1
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Gaglione SA, Rosales TJ, Schmidt-Hong L, Baker BM, Birnbaum ME. SARS-CoV-2 spike does not interact with the T cell receptor or directly activate T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2406615121. [PMID: 39042676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2406615121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Suggested edit: SARS-CoV-2infection can induce multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, which resembles superantigen-induced toxic shock syndrome. Recent work has suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein could act as a superantigen by binding T cell receptors (TCRs) and inducing broad antigen-independent T cell responses. Structure-based computational modeling identified potential TCR-binding sites near the S receptor-binding domain, in addition to a site with homology to known neurotoxins. We experimentally examined the mechanism underpinning this theory-the direct interaction between the TCR and S protein. Surface plasmon resonance of recombinantly expressed S protein and TCR revealed no detectable binding. Orthogonally, we pseudotyped lentiviruses with SARS-CoV-2 S in both wild-type and prefusion-stabilized forms, demonstrated their functionality in a cell line assay, and observed no transduction, activation, or stimulation of proliferation of CD8+ T cells. We conclude that it is unlikely that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein engages nonspecifically with TCRs or has superantigenic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Gaglione
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Tatiana J Rosales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556
| | - Laura Schmidt-Hong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
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2
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Nair R, Salinas-Illarena A, Sponheimer M, Wullkopf I, Schreiber Y, Côrte-Real JV, Del Pozo Ben A, Marterer H, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Cinatl J, Subklewe M, Baldauf HM. Novel Vpx virus-like particles to improve cytarabine treatment response against acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 39003408 PMCID: PMC11246277 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia has advanced in recent years. Despite novel treatment options, acute myeloid leukemia remains a survival challenge for elderly patients. We have recently shown that the triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 is one of the factors determining resistance to Ara-C treatment. Here, we designed and tested novel and simpler virus-like particles incorporating the lentiviral protein Vpx to efficiently and transiently degrade SAMHD1 and increase the efficacy of Ara-C treatment. The addition of minute amounts of lentiviral Rev protein during production enhanced the generation of virus-like particles. In addition, we found that our 2nd generation of virus-like particles efficiently targeted and degraded SAMHD1 in AML cell lines with high levels of SAMHD1, thereby increasing Ara-CTP levels and response to Ara-C treatment. Primary AML blasts were generally less responsive to VLP treatment. In summary, we have been able to generate novel and simpler virus-like particles that can efficiently deliver Vpx to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Nair
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alejandro Salinas-Illarena
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Sponheimer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Inès Wullkopf
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - João Vasco Côrte-Real
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Augusto Del Pozo Ben
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Marterer
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Dr. Petra Joh-Forschungshaus, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Kamiya M, Carter H, Espindola MS, Doyle TJ, Lee JS, Merriam LT, Zhang F, Kawano-Dourado L, Sparks JA, Hogaboam CM, Moore BB, Oldham WM, Kim EY. Immune mechanisms in fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Cell 2024; 187:3506-3530. [PMID: 38996486 PMCID: PMC11246539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (fILDs) have poor survival rates and lack effective therapies. Despite evidence for immune mechanisms in lung fibrosis, immunotherapies have been unsuccessful for major types of fILD. Here, we review immunological mechanisms in lung fibrosis that have the potential to impact clinical practice. We first examine innate immunity, which is broadly involved across fILD subtypes. We illustrate how innate immunity in fILD involves a complex interplay of multiple cell subpopulations and molecular pathways. We then review the growing evidence for adaptive immunity in lung fibrosis to provoke a re-examination of its role in clinical fILD. We close with future directions to address key knowledge gaps in fILD pathobiology: (1) longitudinal studies emphasizing early-stage clinical disease, (2) immune mechanisms of acute exacerbations, and (3) next-generation immunophenotyping integrating spatial, genetic, and single-cell approaches. Advances in these areas are essential for the future of precision medicine and immunotherapy in fILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kamiya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Milena S Espindola
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Tracy J Doyle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joyce S Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Louis T Merriam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Leticia Kawano-Dourado
- Hcor Research Institute, Hcor Hospital, Sao Paulo - SP 04004-030, Brazil; Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo - SP 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Edy Y Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Siebart JC, Chan CS, Yao X, Su FY, Kwong GA. In vivo gene delivery to immune cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 88:103169. [PMID: 38972172 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Immune cell therapies are an emerging class of living drugs that rely on the delivery of therapeutic transgenes to enhance, modulate, or restore cell function, such as those that encode for tumor-targeting receptors or replacement proteins. However, many cellular immunotherapies are autologous treatments that are limited by high manufacturing costs, typical vein-to-vein time of 3-4 weeks, and severe immune-related adverse effects. To address these issues, different classes of gene delivery vehicles are being developed to target specific immune cell subsets in vivo to address the limitations of ex vivo manufacturing, modulate therapeutic responses in situ, and reduce on- and off-target toxicity. The success of in vivo gene delivery to immune cells - which is being tested at the preclinical and clinical stages of development for the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity - is paramount for the democratization of cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamison C Siebart
