1
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Park K, Otte A, Li T. Bohemian Rhapsody of Future Drug Delivery Systems: Rational Changes Necessary for the Next Revolution. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38996198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Controlled drug delivery technology has matured for more than 70 years, starting from a twice-a-day oral formulation to 6 month long-acting injectable formulations. Further technological advances require superior formulations to treat various diseases more efficiently. Developing future formulations with practical innovations for treating existing and new diseases necessitates our continued efforts to overcome at least three main hurdles. They include (i) drug delivery with reduced side effects, (ii) long-term treatment of chronic diseases, and (iii) the overcoming of biological barriers. Such efforts start with the improved ability to accurately test drug delivery efficacy using proper controls. Future development can be aided by artificial intelligence if used properly. The next revolution of drug delivery systems will be augmented if implementation is given equal weight as discovery. Such a process can be accelerated with the systemic revamp of the research funding structure and cultivating a new generation of scientists who can think differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Otte
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Zhang X, Xu Q, Liu Z, Ball JB, Black B, Ganguly S, Harland ME, Blackman S, Bryant S, Anseth K, Watkins L, Liu X. Chandipura viral glycoprotein (CNV-G) promotes Gectosome generation and enables delivery of intracellular therapeutics. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2264-2285. [PMID: 38702887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) elevates the secretion of EVs known as gectosomes, which contain VSV-G. Such vesicles can be engineered to deliver therapeutic macromolecules. We investigated viral glycoproteins from several viruses for their potential in gectosome production and intracellular cargo delivery. Expression of the viral glycoprotein (viral glycoprotein from the Chandipura virus [CNV-G]) from the human neurotropic pathogen Chandipura virus in 293T cells significantly augments the production of CNV-G-containing gectosomes. In comparison with VSV-G gectosomes, CNV-G gectosomes exhibit heightened selectivity toward specific cell types, including primary cells and tumor cell lines. Consistent with the differential tropism between CNV-G and VSV-G gectosomes, cellular entry of CNV-G gectosome is independent of the Low-density lipoprotein receptor, which is essential for VSV-G entry, and shows varying sensitivity to pharmacological modulators. CNV-G gectosomes efficiently deliver diverse intracellular cargos for genomic modification or responses to stimuli in vitro and in the brain of mice in vivo utilizing a split GFP and chemical-induced dimerization system. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution analyses support CNV-G gectosomes as a versatile platform for delivering macromolecular therapeutics intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jayson B Ball
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brandon Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Saheli Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Michael E Harland
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Samuel Blackman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kristi Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Linda Watkins
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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3
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Ma Y, Qi LS. The realization of CRISPR gene therapy. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:791-795. [PMID: 38872012 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Ramadoss GN, Namaganda SJ, Hamilton JR, Sharma R, Chow KG, Macklin BL, Sun M, Liu JC, Fellmann C, Watry HL, Jin J, Perez BS, Sandoval Espinoza CR, Matia MP, Lu SH, Judge LM, Nussenzweig A, Adamson B, Murthy N, Doudna JA, Kampmann M, Conklin BR. Neuronal DNA repair reveals strategies to influence CRISPR editing outcomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600517. [PMID: 38979269 PMCID: PMC11230251 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Genome editing is poised to revolutionize treatment of genetic diseases, but poor understanding and control of DNA repair outcomes hinders its therapeutic potential. DNA repair is especially understudied in nondividing cells like neurons, which must withstand decades of DNA damage without replicating. This lack of knowledge limits the efficiency and precision of genome editing in clinically relevant cells. To address this, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neurons to examine how postmitotic human neurons repair Cas9-induced DNA damage. We discovered that neurons can take weeks to fully resolve this damage, compared to just days in isogenic iPSCs. Furthermore, Cas9-treated neurons upregulated unexpected DNA repair genes, including factors canonically associated with replication. Manipulating this response with chemical or genetic perturbations allowed us to direct neuronal repair toward desired editing outcomes. By studying DNA repair in postmitotic human cells, we uncovered unforeseen challenges and opportunities for precise therapeutic editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul N Ramadoss
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Hamilton
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Mengyuan Sun
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jia-Cheng Liu
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christof Fellmann
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Julianne Jin
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Barbara S Perez
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cindy R Sandoval Espinoza
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Serena H Lu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke M Judge
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Britt Adamson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Niren Murthy
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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5
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Li Y, Hu Z, Li Y, Wu X. Charting new paradigms for CAR-T cell therapy beyond current Achilles heels. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1409021. [PMID: 38751430 PMCID: PMC11094207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1409021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has made remarkable strides in treating hematological malignancies. However, the widespread adoption of CAR-T cell therapy is hindered by several challenges. These include concerns about the long-term and complex manufacturing process, as well as efficacy factors such as tumor antigen escape, CAR-T cell exhaustion, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Additionally, safety issues like the risk of secondary cancers post-treatment, on-target off-tumor toxicity, and immune effector responses triggered by CAR-T cells are significant considerations. To address these obstacles, researchers have explored various strategies, including allogeneic universal CAR-T cell development, infusion of non-activated quiescent T cells within a 24-hour period, and in vivo induction of CAR-T cells. This review comprehensively examines the clinical challenges of CAR-T cell therapy and outlines strategies to overcome them, aiming to chart pathways beyond its current Achilles heels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Health