1
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Elbert SM, Paine OTA, Kirschbaum T, Schuldt MP, Weber L, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. A Negatively Curved Nanographene with Four Embedded Heptagons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27324-27334. [PMID: 39329251 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Negatively curved nanographenes are considered as cutouts of three-dimensional fully sp2-hybridized carbon allotropes such as Schwarzites. Here we present the synthesis of a C76 cut-out of the Schwarzite 8-4-1-p proposed by Lenosky et al. and investigate its optical as well as electrochemical properties. Furthermore, supramolecular interactions with fullerenes C60 and C70 were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Owen T A Paine
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz P Schuldt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Weber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 272, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Choudhary S, Saroha R, Banerjee S. Efficient Electron Injection into Graphullerene Enables Reversible NaC 2 Sodium Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:50859-50869. [PMID: 39279679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional lithium-based technology, offering solutions to challenges in large-scale grid storage. However, the capacity of conventional graphite-based anodes for storing Na-ions is inherently limited by suboptimal thermodynamic interactions and irreversible structural changes that occur in the anode during charge-discharge cycles. Herein, we present a computational design that explores the potential of graphullerene, a two-dimensional framework with interconnected fullerene moieties, for the reversible storage of Na-ions. A unique aspect of this design is the electron injection capacity into the graphullerene anode, reaching 15 electrons per fullerene moiety, which is the highest limit to date. This advancement enables large-scale Na-ion storage up to the stoichiometry of NaC2, exhibiting specific capacity of 551 mAhg-1 and averaged open circuit voltage of 0.18 V vs Na/Na+. In addition, the multilayered arrangement of stored Na-ions enhances the Na-ion diffusivity on the graphullerene surface, leading to rapid insertion and extraction kinetics. Thus, raising the electron injection limit offers a promising strategy to transform carbon-based anodes into suitable candidates for reversible Na-ion storage, without relying on artificial defect introduction or doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ritika Saroha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Swastika Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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3
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Tong Y, Dai S, Jiang DE. 2D Carbonaceous Materials for Molecular Transport and Functional Interfaces: Simulations and Insights. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2678-2688. [PMID: 39190683 PMCID: PMC11411710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon-based two-dimensional (2D) functional materials exhibit potential across a wide spectrum of applications from chemical separations to catalysis and energy storage and conversion. In this Account, we focus on recent advances in the manipulation of 2D carbonaceous materials and their composites through computational design and simulations to address how the precise control over material structure at the atomic level correlates with enhanced functional properties such as gas permeation, selectivity, membrane transport, and charge storage. We highlight several key concepts in the computational design and tuning of 2D structures, such as controlled stacking, ion gating, interlayer pillaring, and heterostructure charge transfer.The process of creating and adjusting pores within graphene sheets is vital for effective molecular separation. Simulations show the power of controlling the offset distance between layers of porous graphene in precisely regulating the pore size to enhance gas separation and entropic selectivity. This strategy of controlled stacking extends beyond graphene to include covalent organic frameworks (COFs) such as covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs). Experimental assembly of the layers has been achieved through electrostatic interactions, thermal transformation, and control of side chain interactions.Graphene can interface with ionic liquids in various forms to enhance its functionality. A computational proof-of-concept showcases an ion-gating concept in which the interaction of anions with the pores in graphene allows the anions to dynamically gate the pores for selective gas transport. Realization of the concept has been achieved in both porous graphene and carbon molecular sieve membranes. Ionic liquids can also intercalate between graphene layers to form interlayer pillaring structures, opening the slit space. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations show that these structures can be used for efficient gas capture and separation. Experiments have demonstrated that the interlayer space can be tuned by the density of the pillars and that, when fully filled with ionic liquids and forming a confined interface structure, the graphene oxide membrane achieves much higher selectivity for gas separations. Moreover, graphene can interface with other 2D materials to form heterostructures where interfacial charge transfers take place and impact the function. Both ion transport and charge storage are influenced by both the local electric field and chemical interactions.Fullerene can be used as a building block and covalently linked together to construct a new type of 2D carbon material beyond a one-atom-thin layer that also has long-range-ordered subnanometer pores. The interstitial sites among fullerenes form funnel-shaped pores of 2.0-3.3 Å depending on the crystalline phase. The quasi-tetragonal phases are shown by molecular dynamics simulations to be efficient for H2 separation. In addition, defects such as fullerene vacancies can be introduced to create larger pores for the separation of organic solvents.In conclusion, the key to imputing functions to 2D carbonaceous materials is to create new interactions and interfaces and to go beyond a single-atom layer. First-principles and molecular simulations can further guide the discovery of new 2D carbonaceous materials and interfaces and provide atomistic insights into their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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4
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Zhang H, Li Y, Liu S, Xu Z, Liu Z, Gao C, Zhang G, Fu Q, Du P, Jiang J, Zhu J, Xiong Y, Wang GW, Yang S. Electrosynthesis of an Improbable Directly Bonded Phosphorene-Fullerene Heterodimensional Hybrid toward Boosted Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407551. [PMID: 38881501 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorene and fullerene are representative two-dimensional (2D) and zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials respectively, constructing their heterodimensional hybrid not only complements their physiochemical properties but also extends their applications via synergistic interactions. This is however challenging because of their diversities in dimension and chemical reactivity, and theoretical studies predicted that it is improbable to directly bond C60 onto the surface of phosphorene due to their strong repulsion. Here, we develop a facile electrosynthesis method to synthesize the first phosphorene-fullerene hybrid featuring fullerene surface bonding via P-C bonds. Few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) obtained from electrochemical exfoliation react with C60 2- dianion prepared by electroreduction of C60, fulfilling formation of the "improbable" phosphorene-fullerene hybrid (BPNS-s-C60). Theoretical results reveal that the energy barrier for formation of [BPNS-s-C60]2- intermediate is significantly decreased by 1.88 eV, followed by an oxidization reaction to generate neutral BPNS-s-C60 hybrid. Surface bonding of C60 molecules not only improves significantly the ambient stability of BPNSs, but also boosts dramatically the visible light and near-infrared (NIR) photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rates, reaching 1466 and 1039 μmol h-1 g-1 respectively, which are both the highest values among all reported BP-based metal-free photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shengkun Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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5
