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Liao Y, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhu C, Zou Z. The role of ubiquitination in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e736. [PMID: 39329019 PMCID: PMC11424685 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an enzymatic process characterized by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins, thereby modulating their degradation, transportation, and signal transduction. By precisely regulating protein quality and quantity, ubiquitination is essential for maintaining protein homeostasis, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and immune responses. Nevertheless, the diversity of ubiquitin enzymes and their extensive involvement in numerous biological processes contribute to the complexity and variety of diseases resulting from their dysregulation. The ubiquitination process relies on a sophisticated enzymatic system, ubiquitin domains, and ubiquitin receptors, which collectively impart versatility to the ubiquitination pathway. The widespread presence of ubiquitin highlights its potential to induce pathological conditions. Ubiquitinated proteins are predominantly degraded through the proteasomal system, which also plays a key role in regulating protein localization and transport, as well as involvement in inflammatory pathways. This review systematically delineates the roles of ubiquitination in maintaining protein homeostasis, DNA repair, genomic stability, cell cycle regulation, cellular proliferation, and immune and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which ubiquitination is implicated in various pathologies, alongside current modulators of ubiquitination are discussed. Enhancing our comprehension of ubiquitination aims to provide novel insights into diseases involving ubiquitination and to propose innovative therapeutic strategies for clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liao
- Faculty of Anesthesiology Changhai Hospital Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- School of Anesthesiology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Wangzheqi Zhang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology Changhai Hospital Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- School of Anesthesiology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Yang Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology Changhai Hospital Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- School of Anesthesiology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Chenglong Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology Changhai Hospital Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- School of Anesthesiology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Zui Zou
- Faculty of Anesthesiology Changhai Hospital Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- School of Anesthesiology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
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2
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You R, Li Y, Jiang Y, Hu D, Gu M, Zhou W, Zhang S, Bai M, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Huang S, Jia Z, Zhang A. WWP2 deletion aggravates acute kidney injury by targeting CDC20/autophagy axis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00252-2. [PMID: 38909885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The molecular mechanisms underlying AKI are currently being extensively investigated. WWP2 is an E3 ligase that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Whether WWP2 plays a regulatory role in AKI remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the implication of WWP2 in AKI and its underlying mechanism in the present study. METHODS We utilized renal tissues from patients with AKI and established AKI models in global or tubule-specific knockout (cKO) mice strains to study WWP2's implication in AKI. We also systemically analyzed ubiquitylation omics and proteomics to decipher the underlying mechanism. RESULTS In the present study, we found that WWP2 expression significantly increased in the tubules of kidneys with AKI. Global or tubule-specific knockout of WWP2 significantly aggravated renal dysfunction and tubular injury in AKI kidneys, whereas WWP2 overexpression significantly protected tubular epithelial cells against cisplatin. WWP2 deficiency profoundly affected autophagy in AKI kidneys. Further analysis with ubiquitylation omics, quantitative proteomics and experimental validation suggested that WWP2 mediated poly-ubiquitylation of CDC20, a negative regulator of autophagy. CDC20 was significantly decreased in AKI kidneys, and selective inhibiting CDC20 with apcin profoundly alleviated renal dysfunction and tubular injury in the cisplatin model with or without WWP2 cKO, indicating that CDC20 may serve as a downstream target of WWP2 in AKI. Inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine blocked apcin's protection against cisplatin-induced renal tubular cell injury. Activating autophagy by rapamycin significantly protected against cisplatin-induced AKI in WWP2 cKO mice, whereas inhibiting autophagy by 3-methyladenine further aggravated apoptosis in cisplatin-exposed WWP2 KO cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data indicated that the WWP2/CDC20/autophagy may be an essential intrinsic protective mechanism against AKI. Further activating WWP2 or inhibiting CDC20 may be novel therapeutic strategies for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran You
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuteng Jiang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menglei Gu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mi Bai
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunwen Yang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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You S, Xu J, Guo Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Sun G, Sun Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 as a promising therapeutic target for diverse human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101257. [PMID: 38430667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of cellular homeostasis due to their roles in targeting substrate proteins for ubiquitination and triggering subsequent downstream signals. In this review, we describe the multiple roles of WWP2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with unique and important functions in regulating a wide range of biological processes, including DNA repair, gene expression, signal transduction, and cell-fate decisions. As such, WWP2 has evolved to play a key role in normal physiology and diseases, such as tumorigenesis, skeletal development and diseases, immune regulation, cardiovascular disease, and others. We attempt to provide an overview of the biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological roles of WWP2, as well as open questions for future research, particularly in the context of putative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, National Health Commission, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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4
