1
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Xiang L, Chen J, Zhu Z, Song Z, Bao Z, Zhu X, Jin F, Wang K, Xu S, Zou Y, Li H, Wang Z, Song C, Yue A, Partridge J, Guo Q, Mondaini R, Wang H, Scalettar RT. Enhanced quantum state transfer by circumventing quantum chaotic behavior. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4918. [PMID: 38858357 PMCID: PMC11164980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to realize high-fidelity quantum communication is one of the many facets required to build generic quantum computing devices. In addition to quantum processing, sensing, and storage, transferring the resulting quantum states demands a careful design that finds no parallel in classical communication. Existing experimental demonstrations of quantum information transfer in solid-state quantum systems are largely confined to small chains with few qubits, often relying upon non-generic schemes. Here, by using a superconducting quantum circuit featuring thirty-six tunable qubits, accompanied by general optimization procedures deeply rooted in overcoming quantum chaotic behavior, we demonstrate a scalable protocol for transferring few-particle quantum states in a two-dimensional quantum network. These include single-qubit excitation, two-qubit entangled states, and two excitations for which many-body effects are present. Our approach, combined with the quantum circuit's versatility, paves the way to short-distance quantum communication for connecting distributed quantum processors or registers, even if hampered by inherent imperfections in actual quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zitian Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zixuan Song
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zehang Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Xuhao Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Feitong Jin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Shibo Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Yiren Zou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Hekang Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Chao Song
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Alexander Yue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Justine Partridge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qiujiang Guo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
| | - Rubem Mondaini
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA.
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - H Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Richard T Scalettar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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2
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Homeier L, Harris TJ, Blatz T, Geier S, Hollerith S, Schollwöck U, Grusdt F, Bohrdt A. Antiferromagnetic Bosonic t-J Models and Their Quantum Simulation in Tweezer Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:230401. [PMID: 38905661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.230401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The combination of optical tweezer arrays with strong interactions-via dipole exchange of molecules and Van der Waals interactions of Rydberg atoms-has opened the door for the exploration of a wide variety of quantum spin models. A next significant step will be the combination of such settings with mobile dopants. This will enable one to simulate the physics believed to underlie many strongly correlated quantum materials. Here, we propose an experimental scheme to realize bosonic t-J models via encoding the local Hilbert space in a set of three internal atomic or molecular states. By engineering antiferromagnetic (AFM) couplings between spins, competition between charge motion and magnetic order similar to that in high-T_{c} cuprates can be realized. Since the ground states of the 2D bosonic AFM t-J model we propose to realize have not been studied extensively before, we start by analyzing the case of two dopants-the simplest instance in which their bosonic statistics plays a role-and compare our results to the fermionic case. We perform large-scale density matrix renormalization group calculations on six-legged cylinders, and find a strong tendency for bosonic holes to form stripes. This demonstrates that bosonic, AFM t-J models may contain similar physics as the collective phases in strongly correlated electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Homeier
- Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München D-80799, Germany
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annabelle Bohrdt
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München D-80799, Germany
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
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3
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Yang J, Van Gasse K, Lukin DM, Guidry MA, Ahn GH, White AD, Vučković J. Titanium:sapphire-on-insulator integrated lasers and amplifiers. Nature 2024; 630:853-859. [PMID: 38926612 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Titanium:sapphire (Ti:sapphire) lasers have been essential for advancing fundamental research and technological applications, including the development of the optical frequency comb1, two-photon microscopy2 and experimental quantum optics3,4. Ti:sapphire lasers are unmatched in bandwidth and tuning range, yet their use is restricted because of their large size, cost and need for high optical pump powers5. Here we demonstrate a monocrystalline titanium:sapphire-on-insulator (Ti:SaOI) photonics platform that enables dramatic miniaturization, cost reduction and scalability of Ti:sapphire technology. First, through the fabrication of low-loss whispering-gallery-mode resonators, we realize a Ti:sapphire laser operating with an ultralow, sub-milliwatt lasing threshold. Then, through orders-of-magnitude improvement in mode confinement in Ti:SaOI waveguides, we realize an integrated solid-state (that is, non-semiconductor) optical amplifier operating below 1 μm. We demonstrate unprecedented distortion-free amplification of picosecond pulses to peak powers reaching 1.0 kW. Finally, we demonstrate a tunable integrated Ti:sapphire laser, which can be pumped with low-cost, miniature, off-the-shelf green laser diodes. This opens the doors to new modalities of Ti:sapphire lasers, such as massively scalable Ti:sapphire laser-array systems for several applications. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we use a Ti:SaOI laser array as the sole optical control for a cavity quantum electrodynamics experiment with artificial atoms in silicon carbide6. This work is a key step towards the democratization of Ti:sapphire technology through a three-orders-of-magnitude reduction in cost and footprint and introduces solid-state broadband amplification of sub-micron wavelength light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Yang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kasper Van Gasse
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Photonics Research Group, Ghent University-imec, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniil M Lukin
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa A Guidry
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geun Ho Ahn
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jelena Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Guo SA, Wu YK, Ye J, Zhang L, Lian WQ, Yao R, Wang Y, Yan RY, Yi YJ, Xu YL, Li BW, Hou YH, Xu YZ, Guo WX, Zhang C, Qi BX, Zhou ZC, He L, Duan LM. A site-resolved two-dimensional quantum simulator with hundreds of trapped ions. Nature 2024; 630:613-618. [PMID: 38811737 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A large qubit capacity and an individual readout capability are two crucial requirements for large-scale quantum computing and simulation1. As one of the leading physical platforms for quantum information processing, the ion trap has achieved a quantum simulation of tens of ions with site-resolved readout in a one-dimensional Paul trap2-4 and of hundreds of ions with global observables in a two-dimensional (2D) Penning trap5,6. However, integrating these two features into a single system is still very challenging. Here we report the stable trapping of 512 ions in a 2D Wigner crystal and the sideband cooling of their transverse motion. We demonstrate the quantum simulation of long-range quantum Ising models with tunable coupling strengths and patterns, with or without frustration, using 300 ions. Enabled by the site resolution in the single-shot measurement, we observe rich spatial correlation patterns in the quasi-adiabatically prepared ground states, which allows us to verify quantum simulation results by comparing the measured two-spin correlations with the calculated collective phonon modes and with classical simulated annealing. We further probe the quench dynamics of the Ising model in a transverse field to demonstrate quantum sampling tasks. Our work paves the way for simulating classically intractable quantum dynamics and for running noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms7,8 using 2D ion trap quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Guo
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-K Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - J Ye
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - W-Q Lian
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - R Yao
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - R-Y Yan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-J Yi
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-L Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - B-W Li
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-H Hou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-Z Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - W-X Guo
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - C Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - B-X Qi
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Z-C Zhou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - L He
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - L-M Duan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China.