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Hakim K, Dupuis R, Bichara C, Pellenq RJM. Pressure and temperature diagram of C60 from atomistic simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:094501. [PMID: 39225521 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although widely studied experimentally in the 1990s, the structure and properties of low-dimensional or high-pressure phases of fullerenes have recently been re-examined. Remarkably, recent experiments have shown that transparent, nearly pure amorphous sp3-bonded carbon phases can be obtained by heating a C60 molecular crystal at a high pressure. With the additional aim of testing the ability of three classical carbon potentials reactive empirical bond order, environment-dependent interatomic potential, and reactive force-field to reproduce these results, we investigate the details of the structural transformations undergone by fullerene crystals over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. All the potentials tested show that the initial polymerization of fullerenes is accompanied by negative thermal expansion, albeit in slightly different ranges. However, more significant differences in structural and mechanical properties are observed in the amorphous phases, in particular the sp3 carbon fraction and the existence of layered amorphous carbon. Overall, these results indicate to which extent classical reactive potentials can be used to explore phase transitions over a wide range of pressures and temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hakim
- CINaM, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Univ., Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | | | - Christophe Bichara
- CINaM, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Univ., Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Roland J-M Pellenq
- IEM, CNRS and University of Montpellier, 300 Av. du Professeur Jeanbrau, 34090 Montpellier, France
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6
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Ying P, Hod O, Urbakh M. Superlubric Graphullerene. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10599-10604. [PMID: 39158098 PMCID: PMC11363119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphullerene (GF), an extended quasi-two-dimensional network of C60 molecules, is proposed as a multicontact platform for constructing superlubric interfaces with layered materials. Such interfaces are predicted to present very small and comparable sliding energy corrugation regardless of the identity of the underlying flat layered material surface. It is shown that, beyond the geometrical effect, covalent interlinking between the C60 molecules results in reduction of the sliding energy barrier. For extended GF supercells, negligible sliding energy barriers are found along all sliding directions considered, even when compared to the case of the robust superlubric graphene/h-BN heterojunction. This suggests that multicontact architectures can be used to design ultrasuperlubric interfaces, where superlubricity may persist under extreme sliding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Ying
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences,
and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences,
and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michael Urbakh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School
of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences,
and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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7
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Terasaki S, Kotani Y, Katsuno R, Matsuno T, Fukunaga TM, Ikemoto K, Isobe H. Exfoliatable Layered 2D Honeycomb Crystals of Host-guest Complexes Networked by CH-π Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406502. [PMID: 38797709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Studies of graphene show that robust chemical bonds such as covalent bonds with trigonal-planar atoms afford layered atomic 2D crystals possessing unique properties. Although layered molecular crystals are of interest to diversify elements and structures of 2D materials, the structural diversity of molecules as well as weak intermolecular interactions inevitably makes the design to be one-off and individual. We herein report a versatile method to assemble layered molecular crystals. By developing a D3-symmetry host at vertices to form a honeycomb layer, a diverse range of layered 2D host-guest crystals were obtained. Substituents on the host, elements/structures of the guest, the stereochemistry of the host and types of intercalants were diversified, which should allow for 6×32×3×2 combinations for structural diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Terasaki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Katsuno
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsuno
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiya M Fukunaga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koki Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Xia Y, Hong Y, Zhang L, Chai J, Wang B, Guo Z, Li J, Huo S, Fang Z. Controllable Self-Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes on Ammonium Polyphosphate as a Game-Changer for Flame Retardancy and Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy Resin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400356. [PMID: 39137315 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in epoxy resin (EP), utilized in critical applications such as mechanical components and electronics packaging, is a significant challenge. This study introduces a novel, ultrasound-assisted self-assembly technique to create a dual-functional filler consisting of carbon nanotubes and ammonium polyphosphate (CNTs@APP). This method, leveraging dynamic ligand interactions and strategic solvent selection, allows for precise control over the assembly and distribution of CNTs on APP surfaces, distinguishing it from conventional blending approaches. The integration of 7.5 wt.% CNTs@APP10 into EP nanocomposites results in substantial improvements in flame retardancy, as evidenced by a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.8% and achievement of the UL-94 V-0 rating. Additionally, critical fire hazard indicators, including total heat release (THR), total smoke release (TSR), and the peak intensity of CO yield (PCOY), are significantly reduced by 45.9% to 77.5%. This method also leads to a remarkable 3.6-fold increase in char yield, demonstrating its game-changing potential over traditional blending techniques. Moreover, despite minimal CNTs addition, thermal conductivity is notably enhanced, showing a 53% increase. This study introduces a novel approach in the development of multifunctional EP nanocomposites, offering potential for wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xia
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Ningbo Dacheng New Material Company Limited, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Yutong Hong
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Juan Chai
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Bingtao Wang
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- School of Engineering, Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, 4300, Australia
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
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9
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Wu H, Hang X, Kan E, Qian Y. Prediction of pure carbon crystals with intrinsic antiferromagnetism: polymerized from C 20 fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19685-19695. [PMID: 38990516 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Pure carbon materials with magnetic properties have attracted considerable research interest due to their advantages over traditional magnetic materials. Nevertheless, such materials are exceedingly rare. Disrupting the Kekulé valence structures in carbon materials potentially leads to the emergence of magnetism. In this study, using first principles calculations, we developed a range of pure carbon allotropes derived from the smallest fullerene C20 which potentially disrupts the Kekulé valence structures after polymerization. The results indicate that some of the allotropes disrupting the Kekulé valence structures exhibit intrinsic antiferromagnetic ordering, and the magnetism originates from the presence of isolated three-fold coordinated C atoms. The other allotropes adhering to the Kekulé valence structures show non-magnetism with all three-fold coordinated C atoms forming dimers. In all magnetic polymers, magnetism arises from unpaired electrons on the isolated three-fold coordinated carbon atoms, with magnetic moments of about 0.40μB at these sites. The adsorption of dopant atoms can significantly alter the magnetic properties of polymers, for instance, the C20-71 polymer with Immm symmetry undergoes a transition from non-magnetic to anti-magnetic ordering upon adsorption of hydrogen atoms. Electronic calculations indicate that these polymers display a range of electronic properties, encompassing both metallic and semiconducting characteristics. Notably, certain magnetic phases exhibit superhard properties, with the hardness value exceeding 40 GPa. This study presents a potential method for designing magnetic carbon materials. Specifically, certain compounds address the gap in magnetic superhard materials composed of light elements, and can be utilized in the field of spintronics where traditional superhard materials are unsuitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wu
- School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinqi Hang
- School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Erjun Kan
- School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yan Qian
