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Adams CE, Spicer SK, Gaddy JA, Townsend SD. Synthesis of a Phosphoethanolamine Cellulose Mimetic and Evaluation of Its Unanticipated Biofilm Modulating Properties. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39105738 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
When coordinating and adhering to a surface, microorganisms produce a biofilm matrix consisting of extracellular DNA, lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides that are intrinsic to the survival of bacterial communities. Indeed, bacteria produce a variety of structurally diverse polysaccharides that play integral roles in the emergence and maintenance of biofilms by providing structural rigidity, adhesion, and protection from environmental stressors. While the roles that polysaccharides play in biofilm dynamics have been described for several bacterial species, the difficulty in isolating homogeneous material has resulted in few structures being elucidated. Recently, Cegelski and co-workers discovered that uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) secrete a chemically modified cellulose called phosphoethanolamine cellulose (pEtN cellulose) that plays a vital role in biofilm assembly. However, limited chemical tools exist to further examine the functional role of this polysaccharide across bacterial species. To address this critical need, we hypothesized that we could design and synthesize an unnatural glycopolymer to mimic the structure of pEtN cellulose. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a pEtN cellulose glycomimetic which was generated using ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Surprisingly, the synthetic polymers behave counter to native pEtN cellulose in that the synthetic polymers repress biofilm formation in E. coli laboratory strain 11775T and UPEC strain 700415 with longer glycopolymers displaying greater repression. To evaluate the mechanism of action, changes in biofilm and cell morphology were visualized using high resolution field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy which further revealed changes in cell surface appendages. Our results suggest synthetic pEtN cellulose glycopolymers act as an antiadhesive and inhibit biofilm formation across E. coli strains, highlighting a potential new inroad to the development of bioinspired, biofilm-modulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elizabeth Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sabrina K Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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2
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Vasilyeva AA, Evseev PV, Ignatov AN, Dzhalilov FSU. Pectobacterium punjabense Causing Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato: The First Report in the Russian Federation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2144. [PMID: 39124263 PMCID: PMC11313954 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Pectobacterium are responsible for several diseases that affect potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production worldwide, including blackleg and tuber soft rot. These bacteria are highly diverse, with over 17 different species currently identified. However, some of the recently described species, such as Pectobacterium punjabense, are still poorly understood. In this study, we focused on P. punjabense isolates collected from diseased potato tubers in Russia in 2021. Whole-genome sequencing was used to characterise the genomic diversity of the pathogen and determine the biochemical profiles of the isolated bacteria. The ability of these isolates to cause soft rot symptoms was tested. A comparative assessment of the potential pathogenicity of the Pectobacterium isolates was conducted by infecting potato tubers and measuring the accumulation of biomass in a liquid medium during cultivation at different temperatures. A TaqMan qPCR assay was developed for the highly sensitive and specific characterisation of P. punjabense strains, which can be used in diagnostic systems. This is the first report on P. punjabense causing potato disease in the Russian Federation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Vasilyeva
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str. 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.N.I.)
| | - Peter V. Evseev
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str. 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.N.I.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr N. Ignatov
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str. 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.N.I.)
- Agrobiotechnology Department, Agrarian and Technological Institute, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fevzi S.-U. Dzhalilov
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str. 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.N.I.)
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3
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
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4
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Bains RK, Nasseri SA, Wardman JF, Withers SG. Advances in the understanding and exploitation of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102457. [PMID: 38657391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are responsible for the biosynthesis, modification and degradation of all glycans in Nature. Advances in genomic and metagenomic methodologies, in conjunction with lower cost gene synthesis, have provided access to a steady stream of new CAZymes with both well-established and novel mechanisms. At the same time, increasing access to cryo-EM has resulted in exciting new structures, particularly of transmembrane glycosyltransferases of various sorts. This improved understanding has resulted in widespread progress in applications of CAZymes across diverse fields, including therapeutics, organ transplantation, foods, and biofuels. Herein, we highlight a few of the many important advances that have recently been made in the understanding and applications of CAZymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh K Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seyed Amirhossein Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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5
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Krasteva PV. Bacterial synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide secretion: a focus on cellulose. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 79:102476. [PMID: 38688160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a prevalent multicellular life form in which individual members can undergo significant functional differentiation and are typically embedded in a complex extracellular matrix of proteinaceous fimbriae, extracellular DNA, and exopolysaccharides (EPS). Bacteria have evolved at least four major mechanisms for EPS biosynthesis, of which the synthase-dependent systems for bacterial cellulose secretion (Bcs) represent not only key biofilm determinants in a wide array of environmental and host-associated microbes, but also an important model system for the studies of processive glycan polymerization, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP)-dependent synthase regulation, and biotechnological polymer applications. The secreted cellulosic chains can be decorated with additional chemical groups or can pack with various degrees of crystallinity depending on dedicated enzymatic complexes and/or cytoskeletal scaffolds. Here, I review recent progress in our understanding of synthase-dependent EPS biogenesis with a focus on common and idiosyncratic molecular mechanisms across diverse cellulose secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya V Krasteva
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac F-33600, France; 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' Group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), Pessac F-33600, France.
