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Molinero EB, Amorim B, Malakhov M, Cistaro G, Jiménez-Galán Á, Picón A, San-José P, Ivanov M, Silva REF. Subcycle dynamics of excitons under strong laser fields. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6985. [PMID: 39213357 PMCID: PMC11364094 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Excitons play a key role in the linear optical response of two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, their role in the nonlinear response to intense, nonresonant, low-frequency light is often overlooked as strong fields are expected to tear the electron-hole pair apart. Using high-harmonic generation as a spectroscopic tool, we theoretically study their formation and role in the nonlinear optical response. We show that the excitonic contribution is prominent and that excitons remain stable even when the driving laser field surpasses the strength of the Coulomb field binding the electron-hole pair. We demonstrate a parallel between the behavior of strongly laser-driven excitons in 2D solids and strongly driven Rydberg states in atoms, including the mechanisms of their formation and stability. Last, we show how the excitonic contribution can be singled out by encapsulating the 2D material in a dielectric, tuning the excitonic energy and its contribution to the high-harmonic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B. Molinero
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Amorim
- Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto (CF-UM-UP) and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LaPMET), Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mikhail Malakhov
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cistaro
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Jiménez-Galán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Picón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo San-José
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Misha Ivanov
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Rui E. F. Silva
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Yeung M, Chou LT, Turchetti M, Ritzkowsky F, Berggren KK, Keathley PD. Lightwave-electronic harmonic frequency mixing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq0642. [PMID: 39141736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Electronic frequency mixers are fundamental building blocks of electronic systems. Harmonic frequency mixing in particular enables broadband electromagnetic signal analysis across octaves of spectrum using a single local oscillator. However, conventional harmonic frequency mixers do not operate beyond hundreds of gigahertz to a few terahertz. If extended to the petahertz scale in a compact and scalable form, harmonic mixers would enable field-resolved optical signal analysis spanning octaves of spectra in a monolithic device without the need for frequency conversion using nonlinear crystals. Here, we demonstrate lightwave-electronic harmonic frequency mixing beyond 0.350 PHz using plasmonic nanoantennas. We demonstrate that the mixing process enables complete, field-resolved detection of spectral content far outside that of the local oscillator, greatly extending the range of detectable frequencies compared to conventional heterodyning techniques. Our work has important implications for applications where optical signals of interest exhibit coherent femtosecond-scale dynamics spanning multiple harmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Yeung
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lu-Ting Chou
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City 112304, Taiwan
| | - Marco Turchetti
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Felix Ritzkowsky
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip D Keathley
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Chang Lee V, Yue L, Gaarde MB, Chan YH, Qiu DY. Many-body enhancement of high-harmonic generation in monolayer MoS 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6228. [PMID: 39043647 PMCID: PMC11266681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Many-body effects play an important role in enhancing and modifying optical absorption and other excited-state properties of solids in the perturbative regime, but their role in high harmonic generation (HHG) and other nonlinear response beyond the perturbative regime is not well-understood. We develop here an ab initio many-body method to study nonperturbative HHG based on the real-time propagation of the non-equilibrium Green's function with the GW self energy. We calculate the HHG of monolayer MoS2 and obtain good agreement with experiment, including the reproduction of characteristic patterns of monotonic and nonmonotonic harmonic yield in the parallel and perpendicular responses, respectively. Here, we show that many-body effects are especially important to accurately reproduce the spectral features in the perpendicular response, which reflect a complex interplay of electron-hole interactions (or exciton effects) in tandem with the many-body renormalization and Berry curvature of the independent quasiparticle bandstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chang Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lun Yue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mette B Gaarde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yang-Hao Chan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Physics Division, National Center of Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Bao D, Deng X, Zhang S, Yu-Chun L, Ke S, Liu J, Liu Y, Wang Z, Ham P, Hanna A, Pan J, Hu X, Li Z, Zhou J, Wang C. Emerging probing perspective of two-dimensional materials physics: terahertz emission spectroscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38951490 PMCID: PMC11217405 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy (TES) has emerged as a highly effective and versatile technique for investigating the photoelectric properties of diverse materials and nonlinear physical processes in the past few decades. Concurrently, research on two-dimensional (2D) materials has experienced substantial growth due to their atomically thin structures, exceptional mechanical and optoelectronic properties, and the potential for applications in flexible electronics, sensing, and nanoelectronics. Specifically, these materials offer advantages such as tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, wideband optical absorption, and relatively short carrier lifetime. By applying TES to investigate the 2D materials, their interfaces and heterostructures, rich information about the interplay among photons, charges, phonons and spins can be unfolded, which provides fundamental understanding for future applications. Thus it is timely to review the nonlinear processes underlying THz emission in 2D materials including optical rectification, photon-drag, high-order harmonic generation and spin-to-charge conversion, showcasing the rich diversity of the TES employed to unravel the complex nature of these materials. Typical applications based on THz emissions, such as THz lasers, ultrafast imaging and biosensors, are also discussed. Step further, we analyzed the unique advantages of spintronic terahertz emitters and the future technological advancements in the development of new THz generation mechanisms leading to advanced THz sources characterized by wide bandwidth, high power and integration, suitable for industrial and commercial applications. The continuous advancement and integration of TES with the study of 2D materials and heterostructures promise to revolutionize research in different areas, including basic materials physics, novel optoelectronic devices, and chips for post-Moore's era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Di Bao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Simian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yu-Chun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Shengxian Ke
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zeli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Pingren Ham
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Hanna
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengcao Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, 100084, Beijing, China.
