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Hinton AO, N'jai AU, Vue Z, Wanjalla C. Connection Between HIV and Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Disease and Implications for Treatments. Circ Res 2024; 134:1581-1606. [PMID: 38781302 PMCID: PMC11122810 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy alter mitochondrial function, which can progressively lead to mitochondrial damage and accelerated aging. The interaction between persistent HIV reservoirs and mitochondria may provide insight into the relatively high rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality in persons living with HIV. In this review, we explore the intricate relationship between HIV and mitochondrial function, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic strategies in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We reflect on mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial DNA, and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the context of HIV. Furthermore, we summarize how toxicities related to early antiretroviral therapy and current highly active antiretroviral therapy can contribute to mitochondrial dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and poor clinical outcomes. There is a need to understand the mechanisms and develop new targeted therapies. We further consider current and potential future therapies for HIV and their interplay with mitochondria. We reflect on the next-generation antiretroviral therapies and HIV cure due to the direct and indirect effects of HIV persistence, associated comorbidities, coinfections, and the advancement of interdisciplinary research fields. This includes exploring novel and creative approaches to target mitochondria for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Alhaji U N'jai
- Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College and College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone and Koinadugu College, Kabala (A.U.N.)
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (C.W.)
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Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Shrestha J, Santerre M, Allen CN, Arjona SP, Hooper R, Mukerjee R, Kaul M, Shcherbik N, Soboloff J, Sawaya BE. HIV-1 gp120 protein promotes HAND through the calcineurin pathway activation. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:31-40. [PMID: 36925028 PMCID: PMC10484070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
For over two decades, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was able to help prolong the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) and eliminate the virus to an undetectable level. However, an increased prevalence of HIV- associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) was observed. These symptoms range from neuronal dysfunction to cell death. Among the markers of neuronal deregulation, we cite the alteration of synaptic plasticity and neuronal communications. Clinically, these dysfunctions led to neurocognitive disorders such as learning alteration and loss of spatial memory, which promote premature brain aging even in HAART-treated patients. In support of these observations, we showed that the gp120 protein deregulates miR-499-5p and its downstream target, the calcineurin (CaN) protein. The gp120 protein also promotes the accumulation of calcium (Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the neurons leading to the activation of CaN and the inhibition of miR-499-5p. gp120 protein also caused mitochondrial fragmentation and changes in shape and size. The use of mimic miR-499 restored mitochondrial functions, appearance, and size. These results demonstrated the additional effect of the gp120 protein on neurons through the miR-499-5p/calcineurin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Shrestha
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab; FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab; FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Charles N Allen
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab; FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sterling P Arjona
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab; FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Robert Hooper
- FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ruma Mukerjee
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab; FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, UCR, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Shcherbik
- Department for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bassel E Sawaya
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab; FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine - Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Martín-Cófreces N, Martínez-Fleta P, de la Fuente H, Tsukalov I, Delgado-Arévalo C, Calzada MJ, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Buzón MJ, Martín-Gayo E. Antiretroviral therapy duration and immunometabolic state determine efficacy of ex vivo dendritic cell-based treatment restoring functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104090. [PMID: 35665682 PMCID: PMC9301875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies against HIV-1. Heterogeneous immune exhaustion and metabolic states of CD8+ T cells might differentially associate with dysfunction. However, specific parameters associated to functional restoration of CD8+ T cells after DC treatment have not been investigated. Methods We studied association of restoration of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses after stimulation with Gag-adjuvant-primed DC with ART duration, exhaustion, metabolic and memory cell subsets profiles. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses from a larger proportion of PLWH on long-term ART (more than 10 years; LT-ARTp) improved polyfunctionality and capacity to eliminate autologous p24+ infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In contrast, functional improvement of CD8+ T cells from PLWH on short-term ART (less than a decade; ST-ARTp) after DC treatment was limited. This was associated with lower frequencies of central memory CD8+ T cells, increased co-expression of PD1 and TIGIT and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induction upon TCR activation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from LT-ARTp showed increased frequencies of TIM3+ PD1− cells and preserved induction of glycolysis. Treatment of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells from ST-ARTp with combined anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies plus a glycolysis promoting drug restored their ability to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells. Interpretation Together, our study identifies specific immunometabolic parameters for different PLWH subgroups potentially useful for future personalized DC-based HIV-1 vaccines. Funding NIH (R21AI140930), MINECO/FEDER RETOS (RTI2018-097485-A-I00) and CIBERINF grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111338. [PMID: 34768767 PMCID: PMC8583510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell’s needs. They are also at the center of the proinflammatory response and have essential roles in the response against pathogenic infections. Mitochondria are a major site for production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which are essential to fight infection. However, excessive and uncontrolled production can become deleterious to the cell, leading to mitochondrial and tissue damage. Pathogens exploit the role of mitochondria during infection by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), mitochondrial network and disrupting the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in these biological processes makes these organelle good targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented a summary of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogen response, as well as the potential promising mitochondrial targets for the fight against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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