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5
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Turkeshi X, Sierant P. Hilbert Space Delocalization under Random Unitary Circuits. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:471. [PMID: 38920480 PMCID: PMC11203098 DOI: 10.3390/e26060471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The unitary dynamics of a quantum system initialized in a selected basis state yield, generically, a state that is a superposition of all the basis states. This process, associated with the quantum information scrambling and intimately tied to the resource theory of coherence, may be viewed as a gradual delocalization of the system's state in the Hilbert space. This work analyzes the Hilbert space delocalization under the dynamics of random quantum circuits, which serve as a minimal model of the chaotic dynamics of quantum many-body systems. We employ analytical methods based on the replica trick and Weingarten calculus to investigate the time evolution of the participation entropies which quantify the Hilbert space delocalization. We demonstrate that the participation entropies approach, up to a fixed accuracy, their long-time saturation value in times that scale logarithmically with the system size. Exact numerical simulations and tensor network techniques corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhek Turkeshi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77a, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Piotr Sierant
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain;
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6
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Yamamoto D, Morita K. Engineering of a Low-Entropy Quantum Simulator for Strongly Correlated Electrons Using Cold Atoms with SU(N)-Symmetric Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:213401. [PMID: 38856247 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.213401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
An advanced cooling scheme, incorporating entropy engineering, is vital for isolated artificial quantum systems designed to emulate the low-temperature physics of strongly correlated electron systems. This study theoretically demonstrates a cooling method employing multicomponent Fermi gases with SU(N)-symmetric interactions, focusing on the case of ^{173}Yb atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice. Adiabatically introducing a nonuniform state-selective laser gives rise to two distinct subsystems: a central low-entropy region, exclusively composed of two specific spin components, acts as a quantum simulator for strongly correlated electron systems, while the surrounding N-component mixture retains a significant portion of the entropy of the system. The total particle numbers for each component are good quantum numbers, creating a sharp boundary for the two-component region. The cooling efficiency is assessed through extensive finite-temperature Lanczos calculations. The results lay the foundation for quantum simulations of two-dimensional systems of Hubbard or Heisenberg type, offering crucial insights into intriguing low-temperature phenomena in condensed-matter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Morita
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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7
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Zhang T, Cai Z. Quantum Slush State in Rydberg Atom Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:206503. [PMID: 38829080 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.206503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose an exotic quantum state that does not order at zero temperature in a Rydberg atom array with antiblockade mechanism. By performing an unbiased large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulation, we investigate a minimal model with facilitated excitation in a disorder-free system. At zero temperature, this model exhibits a heterogeneous structure of liquid and glass mixture. This state, dubbed quantum slush state, features a quasi-long-range order with an algebraic decay for its correlation function, and is different from most well-established quantum phases of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengzhou Zhang
- Wilczek Quantum Center and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zi Cai
- Wilczek Quantum Center and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Young AW, Geller S, Eckner WJ, Schine N, Glancy S, Knill E, Kaufman AM. An atomic boson sampler. Nature 2024; 629:311-316. [PMID: 38720040 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A boson sampler implements a restricted model of quantum computing. It is defined by the ability to sample from the distribution resulting from the interference of identical bosons propagating according to programmable, non-interacting dynamics1. An efficient exact classical simulation of boson sampling is not believed to exist, which has motivated ground-breaking boson sampling experiments in photonics with increasingly many photons2-12. However, it is difficult to generate and reliably evolve specific numbers of photons with low loss, and thus probabilistic techniques for postselection7 or marked changes to standard boson sampling10-12 are generally used. Here, we address the above challenges by implementing boson sampling using ultracold atoms13,14 in a two-dimensional, tunnel-coupled optical lattice. This demonstration is enabled by a previously unrealized combination of tools involving high-fidelity optical cooling and imaging of atoms in a lattice, as well as programmable control of those atoms using optical tweezers. When extended to interacting systems, our work demonstrates the core abilities required to directly assemble ground and excited states in simulations of various Hubbard models15,16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Young
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Shawn Geller
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William J Eckner
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nathan Schine
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Scott Glancy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emanuel Knill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adam M Kaufman
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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9
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Mukherjee V, Divakaran U. The promises and challenges of many-body quantum technologies: A focus on quantum engines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3170. [PMID: 38609387 PMCID: PMC11014963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mukherjee
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, 760010, India.
| | - Uma Divakaran
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678623, India
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10
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Shaw AL, Chen Z, Choi J, Mark DK, Scholl P, Finkelstein R, Elben A, Choi S, Endres M. Benchmarking highly entangled states on a 60-atom analogue quantum simulator. Nature 2024; 628:71-77. [PMID: 38509372 PMCID: PMC10990925 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Quantum systems have entered a competitive regime in which classical computers must make approximations to represent highly entangled quantum states1,2. However, in this beyond-classically-exact regime, fidelity comparisons between quantum and classical systems have so far been limited to digital quantum devices2-5, and it remains unsolved how to estimate the actual entanglement content of experiments6. Here, we perform fidelity benchmarking and mixed-state entanglement estimation with a 60-atom analogue Rydberg quantum simulator, reaching a high-entanglement entropy regime in which exact classical simulation becomes impractical. Our benchmarking protocol involves extrapolation from comparisons against an approximate classical algorithm, introduced here, with varying entanglement limits. We then develop and demonstrate an estimator of the experimental mixed-state entanglement6, finding our experiment is competitive with state-of-the-art digital quantum devices performing random circuit evolution2-5. Finally, we compare the experimental fidelity against that achieved by various approximate classical algorithms, and find that only the algorithm we introduce is able to keep pace with the experiment on the classical hardware we use. Our results enable a new model for evaluating the ability of both analogue and digital quantum devices to generate entanglement in the beyond-classically-exact regime, and highlight the evolving divide between quantum and classical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Shaw
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joonhee Choi
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel K Mark
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pascal Scholl
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Elben
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Soonwon Choi
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Manuel Endres
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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11
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Vilas NB, Robichaud P, Hallas C, Li GK, Anderegg L, Doyle JM. An optical tweezer array of ultracold polyatomic molecules. Nature 2024; 628:282-286. [PMID: 38570690 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Polyatomic molecules have rich structural features that make them uniquely suited to applications in quantum information science1-3, quantum simulation4-6, ultracold chemistry7 and searches for physics beyond the standard model8-10. However, a key challenge is fully controlling both the internal quantum state and the motional degrees of freedom of the molecules. Here we demonstrate the creation of an optical tweezer array of individual polyatomic molecules, CaOH, with quantum control of their internal quantum state. The complex quantum structure of CaOH results in a non-trivial dependence of the molecules' behaviour on the tweezer light wavelength. We control this interaction and directly and non-destructively image individual molecules in the tweezer array with a fidelity greater than 90%. The molecules are manipulated at the single internal quantum state level, thus demonstrating coherent state control in a tweezer array. The platform demonstrated here will enable a variety of experiments using individual polyatomic molecules with arbitrary spatial arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grace K Li
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Magoni M, Nill C, Lesanovsky I. Coherent Spin-Phonon Scattering in Facilitated Rydberg Lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133401. [PMID: 38613299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of a one-dimensional spin system with facilitation constraint that can be studied using Rydberg atoms in arrays of optical tweezer traps. The elementary degrees of freedom of the system are domains of Rydberg excitations that expand ballistically through the lattice. Because of mechanical forces, Rydberg excited atoms are coupled to vibrations within their traps. At zero temperature and large trap depth, it is known that virtually excited lattice vibrations only renormalize the timescale of the ballistic propagation. However, when vibrational excitations are initially present-i.e., when the external motion of the atoms is prepared in an excited Fock state, coherent state or thermal state-resonant scattering between spin domain walls and phonons takes place. This coherent and deterministic process, which is free from disorder, leads to a reduction of the power-law exponent characterizing the expansion of spin domains. Furthermore, the spin domain dynamics is sensitive to the coherence properties of the atoms' vibrational state, such as the relative phase of coherently superimposed Fock states. Even for a translationally invariant initial state the latter manifests macroscopically in a phase-sensitive asymmetric expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Magoni
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chris Nill
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Igor Lesanovsky
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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13
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Mi X, Michailidis AA, Shabani S, Miao KC, Klimov PV, Lloyd J, Rosenberg E, Acharya R, Aleiner I, Andersen TI, Ansmann M, Arute F, Arya K, Asfaw A, Atalaya J, Bardin JC, Bengtsson A, Bortoli G, Bourassa A, Bovaird J, Brill L, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burger T, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Chik D, Chou C, Cogan J, Collins R, Conner P, Courtney W, Crook AL, Curtin B, Dau AG, Debroy DM, Del Toro Barba A, Demura S, Di Paolo A, Drozdov IK, Dunsworth A, Erickson C, Faoro L, Farhi E, Fatemi R, Ferreira VS, Burgos LF, Forati E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Genois É, Giang W, Gidney C, Gilboa D, Giustina M, Gosula R, Gross JA, Habegger S, Hamilton MC, Hansen M, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Heu P, Hoffmann MR, Hong S, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Iveland J, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Juhas P, Kafri D, Kechedzhi K, Khattar T, Khezri M, Kieferová M, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klots AR, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Kreikebaum JM, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lau KM, Laws L, Lee J, Lee KW, Lensky YD, Lester BJ, Lill AT, Liu W, Locharla A, Malone FD, Martin O, McClean JR, McEwen M, Mieszala A, Montazeri S, Morvan A, Movassagh R, Mruczkiewicz W, Neeley M, Neill C, Nersisyan A, Newman M, Ng JH, Nguyen A, Nguyen M, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Petukhov A, Potter R, Pryadko LP, Quintana C, Rocque C, Rubin NC, Saei N, Sank D, Sankaragomathi K, Satzinger KJ, Schurkus HF, Schuster C, Shearn MJ, Shorter A, Shutty N, Shvarts V, Skruzny J, Smith WC, Somma R, Sterling G, Strain D, Szalay M, Torres A, Vidal G, Villalonga B, Heidweiller CV, White T, Woo BWK, Xing C, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Yoo J, Young G, Zalcman A, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Zobrist N, Neven H, Babbush R, Bacon D, Boixo S, Hilton J, Lucero E, Megrant A, Kelly J, Chen Y, Roushan P, Smelyanskiy V, Abanin DA. Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation. Science 2024; 383:1332-1337. [PMID: 38513021 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range quantum correlations and a ground-state fidelity of 0.86 for 18 qubits at the critical point. In two dimensions, we found mutual information that extends beyond nearest neighbors. Lastly, by coupling the system to auxiliaries emulating reservoirs with different chemical potentials, we explored transport in the quantum Heisenberg model. Our results establish engineered dissipation as a scalable alternative to unitary evolution for preparing entangled many-body states on noisy quantum processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Mi
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A A Michailidis
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Shabani