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5
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Weitz T, Heide C, Hommelhoff P. Strong-Field Bloch Electron Interferometry for Band-Structure Retrieval. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:206901. [PMID: 38829079 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.206901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
When Bloch electrons in a solid are exposed to a strong optical field, they are coherently driven in their respective bands where they acquire a quantum phase as the imprint of the band shape. If an electron approaches an avoided crossing formed by two bands, it may be split by undergoing a Landau-Zener transition. We here employ subsequent Landau-Zener transitions to realize strong-field Bloch electron interferometry, allowing us to reveal band structure information. In particular, we measure the Fermi velocity (band slope) of graphene in the vicinity of the K points as (1.07±0.04) nm fs^{-1}. We expect strong-field Bloch electron interferometry for band structure retrieval to apply to a wide range of material systems and experimental conditions, making it suitable for studying transient changes in band structure with femtosecond temporal resolution at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weitz
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Heide
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Takeda KS, Uchida K, Nagai K, Kusaba S, Takahashi S, Tanaka K. Ultrafast Electron-Electron Scattering in Metallic Phase of 2H-NbSe_{2} Probed by High Harmonic Generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:186901. [PMID: 38759158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.186901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Electron-electron scattering on the order of a few to tens of femtoseconds plays a crucial role in the ultrafast electron dynamics of conventional metals. When mid-infrared light is used for driving and the period of light field is comparable to the scattering time in metals, unique light-driven states and nonlinear optical responses associated with the scattering process are expected to occur. Here, we use high-harmonics spectroscopy to investigate the effect of electron-electron scattering on the electron dynamics in thin film 2H-NbSe_{2} driven by a mid-infrared field. We observed odd-order high harmonics up to 9th order as well as a broadband emission from hot electrons in the energy range from 1.5 to 4.0 eV. The electron-electron scattering time in 2H-NbSe_{2} was estimated from the broadband emission to be almost the same as the period of the mid-infrared light field. A comparison between experimental results and a numerical calculation reveals that competition and cooperation between the driving and scattering enhances the nonperturbative behavior of high harmonics in metals, causing a highly nonequilibrium electronic state corresponding to several thousand Kelvin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Takeda
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Nagai
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - S Kusaba
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - S Takahashi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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7
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Chen YX, Wang G, Li M, Du TY. Multiple plateaus of high-sideband generation from Floquet matters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14940-14952. [PMID: 38859157 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We theoretically report that high-order sideband generation (HSG) from Floquet matters driven by a strong terahertz light while engineered by weak infrared light can achieve multiple plateau HSG. The Floquet-engineering systems exhibit distinctive spectroscopic characteristics that go beyond the HSG processes in field-free band-structure systems. The spatial-temporal dynamics analyses under Floquet-Bloch and time-reversal-symmetry theories clarify the spectra and its odd-even characteristics in the HSG spectrum. Our work demonstrates the HSG of Floquet matters via Floquet engineering and indicates a promising way to extract Floquet material parameters in future experiments.
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8
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Hirori H, Sato SA, Kanemitsu Y. High-Order Harmonic Generation in Solids: The Role of Intraband Transitions in Extreme Nonlinear Optics. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2184-2192. [PMID: 38373145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases is frequently used nowadays to produce attosecond pulses and coherent radiation in the visible-to-soft X-ray spectral range. HHG in solids is a natural extension of the idea of HHG in gases, and its first observation about ten years ago opened the door to investigations on attosecond electron dynamics in solids and the development of solid-state attosecond light sources. The common process in both types of HHG is nonlinear photocarrier generation, and thus, transitions between different bands (interband transitions) are always important for HHG. As well, in the case of solids, the transitions within a band (intraband transitions) also need to be considered, because efficient carrier acceleration is possible due to them. This Perspective focuses on experimental findings that show how intraband transitions can be controlled because such an understanding will be essential in the development of unique optoelectronics that can operate at petahertz frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hirori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shunsuke A Sato
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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9
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Hu SQ, Chen DQ, Du LL, Meng S. Solid-state high harmonic spectroscopy for all-optical band structure probing of high-pressure quantum states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316775121. [PMID: 38300874 PMCID: PMC10861900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316775121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
High pressure has triggered various novel states/properties in condensed matter, as the most representative and dramatic example being near-room-temperature superconductivity in highly pressured hydrides (~200 GPa). However, the mechanism of superconductivity is not confirmed, due to the lacking of effective approach to probe the electronic band structure under such high pressures. Here, we theoretically propose that the band structure and electron-phonon coupling (EPC) of high-pressure quantum states can be probed by solid-state high harmonic generation (sHHG). This strategy is investigated in high-pressure Im-3m H3S by the state-of-the-art first-principles time-dependent density-functional theory simulations, where the sHHG is revealed to be strongly dependent on the electronic structures and EPC. The dispersion of multiple bands near the Fermi level is effectively retrieved along different momentum directions. Our study provides unique insights into the potential all-optical route for band structure and EPC probing of high-pressure quantum states, which is expected to be helpful for the experimental exploration of high-pressure superconductivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lin Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Uzan-Narovlansky AJ, Faeyrman L, Brown GG, Shames S, Narovlansky V, Xiao J, Arusi-Parpar T, Kneller O, Bruner BD, Smirnova O, Silva REF, Yan B, Jiménez-Galán Á, Ivanov M, Dudovich N. Observation of interband Berry phase in laser-driven crystals. Nature 2024; 626:66-71. [PMID: 38233521 PMCID: PMC10830408 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Ever since its discovery1, the notion of the Berry phase has permeated all branches of physics and plays an important part in a variety of quantum phenomena2. However, so far all its realizations have been based on a continuous evolution of the quantum state, following a cyclic path. Here we introduce and demonstrate a conceptually new manifestation of the Berry phase in light-driven crystals, in which the electronic wavefunction accumulates a geometric phase during a discrete evolution between different bands, while preserving the coherence of the process. We experimentally reveal this phase by using a strong laser field to engineer an internal interferometer, induced during less than one cycle of the driving field, which maps the phase onto the emission of higher-order harmonics. Our work provides an opportunity for the study of geometric phases, leading to a variety of observations in light-driven topological phenomena and attosecond solid-state physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet J Uzan-Narovlansky