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ching S Chan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Xinyi Yao
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Fang-Yi Su
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel A Kwong
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Georgia ImmunoEngineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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5
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Ornelas MY, Ouyang WO, Wu NC. A library-on-library screen reveals the breadth expansion landscape of a broadly neutralizing betacoronavirus antibody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597810. [PMID: 38915656 PMCID: PMC11195093 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) typically evolve cross-reactivity breadth through acquiring somatic hypermutations. While evolution of breadth requires improvement of binding to multiple antigenic variants, most experimental evolution platforms select against only one antigenic variant at a time. In this study, a yeast display library-on-library approach was applied to delineate the affinity maturation of a betacoronavirus bnAb, S2P6, against 27 spike stem helix peptides in a single experiment. Our results revealed that the binding affinity landscape of S2P6 varies among different stem helix peptides. However, somatic hypermutations that confer general improvement in binding affinity across different stem helix peptides could also be identified. We further showed that a key somatic hypermutation for breadth expansion involves long-range interaction. Overall, our work not only provides a proof-of-concept for using a library-on-library approach to analyze the evolution of antibody breadth, but also has important implications for the development of broadly protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Y. Ornelas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenhao O. Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Xia S, Lu AC, Tobin V, Luo K, Moeller L, Shon DJ, Du R, Linton JM, Sui M, Horns F, Elowitz MB. Synthetic protein circuits for programmable control of mammalian cell death. Cell 2024; 187:2785-2800.e16. [PMID: 38657604 PMCID: PMC11127782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural cell death pathways such as apoptosis and pyroptosis play dual roles: they eliminate harmful cells and modulate the immune system by dampening or stimulating inflammation. Synthetic protein circuits capable of triggering specific death programs in target cells could similarly remove harmful cells while appropriately modulating immune responses. However, cells actively influence their death modes in response to natural signals, making it challenging to control death modes. Here, we introduce naturally inspired "synpoptosis" circuits that proteolytically regulate engineered executioner proteins and mammalian cell death. These circuits direct cell death modes, respond to combinations of protease inputs, and selectively eliminate target cells. Furthermore, synpoptosis circuits can be transmitted intercellularly, offering a foundation for engineering synthetic killer cells that induce desired death programs in target cells without self-destruction. Together, these results lay the groundwork for programmable control of mammalian cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xia
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Andrew C Lu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Victoria Tobin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; UC Davis-Caltech Veterinary Scientist Training Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kaiwen Luo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lukas Moeller
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Judy Shon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rongrong Du
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James M Linton
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Margaret Sui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Felix Horns
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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7
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Zdinak PM, Trivedi N, Grebinoski S, Torrey J, Martinez EZ, Martinez S, Hicks L, Ranjan R, Makani VKK, Roland MM, Kublo L, Arshad S, Anderson MS, Vignali DAA, Joglekar AV. De novo identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes. Nat Methods 2024; 21:846-856. [PMID: 38658646 PMCID: PMC11093748 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognize peptide antigens presented on class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules to carry out their function. The remarkable diversity of T cell receptor sequences and lack of antigen discovery approaches for MHC-II make profiling the specificities of CD4+ T cells challenging. We have expanded our platform of signaling and antigen-presenting bifunctional receptors to encode MHC-II molecules presenting covalently linked peptides (SABR-IIs) for CD4+ T cell antigen discovery. SABR-IIs can present epitopes to CD4+ T cells and induce signaling upon their recognition, allowing a readable output. Furthermore, the SABR-II design is modular in signaling and deployment to T cells and B cells. Here, we demonstrate that SABR-IIs libraries presenting endogenous and non-contiguous epitopes can be used for antigen discovery in the context of type 1 diabetes. SABR-II libraries provide a rapid, flexible, scalable and versatile approach for de novo identification of CD4+ T cell ligands from single-cell RNA sequencing data using experimental and computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Zdinak
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nishtha Trivedi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Grebinoski
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Torrey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eduardo Zarate Martinez
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology Diversity Scholars Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Salome Martinez
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Louise Hicks
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rashi Ranjan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Venkata Krishna Kanth Makani
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Melissa Roland
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyubov Kublo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sanya Arshad
