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Mun J, Navarro N, Jeong S, Ouassil N, Leem E, Beyene AG, Landry MP. Near-infrared nanosensors enable optical imaging of oxytocin with selectivity over vasopressin in acute mouse brain slices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314795121. [PMID: 38905241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314795121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin plays a critical role in regulating social behaviors, yet our understanding of its function in both neurological health and disease remains incomplete. Real-time oxytocin imaging probes with spatiotemporal resolution relevant to its endogenous signaling are required to fully elucidate oxytocin's role in the brain. Herein, we describe a near-infrared oxytocin nanosensor (nIROXT), a synthetic probe capable of imaging oxytocin in the brain without interference from its structural analogue, vasopressin. nIROXT leverages the inherent tissue-transparent fluorescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and the molecular recognition capacity of an oxytocin receptor peptide fragment to selectively and reversibly image oxytocin. We employ these nanosensors to monitor electrically stimulated oxytocin release in brain tissue, revealing oxytocin release sites with a median size of 3 µm in the paraventricular nucleus of C57BL/6 mice, which putatively represents the spatial diffusion of oxytocin from its point of release. These data demonstrate that covalent SWCNT constructs, such as nIROXT, are powerful optical tools that can be leveraged to measure neuropeptide release in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewan Mun
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nicole Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sanghwa Jeong
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Nicholas Ouassil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Esther Leem
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Markita P Landry
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
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2
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Basu S, Hendler-Neumark A, Bisker G. Rationally Designed Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Real-Time Monitoring of Cholinesterase Activity and Inhibition in Plasma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309481. [PMID: 38358018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes play a pivotal role in regulating numerous bodily functions. Thus, there is a growing need for developing sensors enabling real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity and inhibition. The activity and inhibition of cholinesterase (CHE) enzymes in blood plasma are fluorometrically monitored using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as probes, strategically functionalized with myristoylcholine (MC)- the substrate of CHE. A significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of MC-suspended SWCNTs upon interaction with CHE is observed, attributed to the hydrolysis of the MC corona phase of the SWCNTs by CHE. Complementary measurements for quantifying choline, the product of MC hydrolysis, reveal a correlation between the fluorescence intensity decrease and the amount of released choline, rendering the SWCNTs optical sensors with real-time feedback in the NIR biologically transparent spectral range. Moreover, when synthetic and naturally abundant inhibitors inhibit the CHE enzymes present in blood plasma, no significant modulations of the MC-SWCNT fluorescence are observed, allowing effective detection of CHE inhibition. The rationally designed SWCNT sensors platform for monitoring of enzymatic activity and inhibition in clinically relevant samples is envisioned to not only advance the field of clinical diagnostics but also deepen further understanding of enzyme-related processes in complex biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Basu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler-Neumark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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3
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Adams JAM, Komatsu N, Navarro N, Leem E, Sun X, Zhao J, Arias-Soto OI, Landry MP. Near infrared fluorescent nanosensors for high spatiotemporal oxytocin imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593556. [PMID: 38766215 PMCID: PMC11100785 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide thought to play a central role in regulating social and emotional behavior. Current techniques for neuropeptide imaging are generally limited in spatial and temporal resolution, real-time imaging capacity, selectivity for oxytocin over vasopressin, and application in young and non-model organisms. To avoid the use of endogenous oxytocin receptors for oxytocin probe development, we employed a protocol to evolve purely synthetic molecular recognition on the surface of near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This probe reversibly undergoes up to a 172% fluorescence increase in response to oxytocin with a K d of 4.93 μM. Furthermore, this probe responds selectively to oxytocin over oxytocin analogs, receptor agonists and antagonists, and most other neurochemicals. Lastly, we show our probe can image synaptic evoked oxytocin release in live mouse brain slices. Optical probes with the specificity and resolution requisite to image endogenous oxytocin signaling can advance the study of oxytocin neurotransmission for its role in both health and disease.