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Lior Faeyrman
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Sergei Shames
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladimir Narovlansky
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jiewen Xiao
- Department of Condensed Matter, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Talya Arusi-Parpar
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Omer Kneller
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Barry D Bruner
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Smirnova
- Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Ruska-Gebäude, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui E F Silva
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Álvaro Jiménez-Galán
- Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Misha Ivanov
- Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nirit Dudovich
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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11
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Kohrell F, Nebgen BR, Spies JA, Hollinger R, Zong A, Uzundal C, Spielmann C, Zuerch M. A solid-state high harmonic generation spectrometer with cryogenic cooling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:023906. [PMID: 38416040 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state high harmonic generation (sHHG) spectroscopy is a promising technique for studying electronic structure, symmetry, and dynamics in condensed matter systems. Here, we report on the implementation of an advanced sHHG spectrometer based on a vacuum chamber and closed-cycle helium cryostat. Using an in situ temperature probe, it is demonstrated that the sample interaction region retains cryogenic temperature during the application of high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses that generate high harmonics. The presented implementation opens the door for temperature-dependent sHHG measurements down to a few Kelvin, which makes sHHG spectroscopy a new tool for studying phases of matter that emerge at low temperatures, which is particularly interesting for highly correlated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Kohrell
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bailey R Nebgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jacob A Spies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Richard Hollinger
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Can Uzundal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Spielmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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12
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Nandi S, Cohen SZ, Singh D, Poplinger M, Nanikashvili P, Naveh D, Lewi T. Unveiling Local Optical Properties Using Nanoimaging Phase Mapping in High-Index Topological Insulator Bi 2Se 3 Resonant Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11501-11509. [PMID: 37890054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Topological insulators are materials characterized by an insulating bulk and high mobility topologically protected surface states, making them promising candidates for future optoelectronic and quantum devices. Although their electronic properties have been extensively studied, their mid-infrared (MIR) properties and prospective photonic capabilities have not been fully uncovered. Here, we use a combination of far-field and near-field nanoscale imaging and spectroscopy to study chemical vapor deposition-grown Bi2Se3 nanobeams (NBs). We extract the MIR optical constants of Bi2Se3, revealing refractive index values as high as n ∼ 6.4, and demonstrate that the NBs support Mie resonances across the MIR. Local near-field reflection phase mapping reveals domains of various phase shifts, providing information on the local optical properties of the NBs. We experimentally measure up to 2π phase-shift across the resonance, in excellent agreement with finite-difference time-domain simulations. This work highlights the potential of Bi2Se3 for quantum circuitry, nonlinear generation, high-Q metaphotonics, and photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Nandi
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Shany Z Cohen
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Danveer Singh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Michal Poplinger
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Pilkhaz Nanikashvili
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tomer Lewi
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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13
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Nie Z, Guery L, Molinero EB, Juergens P, van den Hooven TJ, Wang Y, Jimenez Galan A, Planken PCM, Silva REF, Kraus PM. Following the Nonthermal Phase Transition in Niobium Dioxide by Time-Resolved Harmonic Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:243201. [PMID: 38181131 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.243201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced phase transitions in correlated materials promise diverse applications from ultrafast switches to optoelectronics. Resolving those transitions and possible metastable phases temporally are key enablers for these applications, but challenge existing experimental approaches. Extreme nonlinear optics can help probe phase changes, as higher-order nonlinearities have higher sensitivity and temporal resolution to band structure and lattice deformations. Here the ultrafast transition from the semiconducting to the metallic phases in polycrystalline thin-film NbO_{2} is investigated by time-resolved harmonic spectroscopy. The emission strength of all harmonic orders shows a steplike suppression when the excitation fluence exceeds a threshold (∼11-12 mJ/cm^{2}), below the fluence required for the thermal transition-a signature of the nonthermal emergence of a metallic phase within 100±20 fs. This observation is backed by full ab initio simulations as well as a 1D chain model of high-harmonic generation from both phases. Our results demonstrate femtosecond harmonic probing of phase transitions and nonthermal dynamics in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nie
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Guery
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E B Molinero
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Juergens
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T J van den Hooven
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Taishan University 525 Dongyue Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - A Jimenez Galan