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Poirier A, Ormonde JVS, Aubry I, Abidin BM, Feng CH, Martinez-Cordova Z, Hincapie AM, Wu C, Pérez-Quintero LA, Wang CL, Gingras AC, Madrenas J, Tremblay ML. The induction of SHP-1 degradation by TAOK3 ensures the responsiveness of T cells to TCR stimulation. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadg4422. [PMID: 38166031 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Thousand-and-one-amino acid kinase 3 (TAOK3) is a serine and threonine kinase that belongs to the STE-20 family of kinases. Its absence reduces T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and increases the interaction of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a major negative regulator of proximal TCR signaling, with the kinase LCK, a component of the core TCR signaling complex. Here, we used mouse models and human cell lines to investigate the mechanism by which TAOK3 limits the interaction of SHP-1 with LCK. The loss of TAOK3 decreased the survival of naïve CD4+ T cells by dampening the transmission of tonic and ligand-dependent TCR signaling. In mouse T cells, Taok3 promoted the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in response to TCR activation in a manner that depended on Taok3 gene dosage and on Taok3 kinase activity. TCR desensitization in Taok3-/- T cells was caused by an increased abundance of Shp-1, and pharmacological inhibition of Shp-1 rescued the activation potential of these T cells. TAOK3 phosphorylated threonine-394 in the phosphatase domain of SHP-1, which promoted its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. The loss of TAOK3 had no effect on the abundance of SHP-2, which lacks a residue corresponding to SHP-1 threonine-394. Modulation of SHP-1 abundance by TAOK3 thus serves as a rheostat for TCR signaling and determines the activation threshold of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirier
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - João Vitor Silva Ormonde
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials (LNBio - CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Aubry
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Belma Melda Abidin
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
| | - Chu-Han Feng
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zuzet Martinez-Cordova
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Hincapie
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chenyue Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Chia-Lin Wang
- NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 1st Ave, Fl 5, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 40095, USA
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lim K, Rutherford EN, Sun D, Van den Boomen DJH, Edgar JR, Bang JH, Matesic LE, Lee JH, Lehner PJ, Marciniak SJ, Rawlins EL, Dickens JA. A novel human fetal lung-derived alveolar organoid model reveals mechanisms of surfactant protein C maturation relevant to interstitial lung disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555522. [PMID: 37693487 PMCID: PMC10491189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells maintain lung health by acting as stem cells and producing pulmonary surfactant1-3. AT2 dysfunction underlies many lung diseases including interstitial lung disease (ILD), in which some inherited forms result from mislocalisation of surfactant protein C (SFTPC) variants4,5. Disease modelling and dissection of mechanisms remains challenging due to complexities in deriving and maintaining AT2 cells ex vivo. Here, we describe the development of expandable adult AT2-like organoids derived from human fetal lung which are phenotypically stable, can differentiate into AT1-like cells and are genetically manipulable. We use these organoids to test key effectors of SFTPC maturation identified in a forward genetic screen including the E3 ligase ITCH, demonstrating that their depletion phenocopies the pathological SFTPC redistribution seen for the SFTPC-I73T variant. In summary, we demonstrate the development of a novel alveolar organoid model and use it to identify effectors of SFTPC maturation necessary for AT2 health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungtae Lim
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | | | - Dawei Sun
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Current address: Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dick J H Van den Boomen
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University, LHRRB building, 45 Shattuck Street, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jae Hak Bang
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Lydia E Matesic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Trumpington, CB2 0AY
| | - Emma L Rawlins
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jennifer A Dickens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Royal Papworth Hospital, Papworth Road, Trumpington, CB2 0AY
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Harker JA, Lloyd CM. T helper 2 cells in asthma. J Exp Med 2023; 220:214104. [PMID: 37163370 PMCID: PMC10174188 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is among the most common immune-mediated diseases across the world, and type 2 immune responses are thought to be central to pathogenesis. The importance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells as central regulators of type 2 responses in asthma has, however, become less clear with the discovery of other potent innate sources of type 2 cytokines and innate mediators of inflammation such as the alarmins. This review provides an update of our current understanding of Th2 cells in human asthma, highlighting their many guises and functions in asthma, both pathogenic and regulatory, and how these are influenced by the tissue location and disease stage and severity. It also explores how biologics targeting type 2 immune pathways are impacting asthma, and how these have the potential to reveal hitherto underappreciated roles for Th2 cell in lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London, UK
