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Xiao Y, Chen Y, Huang S, He H, Hu N, Lin S, You Z. The reduction of microglial efferocytosis is concomitant with depressive-like behavior in CUMS-treated mice. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:76-86. [PMID: 38360363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial efferocytosis plays a crucial role in facilitating and sustaining homeostasis in the central nervous system, and it is involved in neuropsychiatric disorders. How microglial efferocytosis is affected under the condition of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains elusive. In this study, we hypothesized that microglial efferocytosis in the hippocampus is impaired in the chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) model of MDD, which is involved in the development of MDD. METHOD Depressive-like behavior in adult male mice was induced by CUMS and confirmed by behavioral tests. Microglial efferocytosis was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining of hippocampal slices and primary microglia co-cultured with apoptotic cells. The protein and mRNA levels of phagocytosis-related molecules and inflammation-related cytokines were detected using western blotting and RT-qPCR, respectively. Annexin V was injected to mimic impairment of microglial efferocytosis. TREM2-siRNA was further used on primary microglia to examine efferocytosis-related signaling pathways. RESULTS Microglia were activated and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was increased in CUMS mice, while microglial efferocytosis and efferocytosis-related molecules were decreased. Inhibition of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway impaired microglial efferocytosis. Annexin V injection inhibited microglial efferocytosis, increased inflammation in the hippocampus and depressive-like behavior. LIMITATIONS The potential antidepressant effect of the upregulation of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of microglial efferocytosis is involved in the development of depressive-like behavior, with downregulation of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway and increased inflammation. These results may increase our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with MDD and provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Shanyu Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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2
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Qiu W, Wu Q, Zhang K, Da X, Tang K, Yuan N, Deng L, Wu M, Zhang Y, Quan J, Ma Q, Li X, Chen J. Xiaoyaosan ameliorates depressive-like behavior and susceptibility to glucose intolerance in rat: involvement of LepR-STAT3/PI3K pathway in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:116. [PMID: 37046230 PMCID: PMC10091664 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus is likely responsible for the close association between chronic stress, depression, and diabetes. Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a Chinese herbal formula, remarkably improves depressive-like behavior and glucose intolerance, but the mechanism remains unclear. Leptin receptor (LepR) regulates energy expenditure and depression by mediating the action of leptin on the ARC. Therefore, we hypothesized that XYS may regulate depressive-like behavior and glucose intolerance via the leptin and its cascade LepR-STAT3/PI3K pathway in the ARC. METHODS A rat model of depressive-like behavior and susceptibility to glucose intolerance was induced by exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for six weeks. XYS (2.224 g/kg) was orally gavaged for six weeks, and fluoxetine (2.0 mg/kg) was administrated to the positive control group. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed to evaluate the effects of XYS on blood glucose. Peripheral leptin and blood lipids were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an automatic biochemical analyzer, respectively. The effects of XYS on the LepR-STAT3/PI3K pathway were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS XYS ameliorated CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors and elevated blood glucose. XYS improved the food intake but have no significant effects on the body weight. Peripheral leptin and its central receptor were also suppressed by XYS, accompanied by the downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathway in the ARC. Additionally, XYS increased AGRP and NPY expression but inhibited POMC in the ARC. CONCLUSIONS XYS improves depressive-like behaviors and susceptibility to glucose intolerance induced by CUMS, which may be achieved by the downregulation of the LepR-STAT3/PI3K signaling pathway in the ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoli Da
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kairui Tang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Naijun Yuan
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Mansi Wu
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiangyan Quan
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Cao Y, Ying SQ, Qiu XY, Guo J, Chen C, Li SJ, Dou G, Zheng CX, Chen D, Qiu JY, Jin Y, Sui BD, Jin F. Proteomic analysis identifies Stomatin as a biological marker for psychological stress. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 22:100513. [PMID: 36636173 PMCID: PMC9829922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress emerges to be a common health burden in the current society for its highly related risk of mental and physical disease outcomes. However, how the quickly-adaptive stress response process connects to the long-observed organismal alterations still remains unclear. Here, we investigated the profile of circulatory extracellular vesicles (EVs) after acute stress (AS) of restraint mice by phenotypic and proteomic analyses. We surprisingly discovered that AS-EVs demonstrated significant changes in size distribution and plasma concentration compared to control group (CN) EVs. AS-EVs were further characterized by various differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) closely associated with biological, metabolic and immune regulations and were functionally important in potentially underlying multiple diseases. Notably, we first identified the lipid raft protein Stomatin as an essential biomarker expressed on the surface of AS-EVs. These findings collectively reveal that EVs are a significant function-related liquid biopsy indicator that mediate circulation alterations impinged by psychological stress, while also supporting the idea that psychological stress-associated EV-stomatin can be used as a biomarker for potentially predicting acute stress responses and monitoring psychological status. Our study will pave an avenue for implementing routine plasma EV-based theranostics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Si-Qi Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xin-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Military Medical Psychology School, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shi-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Geng Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ji-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of VIP Dental Care, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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Tanshinone IIA ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in rats through the BDNF/TrkB/GAT1 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175385. [PMID: 36379259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common disorder with a complex pathogenesis. Tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA) is a botanical agent with neuroprotective and antidepressant properties. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of TAN IIA on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in rats. METHODS Rats were exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks, followed by the oral administration of TAN IIA, Deanxit (DEAN), or normal saline for an additional 4 weeks. The control rats were fed with regular chow and administered with normal saline for 4 weeks. Behavioral tests were performed to assess the effects of TAN IIA on depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in rats with CUMS. The morphology of dendrites was analyzed by Golgi staining. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine protein localization. RESULTS TAN IIA treatment ameliorated CUMS-induced depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in rats. TAN IIA treatment also reversed the effects of CUMS on dendritic complexity and the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Rats with CUMS showed decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), upregulated expression of GABA transporter 1 (GAT1), and reduced expression of synaptic proteins in the hippocampus, while TAN IIA treatment significantly diminished the effects of CUMS exposure. In addition, GAT1 was colocalized with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B. CONCLUSION TAN IIA ameliorates CUMS-induced depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in rats by regulating the BDNF/TrkB/GAT1 signaling pathway, suggesting that TAN IIA may be a candidate drug for the treatment of depression.