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P C M Planken
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E F Silva
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P M Kraus
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105,1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Uzan-Narovlansky AJ, Orenstein G, Shames S, Even Tzur M, Kneller O, Bruner BD, Arusi-Parpar T, Cohen O, Dudovich N. Revealing the Interplay between Strong Field Selection Rules and Crystal Symmetries. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:223802. [PMID: 38101384 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.223802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Symmetries are ubiquitous in condensed matter physics, playing an important role in the appearance of different phases of matter. Nonlinear light matter interactions serve as a coherent probe for resolving symmetries and symmetry breaking via their link to selection rules of the interaction. In the extreme nonlinear regime, high harmonic generation (HHG) spectroscopy offers a unique spectroscopic approach to study this link, probing the crystal spatial properties with high sensitivity while opening new paths for selection rules in the XUV regime. In this Letter we establish an advanced HHG polarimetry scheme, driven by a multicolor strong laser field, to observe the structural symmetries of solids and their interplay with the HHG selection rules. By controlling the crystal symmetries, we resolve nontrivial polarization states associated with new spectral features in the HHG spectrum. Our scheme opens new opportunities in resolving the symmetries of quantum materials, as well as ultrafast light driven symmetries in condensed matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gal Orenstein
- SLAC, National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sergei Shames
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matan Even Tzur
- Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Omer Kneller
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Barry D Bruner
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Talya Arusi-Parpar
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Cohen
- Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nirit Dudovich
- Department of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Neufeld O, Hübener H, Jotzu G, De Giovannini U, Rubio A. Band Nonlinearity-Enabled Manipulation of Dirac Nodes, Weyl Cones, and Valleytronics with Intense Linearly Polarized Light. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7568-7575. [PMID: 37578460 PMCID: PMC10450813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We study low-frequency linearly polarized laser-dressing in materials with valley (graphene and hexagonal-Boron-Nitride) and topological (Dirac- and Weyl-semimetals) properties. In Dirac-like linearly dispersing bands, the laser substantially moves the Dirac nodes away from their original position, and the movement direction can be fully controlled by rotating the laser polarization. We prove that this effect originates from band nonlinearities away from the Dirac nodes. We further demonstrate that this physical mechanism is widely applicable and can move the positions of the valley minima in hexagonal materials to tune valley selectivity, split and move Weyl cones in higher-order Weyl semimetals, and merge Dirac nodes in three-dimensional Dirac semimetals. The model results are validated with ab initio calculations. Our results directly affect efforts for exploring light-dressed electronic structure, suggesting that one can benefit from band nonlinearity for tailoring material properties, and highlight the importance of the full band structure in nonlinear optical phenomena in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Neufeld
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Hannes Hübener
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Gregor Jotzu
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo I-90123, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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16
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Shi J, Xu H, Heide C, HuangFu C, Xia C, de Quesada F, Shen H, Zhang T, Yu L, Johnson A, Liu F, Shi E, Jiao L, Heinz T, Ghimire S, Li J, Kong J, Guo Y, Lindenberg AM. Giant room-temperature nonlinearities in a monolayer Janus topological semiconductor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4953. [PMID: 37587120 PMCID: PMC10432555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical materials possess wide applications, ranging from terahertz and mid-infrared detection to energy harvesting. Recently, the correlations between nonlinear optical responses and certain topological properties, such as the Berry curvature and the quantum metric tensor, have attracted considerable interest. Here, we report giant room-temperature nonlinearities in non-centrosymmetric two-dimensional topological materials-the Janus transition metal dichalcogenides in the 1 T' phase, synthesized by an advanced atomic-layer substitution method. High harmonic generation, terahertz emission spectroscopy, and second harmonic generation measurements consistently show orders-of-the-magnitude enhancement in terahertz-frequency nonlinearities in 1 T' MoSSe (e.g., > 50 times higher than 2H MoS2 for 18th order harmonic generation; > 20 times higher than 2H MoS2 for terahertz emission). We link this giant nonlinear optical response to topological band mixing and strong inversion symmetry breaking due to the Janus structure. Our work defines general protocols for designing materials with large nonlinearities and heralds the applications of topological materials in optoelectronics down to the monolayer limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Haowei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian Heide
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Changan HuangFu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Felipe de Quesada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hongzhi Shen
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 310024, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Leo Yu
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amalya Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Enzheng Shi
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 310024, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tony Heinz
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shambhu Ghimire
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yunfan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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17
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Zheng W, Jiang Y, Wang S, Liu C, Bai Y, Liu P, Li R. Frequency shift of even-order high harmonic generation in monolayer MoS 2. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27029-27040. [PMID: 37710550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Sub-optical-cycle electron dynamics in materials driven by intense laser fields can be investigated by high harmonic generation. We observed frequency shift of high harmonic spectrum near the band gap of monolayer MoS2 experimentally. Through semi-classical quantum trajectory analysis, we demonstrated that the phase of transition dipole moment varies according to the recombination timing and momentum of tunneled electrons. It results in either blue- or red-shift of harmonic frequencies, determined by the modulated energy gap by transition dipole phases (TDPs) and Berry connections. Our finding reveals the effect of TDPs on high harmonic frequency in non-central symmetric materials.