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alok V Joglekar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Yang J, Lei X, Liu Y, Frankiw L, Wang J, Li G. Deciphering Membrane-Protein Interactions and High-Throughput Antigen Identification with Cell Doublets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305750. [PMID: 38342599 PMCID: PMC10987144 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Deciphering cellular interactions is essential to both understand the mechanisms underlying a broad range of human diseases, but also to manipulate therapies targeting these diseases. Here, the formation of cell doublets resulting from specific membrane ligand-receptor interactions is discovered. Based on this phenomenon, the study developed DoubletSeeker, a novel high-throughput method for the reliable identification of ligand-receptor interactions. The study shows that DoubletSeeker can accurately identify T cell receptor (TCR)-antigen interactions with high sensitivity and specificity. Notably, DoubletSeeker effectively captured paired TCR-peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) information during a highly complex library-on-library screening and successfully identified three mutant TCRs that specifically recognize the MART-1 epitope. In turn, DoubletSeeker can act as an antigen discovery platform that allows for the development of novel immunotherapy targets, making it valuable for investigating fundamental tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and InflammationSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory ElementSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Zhe Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and InflammationSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory ElementSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Juan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and InflammationSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory ElementSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of PathogensInstitute of Pathogen BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100730China
| | - Yisu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and InflammationSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory ElementSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Luke Frankiw
- Department of PediatricsBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of PathogensInstitute of Pathogen BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100730China
| | - Guideng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and InflammationSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory ElementSuzhou Institute of Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeSuzhouJiangsu215123China
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9
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Pandit S, Smith BE, Birnbaum ME, Brudno Y. A biomaterial platform for T cell-specific gene delivery. Acta Biomater 2024; 177:157-164. [PMID: 38364929 PMCID: PMC10948289 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Efficient T cell engineering is central to the success of CAR T cell therapy but involves multiple time-consuming manipulations, including T cell isolation, activation, and transduction. These steps add complexity and delay CAR T cell manufacturing, which takes a mean time of 4 weeks. To streamline T cell engineering, we strategically combine two critical engineering solutions - T cell-specific lentiviral vectors and macroporous scaffolds - that enable T cell activation and transduction in a simple, single step. The T cell-specific lentiviral vectors (referred to as STAT virus) target T cells through the display of an anti-CD3 antibody and the CD80 extracellular domain on their surface and provide robust T cell activation. Biocompatible macroporous scaffolds (referred to as Drydux) mediate robust transduction by providing effective interaction between naïve T cells and viral vectors. We show that when unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are seeded together with STAT lentivirus on Drydux scaffolds, T cells are activated, selectively transduced, and reprogrammed in a single step. Further, we show that the Drydux platform seeded with PBMCs and STAT lentivirus generates tumor-specific functional CAR T cells. This potent combination of engineered lentivirus and biomaterial scaffold holds promise for an effective, simple, and safe avenue for in vitro and in vivo T cell engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Manufacturing T cell therapies involves lengthy and labor-intensive steps, including T cell selection, activation, and transduction. These steps add complexity to current CAR T cell manufacturing protocols and limit widespread patient access to this revolutionary therapy. In this work, we demonstrate the combination of engineered virus and biomaterial platform that, together, enables selective T cell activation and transduction in a single step, eliminating multistep T cell engineering protocols and significantly simplifying the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Pandit
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Blake E Smith
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yevgeny Brudno
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Tsuchida CA, Wasko KM, Hamilton JR, Doudna JA. Targeted nonviral delivery of genome editors in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307796121. [PMID: 38437567 PMCID: PMC10945750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307796121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific in vivo delivery of genome editing molecules is the next breakthrough that will drive biological discovery and transform the field of cell and gene therapy. Here, we discuss recent advances in the delivery of CRISPR-Cas genome editors either as preassembled ribonucleoproteins or encoded in mRNA. Both strategies avoid pitfalls of viral vector-mediated delivery and offer advantages including transient editor lifetime and potentially streamlined manufacturing capability that are already proving valuable for clinical use. We review current applications and future opportunities of these emerging delivery approaches that could make genome editing more efficacious and accessible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Kevin M. Wasko
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jennifer R. Hamilton
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jennifer A. Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California,San Francisco, CA94158
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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11
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Lagattuta KA, Park HL, Rumker L, Ishigaki K, Nathan A, Raychaudhuri S. The genetic basis of autoimmunity seen through the lens of T cell functional traits. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1204. [PMID: 38331990 PMCID: PMC10853555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease heritability is enriched in T cell-specific regulatory regions of the genome. Modern-day T cell datasets now enable association studies between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a myriad of molecular phenotypes, including chromatin accessibility, gene expression, transcriptional programs, T cell antigen receptor (TCR) amino acid usage, and cell state abundances. Such studies have identified hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in T cells that colocalize with genetic risk for autoimmune disease. The key challenge facing immunologists today lies in synthesizing these results toward a unified understanding of the autoimmune T cell: which genes, cell states, and antigens drive tissue destruction?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn A Lagattuta
