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Yeung M, Chou LT, Turchetti M, Ritzkowsky F, Berggren KK, Keathley PD. Lightwave-electronic harmonic frequency mixing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq0642. [PMID: 39141736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Electronic frequency mixers are fundamental building blocks of electronic systems. Harmonic frequency mixing in particular enables broadband electromagnetic signal analysis across octaves of spectrum using a single local oscillator. However, conventional harmonic frequency mixers do not operate beyond hundreds of gigahertz to a few terahertz. If extended to the petahertz scale in a compact and scalable form, harmonic mixers would enable field-resolved optical signal analysis spanning octaves of spectra in a monolithic device without the need for frequency conversion using nonlinear crystals. Here, we demonstrate lightwave-electronic harmonic frequency mixing beyond 0.350 PHz using plasmonic nanoantennas. We demonstrate that the mixing process enables complete, field-resolved detection of spectral content far outside that of the local oscillator, greatly extending the range of detectable frequencies compared to conventional heterodyning techniques. Our work has important implications for applications where optical signals of interest exhibit coherent femtosecond-scale dynamics spanning multiple harmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Yeung
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lu-Ting Chou
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City 112304, Taiwan
| | - Marco Turchetti
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Felix Ritzkowsky
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip D Keathley
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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2
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Shibuta M, Nakajima A. Imaging of ultrafast photoexcited electron dynamics in pentacene nanocrystals on a graphite substrate. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12397-12405. [PMID: 38832543 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding molecular film growth on substrates and the ultrafast electron dynamics at their interface is crucial for advancing next-generation organic electronics. We have focused on studying the ultrafast photoexcited electron dynamics in nanoscale organic crystals of an aromatic molecule, pentacene, on a two-dimensional material of graphite substrate. Through the use of time-resolved two-photon photoelectron emission microscopy (2P-PEEM), we have visualized the ultrafast lateral evolution of photoexcited electrons. By resonantly tuning the incident photon to excite pentacene molecules, polarization-dependent 2P-PEEM has revealed that pentacene nanocrystals (sub- to several μm) on the substrate exhibit a preferential orientation, in which a molecular π-orbital contacts the substrate in a "lying flat" orientation, facilitating electron transfer to the substrate. The time-resolved 2P-PEEM captures the motion of excited electrons in a femto- to pico-second timescale, clearly imaging the ultrafast charge transfer and lateral expansion two-dimensionally on the graphite substrate. Moreover, we found that the lying-flat molecular orientation of pentacene nanocrystals is transformable into a "standing-up" one through gentle heating up to 50 °C. These experimental insights using time-resolved 2P-PEEM will be highly valuable in enhancing the photofunctionalities of organic electronic devices by controlled molecular deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shibuta
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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3
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Beaulieu S, Dong S, Christiansson V, Werner P, Pincelli T, Ziegler JD, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Chernikov A, Wolf M, Rettig L, Ernstorfer R, Schüler M. Berry curvature signatures in chiroptical excitonic transitions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk3897. [PMID: 38941460 PMCID: PMC11212730 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The topology of the electronic band structure of solids can be described by its Berry curvature distribution across the Brillouin zone. We theoretically introduce and experimentally demonstrate a general methodology based on the measurement of energy- and momentum-resolved optical transition rates, allowing to reveal signatures of Berry curvature texture in reciprocal space. By performing time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of atomically thin WSe2 using polarization-modulated excitations, we demonstrate that excitons become an asset in extracting the quantum geometrical properties of solids. We also investigate the resilience of our measurement protocol against ultrafast scattering processes following direct chiroptical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Beaulieu
- Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - Shuo Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Werner
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Pincelli
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas D. Ziegler
- Institute of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alexey Chernikov
- Institute of Applied Physics and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurenz Rettig
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Ernstorfer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schüler
- Laboratory for Materials Simulations, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Weitz T, Heide C, Hommelhoff P. Strong-Field Bloch Electron Interferometry for Band-Structure Retrieval. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:206901. [PMID: 38829079 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.206901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
When Bloch electrons in a solid are exposed to a strong optical field, they are coherently driven in their respective bands where they acquire a quantum phase as the imprint of the band shape. If an electron approaches an avoided crossing formed by two bands, it may be split by undergoing a Landau-Zener transition. We here employ subsequent Landau-Zener transitions to realize strong-field Bloch electron interferometry, allowing us to reveal band structure information. In particular, we measure the Fermi velocity (band slope) of graphene in the vicinity of the K points as (1.07±0.04) nm fs^{-1}. We expect strong-field Bloch electron interferometry for band structure retrieval to apply to a wide range of material systems and experimental conditions, making it suitable for studying transient changes in band structure with femtosecond temporal resolution at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weitz
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Heide
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Chen YX, Wang G, Li M, Du TY. Multiple plateaus of high-sideband generation from Floquet matters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14940-14952. [PMID: 38859157 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We theoretically report that high-order sideband generation (HSG) from Floquet matters driven by a strong terahertz light while engineered by weak infrared light can achieve multiple plateau HSG. The Floquet-engineering systems exhibit distinctive spectroscopic characteristics that go beyond the HSG processes in field-free band-structure systems. The spatial-temporal dynamics analyses under Floquet-Bloch and time-reversal-symmetry theories clarify the spectra and its odd-even characteristics in the HSG spectrum. Our work demonstrates the HSG of Floquet matters via Floquet engineering and indicates a promising way to extract Floquet material parameters in future experiments.