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You S, Xu J, Yin Z, Wu B, Wang P, Hao M, Cheng C, Liu M, Zhao Y, Jia P, Jiang H, Li D, Cao L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang N. Down-regulation of WWP2 aggravates Type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial injury through modulating ubiquitination and degradation of DDX3X. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:107. [PMID: 37149668 PMCID: PMC10164326 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial injury caused by Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered as a mainstay in the pathophysiology of diabetic vascular complications (DVCs). However, the molecular mechanism of T2DM-induced endothelial injury remains largely unknown. Here, we found that endothelial WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2) act as a novel regulator for T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury through modulating ubiquitination and degradation of DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked (DDX3X). METHODS Single-cell transcriptome analysis was used to evaluate WWP2 expression in vascular endothelial cells of T2DM patients and healthy controls. Endothelial-specific Wwp2 knockout mice were used to investigate the effect of WWP2 on T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury. In vitro loss- and gain-of-function studies were performed to assess the function of WWP2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The substrate protein of WWP2 was verified using mass spectrometry, coimmunoprecipitation assays and immunofluorescence assays. The mechanism of WWP2 regulation on substrate protein was investigated by pulse-chase assay and ubiquitination assay. RESULTS The expression of WWP2 was significantly down-regulated in vascular endothelial cells during T2DM. Endothelial-specific Wwp2 knockout in mice significantly aggravated T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury and vascular remodeling after endothelial injury. Our in vitro experiments showed that WWP2 protected against endothelial injury by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis in ECs. Mechanically, we found that WWP2 is down-regulated in high glucose and palmitic acid (HG/PA)-induced ECs due to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and uncovered that WWP2 suppresses HG/PA-induced endothelial injury by catalyzing K63-linked polyubiquitination of DDX3X and targeting it for proteasomal degradation. CONCLUSION Our studies revealed the key role of endothelial WWP2 and the fundamental importance of the JNK-WWP2-DDX3X regulatory axis in T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury, suggesting that WWP2 may serve as a new therapeutic target for DVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Hao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengke Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Da Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Zahid S, Gul M, Shafique S, Rashid S. E2 UbcH5B-derived peptide ligands target HECT E3-E2 binding site and block the Ub-dependent SARS-CoV-2 egression: A computational study. Comput Biol Med 2022; 146:105660. [PMID: 35751189 PMCID: PMC9124161 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Homologous to E6AP carboxyl-terminus (HECT)-type E3 ligase performs ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasomal protein degradation via forming a complex with E2∼Ub. Enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2 escape from the infected cells by harnessing the E-class vacuolar protein-sorting (ESCRT) machinery and mimic the cellular system through PPAY motif-based linking to HECT Ub ligase activity. In the present study, we have characterized the binding pattern of E2UbcH5B to HECT domains of NEDD4L, WWP1, WWP2, HECW1, and HECW2 through in silico analysis to isolate the E2UbcH5B-specific peptide inhibitors that may target SARS-CoV-2 viral egression. Molecular dynamics analysis revealed more opening of E2UbcH5B-binding pocket upon binding to HECTNEDD4L, HECTWWP1, HECTWWP2, HECTHECW1, and HECTHECW2. We observed similar binding pattern for E2UbcH5B and mentioned HECT domains as previously reported for HECTNEDD4L where Trp762, Trp709, and Trp657 residues of HECTNEDD4L, HECTWWP1, and HECTWWP2 are involved in making contacts with Ser94 residue of E2UbcH5B. Similarly, corresponding to HECTNEDD4L Tyr756 residue, HECTWWP1, HECTWWP2, HECTHECW1, and HECTHECW2-specific Phe703, Phe651, Phe1387, and Phe1353 residues execute interaction with E2UbcH5B. Our analysis suggests that corresponding to Cys942 of HECTNEDD4L, Cys890, Cys838, Cys1574, and Cys1540 residues of HECTWWP1, HECTWWP2, HECTHECW1, and HECTHECW2, respectively are involved in E2-to-E3 Ub transfer. Furthermore, MM-PBSA free energy calculations revealed favorable energy values for E2UbcH5B-HECT complexes along with the individual residue contributions. Subsequently, two E2UbcH5B-derived peptides (His55-Phe69 and Asn81-Ala96) were tested for their binding abilities against HECT domains of NEDD4L, WWP1, WWP2, HECW1, and HECW2. Their binding was validated through substitution of Phe62, Pro65, Ile84, and Cys85 residues into Ala, which revealed an impaired binding, suggesting that the proposed peptide ligands may selectively target E2-HECT binding and Ub-transfer. Collectively, we propose that peptide-driven blocking of E2-to-HECT Ub loading may limit SARS-CoV-2 egression and spread in the host cells.
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9
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Wang Y, Qian G, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Han W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xiong T, Zeng H, Yu X, Yu X, Zhang X, Xu J, Zou Q, Yan D. HIV-1 Vif suppresses antiviral immunity by targeting STING. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:108-121. [PMID: 34811497 PMCID: PMC8752805 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection-induced cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 signaling activates innate immunity to produce type I interferon (IFN). The HIV-1 nonstructural protein viral infectivity factor (Vif) is essential in HIV-1 replication, as it degrades the host restriction factor APOBEC3G. However, whether and how it regulates the host immune response remains to be determined. In this study, we found that Vif inhibited the production of type I IFN to promote immune evasion. HIV-1 infection induced the activation of the host tyrosine kinase FRK, which subsequently phosphorylated the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) of Vif and enhanced the interaction between Vif and the cellular tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to inhibit type I IFN. Mechanistically, the association of Vif with SHP-1 facilitated SHP-1 recruitment to STING and inhibited the K63-linked ubiquitination of STING at Lys337 by dephosphorylating STING at Tyr162. However, the FRK inhibitor D-65495 counteracted the phosphorylation of Vif to block the immune evasion of HIV-1 and antagonize infection. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism through which HIV-1 evades antiviral immunity via the ITIM-containing protein to inhibit the posttranslational modification of STING. These results provide a molecular basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Basic Courses, NCO School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Gui Qian