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - K C Miao
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - J Lloyd
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - R Acharya
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - I Aleiner
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - M Ansmann
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - F Arute
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - K Arya
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Asfaw
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Atalaya
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J C Bardin
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - G Bortoli
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - J Bovaird
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - L Brill
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - D A Buell
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - T Burger
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - B Burkett
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Z Chen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - B Chiaro
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - D Chik
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - C Chou
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Cogan
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - R Collins
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - P Conner
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - A L Crook
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - B Curtin
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A G Dau
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - S Demura
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - L Faoro
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - E Farhi
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - R Fatemi
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - E Forati
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - B Foxen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - É Genois
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - W Giang
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - C Gidney
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - D Gilboa
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - R Gosula
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J A Gross
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - M C Hamilton
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - M Hansen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - P Heu
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - S Hong
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - T Huang
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Huff
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - L B Ioffe
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - J Iveland
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - E Jeffrey
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Z Jiang
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - C Jones
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - P Juhas
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - D Kafri
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - T Khattar
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - M Khezri
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - M Kieferová
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Centre for Quantum Software and Information (QSI), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Kim
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Kitaev
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A R Klots
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A N Korotkov
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - P Laptev
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - K-M Lau
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - L Laws
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Lee
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K W Lee
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - A T Lill
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - W Liu
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - O Martin
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - M McEwen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - A Morvan
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - M Neeley
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - C Neill
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - M Newman
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J H Ng
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Nguyen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - M Nguyen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - M Y Niu
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - R Potter
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - L P Pryadko
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - C Rocque
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - N C Rubin
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - N Saei
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - D Sank
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A Shorter
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - N Shutty
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - V Shvarts
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Skruzny
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - W C Smith
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - R Somma
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - D Strain
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - M Szalay
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Torres
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - G Vidal
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - T White
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - B W K Woo
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - C Xing
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Z J Yao
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - P Yeh
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Yoo
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - G Young
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Zalcman
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - N Zhu
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - N Zobrist
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - H Neven
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - R Babbush
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - D Bacon
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - S Boixo
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Hilton
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - E Lucero
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Megrant
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Kelly
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - P Roushan
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - D A Abanin
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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14
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Kuwahara T, Vu TV, Saito K. Effective light cone and digital quantum simulation of interacting bosons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2520. [PMID: 38514614 PMCID: PMC10957968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The speed limit of information propagation is one of the most fundamental features in non-equilibrium physics. The region of information propagation by finite-time dynamics is approximately restricted inside the effective light cone that is formulated by the Lieb-Robinson bound. To date, extensive studies have been conducted to identify the shape of effective light cones in most experimentally relevant many-body systems. However, the Lieb-Robinson bound in the interacting boson systems, one of the most ubiquitous quantum systems in nature, has remained a critical open problem for a long time. This study reveals a tight effective light cone to limit the information propagation in interacting bosons, where the shape of the effective light cone depends on the spatial dimension. To achieve it, we prove that the speed for bosons to clump together is finite, which in turn leads to the error guarantee of the boson number truncation at each site. Furthermore, we applied the method to provide a provably efficient algorithm for simulating the interacting boson systems. The results of this study settle the notoriously challenging problem and provide the foundation for elucidating the complexity of many-body boson systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Kuwahara
- Analytical quantum complexity RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Tan Van Vu
- Analytical quantum complexity RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiji Saito
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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15
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Zhang Y, Oberg CP, Hu Y, Xu H, Yan M, Scholes GD, Wang M. Molecular and Supramolecular Materials: From Light-Harvesting to Quantum Information Science and Technology. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3294-3316. [PMID: 38497707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed immense advances in quantum information technology (QIT), benefited by advances in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science and engineering. It is intriguing to consider whether these diverse molecular and supramolecular structures and materials, partially inspired by quantum effects as observed in sophisticated biological systems such as light-harvesting complexes in photosynthesis and the magnetic compass of migratory birds, might play a role in future QIT. If so, how? Herein, we review materials and specify the relationship between structures and quantum properties, and we identify the challenges and limitations that have restricted the intersection of QIT and chemical materials. Examples are broken down into two categories: materials for quantum sensing where nonclassical function is observed on the molecular scale and systems where nonclassical phenomena are present due to intermolecular interactions. We discuss challenges for materials chemistry and make comparisons to related systems found in nature. We conclude that if chemical materials become relevant for QIT, they will enable quite new kinds of properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Catrina P Oberg
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hongxue Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Mengwen Yan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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16
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Yu B, Chu Y, Betzholz R, Zhang S, Cai J. Engineering Artificial Atomic Systems of Giant Electric Dipole Moment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:073202. [PMID: 38427885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.073202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The electric dipole moment (EDM) plays a crucial role in determining the interaction strength of an atom with electric fields, making it paramount to quantum technologies based on coherent atomic control. We propose a scheme for engineering the potential in a Paul trap to realize a two-level quantum system with a giant EDM formed by the motional states of a trapped electron. We show that, under realistic experimental conditions, our system exhibits enhanced EDMs compared to those attainable with Rydberg atoms, serving as a complementary counterpart in the megahertz (MHz) resonance-frequency range. Furthermore, we show that such artificial atomic dipoles can be efficiently initialized, read out, and coherently controlled, thereby providing a potential platform for quantum technologies such as ultrahigh-sensitivity electric-field sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyi Yu
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yaoming Chu
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ralf Betzholz
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianming Cai
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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17
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John V, Borsoi F, György Z, Wang CA, Széchenyi G, van Riggelen-Doelman F, Lawrie WIL, Hendrickx NW, Sammak A, Scappucci G, Pályi A, Veldhorst M. Bichromatic Rabi Control of Semiconductor Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:067001. [PMID: 38394602 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.067001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrically driven spin resonance is a powerful technique for controlling semiconductor spin qubits. However, it faces challenges in qubit addressability and off-resonance driving in larger systems. We demonstrate coherent bichromatic Rabi control of quantum dot hole spin qubits, offering a spatially selective approach for large qubit arrays. By applying simultaneous microwave bursts to different gate electrodes, we observe multichromatic resonance lines and resonance anticrossings that are caused by the ac Stark shift. Our theoretical framework aligns with experimental data, highlighting interdot motion as the dominant mechanism for bichromatic driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin John
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Borsoi
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Zoltán György
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chien-An Wang
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gábor Széchenyi
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Floor van Riggelen-Doelman
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - William I L Lawrie
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Nico W Hendrickx
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Amir Sammak
- QuTech and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands
| | - Giordano Scappucci
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - András Pályi
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Quantum Dynamics and Correlations Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Menno Veldhorst
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
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18
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Fallek SD, Sandhu VS, McGill RA, Gray JM, Tinkey HN, Clark CR, Brown KR. Rapid exchange cooling with trapped ions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1089. [PMID: 38316766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The trapped-ion quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture is a leading candidate for advanced quantum information processing. In current QCCD implementations, imperfect ion transport and anomalous heating can excite ion motion during a calculation. To counteract this, intermediate cooling is necessary to maintain high-fidelity gate performance. Cooling the computational ions sympathetically with ions of another species, a commonly employed strategy, creates a significant runtime bottleneck. Here, we demonstrate a different approach we call exchange cooling. Unlike sympathetic cooling, exchange cooling does not require trapping two different atomic species. The protocol introduces a bank of "coolant" ions which are repeatedly laser cooled. A computational ion can then be cooled by transporting a coolant ion into its proximity. We test this concept experimentally with two 40Ca+ ions, executing the necessary transport in 107 μs, an order of magnitude faster than typical sympathetic cooling durations. We remove over 96%, and as many as 102(5) quanta, of axial motional energy from the computational ion. We verify that re-cooling the coolant ion does not decohere the computational ion. This approach validates the feasibility of a single-species QCCD processor, capable of fast quantum simulation and computation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan A McGill