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Anders D, Dobener F, Schäfer F, Chatterjee S, Stein M. Inhibited Inelastic Scattering of Incoherent Excitons for Near-Band Edge Excitations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:106901. [PMID: 38518321 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.106901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
A multiple pump-terahertz probe experiment enables the clear distinction between elastic and inelastic scattering of excitons with a free electron-hole plasma in (Ga,In)As multiquantum wells. Low plasma energies dictate the prevalence of elastic scattering by inhibiting inelastic processes due to the absence of final states for quasiparticles. Yet, an increased plasma energy results in a progressive destruction of excitons. Notably, despite plasma energy variations, the interaction strength between excitons and the electron-hole plasma remains unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anders
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Dobener
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Schäfer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S Chatterjee
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Stein
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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7
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Neufeld O, Hübener H, Giovannini UD, Rubio A. Tracking electron motion within and outside of Floquet bands from attosecond pulse trains in time-resolved ARPES. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:225401. [PMID: 38364263 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad2a0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Floquet engineering has recently emerged as a technique for controlling material properties with light. Floquet phases can be probed with time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (Tr-ARPES), providing direct access to the laser-dressed electronic bands. Applications of Tr-ARPES to date focused on observing the Floquet-Bloch bands themselves, and their build-up and dephasing on sub-laser-cycle timescales. However, momentum and energy resolved sub-laser-cycle dynamics between Floquet bands have not been analyzed. Given that Floquet theory strictly applies in time-periodic conditions, the notion of resolving sub-laser-cycle dynamics between Floquet states seems contradictory-it requires probe pulse durations below a laser cycle that inherently cannot discern the time-periodic nature of the light-matter system. Here we propose to employ attosecond pulse train probes with the same temporal periodicity as the Floquet-dressing pump pulse, allowing both attosecond sub-laser-cycle resolution and a proper projection of Tr-ARPES spectra on the Floquet-Bloch bands. We formulate and employ this approach inab-initiocalculations in light-driven graphene. Our calculations predict significant sub-laser-cycle dynamics occurring within the Floquet phase with the majority of electrons moving within and in-between Floquet bands, and a small portion residing and moving outside of them in what we denote as 'non-Floquet' bands. We establish that non-Floquet bands arise from the pump laser envelope that induces non-adiabatic electronic excitations during the pulse turn-on and turn-off. By performing calculations in systems with poly-chromatic pumps we also show that Floquet states are not formed on a sub-laser-cycle level. This work indicates that the Floquet-Bloch states are generally not a complete basis set for sub-laser-cycle dynamics in steady-state phases of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Neufeld
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Hannes Hübener
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica-Emilio Segrè, Palermo I-90123, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-electron Laser Science, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, United States of America
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8
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Hu SQ, Chen DQ, Du LL, Meng S. Solid-state high harmonic spectroscopy for all-optical band structure probing of high-pressure quantum states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316775121. [PMID: 38300874 PMCID: PMC10861900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316775121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
High pressure has triggered various novel states/properties in condensed matter, as the most representative and dramatic example being near-room-temperature superconductivity in highly pressured hydrides (~200 GPa). However, the mechanism of superconductivity is not confirmed, due to the lacking of effective approach to probe the electronic band structure under such high pressures. Here, we theoretically propose that the band structure and electron-phonon coupling (EPC) of high-pressure quantum states can be probed by solid-state high harmonic generation (sHHG). This strategy is investigated in high-pressure Im-3m H3S by the state-of-the-art first-principles time-dependent density-functional theory simulations, where the sHHG is revealed to be strongly dependent on the electronic structures and EPC. The dispersion of multiple bands near the Fermi level is effectively retrieved along different momentum directions. Our study provides unique insights into the potential all-optical route for band structure and EPC probing of high-pressure quantum states, which is expected to be helpful for the experimental exploration of high-pressure superconductivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lin Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Popova-Gorelova D, Santra R. Microscopic nonlinear optical response: Analysis and calculations with the Floquet-Bloch formalism. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:014102. [PMID: 38406322 PMCID: PMC10894043 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
We analyze microscopic nonlinear optical response of periodic structures within the Floquet-Bloch formalism. The analysis is focused on the real-space distributions of optically induced charge and electron current density within the unit cell of a crystal. We demonstrate that the time-reversal symmetry of a crystal determines the phases of the temporal oscillations of these distributions. We further analyze their spatial symmetries and connection to macroscopic optical response. We illustrate our study with ab initio calculations that combine density functional theory with the Floquet-Bloch formalism. The calculations provide time-dependent optically induced charge distributions and electron current densities within the unit cells of a crystal with inversion symmetry MgO and a crystal without inversion symmetry GaAs in response to a strong-field excitation. The real-space, microscopic view on nonlinear optical response provides insightful information about the strong field-matter interaction.
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Zhou S, Bao C, Fan B, Wang F, Zhong H, Zhang H, Tang P, Duan W, Zhou S. Floquet Engineering of Black Phosphorus upon Below-Gap Pumping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:116401. [PMID: 37774306 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.116401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Time-periodic light field can dress the electronic states and lead to light-induced emergent properties in quantum materials. While below-gap pumping is regarded favorable for Floquet engineering, so far direct experimental evidence of momentum-resolved band renormalization still remains missing. Here, we report experimental evidence of light-induced band renormalization in black phosphorus by pumping at photon energy of 160 meV, which is far below the band gap, and the distinction between below-gap pumping and near-resonance pumping is revealed. Our Letter demonstrates light-induced band engineering upon below-gap pumping, and provides insights for extending Floquet engineering to more quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changhua Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Benshu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peizhe Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wenhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
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