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yinan Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wendong Han
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tingrong Xiong
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Hao Zeng
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Quanming Zou
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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10
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Transcriptome Analysis of Large to Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Reveals Cell Cycle Arrest and Immune Evasion: Identifying Potential Targets for Treatment. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8512200. [PMID: 34912899 PMCID: PMC8668353 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8512200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large to giant congenital melanocytic nevus (lgCMN) is a benign cutaneous tumor that develops during embryogenesis. A large number of lgCMN patients are ineligible for surgical treatment; hence, there is an urgent need to develop pharmacological treatments. Clinically, tumorigenesis and progression essentially halt after birth, resulting in the homeostasis of growth arrest and survival. Numerous studies have employed whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing to clarify the etiology of lgCMN; however, transcriptome sequencing of lgCMN is still lacking. Through comprehensive transcriptome analysis, this study elucidated the ongoing regulation and homeostasis of lgCMN and identified potential targets for treatment. Transcriptome sequencing, identification of differentially expressed genes and hub genes, protein–protein network construction, functional enrichment, pathway analysis, and gene annotations were performed in this study. Immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, immunocytofluorescence, and cell cycle assays were employed for further validation. The results revealed several intriguing phenomena in lgCMN, including P16-induced cell cycle arrest, antiapoptotic activity, and immune evasion caused by malfunction of tumor antigen processing. The arrested cell cycle in lgCMN is consistent with its phenotype and rare malignant transformation. Antiapoptotic activity and immune evasion might explain how such heterogeneous cells have avoided elimination. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mediated tumor antigen processing was the hub pathway that was significantly downregulated in lgCMN, and ITCH, FBXW7, HECW2, and WWP1 were identified as candidate hub genes. In conclusion, our research provides new perspectives for immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
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11
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Ye P, Chi X, Cha JH, Luo S, Yang G, Yan X, Yang WH. Potential of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Immunity: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123309. [PMID: 34943817 PMCID: PMC8699390 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune pathway–targeted therapies, are promising clinical strategies for treating cancer. However, drug resistance and adverse reactions remain the main challenges for immunotherapy management. The future direction of immunotherapy is mainly to reduce side effects and improve the treatment response rate by finding new targets and new methods of combination therapy. Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating the degradation of immune checkpoints and the activation of immune-related pathways. Some drugs that target E3 ubiquitin ligases have exhibited beneficial effects in preclinical and clinical antitumor treatments. In this review, we discuss mechanisms through which E3 ligases regulate tumor immune checkpoints and immune-related pathways as well as the opportunities and challenges for integrating E3 ligases targeting drugs into cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaoxia Chi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Shahang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guanghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.-H.Y.)
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.-H.Y.)
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12
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Zhou Q, Zhang J. K27-linked noncanonic ubiquitination in immune regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:223-235. [PMID: 33857334 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0620-397rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a common form of posttranslational modification that has been implicated in regulating considerable immune signaling pathways. The functions of canonic K48- and K63-linked ubiquitination have been well studied. However, the roles of noncanonic ubiquitination remain largely unexplored and require further investigations. There is increasing evidence suggesting that K27-linked noncanonic ubiquitination turns out to be indispensable to both innate immune signaling and T cell signaling. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest findings related to K27-linked ubiquitination, and highlight the crucial roles of K27-linked ubiquitination in regulating antimicrobial response, cytokine signaling and response, as well as T cell activation and differentiation. We also propose interesting areas for better understanding how K27-linked ubiquitination regulates immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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13
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Çetin G, Klafack S, Studencka-Turski M, Krüger E, Ebstein F. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010060. [PMID: 33466553 PMCID: PMC7824874 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular and non-lysosomal protein degradation system. Thanks to its unique capacity of eliminating old, damaged, misfolded, and/or regulatory proteins in a highly specific manner, the UPS is virtually involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic life. The critical importance of the UPS is particularly visible in immune cells which undergo a rapid and profound functional remodelling upon pathogen recognition. Innate and/or adaptive immune activation is indeed characterized by a number of substantial changes impacting various cellular processes including protein homeostasis, signal transduction, cell proliferation, and antigen processing which are all tightly regulated by the UPS. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the UPS contributes to the generation of an adequate immune response. In this regard, we also discuss the consequences of UPS dysfunction and its role in the pathogenesis of recently described immune disorders including cancer and auto-inflammatory diseases.