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah L Park
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie Rumker
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Human Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aparna Nathan
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Akkaya M, Al Souz J, Williams D, Kamdar R, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Shevach E, Akkaya B. Illuminating T cell-dendritic cell interactions in vivo by FlAsHing antigens. eLife 2024; 12:RP91809. [PMID: 38236633 PMCID: PMC10945603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Delineating the complex network of interactions between antigen-specific T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) is crucial for effective precision therapies against cancer, chronic infections, and autoimmunity. However, the existing arsenal for examining antigen-specific T cell interactions is restricted to a select few antigen-T cell receptor pairs, with limited in situ utility. This lack of versatility is largely due to the disruptive effects of reagents on the immune synapse, which hinder real-time monitoring of antigen-specific interactions. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel and versatile immune monitoring strategy by adding a short cysteine-rich tag to antigenic peptides that emits fluorescence upon binding to thiol-reactive biarsenical hairpin compounds. Our findings demonstrate the specificity and durability of the novel antigen-targeting probes during dynamic immune monitoring in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens new avenues for biological validation of T-cell receptors with newly identified epitopes by revealing the behavior of previously unrecognized antigen-receptor pairs, expanding our understanding of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
- Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusUnited States
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Jafar Al Souz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniel Williams
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Rahul Kamdar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Juraj Kabat
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Ethan Shevach
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusUnited States
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13
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Hamilton JR, Chen E, Perez BS, Sandoval Espinoza CR, Kang MH, Trinidad M, Ngo W, Doudna JA. In vivo human T cell engineering with enveloped delivery vehicles. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02085-z. [PMID: 38212493 PMCID: PMC11236958 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Viruses and virally derived particles have the intrinsic capacity to deliver molecules to cells, but the difficulty of readily altering cell-type selectivity has hindered their use for therapeutic delivery. Here, we show that cell surface marker recognition by antibody fragments displayed on membrane-derived particles encapsulating CRISPR-Cas9 protein and guide RNA can deliver genome editing tools to specific cells. Compared to conventional vectors like adeno-associated virus that rely on evolved capsid tropisms to deliver virally encoded cargo, these Cas9-packaging enveloped delivery vehicles (Cas9-EDVs) leverage predictable antibody-antigen interactions to transiently deliver genome editing machinery selectively to cells of interest. Antibody-targeted Cas9-EDVs preferentially confer genome editing in cognate target cells over bystander cells in mixed populations, both ex vivo and in vivo. By using multiplexed targeting molecules to direct delivery to human T cells, Cas9-EDVs enable the generation of genome-edited chimeric antigen receptor T cells in humanized mice, establishing a programmable delivery modality with the potential for widespread therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Azalea Therapeutics, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Azalea Therapeutics, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Barbara S Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cindy R Sandoval Espinoza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Min Hyung Kang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marena Trinidad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wayne Ngo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA.
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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14
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Ratnikova NM, Kravchenko Y, Ivanova A, Zhuchkov V, Frolova E, Chumakov S. A Novel Anti-CD47 Nanobody Tetramer for Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:2. [PMID: 38247566 PMCID: PMC10801496 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
CD47 acts as a defense mechanism for tumor cells by sending a "don't eat me" signal via its bond with SIRPα. With CD47's overexpression linked to poor cancer outcomes, its pathway has become a target in cancer immunotherapy. Though monoclonal antibodies offer specificity, they have limitations like the large size and production costs. Nanobodies, due to their small size and unique properties, present a promising therapeutic alternative. In our study, a high-affinity anti-CD47 nanobody was engineered from an immunized alpaca. We isolated a specific VHH from the phage library, which has nanomolar affinity to SIRPα, and constructed a streptavidin-based tetramer. The efficacy of the nanobody and its derivative was evaluated using various assays. The new nanobody demonstrated higher affinity than the monoclonal anti-CD47 antibody, B6H12.2. The nanobody and its derivatives also stimulated substantial phagocytosis of tumor cell lines and induced apoptosis in U937 cells, a response confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Our results underscore the potential of the engineered anti-CD47 nanobody as a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy. The derived nanobody could offer a more effective, cost-efficient alternative to conventional antibodies in disrupting the CD47-SIRPα axis, opening doors for its standalone or combinatorial therapeutic applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya M. Ratnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.M.R.); (V.Z.)
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, FRC Biotechnology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Yulia Kravchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.M.R.); (V.Z.)
| | - Anna Ivanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.M.R.); (V.Z.)
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladislav Zhuchkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.M.R.); (V.Z.)
| | - Elena Frolova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.M.R.); (V.Z.)
| | - Stepan Chumakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.M.R.); (V.Z.)
