutant strain could serve as an in vivo high-throughput screening platform for engineering non-phosphosugar isomerases to produce rare sugars. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms generate energy through glycolysis, which might have preceded a rapid burst of evolution, including the evolution of cellular respiration in the primordial biosphere. However, little is known about the evolvability of cellular sugar preferences. Here, we generated Escherichia coli mutants via a retro-aldol reaction to obtain progeny that can utilize the rare sugar d-tagatose. Consequently, we identified mutational hot spots and determined the evolutionary trajectory at the molecular level. This provided insights into the mechanism by which enteric bacteria evolved substrate preferences for various sugars, accounting for the widespread occurrence of these taxa. Furthermore, the adaptive laboratory evolution-induced cellular chassis could serve as an in vivo high-throughput screening platform for engineering tailor-made non-phosphorylated sugar isomerases to produce low-calorigenic rare sugars showing antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhye Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Shin
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jun Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bo Kim
- Bio-Living Engineering Major, Global Leaders College, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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44
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Kutta RJ, Großkopf J, van Staalduinen N, Seitz A, Pracht P, Breitenlechner S, Bannwarth C, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Multifaceted View on the Mechanism of a Photochemical Deracemization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2354-2363. [PMID: 36660908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Upon irradiation in the presence of a chiral benzophenone catalyst (5 mol %), a racemic mixture of a given chiral imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) can be converted almost quantitatively into the same compound with high enantiomeric excess (80-99% ee). The mechanism of this photochemical deracemization reaction was elucidated by a suite of mechanistic experiments. It was corroborated by nuclear magnetic resonance titration that the catalyst binds the two enantiomers by two-point hydrogen bonding. In one of the diastereomeric complexes, the hydrogen atom at the stereogenic carbon atom is ideally positioned for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to the photoexcited benzophenone. Detection of the protonated ketyl radical by transient absorption revealed hydrogen abstraction to occur from only one but not from the other hydantoin enantiomer. Quantum chemical calculations allowed us to visualize the HAT within this complex and, more importantly, showed that the back HAT does not occur to the carbon atom of the hydantoin radical but to its oxygen atom. The achiral enol formed in this process could be directly monitored by its characteristic transient absorption signal at λ ≅ 330 nm. Subsequent tautomerization leads to both hydantoin enantiomers, but only one of them returns to the catalytic cycle, thus leading to an enrichment of the other enantiomer. The data are fully consistent with deuterium labeling experiments and deliver a detailed picture of a synthetically useful photochemical deracemization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, RegensburgD-93053, Germany
| | - Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
| | - Nils van Staalduinen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonia Seitz
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Pracht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany.,Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, RegensburgD-93053, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
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45
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Kidonakis M, Villotet A, Witte MD, Beil SB, Minnaard AJ. Site-Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Glycosides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:2335-2340. [PMID: 36846820 PMCID: PMC9942207 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinuclidine-mediated electrochemical oxidation of glycopyranosides provides C3-ketosaccharides with high selectivity and good yields. The method is a versatile alternative to Pd-catalyzed or photochemical oxidation and is complementary to the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated C6-selective oxidation. Contrary to the electrochemical oxidation of methylene and methine groups, the reaction proceeds without oxygen.