- School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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10
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Roy R, Stevens KC, Treaster KA, Sumerlin BS, McGaughey AJH, Malen JA, Evans AM. Intrinsically thermally conductive polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3267-3286. [PMID: 38747574 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01796f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Here, we describe the design features that lead to intrinsically thermally conductive polymers. Though polymers are conventionally assumed to be thermal insulators (<0.3 W m-1 K-1), significant efforts by the thermal transport community have shown that polymers can be intrinsically thermally conductive (>1.0 W m-1 K-1). However, these findings have not yet driven comprehensive synthetic efforts to expose how different macromolecular features impact thermal conductivity. Preliminary theoretical and experimental investigations have revealed that high k polymers can be realized by enhancing the alignment, crystallinity, and intermolecular interactions. While a holistic mechanistic framework does not yet exist for thermal transport in polymeric materials, contemporary literature suggests that phonon-like heat carriers may be operative in macromolecules that meet the abovementioned criteria. In this review, we offer a perspective on how high thermal conductivity polymers can be systematically engineered from this understanding. Reports for several classes of macromolecules, including linear polymers, network polymers, liquid-crystalline polymers, and two-dimensional polymers substantiate the design principles we propose. Throughout this work, we offer opportunities for continued fundamental and technological development of polymers with high thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Kaden C Stevens
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Kiana A Treaster
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Alan J H McGaughey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan A Malen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
- Deparmtent of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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11
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Capobianco A, Wiktor J, Landi A, Ambrosio F, Peluso A. Electron Localization and Mobility in Monolayer Fullerene Networks. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8335-8342. [PMID: 38767281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The novel 2D quasi-hexagonal phase of covalently bonded fullerene molecules (qHP C60), the so-called graphullerene, has displayed far superior electron mobilities, if compared to the parent van der Waals three-dimensional crystal (vdW C60). Herein, we present a comparative study of the electronic properties of vdW and qHP C60 using state-of-the-art electronic-structure calculations and a full quantum-mechanical treatment of electron transfer. We show that both materials entail polaronic localization of electrons with similar binding energies (≈0.1 eV) and, therefore, they share the same charge transport via polaron hopping. In fact, we quantitatively reproduce the sizable increment of the electron mobility measured for qHP C60 and identify its origin in the increased electronic coupling between C60 units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Julia Wiktor
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Landi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Peluso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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12
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Zhao XK, Zhang YY, Zhao J, Hu HS, Li J. Understanding the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding in the 2D Fullerene Monolayer. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11572-11582. [PMID: 38866714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Recently synthesized two-dimensional (2D) monolayer quasi-hexagonal-phase fullerene (qHPC60) demonstrates excellent thermodynamic stability. Within this monolayer, each fullerene cluster is surrounded by six adjacent C60 cages along an equatorial plane and is connected by both C-C single bonds and [2 + 2] cycloaddition bonds that serve as bridges. In this study, we investigate the stability mechanism of the 2D qHPC60 monolayer by examining the electronic structure and chemical bonding through state-of-the-art theoretical methodologies. Density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal that 2D qHPC60 possesses a moderate direct electronic band gap of 1.46 eV, close to the experimental value (1.6 eV). It is found that the intermolecular bridge bonds play a crucial role in enhancing the charge flow and redistribution among C60 cages, leading to the formation of dual π-aromaticity within the C60 sphere and stabilizing the 2D framework structure. Furthermore, we identify a series of delocalized superatom molecular orbitals (SAMOs) within the 2D qHPC60 monolayer, exhibiting atomic orbital-like behavior and hybridization to form nearly free-electron (NFE) bands with σ/π bonding and σ*/π* antibonding properties. Our findings provide insights into the design and potential applications of NFE bands derived from SAMOs in 2D qHPC60 monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Fundamental Science Center of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Fundamental Science Center of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
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13
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Laranjeira J, Marques L, Melle-Franco M, Strutyński K. Reentrant semiconducting behavior in polymerized fullerite structures with increasing sp 3-carbon content. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:365302. [PMID: 38834086 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad540b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The electronic behavior of polymerized fullerite structures, ranging from one-dimensional to three-dimensional polymers, was studied using density functional theory with the hybrid Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof functional and a 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The bandgap across these structures decreases with the rise of sp3-carbon content until metallic behavior is observed. A further increase induces a reopening of the bandgap, revealing a reentrant semiconducting behavior in this class of materials. This behavior is understood in terms of the new electronic states originated by polymeric bonding and the effect of the volume reduction on the dispersion of sp2-states. This study highlights the fullerite polymers as a magnificent platform to tune electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Laranjeira
- Departamento de Física and CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leonel Marques
- Departamento de Física and CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- Departamento de Química and CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Karol Strutyński
- Departamento de Química and CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Champagne A, Camarasa-Gómez M, Ricci F, Kronik L, Neaton JB. Strongly Bound Excitons and Anisotropic Linear Absorption in Monolayer Graphullerene. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7033-7039. [PMID: 38805193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Graphullerene is a novel two-dimensional carbon allotrope with unique optoelectronic properties. Despite significant experimental characterization and prior density functional theory calculations, unanswered questions remain as to the nature, energy, and intensity of the electronic and optical excitations. Here, we present first-principles calculations of the quasiparticle band structure, neutral excitations, and absorption spectra of monolayer graphullerene and bulk graphullerite, employing the GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW-BSE) approach. We show that strongly bound excitons dominate the absorption spectrum of monolayer graphullerene with binding energies up to 0.8 eV, while graphullerite exhibits less pronounced excitonic effects. Our calculations also reveal a strong linear polarization anisotropy, reflecting the in-plane structural anisotropy from intermolecular coupling between neighboring C60 units. We further show that the presence of Mg atoms, crucial to the synthesis process, induces structural modifications and polarizability effects, resulting in a ∼1 eV quasiparticle gap renormalization and a reduction in the exciton binding energy to ∼0.6 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Champagne
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - María Camarasa-Gómez