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - John M Gray
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - Holly N Tinkey
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - Craig R Clark
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - Kenton R Brown
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
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19
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Bluvstein D, Evered SJ, Geim AA, Li SH, Zhou H, Manovitz T, Ebadi S, Cain M, Kalinowski M, Hangleiter D, Bonilla Ataides JP, Maskara N, Cong I, Gao X, Sales Rodriguez P, Karolyshyn T, Semeghini G, Gullans MJ, Greiner M, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays. Nature 2024; 626:58-65. [PMID: 38056497 PMCID: PMC10830422 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing1, requiring quantum error correction (QEC)2-6 for large-scale processing. However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected 'logical' qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy2-4, poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing. Here we report the realization of a programmable quantum processor based on encoded logical qubits operating with up to 280 physical qubits. Using logical-level control and a zoned architecture in reconfigurable neutral-atom arrays7, our system combines high two-qubit gate fidelities8, arbitrary connectivity7,9, as well as fully programmable single-qubit rotations and mid-circuit readout10-15. Operating this logical processor with various types of encoding, we demonstrate improvement of a two-qubit logic gate by scaling surface-code6 distance from d = 3 to d = 7, preparation of colour-code qubits with break-even fidelities5, fault-tolerant creation of logical Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and feedforward entanglement teleportation, as well as operation of 40 colour-code qubits. Finally, using 3D [[8,3,2]] code blocks16,17, we realize computationally complex sampling circuits18 with up to 48 logical qubits entangled with hypercube connectivity19 with 228 logical two-qubit gates and 48 logical CCZ gates20. We find that this logical encoding substantially improves algorithmic performance with error detection, outperforming physical-qubit fidelities at both cross-entropy benchmarking and quantum simulations of fast scrambling21,22. These results herald the advent of early error-corrected quantum computation and chart a path towards large-scale logical processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolev Bluvstein
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon J Evered
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sophie H Li
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- QuEra Computing Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tom Manovitz
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sepehr Ebadi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Madelyn Cain
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dominik Hangleiter
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Nishad Maskara
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iris Cong
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xun Gao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Giulia Semeghini
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Gullans
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Greiner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Kim K, Kim M, Park J, Byun A, Ahn J. Quantum computing dataset of maximum independent set problem on king lattice of over hundred Rydberg atoms. Sci Data 2024; 11:111. [PMID: 38263410 PMCID: PMC10805775 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-02926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Finding the maximum independent set (MIS) of a large-size graph is a nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-complete problem not efficiently solvable with classical computations. Here, we present a set of quantum adiabatic computing data of Rydberg-atom experiments performed to solve the MIS problem of up to 141 atoms randomly arranged on the king lattice. A total of 582,916 events of Rydberg-atom measurements are collected for experimental MIS solutions of 733,853 different graphs. We provide the raw image data along with the entire binary determinations of the measured many-body ground states and the classified graph data, to offer bench-mark testing and advanced data-driven analyses for validation of the performance and system improvements of the Rydberg-atom approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangheun Kim
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyuk Kim
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Park
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Byun
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Ahn
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Patel YJ, Jerbi S, Bäck T, Dunjko V. Reinforcement learning assisted recursive QAOA. EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 2024; 11:6. [PMID: 38261853 PMCID: PMC10794381 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, variational quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) have gained popularity as they provide the hope of using NISQ devices to tackle hard combinatorial optimization problems. It is, however, known that at low depth, certain locality constraints of QAOA limit its performance. To go beyond these limitations, a non-local variant of QAOA, namely recursive QAOA (RQAOA), was proposed to improve the quality of approximate solutions. The RQAOA has been studied comparatively less than QAOA, and it is less understood, for instance, for what family of instances it may fail to provide high-quality solutions. However, as we are tackling NP-hard problems (specifically, the Ising spin model), it is expected that RQAOA does fail, raising the question of designing even better quantum algorithms for combinatorial optimization. In this spirit, we identify and analyze cases where (depth-1) RQAOA fails and, based on this, propose a reinforcement learning enhanced RQAOA variant (RL-RQAOA) that improves upon RQAOA. We show that the performance of RL-RQAOA improves over RQAOA: RL-RQAOA is strictly better on these identified instances where RQAOA underperforms and is similarly performing on instances where RQAOA is near-optimal. Our work exemplifies the potentially beneficial synergy between reinforcement learning and quantum (inspired) optimization in the design of new, even better heuristics for complex problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash J. Patel
- LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Applied Quantum Algorithms, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sofiene Jerbi
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Bäck
- LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vedran Dunjko
- LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Applied Quantum Algorithms, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Stilck França D, Markovich LA, Dobrovitski VV, Werner AH, Borregaard J. Efficient and robust estimation of many-qubit Hamiltonians. Nat Commun 2024; 15:311. [PMID: 38191453 PMCID: PMC10774346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the interactions and dynamics of quantum mechanical systems is an essential task in developing quantum technologies. We propose an efficient protocol based on the estimation of the time-derivatives of few qubit observables using polynomial interpolation for characterizing the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics and Markovian noise of a multi-qubit device. For finite range dynamics, our protocol exponentially relaxes the necessary time-resolution of the measurements and quadratically reduces the overall sample complexity compared to previous approaches. Furthermore, we show that our protocol can characterize the dynamics of systems with algebraically decaying interactions. The implementation of the protocol requires only the preparation of product states and single-qubit measurements. Furthermore, we improve a shadow tomography method for quantum channels that is of independent interest and discuss the robustness of the protocol to various errors. This protocol can be used to parallelize the learning of the Hamiltonian, rendering it applicable for the characterization of both current and future quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stilck França
- QMATH, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, Inria, LIP, F-69342, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Liubov A Markovich
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - V V Dobrovitski
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Albert H Werner
- QMATH, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NBIA, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes Borregaard
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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23
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Balducci F, Beau M, Yang J, Gambassi A, Del Campo A. Large Deviations beyond the Kibble-Zurek Mechanism. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:230401. [PMID: 38134787 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.230401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) predicts that the average number of topological defects generated upon crossing a continuous or quantum phase transition obeys a universal scaling law with the quench time. Fluctuations in the defect number near equilibrium are approximately of Gaussian form, in agreement with the central limit theorem. Using large deviations theory, we characterize the universality of fluctuations beyond the KZM and report the exact form of the rate function in the transverse-field quantum Ising model. In addition, we characterize the scaling of large deviations in an arbitrary continuous phase transition, building on recent evidence establishing the universality of the defect number distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Balducci
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Mathieu Beau
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Gambassi
- SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Adolfo Del Campo
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Donostia International Physics Center, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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24
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Perfetto G, Carollo F, Garrahan JP, Lesanovsky I. Quantum reaction-limited reaction-diffusion dynamics of annihilation processes. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064104. [PMID: 38243424 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the quantum reaction-diffusion dynamics of fermionic particles which coherently hop in a one-dimensional lattice and undergo annihilation reactions. The latter are modelled as dissipative processes which involve losses of pairs 2A→∅, triplets 3A→∅, and quadruplets 4A→∅ of neighboring particles. When considering classical particles, the corresponding decay of their density in time follows an asymptotic power-law behavior. The associated exponent in one dimension is different from the mean-field prediction whenever diffusive mixing is not too strong and spatial correlations are relevant. This specifically applies to 2A→∅, while the mean-field power-law prediction just acquires a logarithmic correction for 3A→∅ and is exact for 4A→∅. A mean-field approach is also valid, for all the three processes, when the diffusive mixing is strong, i.e., in the so-called reaction-limited regime. Here we show that the picture is different for quantum systems. We consider the quantum reaction-limited regime and we show that for all the three processes power-law behavior beyond mean field is present as a consequence of quantum coherences, which are not related to space dimensionality. The decay in 3A→∅ is further, highly intricate, since the power-law behavior therein only appears within an intermediate time window, while at long times the density decay is not power law. Our results show that emergent critical behavior in quantum dynamics has a markedly different origin, based on quantum coherences, to that applying to classical critical phenomena, which is, instead, solely determined by the relevance of spatial correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Perfetto
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Federico Carollo
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juan P Garrahan
- School of Physics, Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics, Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Lesanovsky
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School of Physics, Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics, Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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25
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Pal G, Chaudhuri S. Efficient denoising of cold atom images using the optimized eigenface recognition algorithm. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8786-8792. [PMID: 38038024 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Absorption imaging is a widely employed technique for detecting cold atom clouds and Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). There are situations where such images may suffer from unwanted interference fringes, resulting in uncertainties in determining crucial parameters such as the atom number, temperatures, or even dynamics in small timescales. Reducing the acoustic vibrations and recording image frames synchronized with the source of such vibrations can largely reduce these fringes; however, some residual fringes still need to be taken care of for precision measurements. In this study, we propose an efficient image post-processing technique for noise reduction that effectively mitigates such interference patterns. Our approach makes use of the well-known eigenface recognition algorithm, combined with an optimized masking strategy applied to the image of the atomic cloud using a small number of basis sets. The use of a limited basis set ensures minimal computational time, allowing this method to be readily incorporated into every experimental run. Through the application of our technique, we successfully reduce interference fringes and improve the accuracy of parameter estimation by 50% in the absorption imaging of cold atoms. The temperature uncertainties of cold 87 R b atoms are reduced by more than 50% after the algorithm is applied. This approach holds significant promise for enhancing the reliability and precision of experimental measurements in diverse research fields where absorption imaging is employed.