and Nursing, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Thatte AS, Billingsley MM, Weissman D, Melamed JR, Mitchell MJ. Emerging strategies for nanomedicine in autoimmunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115194. [PMID: 38342243 PMCID: PMC11015430 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders have risen to be among the most prevalent chronic diseases across the globe, affecting approximately 5-7% of the population. As autoimmune diseases steadily rise in prevalence, so do the number of potential therapeutic strategies to combat them. In recent years, fundamental research investigating autoimmune pathologies has led to the emergence of several cellular targets that provide new therapeutic opportunities. However, key challenges persist in terms of accessing and specifically combating the dysregulated, self-reactive cells while avoiding systemic immune suppression and other off-target effects. Fortunately, the continued advancement of nanomedicines may provide strategies to address these challenges and bring innovative autoimmunity therapies to the clinic. Through precise engineering and rational design, nanomedicines can possess a variety of physicochemical properties, surface modifications, and cargoes, allowing for specific targeting of therapeutics to pathological cell and organ types. These advances in nanomedicine have been demonstrated in cancer therapies and have the broad potential to advance applications in autoimmunity therapies as well. In this review, we focus on leveraging the power of nanomedicine for prevalent autoimmune disorders throughout the body. We expand on three key areas for the development of autoimmunity therapies - avoiding systemic immunosuppression, balancing interactions with the immune system, and elevating current platforms for delivering complex cargoes - and emphasize how nanomedicine-based strategies can overcome these barriers and enable the development of next-generation, clinically relevant autoimmunity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S Thatte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jilian R Melamed
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Tsuchida CA, Wasko KM, Hamilton JR, Doudna JA. Targeted nonviral delivery of genome editors in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307796121. [PMID: 38437567 PMCID: PMC10945750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307796121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific in vivo delivery of genome editing molecules is the next breakthrough that will drive biological discovery and transform the field of cell and gene therapy. Here, we discuss recent advances in the delivery of CRISPR-Cas genome editors either as preassembled ribonucleoproteins or encoded in mRNA. Both strategies avoid pitfalls of viral vector-mediated delivery and offer advantages including transient editor lifetime and potentially streamlined manufacturing capability that are already proving valuable for clinical use. We review current applications and future opportunities of these emerging delivery approaches that could make genome editing more efficacious and accessible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Kevin M. Wasko
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jennifer R. Hamilton
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jennifer A. Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California,San Francisco, CA94158
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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8
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Maia A, Tarannum M, Lérias JR, Piccinelli S, Borrego LM, Maeurer M, Romee R, Castillo-Martin M. Building a Better Defense: Expanding and Improving Natural Killer Cells for Adoptive Cell Therapy. Cells 2024; 13:451. [PMID: 38474415 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have gained attention as a promising adoptive cell therapy platform for their potential to improve cancer treatments. NK cells offer distinct advantages over T-cells, including major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-independent tumor recognition and low risk of toxicity, even in an allogeneic setting. Despite this tremendous potential, challenges persist, such as limited in vivo persistence, reduced tumor infiltration, and low absolute NK cell numbers. This review outlines several strategies aiming to overcome these challenges. The developed strategies include optimizing NK cell expansion methods and improving NK cell antitumor responses by cytokine stimulation and genetic manipulations. Using K562 cells expressing membrane IL-15 or IL-21 with or without additional activating ligands like 4-1BBL allows "massive" NK cell expansion and makes multiple cell dosing and "off-the-shelf" efforts feasible. Further improvements in NK cell function can be reached by inducing memory-like NK cells, developing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells, or isolating NK-cell-based tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Memory-like NK cells demonstrate higher in vivo persistence and cytotoxicity, with early clinical trials demonstrating safety and promising efficacy. Recent trials using CAR-NK cells have also demonstrated a lack of any major toxicity, including cytokine release syndrome, and, yet, promising clinical activity. Recent data support that the presence of TIL-NK cells is associated with improved overall patient survival in different types of solid tumors such as head and neck, colorectal, breast, and gastric carcinomas, among the most significant. In conclusion, this review presents insights into the diverse strategies available for NK cell expansion, including the roles played by various cytokines, feeder cells, and culture material in influencing the activation phenotype, telomere length, and cytotoxic potential of expanded NK cells. Notably, genetically modified K562 cells have demonstrated significant efficacy in promoting NK cell expansion. Furthermore, culturing NK cells with IL-2 and IL-15 has been shown to improve expansion rates, while the presence of IL-12 and IL-21 has been linked to enhanced cytotoxic function. Overall, this review provides an overview of NK cell expansion methodologies, highlighting the current landscape of clinical trials and the key advancements to enhance NK-cell-based adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Maia
- Molecular and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- NK Cell Gene Manipulation and Therapy Laboratory, Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mubin Tarannum
- NK Cell Gene Manipulation and Therapy Laboratory, Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joana R Lérias
- ImmunoTherapy/ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Piccinelli
- NK Cell Gene Manipulation and Therapy Laboratory, Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luis Miguel Borrego
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
- Immunoallergy Department, Hospital da Luz, 1600-209 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoTherapy/ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- I Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rizwan Romee
- NK Cell Gene Manipulation and Therapy Laboratory, Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Molecular and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Pathology Service, Champalimaud Clinical Center, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Koch L. Packaging and delivery of genome-editing tools. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:161. [PMID: 38291234 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
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