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18
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Zalogina A, Carletti L, Rudenko A, Moloney JV, Tripathi A, Lee HC, Shadrivov I, Park HG, Kivshar Y, Kruk SS. High-harmonic generation from a subwavelength dielectric resonator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2655. [PMID: 37126557 PMCID: PMC10132744 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order optical harmonics entered the realm of nanostructured solids being observed recently in optical gratings and metasurfaces with a subwavelength thickness. Structuring materials at the subwavelength scale allows us toresonantly enhance the efficiency of nonlinear processes and reduce the size of high-harmonic sources. We report the observation of up to a seventh harmonic generated from a single subwavelength resonator made of AlGaAs material. This process is enabled by careful engineering of the resonator geometry for supporting an optical mode associated with a quasi-bound state in the continuum in the mid-infrared spectral range at around λ = 3.7 μm pump wavelength. The resonator volume measures ~0.1 λ3. The resonant modes are excited with an azimuthally polarized tightly focused beam. We evaluate the contributions of perturbative and nonperturbative nonlinearities to the harmonic generation process. Our work proves the possibility to miniaturize solid-state sources of high harmonics to the subwavelength volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Zalogina
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Anton Rudenko
- Arizona Center for Mathematical Sciences and Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jerome V Moloney
- Arizona Center for Mathematical Sciences and Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Aditya Tripathi
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hoo-Cheol Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilya Shadrivov
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hong-Gyu Park
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sergey S Kruk
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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19
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Yue L, Gaarde MB. Characterizing Anomalous High-Harmonic Generation in Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:166903. [PMID: 37154628 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.166903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous high-harmonic generation (HHG) arises in certain solids when irradiated by an intense laser field, originating from a Berry-curvature-induced perpendicular anomalous current. The observation of pure anomalous harmonics is, however, often prohibited by contamination from harmonics stemming from interband coherences. Here, we fully characterize the anomalous HHG mechanism, via development of an ab initio methodology for strong-field laser-solid interaction that allows a rigorous decomposition of the total current. We identify two unique properties of the anomalous harmonic yields: an overall yield increase with laser wavelength; and pronounced minima at certain laser wavelengths and laser intensities around which the spectral phases drastically change. Such signatures can be exploited to disentangle the anomalous harmonics from competing HHG mechanisms, and thus pave the way for the experimental identification and time-domain control of pure anomalous harmonics, as well as reconstruction of Berry curvatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4001, USA
| | - Mette B Gaarde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4001, USA
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20
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Ito S, Schüler M, Meierhofer M, Schlauderer S, Freudenstein J, Reimann J, Afanasiev D, Kokh KA, Tereshchenko OE, Güdde J, Sentef MA, Höfer U, Huber R. Build-up and dephasing of Floquet-Bloch bands on subcycle timescales. Nature 2023; 616:696-701. [PMID: 37046087 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Strong light fields have created opportunities to tailor novel functionalities of solids1-5. Floquet-Bloch states can form under periodic driving of electrons and enable exotic quantum phases6-15. On subcycle timescales, lightwaves can simultaneously drive intraband currents16-29 and interband transitions18,19,30,31, which enable high-harmonic generation16,18,19,21,22,25,28-30 and pave the way towards ultrafast electronics. Yet, the interplay of intraband and interband excitations and their relation to Floquet physics have been key open questions as dynamical aspects of Floquet states have remained elusive. Here we provide this link by visualizing the ultrafast build-up of Floquet-Bloch bands with time-resolved and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We drive surface states on a topological insulator32,33 with mid-infrared fields-strong enough for high-harmonic generation-and directly monitor the transient band structure with subcycle time resolution. Starting with strong intraband currents, we observe how Floquet sidebands emerge within a single optical cycle; intraband acceleration simultaneously proceeds in multiple sidebands until high-energy electrons scatter into bulk states and dissipation destroys the Floquet bands. Quantum non-equilibrium calculations explain the simultaneous occurrence of Floquet states with intraband and interband dynamics. Our joint experiment and theory study provides a direct time-domain view of Floquet physics and explores the fundamental frontiers of ultrafast band-structure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ito
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Schüler
- Laboratory for Materials Simulations, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Meierhofer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Schlauderer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Freudenstein
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Reimann
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Afanasiev
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K A Kokh
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics and V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - O E Tereshchenko
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics and V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - J Güdde
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M A Sentef
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - U Höfer
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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21
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Meierhofer M, Maier S, Afanasiev D, Freudenstein J, Riepl J, Helml J, Schmid CP, Huber R. Interferometric carrier-envelope phase stabilization for ultrashort pulses in the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1112-1115. [PMID: 36857226 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an active carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilization scheme for optical waveforms generated by difference-frequency mixing of two spectrally detuned and phase-correlated pulses. By performing ellipsometry with spectrally overlapping parts of two co-propagating near-infrared generation pulse trains, we stabilize their relative timing to 18 as. Consequently, we can lock the CEP of the generated mid-infrared (MIR) pulses with a remaining phase jitter below 30 mrad. To validate this technique, we employ these MIR pulses for high-harmonic generation in a bulk semiconductor. Our compact, low-cost, and inherently drift-free concept could bring long-term CEP stability to the broad class of passively phase-locked OPA and OPCPA systems operating in a wide range of spectral windows, pulse energies, and repetition rates.
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22
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Ilyakov I, Ponomaryov A, Klopf JM, Pashkin A, Deinert JC, de Oliveira TVAG, Evtushenko P, Helm M, Winnerl S, Kovalev S. Field-resolved THz-pump laser-probe measurements with CEP-unstable THz light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42141-42154. [PMID: 36366673 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiation sources with a stable carrier-envelope phase (CEP) are highly demanded tools for field-resolved studies of light-matter interaction, providing access both to the amplitude and phase information of dynamical processes. At the same time, many coherent light sources, including those with outstanding power and spectral characteristics lack CEP stability, and so far could not be used for this type of research. In this work, we present a method enabling linear and non-linear phase-resolved terahertz (THz) -pump laser-probe experiments with CEP-unstable THz sources. THz CEP information for each pulse is extracted using a specially designed electro-optical detection scheme. The method correlates the extracted CEP value for each pulse with the THz-induced response in the parallel pump-probe experiment to obtain an absolute phase-resolved response after proper sorting and averaging. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate experimentally field-resolved THz time-domain spectroscopy with sub-cycle temporal resolution using the pulsed radiation of a CEP-unstable infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) operating at 13 MHz repetition rate. In spite of the long history of IR-FELs and their unique operational characteristics, no successful realization of CEP-stable operation has been demonstrated yet. Being CEP-unstable, IR-FEL radiation has so far only been used in non-coherent measurements without phase resolution. The technique demonstrated here is robust, operates easily at high-repetition rates and for short THz pulses, and enables common sequential field-resolved time-domain experiments. The implementation of such a technique at IR-FEL user end-stations will facilitate a new class of linear and non-linear experiments for studying coherent light-driven phenomena with increased signal-to-noise ratio.