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14
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Fu J, Zheng H, Xue Y, Jin R, Yang G, Chen Z, Yuan G. WWP2 Promotes Odontoblastic Differentiation by Monoubiquitinating KLF5. J Dent Res 2020; 100:432-439. [PMID: 33164644 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520970866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing E3 Ub-protein ligase 2 (WWP2) belongs to the homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) E3 ligase family. It has been explored to regulate osteogenic differentiation, chondrogenesis, and palatogenesis. Odontoblasts are terminally differentiated mesenchymal cells, which contribute to dentin formation in tooth development. However, it remained unknown whether WWP2 participated in odontoblast differentiation. In this study, WWP2 was found to be expressed in mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs), odontoblasts, and odontoblastic-induced mDPCs by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Besides, WWP2 expression was decreased in the cytoplasm but increased in the nuclei of differentiation-induced mDPCs. When Wwp2 was knocked down, the elevated expression of odontoblast marker genes (Dmp1 and Dspp) in mDPCs induced by differentiation medium was suppressed. Meanwhile, a decrease of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was observed by ALP staining, and reduced formation of mineralized matrix nodules was demonstrated by Alizarin Red S staining. Overexpression of WWP2 presented opposite results to knockdown experiments, suggesting that WWP2 promoted odontoblastic differentiation of mDPCs. Further investigation found that WWP2 was coexpressed and interacted with KLF5 in the nuclei, leading to ubiquitination of KLF5. The PPPSY (PY2) motif of KLF5 was essential for its physical binding with WWP2. Also, cysteine 838 (Cys838) of WWP2 was the active site for ubiquitination of KLF5, which did not lead to proteolysis of KLF5. Then, KLF5 was confirmed to be monoubiquitinated and transactivated by WWP2, which promoted the expression of KLF5 downstream genes Dmp1 and Dspp. Deletion of the PY2 motif of KLF5 or mutation of Cys838 of WWP2 reduced the upregulation of Dmp1 and Dspp. Besides, lysine (K) residues K31, K52, K83, and K265 of KLF5 were verified to be crucial to WWP2-mediated KLF5 transactivation. Taken together, WWP2 promoted odontoblastic differentiation by monoubiquitinating KLF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - H Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Y Xue
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - R Jin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - G Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Z Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - G Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
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15
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Zhang W, Tao SS, Wang T, Zhang J, Liu X, Li YT, Chen H, Zhan YQ, Yu M, Ge CH, Li CY, Ren GM, Yang XM, Yin RH. ABRO1 stabilizes the deubiquitinase BRCC3 through inhibiting its degradation mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:169-182. [PMID: 33107021 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1/BRCA2-containing complex subunit 3 (BRCC3) is a lysine 63-specific deubiquitinase involved in multiple biological processes, such as DNA repair and immune responses. However, the regulation mechanism for BRCC3 protein stability is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that BRCC3 is mainly degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 modulates BRCC3 ubiquitination and degradation. ABRO1, a subunit of the BRCC36 isopeptidase complex (BRISC), competes with WWP2 to bind to BRCC3, thereby preventing WWP2-mediated BRCC3 ubiquitination and enhancing BRCC3 stability. Functionally, we show that lentivirus-mediated overexpression of WWP2 in murine macrophages inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by decreasing BRCC3 protein level. This study provides the first insights into the regulation of BRCC3 stability and expands our knowledge about the physiological function of WWP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Shou-Song Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Ya-Ting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | | | - Chang-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rong-Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, China
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16
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Alix E, Godlee C, Cerny O, Blundell S, Tocci R, Matthews S, Liu M, Pruneda JN, Swatek KN, Komander D, Sleap T, Holden DW. The Tumour Suppressor TMEM127 Is a Nedd4-Family E3 Ligase Adaptor Required by Salmonella SteD to Ubiquitinate and Degrade MHC Class II Molecules. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:54-68.e7. [PMID: 32526160 PMCID: PMC7342019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica effector SteD depletes mature MHC class II (mMHCII) molecules from the surface of infected antigen-presenting cells through ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tail of the mMHCII β chain. Here, through a genome-wide mutant screen of human antigen-presenting cells, we show that the NEDD4 family HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 and a tumor-suppressing transmembrane protein of unknown biochemical function, TMEM127, are required for SteD-dependent ubiquitination of mMHCII. Although evidently not involved in normal regulation of mMHCII, TMEM127 was essential for SteD to suppress both mMHCII antigen presentation in mouse dendritic cells and MHCII-dependent CD4+ T cell activation. We found that TMEM127 contains a canonical PPxY motif, which was required for binding to WWP2. SteD bound to TMEM127 and enabled TMEM127 to interact with and induce ubiquitination of mature MHCII. Furthermore, SteD also underwent TMEM127- and WWP2-dependent ubiquitination, which both contributed to its degradation and augmented its activity on mMHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alix
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ondrej Cerny
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Samkeliso Blundell
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Romina Tocci
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sophie Matthews
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mei Liu
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan N Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kirby N Swatek
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royale Parade, 3052 Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Komander
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tabitha Sleap
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David W Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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17
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Field NS, Moser EK, Oliver PM. Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:353-362. [PMID: 32356405 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0320-272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch has long been appreciated to be a critical suppressor of inflammation, first identified as a regulator of Th2 differentiation and lung inflammation. Recent studies have revealed novel roles for this protein in mouse and human disease, and it is now clear that Itch also limits the function of other lymphocytes, innate immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells to regulate immunity. In addition to Th2 cells, Itch also regulates Th17 and regulatory T cells. Itch regulates humoral immunity through direct roles in T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells, and B cells. Furthermore, Itch limits innate immune responses, such as macrophage cytokine production. Through these cell-intrinsic functions, Itch regulates the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in profound autoinflammation in Itch-deficient mice. Whereas Itch deficiency was previously thought to be an extremely rare occurrence humans, whole exome sequencing of patients with unexplained autoimmune disease has revealed at least two additional cases of Itch deficiency in the last year alone, each caused by distinct mutations within the Itch gene. The recent identification of these patients suggests that Itch mutations may be more common than previously thought, and demonstrates the need to understand how this protein regulates inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily K Moser