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Chen J, Lei C, Li X, Wu Q, Liu C, Ma Q, Chen J. Research progress on classical traditional chinese medicine formula xiaoyaosan in the treatment of depression. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925514. [PMID: 35991880 PMCID: PMC9386002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is an emotional disorder that is problematic in psychiatry owing to its unclear etiology and unknown pathogenesis. Traditional Chinese medicine formulations such as Xiaoyaosan have been widely used throughout history to treat depression. In this review, we have focused on recent evidences elucidating the links between Xiaoyaosan and the treatment of depression. Data from animal and clinical studies, focusing on the pharmacological mechanisms, clinical applications, and effective materials that form the basis for the treatment of depression are presented and discussed. We found that the antidepressant effects of Xiaoyaosan are related to the effects of monoamine neurotransmitters, regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroplasticity, synaptic plasticity, inflammatory response, neuroprotection, brain-gut axis, regulation of intestinal microbiota, oxidative stress, and autophagy for reducing neuronal apoptosis. This review highlights the current evidence supporting the use of Xiaoyaosan as an antidepressant and provides an overview of the potential mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chaofang Lei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyue Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxu Chen,
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Zhu X, Ma Q, Yang F, Li X, Liu Y, Chen J, Li L, Chen M, Zou X, Yan L, Chen J. Xiaoyaosan Ameliorates Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression-Like Phenotype by Suppressing A2AR Signaling in the Rat Striatum. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:897436. [PMID: 35814204 PMCID: PMC9261476 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.897436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by pessimism and world-weariness. In our previous study, we found that Xiaoyaosan (XYS) could have antidepressive effects, however the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Several studies have shown that adenosine A (2 A) receptor (A2AR) in the brain is a key point in the treatment of depression. Our present study aimed to investigate the effects of XYS on A2AR signaling in the striatum of rats exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Ninety-six male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (control, model, negative control, XYS, A2AR antagonist, A2AR antagonist + XYS, A2AR agonist, A2AR agonist + XYS). The rats in the model group, XYS group, A2AR antagonist group and A2AR antagonist + XYS group were subjected to CRS for 3 h a day. The XYS decoction [2.224 g/(kg·d)] was intragastrical administered by oral gavage to the rats in the negative control group, XYS group, A2AR antagonist + XYS group, and A2AR agonist + XYS group. The rats in the A2AR antagonist group and A2AR antagonist + XYS group were treated with SCH 58261 [0.05 mg/(kg·d)], and the rats in the A2AR agonist and A2AR agonist + XYS group were treated with CGS 21680 [0.1 mg/(kg·d)]. These procedures were performed for 21 consecutive days. Behavioral studies including the open field test, elevated plus maze test, sucrose preference test and forced swimming test, were performed to examine depression-like phenotypes. Then, the effects of XYS on CRS- or A2AR agonist-induced striatal subcellular damage, microglial activation and A2AR signaling changes in the striatum were examined. Here, we report that XYS ameliorates depression-like phenotypes (such as body weight loss as well as depression- and anxiety-like behaviors) and improves synaptic survival and growth in the stratum of the CRS rats. Moreover, XYS reduces A2AR activity and suppresses hyper-activation of striatal microglia. The tissue and cellular effects of XYS were similar to those of the known A2AR antagonists. In conclusion, XYS alleviates depression in the CRS rats via inhibiting A2AR in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yan, ; Jiaxu Chen,
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yan, ; Jiaxu Chen,
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Xue Z, Huang Z, Cheng SL, Wang XH, Zhou X, Ma QY, Chen JX. Efficacy and safety of Xiaoyao pills for mild to moderate depression: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:10. [PMID: 34983620 PMCID: PMC8724239 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most frequent and severe psychiatric conditions. Many chemical drugs to treat depression are associated with adverse reactions and have shortcomings. Traditional Chinese medicine is of great significance in the prevention and treatment of depression. Xiaoyao pills has achieved good results in clinical application, which has the advantages of quick effect and no obvious adverse reactions. The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xiaoyao pills on mild to moderate depression patients. METHODS This study is a multi-centre, double-blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 108 participants are assigned to three groups: Xiaoyao pill group taking Xiaoyao pills twice daily for 4 weeks, placebo group taking placebos twice daily for 4 weeks and normal group without taking any drug. The primary and secondary outcome measures are the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Syndrome Scale. The assessment is at baseline (before treatment initiation), 1 week, 2 weeks 4 weeks after the first treatment. Exploratory outcome is also assessed to explore the mechanism of Xiaoyao pills at baseline and 4 weeks. DISCUSSION The results from this study will provide clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of Xiaoyao pills in patients with mild to moderate depression with syndrome of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN12746343. Registered on September 25, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shu-Li Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xi-Hong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Yan ZY, Jiao HY, Chen JB, Zhang KW, Wang XH, Jiang YM, Liu YY, Xue Z, Ma QY, Li XJ, Chen JX. Antidepressant Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Xiaoyaosan in CUMS-Induced Depressed Mouse Model via RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL Mediated Necroptosis Based on Network Pharmacology Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:773562. [PMID: 34867405 PMCID: PMC8641697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.773562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Depression is a stress-related disorder that seriously threatens people's physical and mental health. Xiaoyaosan is a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, which has been used to treat mental depression since ancient times. More and more notice has been given to the relationship between the occurrence of necroptosis and the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Objective: The purpose of present study is to explore the potential mechanism of Xiaoyaosan for the treatment of depression using network pharmacology and experimental research, and identify the potential targets of necroptosis underlying the antidepressant mechanism of Xiaoyaosan. Methods: The mice model of depression was induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks. Adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups, including control group, chronic unpredictable mild stress group, Xiaoyaosan treatment group, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) group and solvent group. Drug intervention performed from 4th to 6th week of modeling. The mice in Xiaoyaosan treatment group received Xiaoyaosan by intragastric administration (0.254 g/kg/d), and mice in CUMS group received 0.5 ml physiological saline. Meanwhile, the mice in Nec-1 group were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Nec-1 (10 mg/kg/d), and the equivalent volume of DMSO/PBS (8.3%) was injected into solvent group mice. The behavior tests such as sucrose preference test, forced swimming test and novelty-suppressed feeding test were measured to evaluate depressive-like behaviors of model mice. Then, the active ingredients in Xiaoyaosan and the related targets of depression and necroptosis were compiled through appropriate databases, while the "botanical drugs-active ingredients-target genes" network was constructed by network pharmacology analysis. The expressions of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, p-MLKL