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6
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Nishikawa KK, Chen J, Acheson JF, Harbaugh SV, Huss P, Frenkel M, Novy N, Sieren HR, Lodewyk EC, Lee DH, Chávez JL, Fox BG, Raman S. Highly multiplexed design of an allosteric transcription factor to sense novel ligands. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583947. [PMID: 38496486 PMCID: PMC10942455 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Allosteric transcription factors (aTF), widely used as biosensors, have proven challenging to design for detecting novel molecules because mutation of ligand-binding residues often disrupts allostery. We developed Sensor-seq, a high-throughput platform to design and identify aTF biosensors that bind to non-native ligands. We screened a library of 17,737 variants of the aTF TtgR, a regulator of a multidrug exporter, against six non-native ligands of diverse chemical structures - four derivatives of the cancer therapeutic tamoxifen, the antimalarial drug quinine, and the opiate analog naltrexone - as well as two native flavonoid ligands, naringenin and phloretin. Sensor-seq identified novel biosensors for each of these ligands with high dynamic range and diverse specificity profiles. The structure of a naltrexone-bound design showed shape-complementary methionine-aromatic interactions driving ligand specificity. To demonstrate practical utility, we developed cell-free detection systems for naltrexone and quinine. Sensor-seq enables rapid, scalable design of new biosensors, overcoming constraints of natural biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Nishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jackie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Justin F Acheson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Svetlana V Harbaugh
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Phil Huss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Max Frenkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan Novy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hailey R Sieren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ella C Lodewyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel H Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jorge L Chávez
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Verma P, Ho R, Chambers SA, Cegelski L, Zimmer J. Molecular insights into phosphoethanolamine cellulose formation and secretion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588173. [PMID: 38645035 PMCID: PMC11030229 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose is a naturally occurring modified cellulose produced by several Enterobacteriaceae. The minimal components of the E. coli cellulose synthase complex include the catalytically active BcsA enzyme, an associated periplasmic semicircle of hexameric BcsB, as well as the outer membrane (OM)-integrated BcsC subunit containing periplasmic tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR). Additional subunits include BcsG, a membrane-anchored periplasmic pEtN transferase associated with BcsA, and BcsZ, a conserved periplasmic cellulase of unknown biological function. While events underlying the synthesis and translocation of cellulose by BcsA are well described, little is known about its pEtN modification and translocation across the cell envelope. We show that the N-terminal cytosolic domain of BcsA positions three copies of BcsG near the nascent cellulose polymer. Further, the terminal subunit of the BcsB semicircle tethers the N-terminus of a single BcsC protein to establish a trans-envelope secretion system. BcsC's TPR motifs bind a putative cello-oligosaccharide near the entrance to its OM pore. Additionally, we show that only the hydrolytic activity of BcsZ but not the subunit itself is necessary for cellulose secretion, suggesting a secretion mechanism based on enzymatic removal of mislocalized cellulose. Lastly, we introduce pEtN modification of cellulose in orthogonal cellulose biosynthetic systems by protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Verma
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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8
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Koti K, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Nadon C, McAllister T, Yang X, Narváez-Bravo C. Evaluating disinfectant efficacy on mixed biofilms comprising Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, and spoilage microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360645. [PMID: 38633705 PMCID: PMC11021663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of temperature and the presence of other microorganisms on the susceptibility of STEC to biocides. Mature biofilms were formed at both 10°C and 25°C. An inoculum of planktonic bacteria comprising 106 CFU/mL of spoilage bacteria and 103 CFU/mL of a single E. coli strain (O157, O111, O103, and O12) was used to form mixed biofilms. The following bacterial combinations were tested: T1: Carnobacterium piscicola + Lactobacillus bulgaricus + STEC, T2: Comamonas koreensis + Raoultella terrigena + STEC, and T3: Pseudomonas aeruginosa + C. koreensis + STEC. Tested biocides included quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats), sodium hypochlorite (Shypo), sodium hydroxide (SHyd), hydrogen peroxide (HyP), and BioDestroy®-organic peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Biocides were applied to 6-day-old biofilms. Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) and Biofilm Eradication Concentrations (BEC) were determined. Planktonic cells and single-species biofilms exhibited greater susceptibility to sanitizers (p < 0.0001). Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium were more susceptible than the rest of the tested bacteria (p < 0.0001). Single species biofilms formed by E. coli O111, O121, O157, and O45 showed resistance (100%) to Shypo sanitizer (200 ppm) at 25°C. From the most effective to the least effective, sanitizer performance on single-species biofilms was PAA > Quats > HyP > SHyd > Shypo. In multi-species biofilms, spoilage bacteria within T1, T2, and T3 biofilms showed elevated resistance to SHyd (30%), followed by quats (23.25%), HyP (15.41%), SHypo (9.70%), and BioDestroy® (3.42%; p < 0.0001). Within T1, T2, and T3, the combined STEC strains exhibited superior survival to Quats (23.91%), followed by HyP (19.57%), SHypo (18.12%), SHyd (16.67%), and BioDestroy® (4.35%; p < 0.0001). O157:H7-R508 strains were less tolerant to Quats and Shypo when combined with T2 and T3 (p < 0.0001). O157:H7 and O103:H2 strains in mixed biofilms T1, T2, and T3 exhibited higher biocide resistance than the weak biofilm former, O145:H2 (p < 0.0001). The study shows that STEC within multi-species biofilms' are more tolerant to disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Koti