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23
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Cha S, Kim M, Kim Y, Choi S, Kang S, Kim H, Yoon S, Moon G, Kim T, Lee YW, Cho GY, Park MJ, Kim CJ, Kim BJ, Lee J, Jo MH, Kim J. Gate-tunable quantum pathways of high harmonic generation in graphene. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6630. [PMID: 36333325 PMCID: PMC9636431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Under strong laser fields, electrons in solids radiate high-harmonic fields by travelling through quantum pathways in Bloch bands in the sub-laser-cycle timescales. Understanding these pathways in the momentum space through the high-harmonic radiation can enable an all-optical ultrafast probe to observe coherent lightwave-driven processes and measure electronic structures as recently demonstrated for semiconductors. However, such demonstration has been largely limited for semimetals because the absence of the bandgap hinders an experimental characterization of the exact pathways. In this study, by combining electrostatic control of chemical potentials with HHG measurement, we resolve quantum pathways of massless Dirac fermions in graphene under strong laser fields. Electrical modulation of HHG reveals quantum interference between the multi-photon interband excitation channels. As the light-matter interaction deviates beyond the perturbative regime, elliptically polarized laser fields efficiently drive massless Dirac fermions via an intricate coupling between the interband and intraband transitions, which is corroborated by our theoretical calculations. Our findings pave the way for strong-laser-field tomography of Dirac electrons in various quantum semimetals and their ultrafast electronics with a gate control. Under strong laser fields, materials exhibit extreme non-linear optical response, such as high harmonic generation. These higher harmonics provide insights into electron behaviour in materials in sub-laser cycle timescale. Here, Cha et al study higher harmonic generation resulting from the laser driven motion of massless Dirac fermions in graphene.
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24
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In C, Kim UJ, Choi H. Two-dimensional Dirac plasmon-polaritons in graphene, 3D topological insulator and hybrid systems. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:313. [PMID: 36302746 PMCID: PMC9613982 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collective oscillations of massless particles in two-dimensional (2D) Dirac materials offer an innovative route toward implementing atomically thin devices based on low-energy quasiparticle interactions. Strong confinement of near-field distribution on the 2D surface is essential to demonstrate extraordinary optoelectronic functions, providing means to shape the spectral response at the mid-infrared (IR) wavelength. Although the dynamic polarization from the linear response theory has successfully accounted for a range of experimental observations, a unified perspective was still elusive, connecting the state-of-the-art developments based on the 2D Dirac plasmon-polaritons. Here, we review recent works on graphene and three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) plasmon-polariton, where the mid-IR and terahertz (THz) radiation experiences prominent confinement into a deep-subwavelength scale in a novel optoelectronic structure. After presenting general light-matter interactions between 2D Dirac plasmon and subwavelength quasiparticle excitations, we introduce various experimental techniques to couple the plasmon-polaritons with electromagnetic radiations. Electrical and optical controls over the plasmonic excitations reveal the hybridized plasmon modes in graphene and 3D TI, demonstrating an intense near-field interaction of 2D Dirac plasmon within the highly-compressed volume. These findings can further be applied to invent optoelectronic bio-molecular sensors, atomically thin photodetectors, and laser-driven light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihun In
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Jeong Kim
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunyong Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Murakami Y, Uchida K, Koga A, Tanaka K, Werner P. Anomalous Temperature Dependence of High-Harmonic Generation in Mott Insulators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:157401. [PMID: 36269969 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We reveal the crucial effect of strong spin-charge coupling on high-harmonic generation (HHG) in Mott insulators. In a system with antiferromagnetic correlations, the HHG signal is drastically enhanced with decreasing temperature, even though the gap increases and the production of charge carriers is suppressed. This anomalous behavior, which has also been observed in recent HHG experiments on Ca_{2}RuO_{4}, originates from a cooperative effect between the spin-charge coupling and the thermal ensemble, as well as the strongly temperature-dependent coherence between charge carriers. We argue that the peculiar temperature dependence of HHG is a generic feature of Mott insulators, which can be controlled via the Coulomb interaction and dimensionality of the system. Our results demonstrate that correlations between different degrees of freedom, which are a characteristic feature of strongly correlated solids, have significant and nontrivial effects on nonlinear optical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murakami
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kento Uchida
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akihisa Koga
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Philipp Werner
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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26
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High-harmonic spectroscopy of quantum phase transitions in a high-Tc superconductor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207766119. [PMID: 36161921 PMCID: PMC9546568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207766119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the nonlinear optical signatures of quantum phase transitions in the high-temperature superconductor YBCO, observed through high harmonic generation. While the linear optical response of the material is largely unchanged when cooling across the phase transitions, the nonlinear optical response sensitively imprints two critical points, one at the critical temperature of the cuprate with the exponential growth of the surface harmonic yield in the superconducting phase and another critical point, which marks the transition from strange metal to pseudogap phase. To reveal the underlying microscopic quantum dynamics, a strong-field quasi-Hubbard model was developed, which describes the measured optical response dependent on the formation of Cooper pairs. Further, the theory provides insight into the carrier scattering dynamics and allows us to differentiate between the superconducting, pseudogap, and strange metal phases. The direct connection between nonlinear optical response and microscopic dynamics provides a powerful methodology to study quantum phase transitions in correlated materials. Further implications are light wave control over intricate quantum phases, light-matter hybrids, and application for optical quantum computing.