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Davis AN, Parui K, Butala MM, Evans AM. Supramolecular design as a route to high-performing organic electrodes. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10142-10154. [PMID: 38669191 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrodes may someday replace transition metals oxides, the current standard in electrochemical energy storage, including those with severe issues of availability, cost, and recyclability. To realize this more sustainable future, a thorough understanding of structure-property relationships and design rules for organic electrodes must be developed. Further, it is imperative that supramolecular interactions between organic species, which are often overlooked, be included in organic electrode design. In this review, we showcase how molecular and polymeric electrodes that host non-covalent interactions outperform materials without these features. Using select examples from the literature, we emphasize how dispersion forces, hydrogen-bonding, and radical pairing can be leveraged to improve the stability, capacity, and energy density of organic electrodes. Throughout this review, we identify potential next-generation designs and opportunities for continued investigation. We hope that this review will serve as a catalyst for collaboration between synthetic chemists and the energy storage community, which we view as a prerequisite to achieving high-performing supramolecular electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani N Davis
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Kausturi Parui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Megan M Butala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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16
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Shih P, Berkelbach TC. Theory of acoustic polarons in the two-dimensional SSH model applied to the layered superatomic semiconductor Re6Se8Cl2. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204705. [PMID: 38785287 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Layered superatomic semiconductors, whose building blocks are atomically precise molecular clusters, exhibit interesting electronic and vibrational properties. In recent work [Tulyagankhodjaev et al., Science 382, 438 (2023)], transient reflection microscopy revealed quasi-ballistic exciton dynamics in Re6Se8Cl2, which was attributed to the formation of polarons due to coupling with acoustic phonons. Here, we characterize the electronic, excitonic, and phononic properties with periodic density functional theory. We further parameterize a polaron Hamiltonian with nonlocal (Su-Schrieffer-Heeger) coupling to an acoustic phonon to study the polaron ground state binding energy and dispersion relation with variational wavefunctions. We calculate a polaron binding energy of about 10 meV at room temperature, and the maximum group velocity of our polaron dispersion relation is 1.5 km/s, which is similar to the experimentally observed exciton transport velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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17
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Siday T, Hayes J, Schiegl F, Sandner F, Menden P, Bergbauer V, Zizlsperger M, Nerreter S, Lingl S, Repp J, Wilhelm J, Huber MA, Gerasimenko YA, Huber R. All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales. Nature 2024; 629:329-334. [PMID: 38720038 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Bringing optical microscopy to the shortest possible length and time scales has been a long-sought goal, connecting nanoscopic elementary dynamics with the macroscopic functionalities of condensed matter. Super-resolution microscopy has circumvented the far-field diffraction limit by harnessing optical nonlinearities1. By exploiting linear interaction with tip-confined evanescent light fields2, near-field microscopy3,4 has reached even higher resolution, prompting a vibrant research field by exploring the nanocosm in motion5-19. Yet the finite radius of the nanometre-sized tip apex has prevented access to atomic resolution20. Here we leverage extreme atomic nonlinearities within tip-confined evanescent fields to push all-optical microscopy to picometric spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. On these scales, we discover an unprecedented and efficient non-classical near-field response, in phase with the vector potential of light and strictly confined to atomic dimensions. This ultrafast signal is characterized by an optical phase delay of approximately π/2 and facilitates direct monitoring of tunnelling dynamics. We showcase the power of our optical concept by imaging nanometre-sized defects hidden to atomic force microscopy and by subcycle sampling of current transients on a semiconducting van der Waals material. Our results facilitate access to quantum light-matter interaction and electronic dynamics at ultimately short spatio-temporal scales in both conductive and insulating quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Siday
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Hayes
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Schiegl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Sandner
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Menden
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Bergbauer
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Zizlsperger
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Nerreter
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Lingl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Repp
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Wilhelm
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - M A Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Y A Gerasimenko
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Li Z, Chen Y, Li ZH, Zhang Y, Wei N, Cheng Y, Zhao J. Thermal Property of Fullerene Fibers: One-Dimensional Material with Exceptional Thermal Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307671. [PMID: 38221752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The recent groundbreaking achievement in the synthesis of large-sized single crystal C60 monolayer, which is covalently bonded in a plane using C60 as building blocks. The asymmetric lattice structure endows it with anisotropic phonon modes and conductivity. If these C60 are arranged in form of 1D fiber, the improved manipulation of phonon conduction along the fiber axis could be anticipated. Here, thermal properties of C60-fiber, including thermal transfer along the C60-fiber axis and across the interlayer interface are investigated using molecular dynamic simulations. Taking advantage of the distinctively hollow spherical structure of C60 building blocks, the spherical structure deformation and encapsulation induced thermal reduction can be up to 56% and 80%, respectively. By applying external electronic fields in H2O@C60 model, its thermal conductivity decreases up to 60%, which realizes the contactless thermal regulation. ln particular, the thermal rectification phenomenon is discovered by inserting atoms/molecules in C60 with a rational designed mass-gradient, and its maximum thermal rectification factor is predicted to ≈45%. These investigations aim to achieve effective regulation of the thermal conductivity of C60-fibers. This work showcases the potential of C60-fiber in the realms of thermal management and thermal sensing, paving the way to C60-based functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Li
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang, 621000, China
- National Laboratory for Computational Fluid Dynamics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junhua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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19
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Santos EAJ, Lima KAL, Mendonça FLL, Silva DAD, Giozza WF, Junior LAR. PHOTH-graphene: a new 2D carbon allotrope with low barriers for Li-ion mobility. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9526. [PMID: 38664467 PMCID: PMC11045837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued interest in 2D carbon allotropes stems from their unique structural and electronic characteristics, which are crucial for diverse applications. This work theoretically introduces PHOTH-Graphene (PHOTH-G), a novel 2D planar carbon allotrope formed by 4-5-6-7-8 carbon rings. PHOTH-G emerges as a narrow band gap semiconducting material with low formation energy, demonstrating good stability under thermal and mechanical conditions. This material has slight mechanical anisotropy with Young modulus and Poisson ratios varying between 7.08-167.8 GPa and 0.21-0.96. PHOTH-G presents optical activity restricted to the visible range. Li atoms adsorbed on its surface have a migration barrier averaging 0.38 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A J Santos
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
- Computational Materials Laboratory, LCCMat, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
| | - K A L Lima
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
- Computational Materials Laboratory, LCCMat, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
| | - F L L Mendonça
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - D A da Silva
- Professional Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering - PPEE, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - W F Giozza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - L A Ribeiro Junior
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil.