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Celine Nadon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Claudia Narváez-Bravo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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9
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Low KE, Gheorghita AA, Tammam SD, Whitfield GB, Li YE, Riley LM, Weadge JT, Caldwell SJ, Chong PA, Walvoort MTC, Kitova EN, Klassen JS, Codée JDC, Howell PL. Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgF is a protein-protein interaction mediator required for acetylation of the alginate exopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105314. [PMID: 37797696 PMCID: PMC10641220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic modifications of bacterial exopolysaccharides enhance immune evasion and persistence during infection. In the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acetylation of alginate reduces opsonic killing by phagocytes and improves reactive oxygen species scavenging. Although it is well known that alginate acetylation in P. aeruginosa requires AlgI, AlgJ, AlgF, and AlgX, how these proteins coordinate polymer modification at a molecular level remains unclear. Here, we describe the structural characterization of AlgF and its protein interaction network. We characterize direct interactions between AlgF and both AlgJ and AlgX in vitro and demonstrate an association between AlgF and AlgX, as well as AlgJ and AlgI, in P. aeruginosa. We determine that AlgF does not exhibit acetylesterase activity and is unable to bind to polymannuronate in vitro. Therefore, we propose that AlgF functions to mediate protein-protein interactions between alginate acetylation enzymes, forming the periplasmic AlgJFXK (AlgJ-AlgF-AlgX-AlgK) acetylation and export complex required for robust biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Low
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreea A Gheorghita
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie D Tammam
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yancheng E Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura M Riley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane J Caldwell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Andrew Chong
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Zhao CR, You ZL, Chen DD, Hang J, Wang ZB, Ji M, Wang LX, Zhao P, Qiao J, Yun CH, Bai L. Structure of a fungal 1,3-β-glucan synthase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh7820. [PMID: 37703377 PMCID: PMC10499315 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh7820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
1,3-β-Glucan serves as the primary component of the fungal cell wall and is produced by 1,3-β-glucan synthase located in the plasma membrane. This synthase is a molecular target for antifungal drugs such as echinocandins and the triterpenoid ibrexafungerp. In this study, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1,3-β-glucan synthase (Fks1) at 2.47-Å resolution. The structure reveals a central catalytic region adopting a cellulose synthase fold with a cytosolic conserved GT-A-type glycosyltransferase domain and a closed transmembrane channel responsible for glucan transportation. Two extracellular disulfide bonds are found to be crucial for Fks1 enzymatic activity. Through structural comparative analysis with cellulose synthases and structure-guided mutagenesis studies, we gain previously unknown insights into the molecular mechanisms of fungal 1,3-β-glucan synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ran Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Long You
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Bin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le-Xuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Chen DD, Wang ZB, Wang LX, Zhao P, Yun CH, Bai L. Structure, catalysis, chitin transport, and selective inhibition of chitin synthase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4776. [PMID: 37553334 PMCID: PMC10409773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant natural biopolymers and serves as a critical structural component of extracellular matrices, including fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons. As a linear polymer of β-(1,4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine, chitin is synthesized by chitin synthases, which are recognized as targets for antifungal and anti-insect drugs. In this study, we determine seven different cryo-electron microscopy structures of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitin synthase in the absence and presence of glycosyl donor, acceptor, product, or peptidyl nucleoside inhibitors. Combined with functional analyses, these structures show how the donor and acceptor substrates bind in the active site, how substrate hydrolysis drives self-priming, how a chitin-conducting transmembrane channel opens, and how peptidyl nucleoside inhibitors inhibit chitin synthase. Our work provides a structural basis for understanding the function and inhibition of chitin synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Bin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le-Xuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Chang SC, Kao MR, Saldivar RK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Xing X, Furlanetto V, Yayo J, Divne C, Vilaplana F, Abbott DW, Hsieh YSY. The Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis harbors a polysaccharide synthase that can produce (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4526. [PMID: 37500617 PMCID: PMC10374906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucans are widely distributed in the cell walls of grasses (family Poaceae) and