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Wang Y, Argiles-Castillo D, Kane EI, Zhou A, Spratt DE. HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases - emerging insights into their biological roles and disease relevance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/7/jcs228072. [PMID: 32265230 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) E3 ubiquitin ligases play a critical role in various cellular pathways, including but not limited to protein trafficking, subcellular localization, innate immune response, viral infections, DNA damage responses and apoptosis. To date, 28 HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases have been identified in humans, and recent studies have begun to reveal how these enzymes control various cellular pathways by catalyzing the post-translational attachment of ubiquitin to their respective substrates. New studies have identified substrates and/or interactors with different members of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase family, particularly for E6AP and members of the neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) family. However, there still remains many unanswered questions about the specific roles that each of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases have in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The present Review discusses our current understanding on the biological roles of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases in the cell and how they contribute to disease development. Expanded investigations on the molecular basis for how and why the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize and regulate their intracellular substrates will help to clarify the biochemical mechanisms employed by these important enzymes in ubiquitin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shanxi, China 710054.,Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Diana Argiles-Castillo
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Emma I Kane
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Anning Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shanxi, China 710054
| | - Donald E Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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19
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Yin Q, Wyatt CJ, Han T, Smalley KSM, Wan L. ITCH as a potential therapeutic target in human cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:117-130. [PMID: 32165318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ITCH/AIP4 ubiquitin E3 ligase was discovered independently by two groups searching for atrophin-1 interacting proteins and studying the genetics of mouse coat color alteration, respectively. ITCH is classified as a NEDD4 family E3 ligase featured with the C-terminal HECT domain for E3 ligase function and WW domains for substrate recruiting. ITCH deficiency in the mouse causes severe multi-organ autoimmune disease. Its roles in maintaining a balanced immune response have been extensively characterized over the past two and a half decades. A wealth of reports demonstrate a multifaceted role of ITCH in human cancers. Given the versatility of ITCH in catalyzing both proteolytic and non-proteolytic ubiquitination of its over fifty substrates, ITCH's role in malignancies is believed to be context-dependent. In this review, we summarize the downstream substrates of ITCH, the functions of ITCH in both tumor cells and the immune system, as well as the implications of such functions in human cancers. Moreover, we describe the upstream regulatory mechanisms of ITCH and the efforts have been made to target ITCH using small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Clayton J Wyatt
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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20
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Selective targeting of ubiquitination and degradation of PARP1 by E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 regulates isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2605-2619. [PMID: 32139900 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevated expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) and increased PARP1 activity, namely, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), have been observed in cardiac remodeling, leading to extreme energy consumption and myocardial damage. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of PARP1 require further study. WWP2, a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in the heart, but its function there is largely unknown. Here, we clarified the role of WWP2 in the regulation of PARP1 and the impact of this regulatory process on cardiac remodeling. We determined that the knockout of WWP2 specifically in myocardium decreased the level of PARP1 ubiquitination and increased the effects of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced PARP1 and PARylation, in turn aggravating ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, and myocardial fibrosis. Similar findings were obtained in a model of ISO-induced H9c2 cells with WWP2 knockdown, while the reexpression of WWP2 significantly increased PARP1 ubiquitination and decreased PAPR1 and PARylation levels. Mechanistically, coimmunoprecipitation results identified that WWP2 is a novel interacting protein of PARP1 and mainly interacts with its BRCT domain, thus mediating the degradation of PARP1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In addition, lysine 418 (K418) and lysine 249 (K249) were shown to be of critical importance in regulating PARP1 ubiquitination and degradation by WWP2. These findings reveal a novel WWP2-PARP1 signal transduction pathway involved in controlling cardiac remodeling and may provide a basis for exploring new strategies for treating heart disorders related to cardiac remodeling.
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21
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Mendes ML, Fougeras MR, Dittmar G. Analysis of ubiquitin signaling and chain topology cross-talk. J Proteomics 2020; 215:103634. [PMID: 31918034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a powerful post-translational modification implicated in many cellular processes. Although ubiquitination is associated with protein degradation, depending on the topology of polyubiquitin chains, protein ubiquitination is connected to non-degradative events in DNA damage response, cell cycle control, immune response, trafficking, intracellular localization, and vesicle fusion events. It has been shown that a ubiquitin chain can contain two or more topologies at the same time. These branched chains add another level of complexity to ubiquitin signaling, increasing its versatility and specificity. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has been playing an important role in the identification of all types of ubiquitin chains and linkages. This review aims to provide an overview of ubiquitin chain topology and associated signaling pathways and discusses the MS-based proteomic methodologies used to determine such topologies. SIGNIFICANCE: Ubiquitination plays important roles in many cellular processes. Proteins can be monoubiquitinated or polyubiquitinated forming non-branched or branched chains in a high number of possible combinations, each associated with different cellular processes. The detection and the topology of ubiquitin chains is thus of extreme importance in order to explain such processes. Advances in mass spectrometry based proteomics allowed for the discovery and topology mapping of many ubiquitin chains. This review revisits the state of the art in ubiquitin chain identification by mass spectrometry and gives an insight on the implication of such chains in many cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L Mendes
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling, Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1a Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Miriam R Fougeras
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling, Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1a Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, 2 avenue de l'Université, 4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling, Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1a Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, 2 avenue de l'Université, 4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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22
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Beyond the Cell Surface: Targeting Intracellular Negative Regulators to Enhance T cell Anti-Tumor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235821. [PMID: 31756921 PMCID: PMC6929154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular proteins that negatively regulate T cell function, such as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), can be effectively targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). Intracellular proteins that inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, though less well studied, are also potentially useful therapeutic targets to enhance T cell activity against tumor. Four major classes of enzymes that attenuate TCR signaling include E3 ubiquitin kinases such as the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proteins (Cbl-b and c-Cbl), and Itchy (Itch), inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases, such as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP-1 and SHP-2), inhibitory protein kinases, such as C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), and inhibitory lipid kinases such as Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). This review describes the mechanism of action of eighteen intracellular inhibitory regulatory proteins in T cells within these four classes, and assesses their potential value as clinical targets to enhance the anti-tumor activity of endogenous T cells and CAR-T cells.