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4
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Yang Z, Guo J, Wang L, Zhang J, Ding L, Liu H, Yu X. Nanozyme-Enhanced Electrochemical Biosensors: Mechanisms and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307815. [PMID: 37985947 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes, as innovative materials, have demonstrated remarkable potential in the field of electrochemical biosensors. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms and extensive practical applications of nanozymes in electrochemical biosensors. First, the definition and characteristics of nanozymes are introduced, emphasizing their significant role in constructing efficient sensors. Subsequently, several common categories of nanozyme materials are delved into, including metal-based, carbon-based, metal-organic framework, and layered double hydroxide nanostructures, discussing their applications in electrochemical biosensors. Regarding their mechanisms, two key roles of nanozymes are particularly focused in electrochemical biosensors: selective enhancement and signal amplification, which crucially support the enhancement of sensor performance. In terms of practical applications, the widespread use of nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors are showcased in various domains. From detecting biomolecules, pollutants, nucleic acids, proteins, to cells, providing robust means for high-sensitivity detection. Furthermore, insights into the future development of nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors is provided, encompassing improvements and optimizations of nanozyme materials, innovative sensor design and integration, and the expansion of application fields through interdisciplinary collaboration. In conclusion, this article systematically presents the mechanisms and applications of nanozymes in electrochemical biosensors, offering valuable references and prospects for research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Yang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Longwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Longhua Ding
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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5
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Nishitani S, Tran T, Puglise A, Yang S, Landry MP. Engineered Glucose Oxidase-Carbon Nanotube Conjugates for Tissue-Translatable Glucose Nanosensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311476. [PMID: 37990059 PMCID: PMC11003487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and non-invasive glucose monitoring and imaging is important for disease diagnosis, treatment, and management. However, glucose monitoring remains a technical challenge owing to the dearth of tissue-transparent glucose sensors. In this study, we present the development of near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) based nanosensors directly functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) capable of immediate and reversible glucose imaging in biological fluids and tissues. We prepared GOx-SWCNT nanosensors by facile sonication of SWCNT with GOx in a manner that-surprisingly-does not compromise the ability of GOx to detect glucose. Importantly, we find by using denatured GOx that the fluorescence modulation of GOx-SWCNT is not associated with the catalytic oxidation of glucose but rather triggered by glucose-GOx binding. Leveraging the unique response mechanism of GOx-SWCNT nanosensors, we developed catalytically inactive apo-GOx-SWCNT that enables both sensitive and reversible glucose imaging, exhibiting a ΔF/F0 of up to 40 % within 1 s of exposure to glucose without consuming the glucose analyte. We finally demonstrate the potential applicability of apo-GOx-SWCNT in biomedical applications by glucose quantification in human plasma and glucose imaging in mouse brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Puglise
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sounghyun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Antman-Passig M, Yaari Z, Goerzen D, Parikh R, Chatman S, Komer LE, Chen C, Grabarnik E, Mathieu M, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Heller DA. Nanoreporter Identifies Lysosomal Storage Disease Lipid Accumulation Intracranially. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10687-10695. [PMID: 37889874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism contributes to neurodegenerative pathologies and neurological decline in lysosomal storage disorders as well as more common neurodegenerative diseases. Niemann-Pick type A (NPA) is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease characterized by abnormal sphingomyelin accumulation in the endolysosomal lumen. The ability to monitor abnormalities in lipid homeostasis intracranially could improve basic investigations and the development of effective treatment strategies. We investigated the carbon nanotube-based detection of intracranial lipid content. We found that the near-infrared emission of a carbon nanotube-based lipid sensor responds to lipid accumulation in neuronal and in vivo models of NPA. The nanosensor detected lipid accumulation intracranially in an acid sphingomyelinase knockout mouse via noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy. This work indicates a tool to improve drug development processes in NPA, other lysosomal storage diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Antman-Passig
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Zvi Yaari
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dana Goerzen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rooshi Parikh
- The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Savannah Chatman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Engineering Program, Scripps College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Lauren E Komer
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Emma Grabarnik
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mickael Mathieu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York10065, United States
| | - Adriana Haimovitz-Friedman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York10065, United States
| | - Daniel A Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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7