closely related families, as well as some other vascular plants. Additionally, they have been found in other organisms, including fungi, lichens, brown algae, charophycean green algae, and the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Only three members of the Cellulose Synthase-Like (CSL) genes in the families CSLF, CSLH, and CSLJ are implicated in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in grasses. Little is known about the enzymes responsible for synthesizing (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans outside the grasses. In the present study, we report the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in the exopolysaccharides of the Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis CRIBT. We also report that RiGT2 is the candidate gene of R. ilealis that encodes (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase. RiGT2 has conserved glycosyltransferase family 2 (GT2) motifs, including D, D, D, QXXRW, and a C-terminal PilZ domain that resembles the C-terminal domain of bacteria cellulose synthase, BcsA. Using a direct gain-of-function approach, we insert RiGT2 into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans are produced with structures similar to those of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans of the lichen Cetraria islandica. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that putative (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase candidate genes in several other bacterial species support the finding of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Valentina Furlanetto
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Johannes Yayo
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Christina Divne
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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13
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Burnett AJN, Rodriguez E, Constable S, Lowrance B, Fish M, Weadge JT. WssI from the Gram-Negative Bacterial Cellulose Synthase is an O-acetyltransferase that Acts on Cello-oligomers with Several Acetyl Donor Substrates. J Biol Chem 2023:104849. [PMID: 37224964 PMCID: PMC10302187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In microbial biofilms, bacterial cells are encased in a self-produced matrix of polymers (e.g., exopolysaccharides) that enable surface adherence and protect against environmental stressors. For example, the wrinkly spreader phenotype of Pseudomonas fluorescens colonizes food/water sources and human tissue to form robust biofilms that can spread across surfaces. This biofilm largely consists of bacterial cellulose produced by the cellulose synthase proteins encoded by the wss operon, which also occurs in other species, including pathogenic Achromobacter species. Although phenotypic mutant analysis of the wssFGHI genes has previously shown that they are responsible for acetylation of bacterial cellulose, their specific roles remain unknown and distinct from the recently identified cellulose phosphoethanolamine modification found in other species. Here we have purified the C-terminal soluble form of WssI from P. fluorescens and A. insuavis and demonstrated acetyl-esterase activity with chromogenic substrates. The kinetic parameters (kcat/KM values of 13 and 8.0 M-1∙ s-1, respectively) indicate that these enzymes are up to four times more catalytically efficient than the closest characterized homolog, AlgJ from the alginate synthase. Unlike AlgJ and its cognate alginate polymer, WssI also demonstrated acetyltransferase activity onto cellulose oligomers (e.g., cellotetraose to cellohexaose) with multiple acetyl-donor substrates (pNP-Ac, MU-Ac and acetyl-CoA). Finally, a high-throughput screen identified three low micromolar WssI inhibitors that may be useful for chemically interrogating cellulose acetylation and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Shirley Constable
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Lowrance
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Fish
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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14
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Stephens Z, Wilson LFL, Zimmer J. Diverse mechanisms of polysaccharide biosynthesis, assembly and secretion across kingdoms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 79:102564. [PMID: 36870276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are essential biopolymers produced in all kingdoms of life. On the cell surface, they represent versatile architectural components, forming protective capsules and coats, cell walls, or adhesives. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis mechanisms differ based on the cellular localization of polymer assembly. Some polysaccharides are first synthesized in the cytosol and then extruded by ATP powered transporters [1]. In other cases, the polymers are assembled outside the cell [2], synthesized and secreted in a single step [3], or deposited on the cell surface via vesicular trafficking [4]. This review focuses on recent insights into the biosynthesis, secretion, and assembly of EPS in microbes, plants and vertebrates. We focus on comparing the sites of biosynthesis, secretion mechanisms, and higher-order EPS assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery Stephens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Louis F L Wilson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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15