were detected as critical target genes of necroptosis and the potential therapeutic target compounds of Xiaoyaosan. Furthermore, the levels of neuroinflammation and microglial activation of hippocampus were measured by detecting the expressions of IL-1β, Lipocalin-2 and IBA1, and the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained was used to observe the morphology in hippocampus sections. Results: After 6-weeks of modeling, the behavioral data showed that mice in CUMS group and solvent group had obvious depressive-like behaviors, and the medication of Xiaoyaosan or Nec-1 could improve these behavioral changes. A total of 96 active ingredients in Xiaoyaosan which could regulate the 23 key target genes were selected from databases. Xiaoyaosan could alleviate the core target genes in necroptosis and improve the hippocampal function and neuroinflammation in depressed mice. Conclusion: The activation of necroptosis existed in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced mice, which was closely related to the pathogenesis of depression. The antidepressant mechanism of Xiaoyaosan included the regulation of multiple targets in necroptosis. It also suggested that necroptosis could be a new potential target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Bei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Wen Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Hong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - You-Ming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Zhou Y, Wu R, Cai FF, Zhou WJ, Lu YY, Zhang H, Chen QL, Sun MY, Su SB. Development of a novel anti-liver fibrosis formula with luteolin, licochalcone A, aloe-emodin and acacetin by network pharmacology and transcriptomics analysis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1594-1606. [PMID: 34808067 PMCID: PMC8635660 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1999275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Xiaoyaosan decoction (XYS), a classical Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula is used to treat liver fibrosis in clinics. OBJECTIVE This study explores defined compound combinations from XYS decoction to treat liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network pharmacology combined with transcriptomics analysis was used to analyze the XYS decoction and liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome liver fibrosis. From the constructed XYS-Syndrome-liver fibrosis network, the top 10 active formulas were developed by topological analysis according to network stability. The most active formula was determined by in vitro study. The anti-fibrosis effect was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS According to the network XYS-Syndrome-liver fibrosis network, 8 key compounds and 255 combinations were predicted from in XYS. Luteolin, licochalcone A, aloe-emodin and acacetin formula (LLAAF) had a synergistic effect on the proliferation inhibition of hepatic stellate cells compared to individual compounds alone. The treatment of XYS and LLAAF showed a similar anti-liver fibrotic effect that reduced histopathological changes of liver fibrosis, Hyp content and levels of α-SMA and collagen I in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Transcriptomics analysis revealed LLAAF regulated PI3K-Akt, AMPK, FoxO, Jak-STAT3, P53, cell cycle, focal adhesion, and PPAR signalling. Furthermore, LLAAF was confirmed to regulate Jak-STAT and PI3K-Akt-FoxO signalling in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study developed a novel anti-liver formula LLAAF from XYS, and demonstrated its anti-liver fibrotic activity which may be involved in the regulation of Jak-STAT and PI3K-Akt-FoxO signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-fei Cai
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yu Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Mingyu Sun
| | - Shi-Bing Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CONTACT Shi-Bing Su
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10
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Amodeo G, Verduci B, Sartori P, Procacci P, Conte V, Balboni G, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. The Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Counteracts Bortezomib Induced Side Effects: Focus on Mood Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910256. [PMID: 34638592 PMCID: PMC8508359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neuropathy and of mood alterations is frequent after chemotherapy. These complications, independent from the antitumoral mechanism, are interconnected due to an overlapping in their processing pathways and a common neuroinflammatory condition. This study aims to verify whether in mice the treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ), at a protocol capable of inducing painful neuropathy, is associated with anxiety, depression and supraspinal neuroinflammation. We also verify if the therapeutic treatment with the antagonist of the prokineticin (PK) system PC1, which is known to contrast pain and neuroinflammation, can prevent mood alterations. Mice were treated with BTZ (0.4 mg/kg three times/week for 4 weeks); mechanical allodynia and locomotor activity were evaluated over time while anxiety (dark light and marble burying test), depression (sucrose preference and swimming test) and supraspinal neuroinflammation were checked at the end of the protocol. BTZ treated neuropathic mice develop anxiety and depression. The presence of mood alterations is related to the presence of neuroinflammation and PK system activation in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus with high levels of PK2 and PKR2 receptor, IL-6 and TNF-α, TLR4 and an upregulation of glial markers. PC1 treatment, counteracting pain, prevented the development of supraspinal inflammation and depression-like behavior in BTZ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Benedetta Verduci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (P.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (P.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Conte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (P.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (B.V.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Hao W, Wu J, Yuan N, Gong L, Huang J, Ma Q, Zhu H, Gan H, Da X, Deng L, Li X, Chen J. Xiaoyaosan Improves Antibiotic-Induced Depressive-Like and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Mice Through Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Regulating the NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Colon. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:619103. [PMID: 33935710 PMCID: PMC8087337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.619103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of the gut microbiota plays an essential role in mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Xiaoyaosan, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has a wide therapeutic spectrum and is used especially in the management of depression and anxiety. In this study, we used an antibiotic-induced microbiome-depleted (AIMD) mouse model to determine the possible relationship between imbalance of the intestinal flora and behavioral abnormalities in rodents. We explored the regulatory effect of Xiaoyaosan on the intestinal flora and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of behavioral improvement. We screened NLRP3, ASC, and CASPASE-1 as target genes based on the changes in gut microbiota and explored the effect of Xiaoyaosan on the colonic NLRP3 pathway. After Xiaoyaosan intervention, AIMD mice showed a change in body weight and an improvement in depressive and anxious behaviors. Moreover, the gut flora diversity was significantly improved. Xiaoyaosan increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae in AIMD mice and decreased that of Bacteroidaceae, the main lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria, resulting in decreased levels of LPS in feces, blood, and colon tissue. Moreover, serum levels of the inflammatory factor, IL-1β, and the levels of NLRP3, ASC, and CASPASE-1 mRNA and DNA in the colon were significantly reduced. Therefore, Xiaoyaosan may alleviate anxiety and depression by modulating the gut microbiota, correcting excessive LPS release, and inhibiting the immoderate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Hao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Naijun Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Gong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizheng Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Gan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Da