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23
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Wang W, Cohen JA, Wallrapp A, Trieu KG, Barrios J, Shao F, Krishnamoorthy N, Kuchroo VK, Jones MR, Fine A, Bai Y, Ai X. Age-Related Dopaminergic Innervation Augments T Helper 2-Type Allergic Inflammation in the Postnatal Lung. Immunity 2019; 51:1102-1118.e7. [PMID: 31757673 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Young children are more susceptible to developing allergic asthma than adults. As neural innervation of the peripheral tissue continues to develop after birth, neurons may modulate tissue inflammation in an age-related manner. Here we showed that sympathetic nerves underwent a dopaminergic-to-adrenergic transition during post-natal development of the lung in mice and humans. Dopamine signaled through a specific dopamine receptor (DRD4) to promote T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation. The dopamine-DRD4 pathway acted synergistically with the cytokine IL-4 by upregulating IL-2-STAT5 signaling and reducing inhibitory histone trimethylation at Th2 gene loci. In murine models of allergen exposure, the dopamine-DRD4 pathway augmented Th2 inflammation in the lungs of young mice. However, this pathway operated marginally after sympathetic nerves became adrenergic in the adult lung. Taken together, the communication between dopaminergic nerves and CD4+ T cells provides an age-related mechanism underlying the susceptibility to allergic inflammation in the early lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Cohen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia Wallrapp
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth G Trieu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Barrios
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fengzhi Shao
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Jones
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Fine
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The West Roxbury Veteran's Hospital, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Yan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xingbin Ai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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24
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Wang K, Liu J, Zhao X, Li H, Luo G, Yu Y, Guo Y, Zhang L, Zhu J, Wang S, Hua W, Yang A, Zhang R, Li J. WWP2 regulates proliferation of gastric cancer cells in a PTEN-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:652-659. [PMID: 31677789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
WW domain containing E3 Ub-protein ligase 2 (WWP2) plays an important role in tumor progression as an E3 ligase of PTEN. Here, we investigated the role of WWP2 in gastric cancer (GC). We found that WWP2 is overexpressed in GC tissues, which is closely related to poor prognosis of GC patients. Using a WWP2-shRNA lentivirus expressing system, we established WWP2 stable-knockdown GC cell lines and found that knockdown of WWP2 inhibits the proliferation of GC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Also, WWP2 silencing induced the up-regulation of PTEN protein level and down-regulation of AKT phosphorylation level. We further investigated the role of PTEN in this regulating process by performing rescue assay and found that PTEN is essential for WWP2-mediated regulation of GC cells proliferation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that WWP2 promotes proliferation of GC cells by downregulating PTEN, which may provide new therapeutic targets for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Haitong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, The Air Force Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangwei Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, The Air Force Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanping Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Long Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Angang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China; Department of Experimental Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
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25
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Wang Z, Liu Z, Chen X, Li J, Yao W, Huang S, Gu A, Lei QY, Mao Y, Wen W. A multi-lock inhibitory mechanism for fine-tuning enzyme activities of the HECT family E3 ligases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3162. [PMID: 31320636 PMCID: PMC6639328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HECT E3 ligases control the degradation and functioning of numerous oncogenic/tumor-suppressive factors and signaling proteins, and their activities must be tightly regulated to prevent cancers and other diseases. Here we show that the Nedd4 family HECT E3 WWP1 adopts an autoinhibited state, in which its multiple WW domains sequester HECT using a multi-lock mechanism. Removing WW2 or WW34 led to a partial activation of WWP1. The structure of fully inhibited WWP1 reveals that many WWP1 mutations identified in cancer patients result in a partially active state with increased E3 ligase activity, and the WWP1 mutants likely promote cell migration by enhancement of ∆Np63α degradation. We further demonstrate that WWP2 and Itch utilize a highly similar multi-lock autoinhibition mechanism as that utilized by WWP1, whereas Nedd4/4 L and Smurf2 utilize a slightly variant version. Overall, these results reveal versatile autoinhibitory mechanisms that fine-tune the ligase activities of the HECT family enzymes. HECT type E3 ligases are key regulators of cell growth and proliferation. Here the authors present the crystal structures of the Nedd4 family E3 ligase WWP1 in a closed and semi-open state and in combination with mutagenesis experiments identify a multi-lock regulatory mechanism that allows the fine-tuning of activities of Nedd4 family E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiyi Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shijing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aihong Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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26
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Mokuda S, Nakamichi R, Matsuzaki T, Ito Y, Sato T, Miyata K, Inui M, Olmer M, Sugiyama E, Lotz M, Asahara H. Wwp2 maintains cartilage homeostasis through regulation of Adamts5. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2429. [PMID: 31160553 PMCID: PMC6546747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The WW domain-containing protein 2 (Wwp2) gene, the host gene of miR-140, codes for the Wwp2 protein, which is an HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases abundantly expressed in articular cartilage. However, its function remains unclear. Here, we show that mice lacking Wwp2 and mice in which the Wwp2 E3 enzyme is inactivated (Wwp2-C838A) exhibit aggravated spontaneous and surgically induced osteoarthritis (OA). Consistent with this phenotype, WWP2 expression level is downregulated in human OA cartilage. We also identify Runx2 as a Wwp2 substrate and Adamts5 as a target gene, as similar as miR-140. Analysis of Wwp2-C838A mice shows that loss of Wwp2 E3 ligase activity results in upregulation of Runx2-Adamts5 signaling in articular cartilage. Furthermore, in vitro transcribed Wwp2 mRNA injection into mouse joints reduces the severity of experimental OA. We propose that Wwp2 has a role in protecting cartilage from OA by suppressing Runx2-induced Adamts5 via Runx2 poly-ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Mokuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tokio Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Research Core, Research Facility Cluster, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Masafumi Inui