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Li F, Huang K, Wang J, Yuan K, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zhou X, Kong K, Yang T, He J, Liu C, Ao H, Liu F, Liu Q, Tang T, Yang S. A dual functional Ti-Ga alloy: inhibiting biofilm formation and osteoclastogenesis differentiation via disturbing iron metabolism. Biomater Res 2023; 27:24. [PMID: 36978196 PMCID: PMC10053110 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although biomedical implants have been widely used in orthopedic treatments, two major clinical challenges remain to be solved, one is the bacterial infection resulting in biofilm formation, and the other is aseptic loosening during implantation due to over-activated osteoclastogenesis. These factors can cause many clinical issues and even lead to implant failure. Thus, it is necessary to endow implants with antibiofilm and aseptic loosening-prevention properties, to facilitate the integration between implants and bone tissues for successful implantation. To achieve this goal, this study aimed to develop a biocompatible titanium alloy with antibiofilm and anti-aseptic loosening dual function by utilizing gallium (Ga) as a component. METHODS A series of Ti-Ga alloys were prepared. We examined the Ga content, Ga distribution, hardness, tensile strength, biocompatibility, and anti-biofilm performance in vitro and in vivo. We also explored how Ga3+ ions inhibited the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and osteoclast differentiation. RESULTS The alloy exhibited outstanding antibiofilm properties against both S. aureus and E. coli in vitro and decent antibiofilm performance against S. aureus in vivo. The proteomics results demonstrated that Ga3+ ions could disturb the bacterial Fe metabolism of both S. aureus and E. coli, inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation. In addition, Ti-Ga alloys could inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclast differentiation and function by targeting iron metabolism, then suppressing the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus, showing their potential to prevent aseptic loosening. CONCLUSION This study provides an advanced Ti-Ga alloy that can be used as a promising orthopedic implant raw material for various clinical scenarios. This work also revealed that iron metabolism is the common target of Ga3+ ions to inhibit biofilm formation and osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jinbing Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xianhao Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Keyu Kong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian He
- M-Duke Medical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- M-Duke Medical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyong Ao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Fengxiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of laboratory medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao tong university school of medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Shengbing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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16
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Kausar A. Carbohydrate polymer derived nanocomposites: design, features and potential for biomedical applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2121221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Öztürk FY, Darcan C, Kariptaş E. The Determination, Monitoring, Molecular Mechanisms and Formation of Biofilm in E. coli. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:259-277. [PMID: 36577889 PMCID: PMC9943865 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are cell assemblies embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix formed by microorganisms of a single or many different species. This matrix in which they are embedded protects the bacteria from external influences and antimicrobial effects. The biofilm structure that microorganisms form to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions and survive is found in nature in many different environments. These environments where biofilm formation occurs have in common that they are in contact with fluids. The gene expression of bacteria in complex biofilm differs from that of bacteria in the planktonic state. The differences in biofilm cell expression are one of the effects of community life. Means of quorum sensing, bacteria can act in coordination with each other. At the same time, while biofilm formation provides many benefits to bacteria, it has positive and negative effects in many different areas. Depending on where they occur, biofilms can cause serious health problems, contamination risks, corrosion, and heat and efficiency losses. However, they can also be used in water treatment plants, bioremediation, and energy production with microbial fuel cells. In this review, the basic steps of biofilm formation and biofilm regulation in the model organism Escherichia coli were discussed. Finally, the methods by which biofilm formation can be detected and monitored were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fırat Yavuz Öztürk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Cihan Darcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Ergin Kariptaş
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
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18
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Gheorghita AA, Li YE, Kitova EN, Bui DT, Pfoh R, Low KE, Whitfield GB, Walvoort MTC, Zhang Q, Codée JDC, Klassen JS, Howell PL. Structure of the AlgKX modification and secretion complex required for alginate production and biofilm attachment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7631. [PMID: 36494359 PMCID: PMC9734138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthase-dependent secretion systems are a conserved mechanism for producing exopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria. Although widely studied, it is not well understood how these systems are organized to coordinate polymer biosynthesis, modification, and export across both membranes and the peptidoglycan. To investigate how synthase-dependent secretion systems produce polymer at a molecular level, we determined the crystal structure of the AlgK-AlgX (AlgKX) complex involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate exopolysaccharide acetylation and export. We demonstrate that AlgKX directly binds alginate oligosaccharides and that formation of the complex is vital for polymer production and biofilm attachment. Finally, we propose a structural model for the AlgEKX outer membrane modification and secretion complex. Together, our study provides insight into how alginate biosynthesis proteins coordinate production of a key exopolysaccharide involved in establishing persistent Pseudomonas lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea A. Gheorghita
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Yancheng E. Li
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Present Address: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Duong T. Bui