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Xu YH, Wang XX, Wang MJ, Liu YY, Xue Z, Chen JX. Influence of progestational stress on BDNF and NMDARs in the hippocampus of male offspring and amelioration by Chaihu Shugan San. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111204. [PMID: 33548869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progestational stress has been proven to be a risk for the neural development of offspring, especially in the hippocampus. However, whether Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) can ameliorate hippocampal neural development via the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) 2A (NR2A) and 2B (NR2B), and the mechanism of such action remains unclear. METHODS Thirty-six female rats were randomly allocated into control, chronic immobilization stress (CIS) and CSS groups according to the random number table, respectively. The male offspring were fed for 21 days after birth then randomly divided into the same three groups (6 rats/group) as the female rats. Female rats, except for the control group, underwent 21-day CIS to established a progestational stress anxiety-like model which was evaluated by body weight, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test and serum dopamine (DA) measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ) and progesterone receptor (PR) in female rat ovaries were quantified by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. The hippocampal tissue in the 21-day offspring was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The concentration of BDNF, NR2A, and NR2B were measured by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in the CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of offsprings' hippocampus. RESULTS Compared with the female control group, significant differences in body weight, EPM test and DA concentration were observed in the CIS group, meanwhile, the concentration of ERα (P < 0.05), PR (P < 0.05) and ERβ in the ovaries were decreased. In the offsprings' hippocampus of the CIS group, the chromatin of the nucleus was edge set and with condensed and irregular morphology nucleus, and the cytoplasm was unevenly stained with spaces around the cells, moreover, the expression levels of BDNF, NR2A, and NR2B were also declined (P < 0.05). However, Chaihu Shugan San reversed these changes, especially the BDNF in the DG region (P < 0.05), and NR2A and NR2B in the CA3 and DG region (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CSS could ameliorate the neural development of the hippocampus in offspring damaged by anxiety-like progestational stress in female rats via regulating the expression levels of ERα, ERβ, and PR in female rat ovaries and BDNF, NR2A, and NR2B in the hippocampus of their offspring.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Male
- Neurogenesis/drug effects
- Ovary/drug effects
- Ovary/metabolism
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin-Xing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ming-Jing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Zhou Y, Wu R, Cai FF, Zhou WJ, Lu YY, Zhang H, Chen QL, Su SB. Xiaoyaosan decoction alleviated rat liver fibrosis via the TGFβ/Smad and Akt/FoxO3 signaling pathways based on network pharmacology analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113021. [PMID: 32479885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liver fibrosis is an outcome of many chronic liver diseases and often results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and even hepatocarcinoma. Xiaoyaosan decoction (XYS) as a classical Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula is used to liver fibrosis in clinical practice while its mechanism is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrosis effect of XYS and to explore the molecular mechanisms by combining network pharmacology and transcriptomic technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis rat were treated with three doses of XYS. The liver fibrosis and function were evaluated by histopathological examination and serum biochemical detection. The fibrosis related protein a-SMA and collagen I were assessed by Western blot. Different expressed genes (DEGs) between XYS-treated group and model group were analyzed. The herb-component-target network was constructed combined the network pharmacology. The predict targets and pathways were validated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS With XYS treatment, the liver function was significantly improved, and fibrotic changes were alleviated. The a-SMA and collagen I expression levels in the liver were also decreased in XYS-treated rats compared with CCl4 model rats. 108 active components and 42 targets from 8 herbs constituted herb-compound-target network by transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis. The KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analyses showed that the FoxO, TGFβ, AMPK, MAPK, PPAR, and hepatitis B and C pathways were involved in the anti-fibrosis effects of XYS. In the liver tissues, p-FoxO3a and p-Akt expression levels were significantly increased in the CCl4 model group but decreased in the XYS-treated group. The TGFβ1/Smad pathway and Akt/FoxO3 pathway were verified in LX2 cells by inhibiting phosphorylation of Smad3 and Akt activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that XYS markedly alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in histopathological and serum liver function analyses, and this effect may occur via the TGFβ1/Smad and Akt/FoxO signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Rong Wu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Fei-Fei Cai
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Zhou
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yi-Yu Lu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shi-Bing Su
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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14
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Jiao H, Yang H, Yan Z, Chen J, Xu M, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Xue Z, Ma Q, Li X, Chen J. Traditional Chinese Formula Xiaoyaosan Alleviates Depressive-Like Behavior in CUMS Mice by Regulating PEBP1-GPX4-Mediated Ferroptosis in the Hippocampus. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1001-1019. [PMID: 33854318 PMCID: PMC8039849 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s302443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, the pathogenesis of depression is not fully understood, and nearly half of depression patients experience no obvious effects during treatment. This study aimed to establish a depression mouse model to explore the possible role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of depression, and observe the effects of Xiaoyaosan on PEBP1-GPX4-mediated ferroptosis in the hippocampus. METHODS Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group, CUMS group, Xiaoyaosan group and fluoxetine group, and the model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for a successive 6 weeks. The medication procedure was performed from the 4th to the 6th week of modeling. The behavioral evaluations were measured to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. The expressions of GPX4, FTH1, ACSL4 and COX2 were detected as ferroptosis-related indicators. Then, the total iron and ferrous content in the hippocampus were measured. The levels of PEBP1 and ERK1/2 were observed, and the expressions of GFAP and IBA1 were also detected to measure the functions of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus. RESULTS Eight herbs of Xiaoyaosan had 133 active ingredients which could regulate the 43 ferroptosis-related genes in depression. After 6 weeks of modeling, the data showed that mice in the CUMS group had obvious depressive-like behaviors, and medication with Xiaoyaosan or fluoxetine could significantly improve the behavioral changes. The expressions of GPX4, FTH1, ACSL4, COX2, PEBP1, ERK1/2, GFAP and IBA1 changed in the CUMS group mice, while the total iron and ferrous content also changed. Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine had obvious curative effects that could significantly alleviate the above changes in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that the activation of ferroptosis might exist in the hippocampi of CUMS-induced mice. The PEBP1-GPX4-mediated ferroptosis could be involved in the antidepressant mechanism of Xiaoyaosan. It also implied that ferroptosis could become a new target for research into the depression mechanism and antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengbai Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-Pattern Research center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,Formula-Pattern Research center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhao L, Zhu X, Ni Y, You J, Li A. Xiaoyaosan, a traditional Chinese medicine, inhibits the chronic restraint stress-induced liver metastasis of colon cancer in vivo. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:1085-1091. [PMID: 33152259 PMCID: PMC7646552 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1839513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used to relieve a variety of disorders caused by depression. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the effect of XYS against tumour metastasis in a chronic restraint stress mouse model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups, including blank-control (BC), blank-stress (BS), XYS-control (XC) and XYS-stress (XS). BS and XS groups were exposed to immobilization stress for 2 h per day for 28 days commencing seven days before tumour cell injection. XC and XS groups were given a gavage of XYS (1516.67 mg/kg) before chronic immobilization stress. Mice were injected with HT-29 colon cancer cells in the spleen to produce liver metastasis. After 28 days of injecting with HT-29 cells, flow cytometry, western blot, PCR and immunohistochemical staining were performed to uncover the role of chronic restraint stress and XYS in the liver metastasis of colon cancer. RESULTS Metastatic liver weight of mice in XS group (3.33 ± 0.18 g) was significantly lower than BS group (4.01 ± 0.27 g). Chronic restraint stress significantly increased CD11b+F4/80+ and CD11b+GrloLy6Chi cell infiltration. XYS treatment significantly decreased the CD11b+F4/80+ tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) population and CD11b+GrloLy6Chi myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC). TGF-β, IL-6, MMP-9 and VEGF in spleen tumours significantly decreased in XYS group. XYS also reduced VEGF and CD31 in hepatic metastatic tissue, which were elevated by chronic restraint stress. CONCLUSIONS XYS may successfully inhibit chronic-stress-induced liver metastasis. Results suggest that XYS may have therapeutic value for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yiqun Ni
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianliang You
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Han YY, Jin K, Pan QS, Li B, Wu ZQ, Gan L, Yang L, Long C. Microglial activation in the dorsal striatum participates in anxiety-like behavior in Cyld knockout mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:326-338. [PMID: 32688031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase (CYLD), that is mainly involved in immune responses and inflammation, is expressed at high levels in the brain, especially in the dorsal striatum, but its physiological function of CYLD in the brain remains unexplored. The present study investigated the effect of Cyld gene knockout on behavior relevant to the dorsal striatum, such as motor activity and depression-like and anxiety-like behavior. Microglia and the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α were evaluated in the dorsal striatum to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Cyld knockout (Cyld-/-) mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior, but not motor deficits or depression-like behavior. Microglia were activated and the mRNA levels of IL-1 β and TNF- α were increased in the dorsal striatum of Cyld-/- mice compared to Cyld+/+ mice. The microglial modulator minocycline partially reversed the anxiety-like behavior, microglial activation and increase in IL-1 β and TNF- α mRNA and protein levels in the dorsal striatum of Cyld-/- mice. Collectively, these results suggest that Cyld knockout leading to microglial activation promotes IL-1 β and TNF- α expression and acts as a critical pathway in the pathophysiology of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Han
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Qi-Sheng Pan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Qing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, PR China.
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Xiaoyaosan improves depressive-like behaviors by regulating the NLRP3 signaling pathway in the rat cerebral cortex. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Li JM, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Kong LD. Potential effect of herbal antidepressants on cognitive deficit: Pharmacological activity and possible molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112830. [PMID: 32259666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cognitive symptom is a "core" symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with clear deficit in memory, social and occupational function, and may persist during the remitting phase. Therefore, the remission of cognitive symptom has been considered as one of the main objectives in the treatment of MDD. Herbal antidepressants have been used to treat MDD, and there has been great advances in the understanding of the ability of these herbs to improve cognitive deficit linked to brain injury and various diseases including depression, Alzheimer disease, diabetes and age-related disorders. This systematic review summarizes the evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials of herbal antidepressants with positive effects on cognitive deficit. The potential mechanisms by which herbal antidepressants prevent cognitive deficit are also reviewed. This review will facilitate further research and applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an open-ended, English restricted search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus for all available articles published or online before 31 December 2019, using terms pertaining to medical herb/phytomedicine/phytochemical/Chinese medicine and depression/major depressive disorder/antidepressant and/or cognitive impairment/cognitive deficit/cognitive dysfunction. RESULTS 7 prescriptions, more than 30 individual herbs and 50 phytochemicals from China, Japan, Korea and India with positive effects on the depressive state and cognitive deficit are reviewed herein. The evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials proves that these herbal antidepressants exhibit positive effects on one or more aspects of cognitive defect including spatial, episodic, aversive, and short- and long-term memory. The action mode of the improvement of cognitive deficit by these herbal antidepressants is mediated mainly through two pathways. One pathway is to promote hippocampal neurogenesis through activating brain derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling. The other pathway is to prevent neuronal apoptosis through the inhibition of neuro-inflammation and neuro-oxidation. CONCLUSION These herbal antidepressants, having potential therapy for cognitive deficit, may prevent pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, these herbal medicines should provide a treasure trove, which will accelerate the development of new antidepressants that can effectively improve cognitive symptom in MDD. Studies on their molecular mechanisms may provide more potential targets and therapeutic approaches for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Zhang D, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Chai X, Pi R, Chan G, Hu Y. Translating traditional herbal formulas into modern drugs: a network-based analysis of Xiaoyao decoction. Chin Med 2020; 15:25. [PMID: 32190105 PMCID: PMC7075005 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) encompasses numerous herbal formulas which play critical therapeutic roles through "multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways" mechanisms. Exploring the interaction among these mechanisms can certainly help to depict the core therapeutic function of herbal formulas. Xiaoyao decoction (XYD) is one of the most well-known traditional Chinese medicine formulas which has been widely applied to treat various diseases. In this study, taking XYD as an example, we proposed a network pharmacology-based method to identify the main therapeutic targets of this herbal concoctions. Methods Chemical data of XYD were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), Traditional Chinese Medicines Integrated Database (TCMID) and Compound Reference Database (CRD) and screened oral bioavailability attributes from SwissADME using Veber's filter. Targets of sample chemicals were identified using the online tool similarity ensemble approach (SEA), and pathways were enriched using STRING database. On the basis of targets-pathways interactions from the enrichment, a "targets-pathways-targets" (TPT) network was constructed. In the TPT network, the importance of each target was calculated by the declining value of network efficiency, which represents the influential strength of a specific set-off target on the whole network. Network-based predictive results were statistically validated with existing experimental evidence. Results The TPT network was comprised of 279 nodes and 6549 edges. The declining value of network efficiency of the sample targets was significantly correlated with their involvement frequency in existing studies of XYD using Spearman's test (p < 0.001). The top 10% of candidate targets, such as AKT1, PIK3R1, NFKB1 and RELA, etc., were chosen as XYD's main therapeutic targets, which further show pharmacological functions synergistically through 11 main pathways. These pathways are responsible for endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases, neoplasms and diseases of the nervous system, etc. Conclusions The network pharmacology-based approach in the present study shows promising potential for identifying the main therapeutic targets from TCM formulas. This study provides valuable information for TCM researchers and clinicians for better understanding the main therapeutic targets and therapeutic roles of herbal decoctions in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyan Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yan Gao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xingyun Chai
- 2Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- 3School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Ging Chan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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20
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Yuan N, Gong L, Tang K, He L, Hao W, Li X, Ma Q, Chen J. An Integrated Pharmacology-Based Analysis for Antidepressant Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Formula Xiao-Yao-San. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:284. [PMID: 32256358 PMCID: PMC7094752 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies and basic science experiments have widely demonstrated the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of the herbal formula Xiao-Yao-San (XYS). However, the system mechanism of these effects has not been fully characterized. The present study conducted a comprehensive network pharmacological analysis of XYS and sorted all pharmacologically active components (149) through the TCMSP webserver. Then, all potential molecular targets (449) were predicted, of which there were 99 genes clearly related to depression. To further investigate the mechanism of antidepressant effects of XYS, a compound-depression targets (C-DTs) network was constructed, and Gene Ontology (GO) functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed for the 99 targets. Enrichment results revealed that XYS could regulate multiple aspects of depression through these targets, related to metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and neuroimmunity. Prediction and analysis of protein–protein interactions resulted in selection of three hub genes (AKT1, TP53, and VEGFA). In addition, a total of seven ingredients from XYS could act on these hub genes and they were identified through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS), including paeoniflorin, quercetin, luteolin, acacetin, aloe-emodin, Glyasperin C, kaempferol. Hereafter, we investigated the effects of paeoniflorin and its predicted target, the results suggest that it can reverse the neurotoxicity produced by CORT and could be a neuroprotective effect by promoting the phosphorylation of Akt. Overall, our research revealed the complicated antidepressant mechanism of XYS, and also provided a rational strategy for revealing the complex composition and function of Chinese herbal formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijun Yuan
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Gong
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kairui Tang
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang He
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Song M, Zhang J, Li X, Liu Y, Wang T, Yan Z, Chen J. Effects of Xiaoyaosan on Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats With Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Through HPA Axis Induced Astrocytic Activities. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:545823. [PMID: 33192662 PMCID: PMC7606759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.545823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Astrocytes in the hippocampus are immediately relevant to depressive-like behavior. By regulating their activities, Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, works in the treatment of depression. OBJECTIVE Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model was established to observe the regulation of XYS. We investigated the behavioral changes of CUMS, the expression of corticosterone (CORT) of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the expression of Glu-NMDA receptor and astrocytes glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. We also investigated whether these changes were linked to XYS. METHODS 80 adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, control group, CUMS group, XYS group, and fluoxetine group. The rats in the control group and the CUMS group received 0.5 ml of deionized water once a day by intragastrically administration. Rats in the two treatment groups received XYS (2.224g/kg/d) and fluoxetine (2.0mg/kg/d) once a day, respectively. Rat hippocampus GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor were respectively detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blot. The CORT of HPA axis was detected by Elisa. Body weight, food intake, and behavioral tests, such as open field tests, the sucrose preference test, and exhaustive swimming test, were used to assess depressive-like behavior in rats. RESULTS In this work, significant behavioral changes and differences in expression of the CORT of HPA axis and hippocampal GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor were presented in CUMS-exposed rats. Like fluoxetine, XYS improved CUMS-induced rat's body weight, food intake, and depressive-like behavior. The study also proved that XYS could reverse the CUMS-induced changes of the CORT of HPA axis and affect the astrocytic activities and down-regulate the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor (NR2B) level in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Changes in the hippocampus GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor may be an essential mechanism of depression. Besides, XYS may be critical to the treatment of depression by intervention the HPA axis, GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingye Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Fu W, Chen M, Ou L, Li T, Chang X, Huang R, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Xiaoyaosan prevents atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation through heat shock protein/glucocorticoid receptor axis-mediated mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5531-5545. [PMID: 31632527 PMCID: PMC6789251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a metabolic and chronic inflammatory disease caused by deposition of lipoproteins in arteries. However, the diagnostic drug and the mechanism for this vascular disease are less studied. In the present study, atherosclerosis model was developed using apolipoprotein E-deficient mice that was treated with long-term high-fat food and chronic stresses. Xiaoyaosan (XYS) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU 38486 were orally administrated to the mice. The change of aortic root vessels was observed by histological analysis. The results indicate that high-fat food coupled with chronic stress induced atherosclerosis in mice model, with plaque formation in the entire aortas foam cells and macrophage infiltration in aortic tissues. However, XYS granules inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesion, with down-regulation of GC, TC, TG, HDL-C, ox-LDL, LDL-C, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α measured by ELISA method; XYS inhibited the expressions of GR, CD36, HSP27/60/90, and induced ABCA1 in atherosclerotic mice, which was measured by qPCR and Western blot, which showed similar effect as positive control RU 38486 did. The interaction between HSP90-GR complexes and CD36 was validated in atherosclerotic mice. Our results inferred that the HSP/GR complex-mediated CD36 axis was involved in the regulation of atherosclerosis development in mice verified by Co-IP assay, EMSA, and Chip-PCR. These findings not only provide the potential therapeutic value of Xiaoyaosan for atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque but also brought forth a novel strategy for preventing the formation and treatment of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques through the elucidated mechanism of XYS on vulnerable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Fu