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26
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Zeybek Z, Mukherjee R, Schmelcher P. Quantum Phases from Competing Van der Waals and Dipole-Dipole Interactions of Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:203003. [PMID: 38039461 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.203003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Competing short- and long-range interactions represent distinguished ingredients for the formation of complex quantum many-body phases. Their study is hard to realize with conventional quantum simulators. In this regard, Rydberg atoms provide an exception as their excited manifold of states have both density-density and exchange interactions whose strength and range can vary considerably. Focusing on one-dimensional systems, we leverage the Van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions of the Rydberg atoms to obtain the zero-temperature phase diagram for a uniform chain and a dimer model. For the uniform chain, we can influence the boundaries between ordered phases and a Luttinger liquid phase. For the dimerized case, a new type of bond-order-density-wave phase is identified. This demonstrates the versatility of the Rydberg platform in studying physics involving short- and long-ranged interactions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Zeybek
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rick Mukherjee
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmelcher
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Zhu GY, Tantivasadakarn N, Vishwanath A, Trebst S, Verresen R. Nishimori's Cat: Stable Long-Range Entanglement from Finite-Depth Unitaries and Weak Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:200201. [PMID: 38039472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In the field of monitored quantum circuits, it has remained an open question whether finite-time protocols for preparing long-range entangled states lead to phases of matter that are stable to gate imperfections, that can convert projective into weak measurements. Here, we show that in certain cases, long-range entanglement persists in the presence of weak measurements, and gives rise to novel forms of quantum criticality. We demonstrate this explicitly for preparing the two-dimensional Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger cat state and the three-dimensional toric code as minimal instances. In contrast to random monitored circuits, our circuit of gates and measurements is deterministic; the only randomness is in the measurement outcomes. We show how the randomness in these weak measurements allows us to track the solvable Nishimori line of the random-bond Ising model, rigorously establishing the stability of the glassy long-range entangled states in two and three spatial dimensions. Away from this exactly solvable construction, we use hybrid tensor network and Monte Carlo simulations to obtain a nonzero Edwards-Anderson order parameter as an indicator of long-range entanglement in the two-dimensional scenario. We argue that our protocol admits a natural implementation in existing quantum computing architectures, requiring only a depth-3 circuit on IBM's heavy-hexagon transmon chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Zhu
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nathanan Tantivasadakarn
- Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ashvin Vishwanath
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Simon Trebst
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Ruben Verresen
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Roberts D, Clerk AA. Exact Solution of the Infinite-Range Dissipative Transverse-Field Ising Model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:190403. [PMID: 38000440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The dissipative variant of the Ising model in a transverse field is one of the most important models in the analysis of open quantum many-body systems, due to its paradigmatic character for understanding driven-dissipative quantum phase transitions, as well as its relevance in modeling diverse experimental platforms in atomic physics and quantum simulation. Here, we present an exact solution for the steady state of the transverse-field Ising model in the limit of infinite-range interactions, with local dissipation and inhomogeneous transverse fields. Our solution holds despite the lack of any collective spin symmetry or even permutation symmetry. It allows us to investigate first- and second-order dissipative phase transitions, driven-dissipative criticality, and captures the emergence of a surprising "spin blockade" phenomenon. The ability of the solution to describe spatially varying local fields provides a new tool to study disordered open quantum systems in regimes that would be extremely difficult to treat with numerical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roberts
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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29
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Zhao L, Lee MDK, Aliyu MM, Loh H. Floquet-tailored Rydberg interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7128. [PMID: 37932268 PMCID: PMC10628180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rydberg blockade is a key ingredient for entangling atoms in arrays. However, it requires atoms to be spaced well within the blockade radius, which limits the range of local quantum gates. Here we break this constraint using Floquet frequency modulation, with which we demonstrate Rydberg-blockade entanglement beyond the traditional blockade radius and show how the enlarged entanglement range improves qubit connectivity in a neutral atom array. Further, we find that the coherence of entangled states can be extended under Floquet frequency modulation. Finally, we realize Rydberg anti-blockade states for two sodium Rydberg atoms within the blockade radius. Such Rydberg anti-blockade states for atoms at close range enables the robust preparation of strongly-interacting, long-lived Rydberg states, yet their steady-state population cannot be achieved with only the conventional static drive. Our work transforms between the paradigmatic regimes of Rydberg blockade versus anti-blockade and paves the way for realizing more connected, coherent, and tunable neutral atom quantum processors with a single approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luheng Zhao
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Dao Kang Lee
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Mujahid Aliyu
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huanqian Loh
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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McGinley M, Fava M. Shadow Tomography from Emergent State Designs in Analog Quantum Simulators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:160601. [PMID: 37925705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.160601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method that allows one to infer many properties of a quantum state-including nonlinear functions such as Rényi entropies-using only global control over the constituent degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the state of interest is first entangled with a set of ancillas under a fixed global unitary, before projective measurements are made. We show that when the unitary is sufficiently entangling, a universal relationship between the statistics of the measurement outcomes and properties of the state emerges, which can be connected to the recently discovered phenomeonon of emergent quantum state designs in chaotic systems. Thanks to this relationship, arbitrary observables can be reconstructed using the same number of experimental repetitions that would be required in classical shadow tomography [Huang et al., Nat. Phys. 16, 1050 (2020)NPAHAX1745-247310.1038/s41567-020-0932-7]. Unlike previous approaches to shadow tomography, our protocol can be implemented using only global Hamiltonian evolution, as opposed to qubit-selective logic gates, which makes it particularly well suited to analog quantum simulators, including ultracold atoms in optical lattices and arrays of Rydberg atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max McGinley
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- T.C.M. Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Fava
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Philippe Meyer Institute, Physics Department, École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université PSL, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris, France
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31
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DeLange J, Barua K, Paul AS, Ohadi H, Zwiller V, Steinhauer S, Alaeian H. Highly-excited Rydberg excitons in synthetic thin-film cuprous oxide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16881. [PMID: 37803008 PMCID: PMC10558487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuprous oxide ([Formula: see text]) has recently emerged as a promising material in solid-state quantum technology, specifically for its excitonic Rydberg states characterized by large principal quantum numbers (n). The significant wavefunction size of these highly-excited states (proportional to [Formula: see text]) enables strong long-range dipole-dipole (proportional to [Formula: see text]) and van der Waals interactions (proportional to [Formula: see text]). Currently, the highest-lying Rydberg states are found in naturally occurring [Formula: see text]. However, for technological applications, the ability to grow high-quality synthetic samples is essential. The fabrication of thin-film [Formula: see text] samples is of particular interest as they hold potential for observing extreme single-photon nonlinearities through the Rydberg blockade. Nevertheless, due to the susceptibility of high-lying states to charged impurities, growing synthetic samples of sufficient quality poses a substantial challenge. This study successfully demonstrates the CMOS-compatible synthesis of a [Formula: see text] thin film on a transparent substrate that showcases Rydberg excitons up to [Formula: see text] which is readily suitable for photonic device fabrications. These findings mark a significant advancement towards the realization of scalable and on-chip integrable Rydberg quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob DeLange
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Kinjol Barua
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anindya Sundar Paul
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Hamid Ohadi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Steinhauer
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hadiseh Alaeian
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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32
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Ma S, Liu G, Peng P, Zhang B, Jandura S, Claes J, Burgers AP, Pupillo G, Puri S, Thompson JD. High-fidelity gates and mid-circuit erasure conversion in an atomic qubit. Nature 2023; 622:279-284. [PMID: 37821593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of scalable, high-fidelity qubits is a key challenge in quantum information science. Neutral atom qubits have progressed rapidly in recent years, demonstrating programmable processors1,2 and quantum simulators with scaling to hundreds of atoms3,4. Exploring new atomic species, such as alkaline earth atoms5-7, or combining multiple species8 can provide new paths to improving coherence, control and scalability. For example, for eventual application in quantum error correction, it is advantageous to realize qubits with structured error models, such as biased Pauli errors9 or conversion of errors into detectable erasures10. Here we demonstrate a new neutral atom qubit using the nuclear spin of a long-lived metastable state in 171Yb. The long coherence time and fast excitation to the Rydberg state allow one- and two-qubit gates with fidelities of 0.9990(1) and 0.980(1), respectively. Importantly, a large fraction of all gate errors result in decays out of the qubit subspace to the ground state. By performing fast, mid-circuit detection of these errors, we convert them into erasure errors; during detection, the induced error probability on qubits remaining in the computational space is less than 10-5. This work establishes metastable 171Yb as a promising platform for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Genyue Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pai Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bichen Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sven Jandura