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Roland Pfoh
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kristin E. Low
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Present Address: Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Gregory B. Whitfield
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Present Address: Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Present Address: Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qingju Zhang
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.411862.80000 0000 8732 9757Present Address: National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John S. Klassen
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - P. Lynne Howell
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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19
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Kondo T, Nakamura Y, Nojima S, Yao M, Imai T. The BcsD subunit of type I bacterial cellulose synthase interacts dynamically with the BcsAB catalytic core complex. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3069-3086. [PMID: 36103154 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase has two distinct functions: synthesis of the cellulose molecule (polymerization) and assembling the synthesized cellulose chains into the crystalline microfibril (crystallization). In the type I bacterial cellulose synthase (Bcs) complex, four major subunits - BcsA, BcsB, BcsC and BcsD - work in a coordinated manner. This study showed that the crystallization subunit BcsD interacts with the polymerization complex BcsAB in two modes: direct protein-protein interactions and indirect interactions through the product cellulose. We hypothesized that the former and latter modes represent the basal and active states of type I bacterial cellulose synthase, respectively, and this dynamic behaviour of the BcsD protein regulates the crystallization process of cellulose chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kondo
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yui Nakamura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Nojima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Imai
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Japan
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20
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Building a Cell House from Cellulose: The Case of the Soil Acidobacterium Acidisarcina polymorpha SBC82T. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112253. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidisarcina polymorpha SBC82T is a recently described representative of the phylum Acidobacteriota from lichen-covered tundra soil. Cells of this bacterium occur within unusual saccular chambers, with the chamber envelope formed by tightly packed fibrils. These extracellular structures were most pronounced in old cultures of strain SBC82T and were organized in cluster-like aggregates. The latter were efficiently destroyed by incubating cell suspensions with cellulase, thus suggesting that they were composed of cellulose. The diffraction pattern obtained for 45-day-old cultures of strain SBC82T by using small angle X-ray scattering was similar to those reported earlier for mature wood samples. The genome analysis revealed the presence of a cellulose biosynthesis locus bcs. Cellulose synthase key subunits A and B were encoded by the bcsAB gene whose close homologs are found in genomes of many members of the order Acidobacteriales. More distant homologs of the acidobacterial bcsAB occurred in representatives of the Proteobacteria. A unique feature of bcs locus in strain SBC82T was the non-orthologous displacement of the bcsZ gene, which encodes the GH8 family glycosidase with a GH5 family gene. Presumably, these cellulose-made extracellular structures produced by A. polymorpha have a protective function and ensure the survival of this acidobacterium in habitats with harsh environmental conditions.
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21
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Al-Janabi SS, Shawky H, El-Waseif AA, Farrag AA, Abdelghany TM, El-Ghwas DE. Stable, efficient, and cost-effective system for the biosynthesis of recombinant bacterial cellulose in Escherichia coli DH5α platform. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:90. [PMID: 35737166 PMCID: PMC9226222 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Owing to its remarkable mechanical properties that surpass the plant-based cellulose, bacterial cellulose production has been targeted for commercialization during the last few years. However, the large-scale production of cellulose is generally limited by the slow growth of producing strains and low productivity which ultimately makes the commercial production of cellulose using the conventional strains non cost-effective. In this study, we developed a novel plasmid-based expression system for the biosynthesis of cellulose in E.coli DH5α and assessed the cellulose productivity relative to the typically used E.coli BL21 (DE) expression strain. Results No production was detected in BL21 (DE3) cultures upon expression induction; however, cellulose was detected in E.coli DH5α as early as 1 h post-induction. The total yield in induced DH5α cultures was estimated as 200 ± 5.42 mg/L (dry weight) after 18 h induction, which surpassed the yield reported in previous studies and even the wild-type Gluconacetobacterxylinum BRC5 under the same conditions. As confirmed with electron microscope micrograph, E.coli DH5α produced dense cellulose fibers with ~ 10 μm diameter and 1000–3000 μm length, which were remarkably larger and more crystalline than that typically produced by G.hansenii. Conclusions This is the first report on the successful cellulose production in E.coli DH5α which is typically used for plasmid multiplication rather than protein expression, without the need to co-express cmcax and ccpAx regulator genes present in the wild-type genome upstream the bcs-operon, and reportedly essential for the biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Al-Janabi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-anbbar, Iraq
| | - Heba Shawky
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amr A El-Waseif