- Centre for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingtai Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Ou
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruolan Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100037, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
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Liu Y, Ding XF, Wang XX, Zou XJ, Li XJ, Liu YY, Li J, Qian XY, Chen JX. Xiaoyaosan exerts antidepressant-like effects by regulating the functions of astrocytes and EAATs in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:215. [PMID: 31412844 PMCID: PMC6694586 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence indicates that the cerebral cortex is an important physiological system of emotional activity, and its dysfunction may be the main cause of stress. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), which initiates rapid signal transmission in the synapse before its reuptake into the surrounding glia, specifically astrocytes (ASTs). The astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporters 1 (EAAT1) and 2 (EAAT2) are the major transporters that take up synaptic glutamate to maintain optimal extracellular glutamic levels, thus preventing accumulation in the synaptic cleft and ensuing excitotoxicity. Growing evidence has shown that excitotoxicity is associated with depression. Therefore, we hypothesized that the underlying antidepressant-like mechanism of Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a Chinese herbal formula, may be related to the regulation of astrocytic EAATs. Therefore, we studied the antidepressant mechanism of XYS on the basis of EAAT dysfunction in ASTs. Methods Eighty adult C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control group, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) group, a Xiaoyaosan (XYS) treatment group and a fluoxetine hydrochloride (Flu) treatment group. Except for the control group, mice in the other groups all received chronic unpredictable mild stress for 21 days. Mice in the control and CUMS groups received gavage administration with 0.5 mL of normal saline (NS) for 21 days, and mice in the XYS and Flu treatment groups were administered dosages of 0.25 g/kg/d and 2.6 mg/kg/d by gavage. The effects of XYS on the depressive-like behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT), were examined. The glutamate (Glu) concentrations of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were detected with colorimetry. The morphology of neurons in the PFC was observed by Nissl staining. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), NeuN, EAAT1 and EAAT2 proteins in the PFC of mice was detected by using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the expression of the GFAP, NeuN, EAAT1 and EAAT2 genes in the PFC of mice. Results The results of behavioral tests showed that CUMS-induced mice exhibited depressive-like behavior, which could be improved in some tests with XYS and Flu treatment. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of GFAP, NeuN, EAAT1 and EAAT2 in the PFC of CUMS mice were significantly lower than those in the control group, and these changes could be reversed by XYS and Flu. The results of qPCR analysis showed that the expression of GFAP, NeuN, EAAT1 and EAAT2 mRNAs in the PFC of CUMS mice was not significantly changed, with the exception of EAAT2, compared with that of the control group, while the expression of the above mRNAs was significantly higher in the XYS and Flu groups than that in the CUMS group. Conclusion XYS may exert antidepressant-like effects by improving the functions of AST and EAATs and attenuating glutamate-induced neuronal damage in the frontal cortex.
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Zhang Z, Deng T, Wu M, Zhu A, Zhu G. Botanicals as modulators of depression and mechanisms involved. Chin Med 2019; 14:24. [PMID: 31338119 PMCID: PMC6628492 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most disastrous mood disorder affecting the health of individuals. Conventional treatments with chemical compounds for depression have limitations, while herbal medicine has unique therapeutic effects. This paper introduces the pharmacological basis and biological mechanisms underlying the botanical antidepressants over the past 5 years. Based upon the specific therapeutic targets or mechanisms, we analyzed the pathological roles of monoamine neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, inflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity performed in antidepressant of the botanicals. In addition, gut flora and neurogenesis were also preferentially discussed as treatment approaches. Based on the complex pathogenesis of depression, we suggested that mixed use of botanicals, namely prescription would be more suitable for treatment of depression. In addition, neural circuit affected by botanicals or active components should also attract attention as the botanicals have potential to be developed into fast-acting antidepressants. Finally, gut flora might be a new systemic target for the treatment of depression by botanicals. This review would strength botanical medicine as the antidepressant and also provides an overview of the potential mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Taomei Deng
- 2School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Manli Wu
- 2School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- 3College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- 1Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038 China
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Involvement of Hepatic SHIP2 and PI3K/Akt Signalling in the Regulation of Plasma Insulin by Xiaoyaosan in Chronic Immobilization-Stressed Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030480. [PMID: 30699999 PMCID: PMC6384677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Long-term exposure to chronic stress is thought to be a factor closely correlated with the development of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Xiaoyaosan, a Chinese herbal formula, has been described in many previous studies to exert anxiolytic-like or antidepressant effects in chronically stressed rats. However, few studies have observed the effects of Xiaoyaosan on the metabolic disorders induced by chronic stress. Objective: We sought to investigate the effective regulation of Xiaoyaosan on 21-day chronic immobility stress (CIS, which is 3 h of restraint immobilization every day)-induced behavioural performance and metabolic responses and to further explore whether the effects of Xiaoyaosan were related to SHIP2 expression in the liver. Methods: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, a CIS group, a Xiaoyaosan group and a rosiglitazone group. The latter three groups were subjected to 21 days of CIS to generate the stress model. After 21 days of CIS, the effects of Xiaoyaosan on body weight, food intake, and behaviour in the open field test, the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test were observed following chronic stress. Plasma insulin, cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) concentrations and blood glucose were examined, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of SHIP2, p85 and Akt in the liver were measured using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Rats exposed to CIS exhibited depression-like behaviours, decreased levels of plasma insulin, CHOL, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C, and increased blood glucose. Increased SHIP2 expression and reduced Akt, p-Akt and p85 expression were also observed in the liver. Xiaoyaosan exerted antidepressant effects and effectively reversed the changes caused by CIS. Conclusions: These results suggest that Xiaoyaosan attenuates depression-like behaviours and ameliorates stress-induced abnormal levels of insulin, blood glucose, CHOL, LDL-C and HDL-C in the plasma of stressed rats, which may be associated with the regulation of SHIP2 expression to enhance PI3K/Akt signalling activity in the liver.