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15
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Akkaya M, Al Souz J, Williams D, Kamdar R, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Shevach EM, Akkaya B. Illuminating T cell-dendritic cell interactions in vivo by FlAsHing antigens. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3193191. [PMID: 37546912 PMCID: PMC10402196 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3193191/v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Delineating the complex network of interactions between antigen-specific T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) is crucial for effective precision therapies against cancer, chronic infections, and autoimmunity. However, the existing arsenal for examining antigen-specific T cell interactions is restricted to a select few antigen-T cell receptor pairs, with limited in situ utility. This lack of versatility is largely due to the disruptive effects of reagents on the immune synapse, which hinder real-time monitoring of antigen-specific interactions. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel and versatile immune monitoring strategy by adding a short cysteine-rich tag to antigenic peptides that emits fluorescence upon binding to thiol-reactive biarsenical hairpin compounds. Our findings demonstrate the specificity and durability of the novel antigen-targeting probes during dynamic immune monitoring in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens new avenues for biological validation of T-cell receptors with newly identified epitopes by revealing the behavior of previously unrecognized antigen-receptor pairs, expanding our understanding of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jafar Al Souz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Williams
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rahul Kamdar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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16
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Akkaya M, Al Souz J, Williams D, Kamdar R, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Shevach EM, Akkaya B. Illuminating T cell-dendritic cell interactions in vivo by FlAsHing antigens. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3193191. [PMID: 37546912 PMCID: PMC10402196 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3193191/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Delineating the complex network of interactions between antigen-specific T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) is crucial for effective precision therapies against cancer, chronic infections, and autoimmunity. However, the existing arsenal for examining antigen-specific T cell interactions is restricted to a select few antigen-T cell receptor pairs, with limited in situ utility. This lack of versatility is largely due to the disruptive effects of reagents on the immune synapse, which hinder real-time monitoring of antigen-specific interactions. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel and versatile immune monitoring strategy by adding a short cysteine-rich tag to antigenic peptides that emits fluorescence upon binding to thiol-reactive biarsenical hairpin compounds. Our findings demonstrate the specificity and durability of the novel antigen-targeting probes during dynamic immune monitoring in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens new avenues for biological validation of T-cell receptors with newly identified epitopes by revealing the behavior of previously unrecognized antigen-receptor pairs, expanding our understanding of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jafar Al Souz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Williams
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rahul Kamdar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Klebanoff CA, Chandran SS, Baker BM, Quezada SA, Ribas A. T cell receptor therapeutics: immunological targeting of the intracellular cancer proteome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:996-1017. [PMID: 37891435 PMCID: PMC10947610 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is a naturally occurring antigen sensor that detects, amplifies and coordinates cellular immune responses to epitopes derived from cell surface and intracellular proteins. Thus, TCRs enable the targeting of proteins selectively expressed by cancer cells, including neoantigens, cancer germline antigens and viral oncoproteins. As such, TCRs have provided the basis for an emerging class of oncology therapeutics. Herein, we review the current cancer treatment landscape using TCRs and TCR-like molecules. This includes adoptive cell transfer of T cells expressing endogenous or engineered TCRs, TCR bispecific engagers and antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptides (TCR mimics). We discuss the unique complexities associated with the clinical development of these therapeutics, such as HLA restriction, TCR retrieval, potency assessment and the potential for cross-reactivity. In addition, we highlight emerging clinical data that establish the antitumour potential of TCR-based therapies, including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, for the treatment of diverse human malignancies. Finally, we explore the future of TCR therapeutics, including emerging genome editing methods to safely enhance potency and strategies to streamline patient identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Smita S Chandran
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
- The Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Achilles Therapeutics, London, UK
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Wang S, Zhang TH, Hu M, Tang K, Sheng L, Hong M, Chen D, Chen L, Shi Y, Feng J, Qian J, Sun L, Ding K, Sun R, Du Y. Deep mutational scanning of influenza A virus neuraminidase facilitates the identification of drug resistance mutations in vivo. mSystems 2023; 8:e0067023. [PMID: 37772870 PMCID: PMC10654105 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00670-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE NA is a crucial surface antigen and drug target of influenza A virus. A comprehensive understanding of NA's mutational effect and drug resistance profiles in vivo is essential for comprehending the evolutionary constraints and making informed choices regarding drug selection to combat resistance in clinical settings. In the current study, we established an efficient deep mutational screening system in mouse lung tissues and systematically evaluated the fitness effect and drug resistance to three neuraminidase inhibitors of NA single-nucleotide mutations. The fitness of NA mutants is generally correlated with a natural mutation in the database. The fitness of NA mutants is influenced by biophysical factors such as protein stability, complex formation, and the immune response triggered by viral infection. In addition to confirming previously reported drug-resistant mutations, novel mutations were identified. Interestingly, we identified an allosteric drug-resistance mutation that is not located within the drug-binding pocket but potentially affects drug binding by interfering with NA tetramerization. The dual assessments performed in this study provide a more accurate assessment of the evolutionary potential of drug-resistant mutations and offer guidance for the rational selection of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-hao Zhang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Menglong Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kejun Tang