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27
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Yue L, Hollinger R, Uzundal CB, Nebgen B, Gan Z, Najafidehaghani E, George A, Spielmann C, Kartashov D, Turchanin A, Qiu DY, Gaarde MB, Zuerch M. Signatures of Multiband Effects in High-Harmonic Generation in Monolayer MoS_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:147401. [PMID: 36240395 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids has been touted as a way to probe ultrafast dynamics and crystal symmetries in condensed matter systems. Here, we investigate the polarization properties of high-order harmonics generated in monolayer MoS_{2}, as a function of crystal orientation relative to the mid-infrared laser field polarization. At several different laser wavelengths we experimentally observe a prominent angular shift of the parallel-polarized odd harmonics for energies above approximately 3.5 eV, and our calculations indicate that this shift originates in subtle differences in the recombination dipole strengths involving multiple conduction bands. This observation is material specific and is in addition to the angular dependence imposed by the dynamical symmetry properties of the crystal interacting with the laser field, and may pave the way for probing the vectorial character of multiband recombination dipoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Richard Hollinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Can B Uzundal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bailey Nebgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ziyang Gan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Emad Najafidehaghani
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Antony George
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Spielmann
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniil Kartashov
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mette B Gaarde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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Dong T, Zhang SJ, Wang NL. Recent Development of Ultrafast Optical Characterizations for Quantum Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2110068. [PMID: 35853841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The advent of intense ultrashort optical pulses spanning a frequency range from terahertz to the visible has opened a new era in the experimental investigation and manipulation of quantum materials. The generation of strong optical field in an ultrashort time scale enables the steering of quantum materials nonadiabatically, inducing novel phenomenon or creating new phases which may not have an equilibrium counterpart. Ultrafast time-resolved optical techniques have provided rich information and played an important role in characterization of the nonequilibrium and nonlinear properties of solid systems. Here, some of the recent progress of ultrafast optical techniques and their applications to the detection and manipulation of physical properties in selected quantum materials are reviewed. Specifically, the new development in the detection of the Higgs mode and photoinduced nonequilibrium response in the study of superconductors by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Si-Jie Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan-Lin Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100913, China
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29
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Neufeld O, Nourbakhsh Z, Tancogne-Dejean N, Rubio A. Ab Initio Cluster Approach for High Harmonic Generation in Liquids. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4117-4126. [PMID: 35699241 PMCID: PMC9281394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High harmonic generation (HHG) takes place in all phases of matter. In gaseous atomic and molecular media, it has been extensively studied and is very well understood. In solids, research is ongoing, but a consensus is forming for the dominant microscopic HHG mechanisms. In liquids, on the other hand, no established theory yet exists, and approaches developed for gases and solids are generally inapplicable, hindering our current understanding. We develop here a powerful and reliable ab initio cluster-based approach for describing the nonlinear interactions between isotropic bulk liquids and intense laser pulses. The scheme is based on time-dependent density functional theory and utilizes several approximations that make it feasible yet accurate in realistic systems. We demonstrate our approach with HHG calculations in water, ammonia, and methane liquids and compare the characteristic response of polar and nonpolar liquids. We identify unique features in the HHG spectra of liquid methane that could be utilized for ultrafast spectroscopy of its chemical and physical properties, including a structural minimum at 15-17 eV that is associated solely with the liquid phase. Our results pave the way to accessible calculations of HHG in liquids and illustrate the unique nonlinear nature of liquid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Neufeld
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Zahra Nourbakhsh
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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30
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Neufeld O, Zhang J, De Giovannini U, Hübener H, Rubio A. Probing phonon dynamics with multidimensional high harmonic carrier-envelope-phase spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204219119. [PMID: 35704757 PMCID: PMC9231615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204219119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore pump-probe high harmonic generation (HHG) from monolayer hexagonal-boron-nitride, where a terahertz pump excites coherent optical phonons that are subsequently probed by an intense infrared pulse that drives HHG. We find, through state-of-the-art ab initio calculations, that the structure of the emission spectrum is attenuated by the presence of coherent phonons and no longer comprises discrete harmonic orders, but rather a continuous emission in the plateau region. The HHG yield strongly oscillates as a function of the pump-probe delay, corresponding to ultrafast changes in the lattice such as specific bond compression or stretching dynamics. We further show that in the regime where the excited phonon period and the pulse duration are of the same order of magnitude, the HHG process becomes sensitive to the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the driving field, even though the pulse duration is so long that no such sensitivity is observed in the absence of coherent phonons. The degree of CEP sensitivity versus pump-probe delay is shown to be a highly selective measure for instantaneous structural changes in the lattice, providing an approach for ultrafast multidimensional HHG spectroscopy. Remarkably, the obtained temporal resolution for phonon dynamics is ∼1 femtosecond, which is much shorter than the probe pulse duration because of the inherent subcycle contrast mechanism. Our work paves the way toward routes of probing phonons and ultrafast material structural changes with subcycle temporal resolution and provides a mechanism for controlling the HHG spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Neufeld
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jin Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, I-90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Hannes Hübener
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010
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31
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Meineke C, Prager M, Hayes J, Wen Q, Kastner LZ, Schuh D, Fritsch K, Pronin O, Stein M, Schäfer F, Chatterjee S, Kira M, Huber R, Bougeard D. Scalable high-repetition-rate sub-half-cycle terahertz pulses from spatially indirect interband transitions. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:151. [PMID: 35606348 PMCID: PMC9127092 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intense phase-locked terahertz (THz) pulses are the bedrock of THz lightwave electronics, where the carrier field creates a transient bias to control electrons on sub-cycle time scales. Key applications such as THz scanning tunnelling microscopy or electronic devices operating at optical clock rates call for ultimately short, almost unipolar waveforms, at megahertz (MHz) repetition rates. Here, we present a flexible and scalable scheme for the generation of strong phase-locked THz pulses based on shift currents in type-II-aligned epitaxial semiconductor heterostructures. The measured THz waveforms exhibit only 0.45 optical cycles at their centre frequency within the full width at half maximum of the intensity envelope, peak fields above 1.1 kV cm-1 and spectral components up to the mid-infrared, at a repetition rate of 4 MHz. The only positive half-cycle of this waveform exceeds all negative half-cycles by almost four times, which is unexpected from shift currents alone. Our detailed analysis reveals that local charging dynamics induces the pronounced positive THz-emission peak as electrons and holes approach charge neutrality after separation by the optical pump pulse, also enabling ultrabroadband operation. Our unipolar emitters mark a milestone for flexibly scalable, next-generation high-repetition-rate sources of intense and strongly asymmetric electric field transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meineke