- Computational Materials Laboratory, LCCMat, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil.
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20
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Chen X, Mu Y, Jin C, Wei Y, Hao J, Wang H, Caro J, Huang A. Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Porous Fullerene Membranes for Ultimate Organic Solvent Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401747. [PMID: 38373179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with high chemical stability have attracted intensive interest in membrane design for the separation of organic solvents. As a novel 2D material, polymeric fullerenes (C60)∞ with distinctive properties are very promising for the development of innovative membranes. In this work, we report the construction of a 2D (C60)∞ nanosheet membrane for organic solvent separation. The pathways of the (C60)∞ nanosheet membrane are constructed by sub-1-nm lateral channels and nanoscale in-plane pores created by the depolymerization of the (C60)∞ nanosheets. Attributing to ordered and shortened transport pathways, the ultrathin porous (C60)∞ membrane is superior in organic solvent separation. The hexane, acetone, and methanol fluxes are up to 1146.3±53, 900.4±41, and 879.5±42 kg ⋅ m-2 ⋅ h-1, respectively, which are up to 130 times higher than those of the state-of-the-art membranes with similar dye rejection. Our findings demonstrate the prospect of 2D (C60)∞ as a promising nanofiltration membrane in the separation of organic solvents from macromolecular compounds such as dyes, drugs, hormones, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yifang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yayu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jürgen Caro
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstrasse 3 A, 30167, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Aisheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
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21
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Su F, Hong Y, Zhang G, Wu K, Kim J, Chen Z, Zhang HJ, Kim D, Lin J. Two-dimensional radial-π-stacks in solution. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5604-5611. [PMID: 38638221 PMCID: PMC11023034 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly organized π-aggregate architectures can strongly affect electronic couplings, leading to important photophysical behaviors. With the escalating interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials attributed to their exceptional electronic and optical characteristics, there is growing anticipation that 2D radial-π-stacks built upon radial π-conjugation nanorings, incorporating intra- and inter-ring electronic couplings within the confines of a 2D plane, will exhibit superior topological attributes and distinct properties. Despite their immense potential, the design and synthesis of 2D π-stacks have proven to be a formidable challenge due to the insufficient π-π interactions necessary for stable stacking. In this study, we present the successful preparation of single-layer 2D radial-π-stacks in a solution. Pillar-shaped radially π-conjugated [4]cyclo-naphthodithiophene diimide ([4]C-NDTIs) molecules were tetragonally arranged via in-plane intermolecular π-π interactions. These 2D π-stacks have a unique topology that differs from that of conventional 1D π-stacks and exhibit notable properties, such as acting as a 2D template capable of absorbing C60 guest molecules and facilitating the formation of 2D radial-π-stacks comprising [4]C-NDTI-C60 complexes, rapid exciton delocalization across the 2D plane, and efficient excitation energy funneling towards a trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Guilan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Kongchuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
- Division of Energy Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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22
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Zhao Y, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Yu X, Cherenda N, Su Y, Zhao J. Two-dimensional fullerene-based monolayer materials assembled by C 80 and Sc 3N@C 80. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10841-10849. [PMID: 38525530 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Construction of two-dimensional (2D) materials using fullerenes as building blocks has attracted particular attention, primarily due to their ability to integrate desired functionalities into devices. However, realization of stable 2D phases of polymerized fullerenes remains a big challenge. Here, we propose two stable 2D monolayer phases with covalently bridged C80 cages, namely α-C80-2D and β-C80-2D, which are semiconductors with strong absorption in the long wave range and appreciable carrier mobility, respectively. The high stability originates from the bond energy released by the [2+2] cycloaddition polymerization of C80 is greater than the deformation energy of a cage. Starting from α-C80-2D, endohedral incorporation of the Sc3N molecule into each C80 cage leads to 2D semiconductors of α-Sc3N@C80-2D and α'-Sc3N@C80-2D, which possess exceptional stability and diverse physical properties, including unique electronic band structures, strong optical absorption in the visible (VIS) to near-infrared (NIR) regime, and anisotropic optical characteristics. Remarkably, a temperature-induced order-disorder transition in the α-Sc3N@C80-2D phase has been observed at elevated temperatures above 600 K. These findings expand the family of 2D carbon materials and provide useful clue for the potential applications of fullerene-assembled monolayer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xueke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Nikolai Cherenda
- Physics Faculty, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, The Republic of Belarus
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
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23
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Gao W, Zheng W, Sun L, Kang F, Zhou Z, Xu W. On-surface synthesis and characterization of polyynic carbon chains. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae031. [PMID: 38410826 PMCID: PMC10896587 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbyne, an elusive sp-hybridized linear carbon allotrope, has fascinated chemists and physicists for decades. Due to its high chemical reactivity and extreme instability, carbyne was much less explored in contrast to the sp2-hybridized carbon allotropes such as graphene. Herein, we report the on-surface synthesis of polyynic carbon chains by demetallization of organometallic polyynes on the Au(111) surface; the longest one observed consists of ∼60 alkyne units (120 carbon atoms). The polyynic structure of carbon chains with alternating triple and single bonds was unambiguously revealed by bond-resolved atomic force microscopy. Moreover, an atomically precise polyyne, C14, was successfully produced via tip-induced dehalogenation and ring-opening of the decachloroanthracene molecule (C14Cl10) on a bilayer NaCl/Au(111) surface at 4.7 K, and a band gap of 5.8 eV was measured by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, in a good agreement with the theoretical HOMO-LUMO gap (5.48 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Luye Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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24