- Department of Surgery, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengying Hong
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liubo Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jing Qian
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren Sun
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushen Du
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Berckmueller K, Thomas J, Taha EA, Choo S, Madhu R, Kanestrom G, Rupert PB, Strong R, Kiem HP, Radtke S. CD90-targeted lentiviral vectors for HSC gene therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2901-2913. [PMID: 37550965 PMCID: PMC10556220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is currently performed on CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells containing less than 1% true HSCs and requiring a highly specialized infrastructure for cell manufacturing and transplantation. We have previously identified the CD34+CD90+ subset to be exclusively responsible for short- and long-term engraftment. However, purification and enrichment of this subset is laborious and expensive. HSC-specific delivery agents for the direct modification of rare HSCs are currently lacking. Here, we developed novel targeted viral vectors to specifically transduce CD90-expressing HSCs. Anti-CD90 single chain variable fragments (scFvs) were engineered onto measles- and VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors that were knocked out for native targeting. We further developed a custom hydrodynamic titration methodology to assess the loading of surface-engineered capsids, measure antigen recognition of the scFv, and predict the performance on cells. Engineered vectors formed with minimal impairment in the functional titer, maintained their ability to fuse with the target cells, and showed highly specific recognition of CD90 on cells ex vivo. Most important, targeted vectors selectively transduced human HSCs with secondary colony-forming potential. Our novel HSC-targeted viral vectors have the potential to significantly enhance the feasibility of ex vivo gene therapy and pave the way for future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Berckmueller
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Justin Thomas
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eman A Taha
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Seunga Choo
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ravishankar Madhu
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Greta Kanestrom
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roland Strong
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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20
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Hu D, Irving AT. Massively-multiplexed epitope mapping techniques for viral antigen discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192385. [PMID: 37818363 PMCID: PMC10561112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral infection, viral antigens bind specifically to receptors on the surface of lymphocytes thereby activating adaptive immunity in the host. An epitope, the smallest structural and functional unit of an antigen, binds specifically to an antibody or antigen receptor, to serve as key sites for the activation of adaptive immunity. The complexity and diverse range of epitopes are essential to study and map for the diagnosis of disease, the design of vaccines and for immunotherapy. Mapping the location of these specific epitopes has become a hot topic in immunology and immune therapy. Recently, epitope mapping techniques have evolved to become multiplexed, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing and techniques such as bacteriophage-display libraries and deep mutational scanning. Here, we briefly introduce the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the latest epitope mapping techniques with examples for viral antigen discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Hu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Infection, Immunity & Cancer, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Biomedical and Health Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province (BIMET), Haining, China
- College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Nagashima K, Zhao A, Atabakhsh K, Bae M, Blum JE, Weakley A, Jain S, Meng X, Cheng AG, Wang M, Higginbottom S, Dimas A, Murugkar P, Sattely ES, Moon JJ, Balskus EP, Fischbach MA. Mapping the T cell repertoire to a complex gut bacterial community. Nature 2023; 621:162-170. [PMID: 37587342 PMCID: PMC10948025 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Certain bacterial strains from the microbiome induce a potent, antigen-specific T cell response1-5. However, the specificity of microbiome-induced T cells has not been explored at the strain level across the gut community. Here, we colonize germ-free mice with complex defined communities (roughly 100 bacterial strains) and profile T cell responses to each strain. The pattern of responses suggests that many T cells in the gut repertoire recognize several bacterial strains from the community. We constructed T cell hybridomas from 92 T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes; by screening every strain in the community against each hybridoma, we find that nearly all the bacteria-specific TCRs show a one-to-many TCR-to-strain relationship, including 13 abundant TCR clonotypes that each recognize 18 Firmicutes. By screening three pooled bacterial genomic libraries, we discover that these 13 clonotypes share a single target: a conserved substrate-binding protein from an ATP-binding cassette transport system. Peripheral regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells specific for an epitope from this protein are abundant in community-colonized and specific pathogen-free mice. Our work reveals that T cell recognition of commensals is focused on widely conserved, highly expressed cell-surface antigens, opening the door to new therapeutic strategies in which colonist-specific immune responses are rationally altered or redirected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aishan Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katayoon Atabakhsh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Minwoo Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jamie E Blum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allison Weakley
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunit Jain
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiandong Meng
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alice G Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven Higginbottom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Dimas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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22