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Prager
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hayes
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Qiannan Wen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Dieter Schuh
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Fritsch
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Pronin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Stein
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sangam Chatterjee
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mackillo Kira
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Dominique Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Li P, Liu S, Chen X, Geng C, Wu X. Spintronic terahertz emission with manipulated polarization (STEMP). FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:12. [PMID: 36637604 PMCID: PMC9756272 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient generation and arbitrary manipulation of spin-polarized terahertz (THz) radiation will enable chiral lightwave driven quantum nonequilibrium state regulation, induce new electronic structures, consequently provide a powerful experimental tool for investigation of nonlinear THz optics and extreme THz science and applications. THz circular dichromic spectroscopy, ultrafast electron bunch manipulation, as well as THz imaging, sensing, and telecommunication, also need chiral THz waves. Here we review optical generation of circularly-polarized THz radiation but focus on recently emerged polarization tunable spintronic THz emission techniques, which possess many advantages of ultra-broadband, high efficiency, low cost, easy for integration and so on. We believe that chiral THz sources based on the combination of electron spin, ultrafast optical techniques and material structure engineering will accelerate the development of THz science and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shaojie Liu
- School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinhou Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chunyan Geng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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33
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Riepl J, Raab J, Abajyan P, Nong H, Freeman JR, Li LH, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Wacker A, Albes T, Jirauschek C, Lange C, Dhillon SS, Huber R. Field-resolved high-order sub-cycle nonlinearities in a terahertz semiconductor laser. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:246. [PMID: 34924564 PMCID: PMC8685277 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of ultrafast electron dynamics in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) holds enormous potential for intense, compact mode-locked terahertz (THz) sources, squeezed THz light, frequency mixers, and comb-based metrology systems. Yet the important sub-cycle dynamics have been notoriously difficult to access in operational THz QCLs. Here, we employ high-field THz pulses to perform the first ultrafast two-dimensional spectroscopy of a free-running THz QCL. Strong incoherent and coherent nonlinearities up to eight-wave mixing are detected below and above the laser threshold. These data not only reveal extremely short gain recovery times of 2 ps at the laser threshold, they also reflect the nonlinear polarization dynamics of the QCL laser transition for the first time, where we quantify the corresponding dephasing times between 0.9 and 1.5 ps with increasing bias currents. A density-matrix approach reproducing the emergence of all nonlinearities and their ultrafast evolution, simultaneously, allows us to map the coherently induced trajectory of the Bloch vector. The observed high-order multi-wave mixing nonlinearities benefit from resonant enhancement in the absence of absorption losses and bear potential for a number of future applications, ranging from efficient intracavity frequency conversion, mode proliferation to passive mode locking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Riepl
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Raab
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Abajyan
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - H Nong
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J R Freeman
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
| | - L H Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
| | - E H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
| | - A G Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
| | - A Wacker
- Mathematical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - T Albes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Jirauschek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Lange
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - S S Dhillon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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34
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Baykusheva D, Chacón A, Lu J, Bailey TP, Sobota JA, Soifer H, Kirchmann PS, Rotundu C, Uher C, Heinz TF, Reis DA, Ghimire S. All-Optical Probe of Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators Based on High-Harmonic Generation by Circularly Polarized Laser Fields. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8970-8978. [PMID: 34676752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of an anomalous nonlinear optical response of the prototypical three-dimensional topological insulator bismuth selenide through the process of high-order harmonic generation. We find that the generation efficiency increases as the laser polarization is changed from linear to elliptical, and it becomes maximum for circular polarization. With the aid of a microscopic theory and a detailed analysis of the measured spectra, we reveal that such anomalous enhancement encodes the characteristic topology of the band structure that originates from the interplay of strong spin-orbit coupling and time-reversal symmetry protection. The implications are in ultrafast probing of topological phase transitions, light-field driven dissipationless electronics, and quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Baykusheva
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alexis Chacón
- Center for Nonlinear Studies and Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Physics and Center for Attosecond Science and Technology, POSTECH, 7 Pohang 37673, South Korea
- Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jian Lu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Trevor P Bailey
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan A Sobota
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hadas Soifer
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Patrick S Kirchmann
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Costel Rotundu
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ctirad Uher
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - David A Reis
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Shambhu Ghimire
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Lou Z, Zheng Y, Liu C, Zeng Z, Li R, Xu Z. Controlling of the harmonic generation induced by the Berry curvature. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37809-37819. [PMID: 34808846 DOI: 10.1364/oe.441171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-order harmonic generation in solid state has attracted a lot of attentions. The Berry curvature (BC), a geometrical property of the Bloch energy band, plays an important role for the harmonic generation in crystal. As we all know, the influence of BC on the harmonic emission has been investigated before and BC is simplified as a 1D structure. However, many other materials including MoS2 are 2D materials. In this work, we extend the investigation for BC to 2D structure and get a generalized equation, which not only gives a new method to control the harmonic emission with BC, but also gives a deeper understanding for the influence of the BC. We show the ability to control the harmonic emission related to the BC using the orthogonal two-color (OTC) laser field. By tuning the delay of OTC laser field, one can steer the trajectory of electrons and modulate the emission of harmonics. This study can provide us a deeper insight into the role of the BC which is difficult to be measured experimentally.
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