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), aQCess, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jahan Claes
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex P Burgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guido Pupillo
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), aQCess, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shruti Puri
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeff D Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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33
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Evered SJ, Bluvstein D, Kalinowski M, Ebadi S, Manovitz T, Zhou H, Li SH, Geim AA, Wang TT, Maskara N, Levine H, Semeghini G, Greiner M, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer. Nature 2023; 622:268-272. [PMID: 37821591 PMCID: PMC10567572 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform entangling quantum operations with low error rates in a scalable fashion is a central element of useful quantum information processing1. Neutral-atom arrays have recently emerged as a promising quantum computing platform, featuring coherent control over hundreds of qubits2,3 and any-to-any gate connectivity in a flexible, dynamically reconfigurable architecture4. The main outstanding challenge has been to reduce errors in entangling operations mediated through Rydberg interactions5. Here we report the realization of two-qubit entangling gates with 99.5% fidelity on up to 60 atoms in parallel, surpassing the surface-code threshold for error correction6,7. Our method uses fast, single-pulse gates based on optimal control8, atomic dark states to reduce scattering9 and improvements to Rydberg excitation and atom cooling. We benchmark fidelity using several methods based on repeated gate applications10,11, characterize the physical error sources and outline future improvements. Finally, we generalize our method to design entangling gates involving a higher number of qubits, which we demonstrate by realizing low-error three-qubit gates12,13. By enabling high-fidelity operation in a scalable, highly connected system, these advances lay the groundwork for large-scale implementation of quantum algorithms14, error-corrected circuits7 and digital simulations15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Evered
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dolev Bluvstein
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sepehr Ebadi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tom Manovitz
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- QuEra Computing Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie H Li
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tout T Wang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nishad Maskara
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harry Levine
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Giulia Semeghini
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Markus Greiner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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34
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Su L, Douglas A, Szurek M, Groth R, Ozturk SF, Krahn A, Hébert AH, Phelps GA, Ebadi S, Dickerson S, Ferlaino F, Marković O, Greiner M. Dipolar quantum solids emerging in a Hubbard quantum simulator. Nature 2023; 622:724-729. [PMID: 37880438 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In quantum mechanical many-body systems, long-range and anisotropic interactions promote rich spatial structure and can lead to quantum frustration, giving rise to a wealth of complex, strongly correlated quantum phases1. Long-range interactions play an important role in nature; however, quantum simulations of lattice systems have largely not been able to realize such interactions. A wide range of efforts are underway to explore long-range interacting lattice systems using polar molecules2-5, Rydberg atoms2,6-8, optical cavities9-11 or magnetic atoms12-15. Here we realize novel quantum phases in a strongly correlated lattice system with long-range dipolar interactions using ultracold magnetic erbium atoms. As we tune the dipolar interaction to be the dominant energy scale in our system, we observe quantum phase transitions from a superfluid into dipolar quantum solids, which we directly detect using quantum gas microscopy with accordion lattices. Controlling the interaction anisotropy by orienting the dipoles enables us to realize a variety of stripe-ordered states. Furthermore, by transitioning non-adiabatically through the strongly correlated regime, we observe the emergence of a range of metastable stripe-ordered states. This work demonstrates that novel strongly correlated quantum phases can be realized using long-range dipolar interactions in optical lattices, opening the door to quantum simulations of a wide range of lattice models with long-range and anisotropic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Michal Szurek
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robin Groth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Furkan Ozturk
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Krahn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne H Hébert
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sepehr Ebadi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Francesca Ferlaino
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ognjen Marković
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Markus Greiner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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35
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Scholl P, Shaw AL, Tsai RBS, Finkelstein R, Choi J, Endres M. Erasure conversion in a high-fidelity Rydberg quantum simulator. Nature 2023; 622:273-278. [PMID: 37821592 PMCID: PMC10567575 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Minimizing and understanding errors is critical for quantum science, both in noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices1 and for the quest towards fault-tolerant quantum computation2,3. Rydberg arrays have emerged as a prominent platform in this context4 with impressive system sizes5,6 and proposals suggesting how error-correction thresholds could be significantly improved by detecting leakage errors with single-atom resolution7,8, a form of erasure error conversion9-12. However, two-qubit entanglement fidelities in Rydberg atom arrays13,14 have lagged behind competitors15,16 and this type of erasure conversion is yet to be realized for matter-based qubits in general. Here we demonstrate both erasure conversion and high-fidelity Bell state generation using a Rydberg quantum simulator5,6,17,18. When excising data with erasure errors observed via fast imaging of alkaline-earth atoms19-22, we achieve a Bell state fidelity of [Formula: see text], which improves to [Formula: see text] when correcting for remaining state-preparation errors. We further apply erasure conversion in a quantum simulation experiment for quasi-adiabatic preparation of long-range order across a quantum phase transition, and reveal the otherwise hidden impact of these errors on the simulation outcome. Our work demonstrates the capability for Rydberg-based entanglement to reach fidelities in the 0.999 regime, with higher fidelities a question of technical improvements, and shows how erasure conversion can be utilized in NISQ devices. These techniques could be translated directly to quantum-error-correction codes with the addition of long-lived qubits7,22-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Scholl
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Adam L Shaw
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joonhee Choi
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Endres
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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36
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Bharti V, Sugawa S, Mizoguchi M, Kunimi M, Zhang Y, de Léséleuc S, Tomita T, Franz T, Weidemüller M, Ohmori K. Picosecond-Scale Ultrafast Many-Body Dynamics in an Ultracold Rydberg-Excited Atomic Mott Insulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:123201. [PMID: 37802940 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation and control of ultrafast many-body dynamics of electrons in ultracold Rydberg-excited atoms, spatially ordered in a three-dimensional Mott insulator (MI) with unity filling in an optical lattice. By mapping out the time-domain Ramsey interferometry in the picosecond timescale, we can deduce entanglement growth indicating the emergence of many-body correlations via dipolar forces. We analyze our observations with different theoretical approaches and find that the semiclassical model breaks down, thus indicating that quantum fluctuations play a decisive role in the observed dynamics. Combining picosecond Rydberg excitation with MI lattice thus provides a platform for simulating nonequilibrium dynamics of strongly correlated systems in synthetic ultracold atomic crystals, such as in a metal-like quantum gas regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bharti
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - S Sugawa
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - M Mizoguchi
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - M Kunimi
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Y Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - S de Léséleuc
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - T Tomita
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - T Franz
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Weidemüller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Ohmori
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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37
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Mark DK, Choi J, Shaw AL, Endres M, Choi S. Benchmarking Quantum Simulators Using Ergodic Quantum Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:110601. [PMID: 37774308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose and analyze a sample-efficient protocol to estimate the fidelity between an experimentally prepared state and an ideal target state, applicable to a wide class of analog quantum simulators without advanced spatiotemporal control. Our protocol relies on universal fluctuations emerging from generic Hamiltonian dynamics, which we discover in the present work. It does not require fine-tuned control over state preparation, quantum evolution, or readout capability, while achieving near optimal sample complexity: a percent-level precision is obtained with ∼10^{3} measurements, independent of system size. Furthermore, the accuracy of our fidelity estimation improves exponentially with increasing system size. We numerically demonstrate our protocol in a variety of quantum simulator platforms, including quantum gas microscopes, trapped ions, and Rydberg atom arrays. We discuss applications of our method for tasks such as multiparameter estimation of quantum states and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Mark
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joonhee Choi
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Adam L Shaw
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Manuel Endres