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Strebinger D, Frangieh CJ, Friedrich MJ, Faure G, Macrae RK, Zhang F. Cell type-specific delivery by modular envelope design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5141. [PMID: 37612276 PMCID: PMC10447438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of genetic cargo remains one of the largest obstacles to the successful translation of experimental therapies, in large part due to the absence of targetable delivery vectors. Enveloped delivery modalities use viral envelope proteins, which determine tropism and induce membrane fusion. Here we develop DIRECTED (Delivery to Intended REcipient Cells Through Envelope Design), a modular platform that consists of separate fusion and targeting components. To achieve high modularity and programmable cell type specificity, we develop multiple strategies to recruit or immobilize antibodies on the viral envelope, including a chimeric antibody binding protein and a SNAP-tag enabling the use of antibodies or other proteins as targeting molecules. Moreover, we show that fusogens from multiple viral families are compatible with DIRECTED and that DIRECTED components can target multiple delivery chassis (e.g., lentivirus and MMLV gag) to specific cell types, including primary human T cells in PBMCs and whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strebinger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chris J Frangieh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mirco J Friedrich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guilhem Faure
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rhiannon K Macrae
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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23
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Horns F, Martinez JA, Fan C, Haque M, Linton JM, Tobin V, Santat L, Maggiolo AO, Bjorkman PJ, Lois C, Elowitz MB. Engineering RNA export for measurement and manipulation of living cells. Cell 2023; 186:3642-3658.e32. [PMID: 37437570 PMCID: PMC10528933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
A system for programmable export of RNA molecules from living cells would enable both non-destructive monitoring of cell dynamics and engineering of cells capable of delivering executable RNA programs to other cells. We developed genetically encoded cellular RNA exporters, inspired by viruses, that efficiently package and secrete cargo RNA molecules from mammalian cells within protective nanoparticles. Exporting and sequencing RNA barcodes enabled non-destructive monitoring of cell population dynamics with clonal resolution. Further, by incorporating fusogens into the nanoparticles, we demonstrated the delivery, expression, and functional activity of exported mRNA in recipient cells. We term these systems COURIER (controlled output and uptake of RNA for interrogation, expression, and regulation). COURIER enables measurement of cell dynamics and establishes a foundation for hybrid cell and gene therapies based on cell-to-cell delivery of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Horns
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Joe A Martinez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mehernaz Haque
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James M Linton
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Victoria Tobin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leah Santat
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ailiena O Maggiolo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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24
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Rappazzo CG, Fernández-Quintero ML, Mayer A, Wu NC, Greiff V, Guthmiller JJ. Defining and Studying B Cell Receptor and TCR Interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:311-322. [PMID: 37459189 PMCID: PMC10495106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BCRs (Abs) and TCRs (or adaptive immune receptors [AIRs]) are the means by which the adaptive immune system recognizes foreign and self-antigens, playing an integral part in host defense, as well as the emergence of autoimmunity. Importantly, the interaction between AIRs and their cognate Ags defies a simple key-in-lock paradigm and is instead a complex many-to-many mapping between an individual's massively diverse AIR repertoire, and a similarly diverse antigenic space. Understanding how adaptive immunity balances specificity with epitopic coverage is a key challenge for the field, and terms such as broad specificity, cross-reactivity, and polyreactivity remain ill-defined and are used inconsistently. In this Immunology Notes and Resources article, a group of experimental, structural, and computational immunologists define commonly used terms associated with AIR binding, describe methodologies to study these binding modes, as well as highlight the implications of these different binding modes for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Mayer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenna J. Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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25
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Hudson D, Fernandes RA, Basham M, Ogg G, Koohy H. Can we predict T cell specificity with digital biology and machine learning? Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:511-521. [PMID: 36755161 PMCID: PMC9908307 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in machine learning and experimental biology have offered breakthrough solutions to problems such as protein structure prediction that were long thought to be intractable. However, despite the pivotal role of the T cell receptor (TCR) in orchestrating cellular immunity in health and disease, computational reconstruction of a reliable map from a TCR to its cognate antigens remains a holy grail of systems immunology. Current data sets are limited to a negligible fraction of the universe of possible TCR-ligand pairs, and performance of state-of-the-art predictive models wanes when applied beyond these known binders. In this Perspective article, we make the case for renewed and coordinated interdisciplinary effort to tackle the problem of predicting TCR-antigen specificity. We set out the general requirements of predictive models of antigen binding, highlight critical challenges and discuss how recent advances in digital biology such as single-cell technology and machine learning may provide possible solutions. Finally, we describe how predicting TCR specificity might contribute to our understanding of the broader puzzle of antigen immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hudson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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26
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Afroz S, Bartolo L, Su LF. Pre-existing T Cell Memory to Novel Pathogens. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:543-553. [PMID: 37436166 PMCID: PMC10587503 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological experiences lead to the development of specific T and B cell memory, which readies the host for a later pathogen rechallenge. Currently, immunological memory is best understood as a linear process whereby memory responses are generated by and directed against the same pathogen. However, numerous studies have identified memory cells that target pathogens in unexposed individuals. How "pre-existing memory" forms and impacts the outcome of infection remains unclear. In this review, we discuss differences in the composition of baseline T cell repertoire in mice and humans, factors that influence pre-existing immune states, and recent literature on their functional significance. We summarize current knowledge on the roles of pre-existing T cells in homeostasis and perturbation and their impacts on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F. Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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27