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46
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Borbás A, Herczeg M, Demeter F, Bényei A. Synthesis of the Three Most Expensive l-Hexose Thioglycosides from d-Glucose. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe biologically important l-hexoses, which are less widespread than d-hexoses, cannot be obtained from natural sources or can only be extracted very costly. Due to the complexity of their synthesis, their commercially available derivatives (which are sold mostly in free form) are also very expensive, which is further exacerbated by the current rapid rise in prices. In the present work, starting from the cheapest d-hexose, d-glucose, using inexpensive and readily available chemicals, a reaction pathway was developed in which the three most expensive l-hexoses (l-idose, l-altrose, and l-talose) were successfully prepared in orthogonally protected thioglycoside form, ready for glycosylation. The l-ido and l-talo derivatives were synthesized by C-5 epimerization of the corresponding 5,6-unsaturated thioglycosides. From the l-ido derivatives, the orthogonally protected thioglycosides of l-altrose were then prepared by C-4 epimerization. Different approaches to the preparation of the key intermediates, 5,6-unsaturated thioglycoside derivatives, were systematically investigated in the presence of various protecting groups (ether and ester) and using commercially available reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen
- Research Group for Oligosaccharide Chemistry of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ELKH
| | - Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen
| | - Attila Bényei
- Laboratory for X-ray Diffraction, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen
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47
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Guo Y, Feng T, Wang Z, Li H, Wei X, Chen J, Niu D, Liu J. Phosphorylation-Driven Production of d-Allulose from d-Glucose by Coupling with an ATP Regeneration System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15539-15547. [PMID: 36458726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is a desirable sucrose substitute with potential applications in food and health care. d-Allulose can be synthesized using d-glucose as a substrate through coupling glucose isomerase with d-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase); however, the product yield is typically less than 20% at reaction equilibrium and thus limits its use in industrial applications. Here, a 3R-ketose phosphorylation pathway coupled with an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration system was developed for the efficient synthesis of d-allulose in Escherichia coli using d-glucose as a substrate. The l-rhamnulose kinase (RhaB) was used to break the inherent reaction equilibrium due to its substrate specificity, resulting in increases in d-allulose titer by 69.9% to 4.96 ± 0.49 g/L. By optimizing the whole cell transformation conditions and designing an ATP regeneration module, d-allulose production reached 17.62 ± 0.77 g/L from 30 g/L d-glucose with a final yield of 0.73 g/g without the addition of exogenous ATP. To evaluate the potential industrial application of this multienzyme cascade system, d-allulose was produced from cane molasses (124.16 ± 2.69 g/L glucose equivalent) with a final d-allulose titer of 62.60 ± 3.76 g/L. The present study provides a practical enzymatic approach for the economical synthesis of d-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Sciences Research Institute, Longzhou, Guangxi 532415, China
| | - Debao Niu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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48
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Abstract
Creating, conserving and modifying the stereochemistry of organic compounds has been the subject of significant research efforts in synthetic chemistry. Most synthetic routes are designed according to the stereoselectivity-determining step. Stereochemical editing is an alternative strategy, wherein the chiral-defining or geometry-defining steps are independent of the construction of the major scaffold or complexity. It enables late-stage alterations of stereochemistry and can generate isomers from a single compound. However, in many instances, stereochemical editing processes are contra-thermodynamic, meaning the transformation is unfavourable. To overcome this barrier, photocatalysis uses photogenerated radical species and introduces thermochemical biases. A range of synthetically valuable contra-thermodynamic stereochemical editing processes have been invented, including deracemization of chiral molecules, positional alkene isomerization and dynamic epimerization of sugars and diols. In this Review, we highlight the fundamental mechanisms of visible-light photocatalysis and the general reactivity modes of the photogenerated radical intermediates towards contra-thermodynamic stereochemical editing processes.
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49
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Guo Q, Liu MM, Zheng SH, Zheng LJ, Ma Q, Cheng YK, Zhao SY, Fan LH, Zheng HD. Methanol-Dependent Carbon Fixation for Irreversible Synthesis of d-Allulose from d-Xylose by Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14255-14263. [PMID: 36286250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is a rare hexose with great application potential, owing to its moderate sweetness, low energy, and unique physiological functions. The current strategies for d-allulose production, whether industrialized or under development, utilize six-carbon sugars such as d-glucose or d-fructose as a substrate and are usually based on the principle of reversible Izumoring epimerization. In this work, we designed a novel route that coupled the pathways of methanol reduction, pentose phosphate (PP), ribulose monophosphate (RuMP), and allulose monophosphate (AuMP) for Escherichia coli to irreversibly synthesize d-allulose from d-xylose and methanol. After improving the expression of AlsE by SUMO fusion and regulating the carbon fluxes by knockout of FrmRAB, RpiA, PfkA, and PfkB, the titer of d-allulose in fed-batch fermentation reached ≈70.7 mM, with a yield of ≈0.471 mM/mM on d-xylose or ≈0.512 mM/mM on methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ming Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-He Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Kai Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Ying Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hai Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Dong Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
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Schmidt TA, Sparr C. Photocatalytic deracemisation of cobalt(III) complexes with fourfold stereogenicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12172-12175. [PMID: 36254723 PMCID: PMC9623447 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The deracemisation of fourfold stereogenic cobalt(III) diketonates with a chiral photocatalyst is described. With only 0.5 mol% menthyl Ru(bpy)32+ photocatalyst, an enantiomeric enrichment of up to 88 : 12 e.r. was obtained for the major meridional diastereomers. Moreover, a distribution of configurationally stable diastereomers distinct from the thermodynamic ratio was observed upon reaching the photostationary state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanno A Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland.
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland.
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