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He M, Ding Y, Liu X. Nanoporous Amorphous Carbon Monolayer Derived from Fullerene Film. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308187. [PMID: 38155485 PMCID: PMC10933613 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials derived from fullerene are reported recently with unique structures and properties. However, only micrometer size samples can be obtained that limits the studying and exploration for membrane applications. Here, the preparation of a centimeter-size nanoporous amorphous carbon monolayer is reported by rapid pyrolyzing a Langmuir-Blodgett film of fullerene. The sample is fully characterized and the results indicate that the amorphous carbon monolayer derived from fullerene is metastable and insulating. The ionic transmembrane transport study demonstrates that the membrane is porous and cation selective with a selectivity of 26%. This work provides new insights into the controlled synthesis of large-size metastable amorphous carbon monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- College of New EnergyXi'an Shiyou UniversityXi'an710065China
| | - Yehui Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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25
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Song Q, Wang Q, Lu F, Dai B. Influence of Brönsted Acid Sites on Activated Carbon-Based Catalyst for Acetylene Dimerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7345-7352. [PMID: 38293864 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used as a support material with both tunable acidity and abundant functional groups for solid acid catalysts in various chemical processes such as acetylene dimerization. A facile, mild acid modification method that directly activates AC to generate rich defects and oxygen functional group surface structures with Brönsted acid sites and an enhanced conductivity is presented here. Impressively, the catalyst with optimized Brönsted acid sites and an enhanced dispersion of active components exhibited a superior acetylene dimerization catalytic activity. Moreover, theoretical calculations indicated that an increase in hydrogen concentration could inhibit the formation of coke. This research offered a feasible potential way to devise and construct a carbon-based solid acid catalyst with an excellent catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University/State Key Laboratory lncubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University/State Key Laboratory lncubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Fangjie Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University/State Key Laboratory lncubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University/State Key Laboratory lncubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832000, China
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26
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Seenithurai S, Chai JD. Electronic Properties of Graphene Nano-Parallelograms: A Thermally Assisted Occupation DFT Computational Study. Molecules 2024; 29:349. [PMID: 38257262 PMCID: PMC11154290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this computational study, we investigate the electronic properties of zigzag graphene nano-parallelograms (GNPs), which are parallelogram-shaped graphene nanoribbons of various widths and lengths, using thermally assisted occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT). Our calculations revealed a monotonic decrease in the singlet-triplet energy gap as the GNP length increased. The GNPs possessed singlet ground states for all the cases examined. With the increase of GNP length, the vertical ionization potential and fundamental gap decreased monotonically, while the vertical electron affinity increased monotonically. Some of the GNPs studied were found to possess fundamental gaps in the range of 1-3 eV, lying in the ideal region relevant to solar energy applications. Besides, as the GNP length increased, the symmetrized von Neumann entropy increased monotonically, denoting an increase in the degree of the multi-reference character associated with the ground state GNPs. The occupation numbers and real-space representation of active orbitals indicated that there was a transition from the nonradical nature of the shorter GNPs to the increasing polyradical nature of the longer GNPs. In addition, the edge/corner localization of the active orbitals was found for the wider and longer GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonai Seenithurai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Da Chai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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27
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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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28
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Jones C, Peng B. Boosting Photocatalytic Water Splitting of Polymeric C 60 by Reduced Dimensionality from Two-Dimensional Monolayer to One-Dimensional Chain. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11768-11773. [PMID: 38126300 PMCID: PMC10758114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent synthesis of monolayer fullerene networks (Hou, L., et al. Nature 2022, 606, 507) provides new opportunities for photovoltaics and photocatalysis because of their versatile crystal structures for further tailoring of electronic, optical, and chemical function. To shed light on the structural aspects of the photocatalytic water splitting performance of fullerene nanomaterials, we compare the photocatalytic properties of individual polymeric fullerene chains and monolayer fullerene networks from first-principles calculations. We find that the photocatalytic efficiency can be further optimized by reducing the dimensionality from two-dimensional (2D) to one-dimensional (1D). The conduction band edge of the polymeric C60 chain provides an external potential for the hydrogen reduction reaction much higher than that of its monolayer counterparts over a wider range of pH values, and there are 2 times more surface active sites in the 1D chain than in the 2D networks from a thermodynamic perspective. These observations identify the 1D fullerene polymer as a more promising candidate as a photocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in comparison to monolayer fullerene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Jones
- Selwyn
College, University of Cambridge, Grange Road, Cambridge CB3 9DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Peng
- Theory
of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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29
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Zhou P, Li G, Sun M. Electronic, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric properties of single molecular devices of 2D fullerenes with zigzag graphene nanoribbons as electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31615-31627. [PMID: 37964761 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04725c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Zigzag graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) were selected as electrodes, and the electron transport properties, optical properties, and thermoelectric properties of four fullerene cluster-based molecular devices were studied. By applying different voltages on them, their I-V curves exhibited the multiple negative differential resistance (NDR) effect and the platform effect, which are described in more detail using their density of states (DOS) and projected density of states (PDOS). The results of rotating two types of (C60)4 molecules verify that both the NDR and the platform effects are essential characteristics of them. Furthermore, an examination is conducted on the photocurrent of the devices at the point of maximum light absorption, revealing that α-(C60)4 connected by a [2+2] ring addition bond in the transport direction exhibits superior optical properties and works better as a photoelectric device than β-(C60)4 connected via a C-C single bond in the transport direction. Finally, the thermoelectric current of the devices was studied. Our results contribute to the understanding and the potential application of single devices based on fullerene clusters in the area of molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Guohao Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China.