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Sorooshyari SK, Ouassil N, Yang SJ, Landry MP. Identifying Neural Signatures of Dopamine Signaling with Machine Learning. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37267623 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new tools to image neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides has transformed our understanding of the role of neurochemistry in brain development and cognition, yet analysis of this new dimension of neurobiological information remains challenging. Here, we image dopamine modulation in striatal brain tissue slices with near-infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCat) and implement machine learning to determine which features of dopamine modulation are unique to changes in stimulation strength, and to different neuroanatomical regions. We trained a support vector machine and a random forest classifier to decide whether the recordings were made from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) versus the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and find that machine learning is able to accurately distinguish dopamine release that occurs in DLS from that occurring in DMS in a manner unachievable with canonical statistical analysis. Furthermore, our analysis determines that dopamine modulatory signals including the number of unique dopamine release sites and peak dopamine released per stimulation event are most predictive of neuroanatomy. This is in light of integrated neuromodulator amount being the conventional metric used to monitor neuromodulation in animal studies. Lastly, our study finds that machine learning discrimination of different stimulation strengths or neuroanatomical regions is only possible in adult animals, suggesting a high degree of variability in dopamine modulatory kinetics during animal development. Our study highlights that machine learning could become a broadly utilized tool to differentiate between neuroanatomical regions or between neurotypical and disease states, with features not detectable by conventional statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak K Sorooshyari
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas Ouassil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sarah J Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley California, 94720, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94063, United States
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8
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Gerstman E, Hendler-Neumark A, Wulf V, Bisker G. Monitoring the Formation of Fibrin Clots as Part of the Coagulation Cascade Using Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21866-21876. [PMID: 37128896 PMCID: PMC10176323 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is a critical defense mechanism against bleeding that results in the conversion of liquid blood into a solid clot through a complicated cascade, which involves multiple clotting factors. One of the final steps in the coagulation pathway is the conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin mediated by thrombin. Because coagulation disorders can be life-threatening, the development of novel methods for monitoring the coagulation cascade dynamics is of high importance. Here, we use near-infrared (NIR)-fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to image and monitor fibrin clotting in real time. Following the binding of fibrinogen to a tailored SWCNT platform, thrombin transforms the fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, which start to polymerize. The SWCNTs are incorporated within the clot and can be clearly visualized in the NIR-fluorescent channel, where the signal-to-noise ratio is improved compared to bright-field imaging in the visible range. Moreover, the diffusion of individual SWCNTs within the fibrin clot gradually slows down after the addition of thrombin, manifesting a coagulation rate that depends on both fibrinogen and thrombin concentrations. Our platform can open new opportunities for coagulation disorder diagnostics and allow for real-time monitoring of the coagulation cascade with a NIR optical signal output in the biological transparency window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Gerstman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler-Neumark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Verena Wulf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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9
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Zhang K, Chen FR, Wang L, Hu J. Second Near-Infrared (NIR-II) Window for Imaging-Navigated Modulation of Brain Structure and Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206044. [PMID: 36670072 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, optical imaging of the deep brain with high resolution has been a challenge. Recently, with the advance in second near-infrared (NIR-II) bioimaging techniques and imaging contrast agents, NIR-II window bioimaging has attracted great attention to monitoring deeper biological or pathophysiological processes with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spatiotemporal resolution. Assisted with NIR-II bioimaging, the modulation of structure and function of brain is promising to be noninvasive and more precise. Herein, in this review, first the advantage of NIR-II light in brain imaging from the interaction between NIR-II and tissue is elaborated. Then, several specific NIR-II bioimaging technologies are introduced, including NIR-II fluorescence imaging, multiphoton fluorescence imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. Furthermore, the corresponding contrast agents are summarized. Next, the application of various NIR-II bioimaging technologies in visualizing the characteristics of cerebrovascular network and monitoring the changes of the pathology signals will be presented. After that, the modulation of brain structure and function based on NIR-II bioimaging will be discussed, including treatment of glioblastoma, guidance of cell transplantation, and neuromodulation. In the end, future perspectives that would help improve the clinical translation of NIR-II light are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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10
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Identifying Neural Signatures of Dopamine Signaling with Machine Learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524454. [PMID: 36711973 PMCID: PMC9882164 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new tools to image neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides has transformed our understanding of the role of neurochemistry in brain development and cognition, yet analysis of this new dimension of neurobiological information remains challenging. Here, we image dopamine modulation in striatal brain tissue slices with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCat) and implement machine learning to determine which features of dopamine modulation are unique to changes in stimulation strength, and to different neuroanatomical regions. We trained a support vector machine and a random forest classifier to determine whether recordings were made from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) versus the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and find that machine learning is able to accurately distinguish dopamine release that occurs in DLS from that occurring in DMS in a manner unachievable with canonical statistical analysis. Furthermore, our analysis determines that dopamine modulatory signals including the number of unique dopamine release sites and peak dopamine released per stimulation event are most predictive of neuroanatomy yet note that integrated neuromodulator amount is the conventional metric currently used to monitor neuromodulation in animal studies. Lastly, our study finds that machine learning discrimination of different stimulation strengths or neuroanatomical regions is only possible in adult animals, suggesting a high degree of variability in dopamine modulatory kinetics during animal development. Our study highlights that machine learning could become a broadly-utilized tool to differentiate between neuroanatomical regions, or between neurotypical and disease states, with features not detectable by conventional statistical analysis.