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Soonwon Choi
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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38
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Ye M, Tian Y, Lin J, Luo Y, You J, Hu J, Zhang W, Chen W, Li X. Universal Quantum Optimization with Cold Atoms in an Optical Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:103601. [PMID: 37739373 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cold atoms in an optical cavity have been widely used for quantum simulations of many-body physics, where the quantum control capability has been advancing rapidly in recent years. Here, we show the atom cavity system is universal for quantum optimization with arbitrary connectivity. We consider a single-mode cavity and develop a Raman coupling scheme by which the engineered quantum Hamiltonian for atoms directly encodes number partition problems. The programmability is introduced by placing the atoms at different positions in the cavity with optical tweezers. The number partition problem solution is encoded in the ground state of atomic qubits coupled through a photonic cavity mode, which can be reached by adiabatic quantum computing. We construct an explicit mapping for the 3-SAT and vertex cover problems to be efficiently encoded by the cavity system, which costs linear overhead in the number of atomic qubits. The atom cavity encoding is further extended to quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems. The encoding protocol is optimal in the cost of atom number scaling with the number of binary degrees of freedom of the computation problem. Our theory implies the atom cavity system is a promising quantum optimization platform searching for practical quantum advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, AI Tower, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuchen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, AI Tower, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Jiaqi You
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiazhong Hu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenlan Chen
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, AI Tower, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
- Institute of Nanoelectronics and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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39
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Sherman NE, Avdoshkin A, Moore JE. Universality of Critical Dynamics with Finite Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:106501. [PMID: 37739353 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
When a system is swept through a quantum critical point, the quantum Kibble-Zurek mechanism makes universal predictions for quantities such as the number and energy of excitations produced. This mechanism is now being used to obtain critical exponents on emerging quantum computers and emulators, which in some cases can be compared to matrix product state (MPS) numerical studies. However, the mechanism is modified when the divergence of entanglement entropy required for a faithful description of many quantum critical points is not fully captured by the experiment or classical calculation. In this Letter, we study how low-energy dynamics of quantum systems near criticality are modified by finite entanglement, using conformally invariant critical points described approximately by a MPS as an example. We derive that the effect of finite entanglement on a Kibble-Zurek process is captured by a dimensionless scaling function of the ratio of two length scales, one determined dynamically and one by the entanglement restriction. Numerically we confirm first that dynamics at finite bond dimension χ is independent of the algorithm chosen, then obtain scaling collapses for sweeps in the transverse field Ising model and the three-state Potts model. Our result establishes the precise role played by entanglement in time-dependent critical phenomena and has direct implications for quantum state preparation and classical simulation of quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Sherman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Avdoshkin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J E Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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40
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O'Rourke MJ, Chan GKL. Entanglement in the quantum phases of an unfrustrated Rydberg atom array. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5397. [PMID: 37669950 PMCID: PMC10480489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental advances have stimulated interest in the use of large, two-dimensional arrays of Rydberg atoms as a platform for quantum information processing and to study exotic many-body quantum states. However, the native long-range interactions between the atoms complicate experimental analysis and precise theoretical understanding of these systems. Here we use new tensor network algorithms capable of including all long-range interactions to study the ground state phase diagram of Rydberg atoms in a geometrically unfrustrated square lattice array. We find a greatly altered phase diagram from earlier numerical and experimental studies, revealed by studying the phases on the bulk lattice and their analogs in experiment-sized finite arrays. We further describe a previously unknown region with a nematic phase stabilized by short-range entanglement and an order from disorder mechanism. Broadly our results yield a conceptual guide for future experiments, while our techniques provide a blueprint for converging numerical studies in other lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J O'Rourke
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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41
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Ravon B, Méhaignerie P, Machu Y, Hernández AD, Favier M, Raimond JM, Brune M, Sayrin C. Array of Individual Circular Rydberg Atoms Trapped in Optical Tweezers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:093401. [PMID: 37721832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Circular Rydberg atoms (CRAs), i.e., Rydberg atoms with maximal orbital momentum, are highly promising for quantum computation, simulation, and sensing. They combine long natural lifetimes with strong interatomic interactions and coupling to electromagnetic fields. Trapping individual CRAs is essential to harness these unique features. We report the first demonstration of CRAs laser trapping in a programmable array of optical bottle beams. We observe the decay of a trapped rubidium circular level over 5 ms using a novel optical detection method. This first optical detection of alkali CRAs is both spatially and level selective. We finally observe the mechanical oscillations of the CRAs in the traps. This work opens the route to the use of circular levels in quantum devices. It is also promising for quantum simulation and information processing using the full extent of Rydberg manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ravon
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - P Méhaignerie
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Y Machu
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - A Durán Hernández
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - M Favier
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - J M Raimond
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - M Brune
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - C Sayrin
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, F-75231 Paris, France
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42
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Magoni M, Joshi R, Lesanovsky I. Molecular Dynamics in Rydberg Tweezer Arrays: Spin-Phonon Entanglement and Jahn-Teller Effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:093002. [PMID: 37721842 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.093002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Atoms confined in optical tweezer arrays constitute a platform for the implementation of quantum computers and simulators. State-dependent operations are realized by exploiting electrostatic dipolar interactions that emerge, when two atoms are simultaneously excited to high-lying electronic states, so-called Rydberg states. These interactions also lead to state-dependent mechanical forces, which couple the electronic dynamics of the atoms to their vibrational motion. We explore these vibronic couplings within an artificial molecular system in which Rydberg states are excited under so-called facilitation conditions. This system, which is not necessarily self-bound, undergoes a structural transition between an equilateral triangle and an equal-weighted superposition of distorted triangular states (Jahn-Teller regime) exhibiting spin-phonon entanglement on a micrometer distance. This highlights the potential of Rydberg tweezer arrays for the study of molecular phenomena at exaggerated length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Magoni
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Igor Lesanovsky
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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43
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Mendes-Santos T, Schmitt M, Heyl M. Highly Resolved Spectral Functions of Two-Dimensional Systems with Neural Quantum States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:046501. [PMID: 37566857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.046501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Spectral functions are central to link experimental probes to theoretical models in condensed matter physics. However, performing exact numerical calculations for interacting quantum matter has remained a key challenge especially beyond one spatial dimension. In this work, we develop a versatile approach using neural quantum states to obtain spectral properties based on simulations of the dynamics of excitations initially localized in real or momentum space. We apply this approach to compute the dynamical structure factor in the vicinity of quantum critical points (QCPs) of different two-dimensional quantum Ising models, including one that describes the complex density wave orders of Rydberg atom arrays. When combined with deep network architectures we find that our method reliably describes dynamical structure factors of arrays with up to 24×24 spins, including the diverging timescales at critical points. Our approach is broadly applicable to interacting quantum lattice models in two dimensions and consequently opens up a route to compute spectral properties of correlated quantum matter in yet inaccessible regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Mendes-Santos
- Theoretical Physics III, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institute, Quantum Control (PGI-8), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Heyl
- Theoretical Physics III, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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44
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Nikolov B, Diamond-Hitchcock E, Bass J, Spong NLR, Pritchard JD. Randomized Benchmarking Using Nondestructive Readout in a Two-Dimensional Atom Array. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:030602. [PMID: 37540850 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutral atoms are a promising platform for scalable quantum computing, however, prior demonstration of high fidelity gates or low-loss readout methods have employed restricted numbers of qubits. Using randomized benchmarking of microwave-driven single-qubit gates, we demonstrate average gate errors of 7(2)×10^{-5} on a 225 site atom array using conventional, destructive readout. We further demonstrate a factor of 1.7 suppression of the primary measurement errors via low-loss, nondestructive, and state-selective readout on 49 sites while achieving gate errors of 2(9)×10^{-4}.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nikolov