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30
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Baxter JM, Koay CS, Xu D, Cheng SW, Tulyagankhodjaev JA, Shih P, Roy X, Delor M. Coexistence of Incoherent and Ultrafast Coherent Exciton Transport in a Two-Dimensional Superatomic Semiconductor. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10249-10256. [PMID: 37938804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fully leveraging the remarkable properties of low-dimensional semiconductors requires developing a deep understanding of how their structure and disorder affect the flow of electronic energy. Here, we study exciton transport in single crystals of the two-dimensional superatomic semiconductor CsRe6Se8I3, which straddles a photophysically rich yet elusive intermediate electronic-coupling regime. Using femtosecond scattering microscopy to directly image exciton transport in CsRe6Se8I3, we reveal the rare coexistence of coherent and incoherent exciton transport, leading to either persistent or transient electronic delocalization depending on temperature. Notably, coherent excitons exhibit ballistic transport at speeds approaching an extraordinary 1600 km/s over 300 fs. Such fast transport is mediated by J-aggregate-like superradiance, owing to the anisotropic structure and long-range order of CsRe6Se8I3. Our results establish superatomic crystals as ideal platforms for studying the intermediate electronic-coupling regime in highly ordered environments, in this case displaying long-range electronic delocalization, ultrafast energy flow, and a tunable dual transport regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Baxter
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christie S Koay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shan-Wen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Petra Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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31
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Li N, Guo K, Li M, Shao X, Du Z, Bao L, Yu Z, Lu X. Fullerene Fragment Restructuring: How Spatial Proximity Shapes Defect-Rich Carbon Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37922470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene transformation emerges as a powerful route to construct defect-rich carbon electrocatalysts, but the carbon bond breakage and reformation that determine the defect states remain poorly understood. Here, we explicitly reveal that the spatial proximity of disintegrated fullerene imposes a crucial impact on the bond reformation and electrocatalytic properties. A counterintuitive hard-template strategy is adopted to enable the space-tuned fullerene restructuring by calcining impregnated C60 not only before but also after the removal of rigid silica spheres (∼300 nm). When confined in the SiO2 nanovoids, the adjacent C60 fragments form sp3 bonding with adverse electron transfer and active site exposure. In contrast, the unrestricted fragments without SiO2 confinement reconnect at the edges to form sp2-hybridized nanosheets while retaining high-density intrinsic defects. The optimized catalyst exhibits robust alkaline oxygen reduction performance with a half-wave potential of 0.82 V via the 4e- pathway. Copper poisoning affirms the intrinsic defects as the authentic active sites. Density functional theory calculations further substantiate that pentagons in the basal plane lead to localized structural distortion and thus exhibit significantly reduced energy barriers for the first O2 dissociation step. Such space-regulated fullerene restructuring is also verified by heating C60 crystals confined in gallium liquid and a quartz tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xiudi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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32
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Gao Y, Albrecht F, Rončević I, Ettedgui I, Kumar P, Scriven LM, Christensen KE, Mishra S, Righetti L, Rossmannek M, Tavernelli I, Anderson HL, Gross L. On-surface synthesis of a doubly anti-aromatic carbon allotrope. Nature 2023; 623:977-981. [PMID: 37880363 PMCID: PMC10686826 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic carbon allotropes such as graphene1, carbon nanotubes2 and fullerenes3 have revolutionized materials science and led to new technologies. Many hypothetical carbon allotropes have been discussed4, but few have been studied experimentally. Recently, unconventional synthetic strategies such as dynamic covalent chemistry5 and on-surface synthesis6 have been used to create new forms of carbon, including γ-graphyne7, fullerene polymers8, biphenylene networks9 and cyclocarbons10,11. Cyclo[N]carbons are molecular rings consisting of N carbon atoms12,13; the three that have been reported to date (N = 10, 14 and 18)10,11 are doubly aromatic, which prompts the question: is it possible to prepare doubly anti-aromatic versions? Here we report the synthesis and characterization of an anti-aromatic carbon allotrope, cyclo[16]carbon, by using tip-induced on-surface chemistry6. In addition to structural information from atomic force microscopy, we probed its electronic structure by recording orbital density maps14 with scanning tunnelling microscopy. The observation of bond-length alternation in cyclo[16]carbon confirms its double anti-aromaticity, in concordance with theory. The simple structure of C16 renders it an interesting model system for studying the limits of aromaticity, and its high reactivity makes it a promising precursor to novel carbon allotropes15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Igor Rončević
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Isaac Ettedgui
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Paramveer Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorel M Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Luca Righetti
- IBM Quantum, IBM Research - Zürich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Max Rossmannek
- IBM Quantum, IBM Research - Zürich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK.
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe - Zürich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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33
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Tulyagankhodjaev JA, Shih P, Yu J, Russell JC, Chica DG, Reynoso ME, Su H, Stenor AC, Roy X, Berkelbach TC, Delor M. Room-temperature wavelike exciton transport in a van der Waals superatomic semiconductor. Science 2023; 382:438-442. [PMID: 37883547 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The transport of energy and information in semiconductors is limited by scattering between electronic carriers and lattice phonons, resulting in diffusive and lossy transport that curtails all semiconductor technologies. Using Re6Se8Cl2, a van der Waals (vdW) superatomic semiconductor, we demonstrate the formation of acoustic exciton-polarons, an electronic quasiparticle shielded from phonon scattering. We directly imaged polaron transport in Re6Se8Cl2 at room temperature, revealing quasi-ballistic, wavelike propagation sustained for a nanosecond and several micrometers. Shielded polaron transport leads to electronic energy propagation lengths orders of magnitude greater than in other vdW semiconductors, exceeding even silicon over a nanosecond. We propose that, counterintuitively, quasi-flat electronic bands and strong exciton-acoustic phonon coupling are together responsible for the transport properties of Re6Se8Cl2, establishing a path to ballistic room-temperature semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jake C Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniel G Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Haowen Su
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Athena C Stenor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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34
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Wang T, Zhang L, Wu J, Chen M, Yang S, Lu Y, Du P. Few-Layer Fullerene Network for Photocatalytic Pure Water Splitting into H 2 and H 2 O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311352. [PMID: 37592375 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
A few-layer fullerene network possesses several advantageous characteristics, including a large surface area, abundant active sites, high charge mobility, and an appropriate band gap and band edge for solar water splitting. Herein, we report for the first time that the few-layer fullerene network shows interesting photocatalytic performance in pure water splitting into H2 and H2 O2 in the absence of any sacrificial reagents. Under optimal conditions, the H2 and H2 O2 evolution rates can reach 91 and 116 μmol g-1 h-1 , respectively, with good stability. This work demonstrates the novel application of the few-layer fullerene network in the field of energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Muqing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yalin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China
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35