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Martin Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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27
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Regulation of autoimmune disease by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Cell Immunol 2019; 340:103916. [PMID: 31126634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a HECT type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required to prevent the development of autoimmune disease in both mice and humans. Itch is expressed in most mammalian cell types, and, based on published data, it regulates many cellular pathways ranging from T cell differentiation to liver tumorigenesis. Since 1998, when Itch was first discovered, hundreds of publications have described mechanisms through which Itch controls various biologic activities in both immune and non-immune cells. Other studies have provided insight into how Itch catalytic activity is regulated. However, while autoimmunity is the primary clinical feature that occurs in both mice and humans lacking Itch, and Itch control of immune cell function has been well-studied, it remains unclear how Itch prevents the emergence of autoimmune disease. In this review, we explore recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how Itch regulates immune cell biology, and the extent to which these clarify how Itch prevents autoimmune disease. Additionally, we discuss how molecular regulators of Itch impact its ability to control these processes, as this may provide clues on how to therapeutically target Itch to treat patients with autoimmune disease.
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Fujita Y, Tinoco R, Li Y, Senft D, Ronai ZA. Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Immunotherapy - Balancing Antitumor and Autoimmunity. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:428-443. [PMID: 30898473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the contribution of E3 ubiquitin ligases to health and disease, including the pathogenesis of immunological disorders. Ubiquitin ligases exert exquisite spatial and temporal control over protein stability and function, and are thus crucial for the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Given that immune responses can be both detrimental (autoimmunity) and beneficial (antitumor immunity), it is vital to understand how ubiquitin ligases maintain immunological homeostasis. Such knowledge could reveal novel mechanisms underlying immune regulation and identify new therapeutic approaches to enhance antitumor immunity and safeguard against autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujita
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Present address: Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Roberto Tinoco
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yan Li
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Senft
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Hectd3 promotes pathogenic Th17 lineage through Stat3 activation and Malt1 signaling in neuroinflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 30741923 PMCID: PMC6370850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyubiquitination promotes proteasomal degradation, or signaling and localization, of targeted proteins. Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hectd3 is necessary for pathogenic Th17 cell generation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for human multiple sclerosis. Hectd3-deficient mice have lower EAE severity, reduced Th17 program and inefficient Th17 cell differentiation. However, Stat3, but not RORγt, has decreased polyubiquitination, as well as diminished tyrosine-705 activating phosphorylation. Additionally, non-degradative polyubiquitination of Malt1, critical for NF-κB activation and Th17 cell function, is reduced. Mechanistically, Hectd3 promotes K27-linked and K29-linked polyubiquitin chains on Malt1, and K27-linked polyubiquitin chains on Stat3. Moreover, Stat3 K180 and Malt1 K648 are targeted by Hectd3 for non-degradative polyubiquitination to mediate robust generation of RORγt+IL-17Ahi effector CD4+ T cells. Thus, our studies delineate a mechanism connecting signaling related polyubiquitination of Malt1 and Stat3, leading to NF-kB activation and RORγt expression, to pathogenic Th17 cell function in EAE. Ubiquitination may control protein stability or function. Here the authors show that an ubiquitination enzyme, Hectd3, ubiquitinates Stat3 and Malt1 to modulate their function but not degradation in T cells, and thereby promoting the differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells and susceptibility to a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
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Aki D, Li Q, Li H, Liu YC, Lee JH. Immune regulation by protein ubiquitination: roles of the E3 ligases VHL and Itch. Protein Cell 2018; 10:395-404. [PMID: 30413999 PMCID: PMC6538580 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is an important means of post-translational modification which plays an essential role in the regulation of various aspects of leukocyte development and function. The specificity of ubiquitin tagging to a protein substrate is determined by E3 ubiquitin ligases via defined E3-substrate interactions. In this review, we will focus on two E3 ligases, VHL and Itch, to discuss the latest progress in understanding their roles in the differentiation and function of CD4+ T helper cell subsets, the stability of regulatory T cells, effector function of CD8+ T cells, as well as the development and maturation of innate lymphoid cells. The biological implications of these E3 ubiquitin ligases will be highlighted in the context of normal and dysregulated immune responses including the control of homeostasis, inflammation, auto-immune responses and anti-tumor immunity. Further elucidation of the ubiquitin system in immune cells will help in the design of new therapeutic interventions for human immunological diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jee Ho Lee
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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