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Farrag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina E El-Ghwas
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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22
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Zhu J, Wang J, Chen YP, Qing T, Zhang P, Feng B. Quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics elucidate the molecular mechanism of nanostructured TiO 2-stimulated biofilm formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128709. [PMID: 35325859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing concerns regarding bacterial adaption to nanomaterials, it is critical to explore the main mechanism behind the adaptive morphogenesis of microorganisms. In this work, the biofilms formed from activated sludge exposed to 5 and 50 mg/L nTiO2 in the dark had increased biomass and selectively enriched pathogens. To further elaborate adaptive mechanism of biofilm formation induced by nTiO2, the protein response and protein phosphorylation modification of Escherichia coli K12 were determined using integrative systems biology analyses of proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Results identified that E. coli cultivated with nTiO2 considerably upregulated iron acquisition, and regulated protein phosphorylation states associated with of transcription and translation and biofilm formation relative to unexposed controls. Accordingly, bacteria increased siderophores and exopolysaccharide content (increased by about 57% and 231%, respectively), and enhanced resistance to transcriptional inhibitory antibiotics. Moreover, a dose of an iron chelator, i.e., deferoxamine mesylate salt, effectively retarded the biofilm development of bacteria exposed to 50 mg/L nTiO2. Overall, this work will provide a new insight for biofouling control, and contribute to an improved understanding of microbial adaption to nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Taiping Qing
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Bo Feng
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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23
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A New Sugar for an Old Phage: a c-di-GMP-Dependent Polysaccharide Pathway Sensitizes Escherichia coli for Bacteriophage Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0324621. [PMID: 34903045 PMCID: PMC8669472 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03246-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are ubiquitous parasites of bacteria and major drivers of bacterial ecology and evolution. Despite an ever-growing interest in their biotechnological and therapeutic applications, detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying phage-host interactions remains scarce. Here, we show that bacteriophage N4 exploits a novel surface glycan (NGR) as a receptor to infect its host Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that this process is regulated by the second messenger c-di-GMP and that N4 infection is specifically stimulated by the diguanylate cyclase DgcJ, while the phosphodiesterase PdeL effectively protects E. coli from N4-mediated killing. PdeL-mediated protection requires its catalytic activity to reduce c-di-GMP and includes a secondary role as a transcriptional repressor. We demonstrate that PdeL binds to and represses the promoter of the wec operon, which encodes components of the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) exopolysaccharide pathway. However, only the acetylglucosamine epimerase WecB but none of the other ECA components is required for N4 infection. Based on this, we postulate that NGR is an N-acetylmannosamine-based carbohydrate polymer that is produced and exported to the cell surface of E. coli in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner, where it serves as a receptor for N4. This novel carbohydrate pathway is conserved in E. coli and other bacterial pathogens, serves as the primary receptor for various bacteriophages, and is induced at elevated temperature and by specific amino acid-based nutrients. These studies provide an entry point into understanding how bacteria use specific regulatory mechanisms to balance costs and benefits of highly conserved surface structures.
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24
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Sande C, Whitfield C. Capsules and Extracellular Polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00332020. [PMID: 34910576 PMCID: PMC11163842 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0033-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates produce a range of different polysaccharide structures that play important roles in their biology. E. coli isolates often possess capsular polysaccharides (K antigens), which form a surface structural layer. These possess a wide range of repeat-unit structures. In contrast, only one capsular polymer (Vi antigen) is found in Salmonella, and it is confined to typhoidal serovars. In both genera, capsules are vital virulence determinants and are associated with the avoidance of host immune defenses. Some isolates of these species also produce a largely secreted exopolysaccharide called colanic acid as part of their complex Rcs-regulated phenotypes, but the precise function of this polysaccharide in microbial cell biology is not fully understood. E. coli isolates produce two additional secreted polysaccharides, bacterial cellulose and poly-N-acetylglucosamine, which play important roles in biofilm formation. Cellulose is also produced by Salmonella isolates, but the genes for poly-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis appear to have been lost during its evolution toward enhanced virulence. Here, we discuss the structures, functions, relationships, and sophisticated assembly mechanisms for these important biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Sande