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Li Y, Jiang JW. Vacancy defects impede the transition from peapods to diamond: a neuroevolution machine learning study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25629-25638. [PMID: 37721136 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of novel carbon allotropes has been a central subject in materials science, in which carbon peapods hold great potential as a precursor for the development of new carbon allotropes. To enable precise large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we develop a high-accurate and low-cost machine-learned potential (MLP) for carbon materials using the neuroevolution potential framework. Based on the MLP, we conduct an investigation into the structural transitions of peapod arrays under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions and disclose the impact of vacancy defects. Defects promote the transition from the ordered crystalline structure to the disordered amorphous structure in peapods at low temperatures, while impeding the transition to the ordered diamond structure. Benefiting from the accurate MLP, we are able to reproduce the experimentally observed carbon structures in numerical simulations. We build a diagram summarizing all the structures that appear in the compression simulation of peapod arrays at various temperatures. The present work not only discloses the underlying mechanism of structural transitions from carbon peapods into various functional carbon materials, but also provides a high-accurate and low-cost interatomic potential that shall be valuable in the exploration of novel carbon allotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Frontier Science Center of Mechanoinformatics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Wu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Frontier Science Center of Mechanoinformatics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
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36
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Tong Y, Liu H, Dai S, Jiang DE. Monolayer Fullerene Membranes for Hydrogen Separation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7470-7476. [PMID: 37540493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen separation membranes are a critical component in the emerging hydrogen economy, offering an energy-efficient solution for the purification and production of hydrogen gas. Inspired by the recent discovery of monolayer covalent fullerene networks, here we show from concentration-gradient-driven molecular dynamics that quasi-square-latticed monolayer fullerene membranes provide the best pore size match, a unique funnel-shaped pore, and entropic selectivity. The integration of these attributes renders these membranes promising for separating H2 from larger gases such as CO2 and O2. The ultrathin membranes exhibit excellent hydrogen permeance as well as high selectivity for H2/CO2 and H2/O2 separations, surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bounds by a large margin. The present work points toward a promising direction of using monolayer fullerene networks as membranes for high-permeance, selective hydrogen separation for processes such as water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Li H, Zheng L, Lu Q, Li Z, Wang X. A monolayer crystalline covalent network of polyoxometalate clusters. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6595. [PMID: 37436995 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer two-dimensional (2D) materials are of great interest because of their unique electronic structures, noticeable in-plane confinement effect, and exceptional catalytic properties. Here, we prepared 2D covalent networks of polyoxometalate clusters (CN-POM) featuring monolayer crystalline molecular sheets, formed by the covalent connection between tetragonally arranged POM clusters. The CN-POM shows a superior catalytic efficiency in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and the conversion rate is five times higher than that of the POM cluster units. Theoretical calculations show that in-plane electron delocalization of CN-POM contributes to easier electron transfer and increases catalytic efficiency. Moreover, the conductivity of the covalently interconnected molecular sheets was 46 times greater than that of individual POM clusters. The preparation of monolayer covalent network of POM clusters provides a strategy to synthesize advanced cluster-based 2D materials and a precise molecular model to investigate the electronic structure of crystalline covalent networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qichen Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Mortazavi B, Zhuang X, Rabczuk T, Shapeev AV. Atomistic modeling of the mechanical properties: the rise of machine learning interatomic potentials. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1956-1968. [PMID: 37014053 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of the concept of machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) in 2007, a growing interest has been developed in the replacement of empirical interatomic potentials (EIPs) with MLIPs, in order to conduct more accurate and reliable molecular dynamics calculations. As an exciting novel progress, in the last couple of years the applications of MLIPs have been extended towards the analysis of mechanical and failure responses, providing novel opportunities not heretofore efficiently achievable, neither by EIPs nor by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In this minireview, we first briefly discuss the basic concepts of MLIPs and outline popular strategies for developing a MLIP. Next, by considering several examples of recent studies, the robustness of MLIPs in the analysis of the mechanical properties will be highlighted, and their advantages over EIP and DFT methods will be emphasized. MLIPs furthermore offer astonishing capabilities to combine the robustness of the DFT method with continuum mechanics, enabling the first-principles multiscale modeling of mechanical properties of nanostructures at the continuum level. Last but not least, the common challenges of MLIP-based molecular dynamics simulations of mechanical properties are outlined and suggestions for future investigations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohayra Mortazavi
- Chair of Computational Science and Simulation Technology, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 11, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, And Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- Chair of Computational Science and Simulation Technology, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 11, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- College of Civil Engineering, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Timon Rabczuk
- Institute of Structural Mechanics, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Marienstr. 15, 99423 Weimar, Germany
| | - Alexander V Shapeev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Bolshoy Bulvar 30, Moscow, 143026, Russia.
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Dionne C, Rahman MA, Giri A. Graphullerite: A Thermally Conductive and Remarkably Ductile Allotrope of Polymerized Carbon. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15751-15758. [PMID: 37151534 PMCID: PMC10157836 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the fundamental relationships between chemical bonding and material properties, especially for carbon allotropes with diverse orbital hybridizations, is significant from both scientific and applicative standpoints. Here, we elucidate the influence of the intermolecular covalent bond configuration on the mechanical and thermal properties of polymerized fullerenes by performing systematic atomistic simulations on graphullerite, a newly synthesized crystalline polymer of C60 with a hexagonal lattice similar to that of graphene. Specifically, we show that the polymerization of C60 molecules into two-dimensional sheets (and three-dimensional layered structures) offers tunable control over their mechanical and thermal properties via the replacement of weak intermolecular van der Waals interactions between the fullerene molecules with strong sp3 covalent bonds. More specifically, we show that graphullerite possesses highly anisotropic mechanical as well as thermal properties resulting from the variation in the chemical bonding configuration along the different directions. In terms of their mechanical properties, we find that graphullerite can be remarkably ductile if strained along a certain direction with oriented double bonds connecting the fullerenes. Combined with their drastically reduced Young's modulus and bulk modulus as compared to graphite, these materials have the potential to be utilized in flexible electronics and advanced battery electrode applications. In terms of their thermal properties, we show that the bonding orientation dictates the intrinsic phonon scattering mechanisms, which ultimately dictates their anisotropic temperature-dependent thermal conductivities. Taken together, their flexible nature combined with their remarkably high thermal conductivities as polymeric materials positions them as ideal candidates for a plethora of applications such as for the next generation of battery electrodes.
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