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - E Diamond-Hitchcock
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - J Bass
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - N L R Spong
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - J D Pritchard
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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45
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Steinert LM, Osterholz P, Eberhard R, Festa L, Lorenz N, Chen Z, Trautmann A, Gross C. Spatially Tunable Spin Interactions in Neutral Atom Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:243001. [PMID: 37390432 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.243001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Analog quantum simulations with Rydberg atoms in optical tweezers routinely address strongly correlated many-body problems due to the hardware-efficient implementation of the Hamiltonian. Yet, their generality is limited, and flexible Hamiltonian-design techniques are needed to widen the scope of these simulators. Here we report on the realization of spatially tunable interactions for XYZ models implemented by two-color near-resonant coupling to Rydberg pair states. Our results demonstrate the unique opportunities of Rydberg dressing for Hamiltonian design in analog quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Marina Steinert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Osterholz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robin Eberhard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Festa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Lorenz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Zaijun Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Arno Trautmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gross
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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46
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Ippoliti M, Li Y, Rakovszky T, Khemani V. Operator Relaxation and the Optimal Depth of Classical Shadows. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:230403. [PMID: 37354418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.230403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Classical shadows are a powerful method for learning many properties of quantum states in a sample-efficient manner, by making use of randomized measurements. Here we study the sample complexity of learning the expectation value of Pauli operators via "shallow shadows," a recently proposed version of classical shadows in which the randomization step is effected by a local unitary circuit of variable depth t. We show that the shadow norm (the quantity controlling the sample complexity) is expressed in terms of properties of the Heisenberg time evolution of operators under the randomizing ("twirling") circuit-namely the evolution of the weight distribution characterizing the number of sites on which an operator acts nontrivially. For spatially contiguous Pauli operators of weight k, this entails a competition between two processes: operator spreading (whereby the support of an operator grows over time, increasing its weight) and operator relaxation (whereby the bulk of the operator develops an equilibrium density of identity operators, decreasing its weight). From this simple picture we derive (i) an upper bound on the shadow norm which, for depth t∼log(k), guarantees an exponential gain in sample complexity over the t=0 protocol in any spatial dimension, and (ii) quantitative results in one dimension within a mean-field approximation, including a universal subleading correction to the optimal depth, found to be in excellent agreement with infinite matrix product state numerical simulations. Our Letter connects fundamental ideas in quantum many-body dynamics to applications in quantum information science, and paves the way to highly optimized protocols for learning different properties of quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ippoliti
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yaodong Li
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tibor Rakovszky
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Vedika Khemani
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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47
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Larocca M, Ju N, García-Martín D, Coles PJ, Cerezo M. Theory of overparametrization in quantum neural networks. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:542-551. [PMID: 38177434 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The prospect of achieving quantum advantage with quantum neural networks (QNNs) is exciting. Understanding how QNN properties (for example, the number of parameters M) affect the loss landscape is crucial to designing scalable QNN architectures. Here we rigorously analyze the overparametrization phenomenon in QNNs, defining overparametrization as the regime where the QNN has more than a critical number of parameters Mc allowing it to explore all relevant directions in state space. Our main results show that the dimension of the Lie algebra obtained from the generators of the QNN is an upper bound for Mc, and for the maximal rank that the quantum Fisher information and Hessian matrices can reach. Underparametrized QNNs have spurious local minima in the loss landscape that start disappearing when M ≥ Mc. Thus, the overparametrization onset corresponds to a computational phase transition where the QNN trainability is greatly improved. We then connect the notion of overparametrization to the QNN capacity, so that when a QNN is overparametrized, its capacity achieves its maximum possible value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Larocca
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
- Departamento de Física 'J. J. Giambiagi' and IFIBA, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nathan Ju
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Diego García-Martín
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Física Teórica, UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick J Coles
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Marco Cerezo
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Information Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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48
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Yan Z, Wang YC, Samajdar R, Sachdev S, Meng ZY. Emergent Glassy Behavior in a Kagome Rydberg Atom Array. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:206501. [PMID: 37267547 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.206501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulation results on a realistic Hamiltonian of kagome-lattice Rydberg atom arrays. Although the system has no intrinsic disorder, intriguingly, our analyses of static and dynamic properties on large system sizes reveal emergent glassy behavior in a region of parameter space located between two valence bond solid phases. The extent of this glassy region is demarcated using the Edwards-Anderson order parameter, and its phase transitions to the two proximate valence bond solids-as well as the crossover towards a trivial paramagnetic phase-are identified. We demonstrate the intrinsically slow (imaginary) time dynamics deep inside the glassy phase and discuss experimental considerations for detecting such a quantum disordered phase with numerous nearly degenerate local minima. Our proposal paves a new route to the study of real-time glassy phenomena and highlights the potential for quantum simulation of a distinct phase of quantum matter beyond solids and liquids in current-generation Rydberg platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Wang
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhongfa Aviation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Rhine Samajdar
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Subir Sachdev
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Zi Yang Meng
- Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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49
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Schlosser M, Tichelmann S, Schäffner D, de Mello DO, Hambach M, Schütz J, Birkl G. Scalable Multilayer Architecture of Assembled Single-Atom Qubit Arrays in a Three-Dimensional Talbot Tweezer Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:180601. [PMID: 37204875 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.180601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on the realization of a novel platform for the creation of large-scale 3D multilayer configurations of planar arrays of individual neutral-atom qubits: a microlens-generated Talbot tweezer lattice that extends 2D tweezer arrays to the third dimension at no additional costs. We demonstrate the trapping and imaging of rubidium atoms in integer and fractional Talbot planes and the assembly of defect-free atom arrays in different layers. The Talbot self-imaging effect for microlens arrays constitutes a structurally robust and wavelength-universal method for the realization of 3D atom arrays with beneficial scaling properties. With more than 750 qubit sites per 2D layer, these scaling properties imply that 10 000 qubit sites are already accessible in 3D in our current implementation. The trap topology and functionality are configurable in the micrometer regime. We use this to generate interleaved lattices with dynamic position control and parallelized sublattice addressing of spin states for immediate application in quantum science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Schlosser
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sascha Tichelmann
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominik Schäffner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Ohl de Mello
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moritz Hambach
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Schütz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Birkl
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Schlossgartenstraße 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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50
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Chu Y, Li X, Cai J. Strong Quantum Metrological Limit from Many-Body Physics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:170801. [PMID: 37172232 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.170801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Surpassing the standard quantum limit and even reaching the Heisenberg limit using quantum entanglement, represents the Holy Grail of quantum metrology. However, quantum entanglement is a valuable resource that does not come without a price. The exceptional time overhead for the preparation of large-scale entangled states raises disconcerting concerns about whether the Heisenberg limit is fundamentally achievable. Here, we find a universal speed limit set by the Lieb-Robinson light cone for the quantum Fisher information growth to characterize the metrological potential of quantum resource states during their preparation. Our main result establishes a strong precision limit of quantum metrology accounting for the complexity of many-body quantum resource state preparation and reveals a fundamental constraint for reaching the Heisenberg limit in a generic many-body lattice system with bounded one-site energy. It enables us to identify the essential features of quantum many-body systems that are crucial for achieving the quantum advantage of quantum metrology, and brings an interesting connection between many-body quantum dynamics and quantum metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Chu
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangbei Li
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianming Cai
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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