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Anderson AC, Burnett AJN, Constable S, Hiscock L, Maly KE, Weadge JT. A Mechanistic Basis for Phosphoethanolamine Modification of the Cellulose Biofilm Matrix in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3659-3669. [PMID: 34762795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of self-enmeshed bacteria in a matrix of exopolysaccharides. The widely distributed human pathogen and commensal Escherichia coli produces a biofilm matrix composed of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN)-modified cellulose and amyloid protein fibers, termed curli. The addition of pEtN to the cellulose exopolysaccharide is accomplished by the action of the pEtN transferase, BcsG, and is essential for the overall integrity of the biofilm. Here, using the synthetic co-substrates p-nitrophenyl phosphoethanolamine and β-d-cellopentaose, we demonstrate using an in vitro pEtN transferase assay that full activity of the pEtN transferase domain of BcsG from E. coli (EcBcsGΔN) requires Zn2+ binding, a catalytic nucleophile/acid-base arrangement (Ser278/Cys243/His396), disulfide bond formation, and other newly uncovered essential residues. We further confirm that EcBcsGΔN catalysis proceeds by a ping-pong bisubstrate-biproduct reaction mechanism and displays inefficient kinetic behavior (kcat/KM = 1.81 × 10-4 ± 2.81 × 10-5 M-1 s-1), which is typical of exopolysaccharide-modifying enzymes in bacteria. Thus, the results presented, especially with respect to donor binding (as reflected by KM), have importantly broadened our understanding of the substrate profile and catalytic mechanism of this class of enzymes, which may aid in the development of inhibitors targeting BcsG or other characterized members of the pEtN transferase family, including the intrinsic and mobile colistin resistance factors.
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26
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Abidi W, Torres-Sánchez L, Siroy A, Krasteva PV. Weaving of bacterial cellulose by the Bcs secretion systems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6388354. [PMID: 34634120 PMCID: PMC8892547 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biological compound on Earth and while it is the predominant building constituent of plants, it is also a key extracellular matrix component in many diverse bacterial species. While bacterial cellulose was first described in the 19th century, it was not until this last decade that a string of structural works provided insights into how the cellulose synthase BcsA, assisted by its inner-membrane partner BcsB, senses c-di-GMP to simultaneously polymerize its substrate and extrude the nascent polysaccharide across the inner bacterial membrane. It is now established that bacterial cellulose can be produced by several distinct types of cellulose secretion systems and that in addition to BcsAB, they can feature multiple accessory subunits, often indispensable for polysaccharide production. Importantly, the last years mark significant progress in our understanding not only of cellulose polymerization per se but also of the bigger picture of bacterial signaling, secretion system assembly, biofilm formation and host tissue colonization, as well as of structural and functional parallels of this dominant biosynthetic process between the bacterial and eukaryotic domains of life. Here, we review current mechanistic knowledge on bacterial cellulose secretion with focus on the structure, assembly and cooperativity of Bcs secretion system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Abidi
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.,École doctorale 'Innovation thérapeutique: du fundamental à l'appliqué' (ITFA), Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Lucía Torres-Sánchez
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.,École doctorale 'Innovation thérapeutique: du fundamental à l'appliqué' (ITFA), Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Axel Siroy
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Petya Violinova Krasteva
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
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27
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Poulin MB, Kuperman LL. Regulation of Biofilm Exopolysaccharide Production by Cyclic Di-Guanosine Monophosphate. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730980. [PMID: 34566936 PMCID: PMC8461298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species in nature possess the ability to transition into a sessile lifestyle and aggregate into cohesive colonies, known as biofilms. Within a biofilm, bacterial cells are encapsulated within an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) comprised of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other small molecules. The transition from planktonic growth to the biofilm lifecycle provides numerous benefits to bacteria, such as facilitating adherence to abiotic surfaces, evasion of a host immune system, and resistance to common antibiotics. As a result, biofilm-forming bacteria contribute to 65% of infections in humans, and substantially increase the energy and time required for treatment and recovery. Several biofilm specific exopolysaccharides, including cellulose, alginate, Pel polysaccharide, and poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), have been shown to play an important role in bacterial biofilm formation and their production is strongly correlated with pathogenicity and virulence. In many bacteria the biosynthetic machineries required for assembly of these exopolysaccharides are regulated by common signaling molecules, with the second messenger cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) playing an especially important role in the post-translational activation of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Research on treatments of antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria through direct targeting of c-di-GMP signaling has shown promise, including peptide-based treatments that sequester intracellular c-di-GMP. In this review, we will examine the direct role c-di-GMP plays in the biosynthesis and export of biofilm exopolysaccharides with a focus on the mechanism of post-translational activation of these pathways, as well as describe novel approaches to inhibit biofilm formation through direct targeting of c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles B Poulin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Laura L Kuperman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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