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Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy - ranging from immune-checkpoint blockade therapy to adoptive cellular therapy and vaccines - have revolutionized cancer treatment paradigms, yet the variability in clinical responses to these agents has motivated intense interest in understanding how the T cell landscape evolves with respect to response to immune intervention. Over the past decade, the advent of multidimensional single-cell technologies has provided the unprecedented ability to dissect the constellation of cell states of lymphocytes within a tumour microenvironment. In particular, the rapidly expanding capacity to definitively link intratumoural phenotypes with the antigen specificity of T cells provided by T cell receptors (TCRs) has now made it possible to focus on investigating the properties of T cells with tumour-specific reactivity. Moreover, the assessment of TCR clonality has enabled a molecular approach to track the trajectories, clonal dynamics and phenotypic changes of antitumour T cells over the course of immunotherapeutic intervention. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cellular states and antigen specificities of antitumour T cells and examine how fine characterization of T cell dynamics in patients has provided meaningful insights into the mechanisms underlying effective cancer immunotherapy. We highlight those T cell subsets associated with productive T cell responses and discuss how diverse immunotherapies might leverage the pre-existing tumour-reactive T cell pool or instruct de novo generation of antitumour specificities. Future studies aimed at elucidating the factors associated with the elicitation of productive antitumour T cell immunity are anticipated to instruct the design of more efficacious treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Oliveira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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29
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Pennell M, Rodriguez OL, Watson CT, Greiff V. The evolutionary and functional significance of germline immunoglobulin gene variation. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:7-21. [PMID: 36470826 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The recombination between immunoglobulin (IG) gene segments determines an individual's naïve antibody repertoire and, consequently, (auto)antigen recognition. Emerging evidence suggests that mammalian IG germline variation impacts humoral immune responses associated with vaccination, infection, and autoimmunity - from the molecular level of epitope specificity, up to profound changes in the architecture of antibody repertoires. These links between IG germline variants and immunophenotype raise the question on the evolutionary causes and consequences of diversity within IG loci. We discuss why the extreme diversity in IG loci remains a mystery, why resolving this is important for the design of more effective vaccines and therapeutics, and how recent evidence from multiple lines of inquiry may help us do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Pennell
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Oscar L Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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30
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Gondré-Lewis TA, Jiang C, Ford ML, Koelle DM, Sette A, Shalek AK, Thomas PG. NIAID workshop on T cell technologies. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:14-18. [PMID: 36596894 PMCID: PMC10405620 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
On 15–16 June 2022, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases hosted a virtual workshop on the topic of T cell technologies to discuss assays, novel technology development, bench and clinical application of those technologies, and challenges and innovations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gondré-Lewis
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Yu B, Shi Q, Belk JA, Yost KE, Parker KR, Li R, Liu BB, Huang H, Lingwood D, Greenleaf WJ, Davis MM, Satpathy AT, Chang HY. Engineered cell entry links receptor biology with single-cell genomics. Cell 2022; 185:4904-4920.e22. [PMID: 36516854 PMCID: PMC9789208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells communicate with each other via receptor-ligand interactions. Here, we describe lentiviral-mediated cell entry by engineered receptor-ligand interaction (ENTER) to display ligand proteins, deliver payloads, and record receptor specificity. We optimize ENTER to decode interactions between T cell receptor (TCR)-MHC peptides, antibody-antigen, and other receptor-ligand pairs. A viral presentation strategy allows ENTER to capture interactions between B cell receptor and any antigen. We engineer ENTER to deliver genetic payloads to antigen-specific T or B cells to selectively modulate cellular behavior in mixed populations. Single-cell readout of ENTER by RNA sequencing (ENTER-seq) enables multiplexed enumeration of antigen specificities, TCR clonality, cell type, and states of individual T cells. ENTER-seq of CMV-seropositive patient blood samples reveals the viral epitopes that drive effector memory T cell differentiation and inter-clonal vs. intra-clonal phenotypic diversity targeting the same epitope. ENTER technology enables systematic discovery of receptor specificity, linkage to cell fates, and antigen-specific cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfei Yu
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin R Parker
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Betty B Liu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Guideng Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.
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Lantz O, Teyton L. Identification of T cell antigens in the 21st century, as difficult as ever. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101659. [PMID: 36183497 PMCID: PMC10332289 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying antigens recognized by T cells is still challenging, particularly for innate like T cells that do not recognize peptides but small metabolites or lipids in the context of MHC-like molecules or see non-MHC restricted antigens. The fundamental reason for this situation is the low affinity of T cell receptors for their ligands coupled with a level of degeneracy that makes them bind to similar surfaces on antigen presenting cells. Herein we will describe non-exhaustively some of the methods that were used to identify peptide antigens and briefly mention the high throughput methods more recently proposed for that purpose. We will then present how the molecules recognized by innate like T cells (NKT, MAIT and γδ T cells) were discovered. We will show that serendipity was instrumental in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France; Centre d'investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428) Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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