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11
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Da Y, Luo S, Tian Y. Real-Time Monitoring of Neurotransmitters in the Brain of Living Animals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:138-157. [PMID: 35394736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, as important chemical small molecules, perform the function of neural signal transmission from cell to cell. Excess concentrations of neurotransmitters are often closely associated with brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, the release of neurotransmitters under the induced stimulation indicates the occurrence of reward-related behaviors, including food and drug addiction. Therefore, to understand the physiological and pathological functions of neurotransmitters, especially in complex environments of the living brain, it is urgent to develop effective tools to monitor their dynamics with high sensitivity and specificity. Over the past 30 years, significant advances in electrochemical sensors and optical probes have brought new possibilities for studying neurons and neural circuits by monitoring the changes in neurotransmitters. This Review focuses on the progress in the construction of sensors for in vivo analysis of neurotransmitters in the brain and summarizes current attempts to address key issues in the development of sensors with high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. Combined with the latest advances in technologies and methods, several strategies for sensor construction are provided for recording chemical signal changes in the complex environment of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Da
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shihua Luo
- Department of Traumatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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12
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Loewenthal D, Kamber D, Bisker G. Monitoring the Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fluorescent Sensors. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14223-14231. [PMID: 36206351 PMCID: PMC9583068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase enzymes are involved in a wide range of bodily functions, and their disruption is linked to pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. While cholinesterase inhibitors are used as drug treatments for diseases such as Alzheimer and dementia at therapeutic doses, acute exposure to high doses, found in pesticides and nerve agents, can be lethal. Therefore, measuring cholinesterase activity is important for numerous applications ranging from the search for novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders to the on-site detection of potential health hazards. Here, we present the development of a near-infrared (near-IR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) optical sensor for cholinesterase activity and demonstrate the detection of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, as well as their inhibition. We show sub U L-1 sensitivity, demonstrate the optical response at the level of individual nanosensors, and showcase an optical signal output in the 900-1400 nm range, which overlaps with the biological transparency window. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest wavelength cholinesterase activity sensor reported to date. Our near-IR fluorescence-based approach opens new avenues for spatiotemporal-resolved detection of cholinesterase activity, with numerous applications such as advancing the research of the cholinergic system, detecting on-site potential health hazards, and measuring biomarkers in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Loewenthal
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona7410001, Israel
| | - Dotan Kamber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel.,The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel.,Center for Light Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
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13
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Zhong Q, Huang X, Zhang R, Zhang K, Liu B. Optical Sensing Strategies for Probing Single-Cell Secretion. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1779-1790. [PMID: 35709496 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Measuring cell secretion events is crucial to understand the fundamental cell biology that underlies cell-cell communication, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Although strategies targeting cell populations have provided significant information about live cell secretion, they yield ensemble profiles that obscure intrinsic cell-to-cell variations. Innovation in single-cell analysis has made breakthroughs allowing accurate sensing of a wide variety of secretions and their release dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution. This perspective focuses on the power of single-cell protocols to revolutionize cell-secretion analysis by allowing real-time and real-space measurements on single live cell resolution. We begin by discussing recent progress on single-cell bioanalytical techniques, specifically optical sensing strategies such as fluorescence-, surface plasmon resonance-, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based strategies, capable of in situ real-time monitoring of single-cell released ions, metabolites, proteins, and vesicles. Single-cell sensing platforms which allow for high-throughput high-resolution analysis with enough accuracy are highlighted. Furthermore, we discuss remaining challenges that should be addressed to get a more comprehensive understanding of secretion biology. Finally, future opportunities and potential breakthroughs in secretome analysis that will arise as a result of further development of single-cell sensing approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuedong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Tjahjono N, Jin Y, Hsu A, Roukes M, Tian L. Letting the little light of mind shine: Advances and future directions in neurochemical detection. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:65-78. [PMID: 34861294 PMCID: PMC9508992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission via neurochemical release is the fundamental process that integrates and relays encoded information in the brain to regulate physiological function, cognition, and emotion. To unravel the biochemical, biophysical, and computational mechanisms of signal processing, one needs to precisely measure the neurochemical release dynamics with molecular and cell-type specificity and high resolution. Here we reviewed the development of analytical, electrochemical, and fluorescence imaging approaches to detect neurotransmitter and neuromodulator release. We discussed the advantages and practicality in implementation of each technology for ease-of-use, flexibility for multimodal studies, and challenges for future optimization. We hope this review will provide a versatile guide for tool engineering and applications for recording neurochemical release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tjahjono
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yihan Jin
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Alice Hsu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael Roukes
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Del Bonis-O'Donnell JT, Mun J, Delevich K, Landry MP. Synthetic nanosensors for imaging neuromodulators. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 363:109326. [PMID: 34418445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulation plays a critical role in regulating brain function and its dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, only in the last few years have optical tools become available to probe the spatial and temporal profiles of neuromodulator signaling, including dopamine, with the requisite resolution to uncover mechanisms of neuromodulation. In this review, we summarize the current state of synthetic nanomaterial-based optical nanosensors for monitoring neurotransmission with high spatial and temporal resolution. Specifically, we highlight how synthetic nanosensors can elucidate the spatial distribution of neuromodulator release sites and report the temporal dynamics and spatial diffusion of neuromodulator release. Next, we outline advantages and limitations of currently available nanosensors and their recent application to imaging endogenous dopamine release in brain tissue. Finally, we discuss strategies to improve nanosensors for in vivo use, with implications for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Delevich
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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