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Ma Q, Li X, Yan Z, Jiao H, Wang T, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Chen J. Xiaoyaosan Ameliorates Chronic Immobilization Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors and Anorexia in Rats: The Role of the Nesfatin-1-Oxytocin-Proopiomelanocortin Neural Pathway in the Hypothalamus. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:910. [PMID: 31920757 PMCID: PMC6914835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic stress is an important risk factor for depression. The nesfatin-1 (NES1)-oxytocin (OT)-proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neural pathway, which is involved in the stress response, was recently shown to have an anorectic effect in the hypothalamus. Our previous study showed that Xiaoyaosan, a well-known antidepressant used in traditional Chinese medicine, effectively relieved appetite loss induced by chronic immobilization stress (CIS). However, whether Xiaoyaosan ameliorates depression-like behaviors and anorexia by regulating the NES1-OT-POMC neural pathway remains unclear. Objective: To investigate whether the antidepressant-like and anti-anorexia effects of Xiaoyaosan are related to the NES1-OT-POMC neural pathway in the hypothalamus. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into control, CIS, Xiaoyaosan treatment, and fluoxetine treatment groups. The rats in the CIS, Xiaoyaosan treatment, and fluoxetine treatment groups were subjected to CIS for 21 consecutive days, during which they were administered distilled water, a Xiaoyaosan decoction [3.854 g/(kg·d)] or fluoxetine [1.76 mg/(kg·d)], respectively, by gavage, and their body weights and food intake were monitored daily. The rats were subsequently subjected to the open field test and sucrose preference test. Then, the expression levels of corticosterone and NES1 in the serum and the expression levels of NES1, OT, POMC, and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in the hypothalamus were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunochemistry. Furthermore, immunofluorescence double staining was used to determine whether related proteins in the hypothalamic NES1-OT-POMC neural pathway were co-expressed. Results: Compared to control rats, rats exposed to CIS exhibited gradually less food intake and lower body weights and significantly increased concentrations of NES1 in the serum and paraventricular nucleus. Moreover, the expression levels of POMC, OT, and MC4R in the hypothalamus were significantly higher in the CIS group than those in the control group. However, these changes were reversed by pretreatment with Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine. Specifically, the expression levels of members of the NES1-OT-POMC neural pathway were lower in the Xiaoyaosan-treated group than in the CIS group. Conclusion: Xiaoyaosan ameliorates CIS-induced depression-like behaviors and anorexia by regulating the NES1-OT-POMC neural pathway in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Ma
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingye Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Youming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Jiao H, Yan Z, Ma Q, Li X, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Chen J. Influence of Xiaoyaosan on depressive-like behaviors in chronic stress-depressed rats through regulating tryptophan metabolism in hippocampus. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:21-31. [PMID: 30587994 PMCID: PMC6302818 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s185295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan metabolism has always been considered to play a vital role in mental disorder diseases, and how traditional Chinese formula Xiaoyaosan regulates the tryptophan metabolism is a complement to the pathogenesis of depression. This study established a depression rat model by the chronic immobilization stress (CIS) method and observed the change in tryptophan metabolism in hippocampus and the effects of Xiaoyaosan. METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: control group, CIS group, Xiaoyaosan group, and fluoxetine group. The depression model was established by the 21-day CIS. The food intake and body weight were recorded, and the sucrose preference test (SPT), novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test and open field test (OFT) were also used to evaluate the model. Then, the contents of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in hippocampus were detected by the ELISA method, and the expression levels of tryptophan hydrogenase 2 (TPH2) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in hippocampus were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. RESULTS The behavioral data showed a significant difference between the model group and the normal group. The 5-HT content in the hippocampi of CIS rats was significantly reduced, whereas the tryptophan content in the hippocampi of model rats was significantly increased. The TPH2 level in hippocampus of the model group was significantly decreased, and the IDO1 level was significantly increased. Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine could significantly reverse these changes and had obvious curative effects. CONCLUSION The abnormal tryptophan metabolism existed in the hippocampi of chronic stress-depressed rats, which was closely related to the pathogenesis of depression. Xiaoyaosan could improve the tryptophan metabolism by regulating the expression levels of TPH2 and IDO1, thus exerting an antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China,
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China,
| | - Youming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China, .,Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China,
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UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 14 Compounds in Rat Plasma and Its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study of Orally Administered Xiaoyao Powder. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102514. [PMID: 30274372 PMCID: PMC6222316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiaoyao Powder (XYP), a common Chinese medicine, comprises eight traditional Chinese herbs and has been widely used clinically to treat liver damage and mental disorders. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 14 compounds (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, and saikosaponin a) in XYP. Naringenin was used as the internal standard. The compounds were separated using an ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 50 × 2.1 mm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using multiple reaction monitoring and an electrospray ionization source in both positive and negative ionization modes. All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r2 > 0.9974) over the measured ranges. The intra- and inter-day precisions were within 12%, and the accuracy ranged from 89.93% to 106.64%. Extraction recovery and matrix effect results were satisfactory. The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of the 14 compounds in rat plasma after the oral administration of XYP.
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Gao L, Huang P, Dong Z, Gao T, Huang S, Zhou C, Lai Y, Deng G, Liu B, Wen G, Lv Z. Modified Xiaoyaosan (MXYS) Exerts Anti-depressive Effects by Rectifying the Brain Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent fMRI Signals and Improving Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1098. [PMID: 30323763 PMCID: PMC6173122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the traditional Chinese herbal formula, Xiaoyaosan and its modified formula have been described in many previous studies with definite anti-depressive effects, but its underlying mechanism remains mystery. Previous work in our lab has demonstrated that depression induced by chronic stress could generate brain blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals disorder, accompanied by the impairment of hippocampal neuronal plasticity, decrease of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and reduction of the number and complexity of adult neurons in the dentate gyrus. We hypothesized that herbal formula based on Xiaoyaosan could exert anti-depressive effects through restoring these neurobiological dysfunctions and rectifying BOLD-fMRI signals. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of modified Xiaoyaosan (MXYS) on depressive-like behaviors, as well as hippocampal neurogenesis and BOLD signals in a mice model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. MXYS exerted anti-depressant effects on CUMS-induced depression that were similar to the effects of classical antidepressants drug (fluoxetine hydrochloride), with a significant alleviation of depressive-like behaviors, an improvement of hippocampal neurogenesis, and a reversal of activation of BOLD in the limbic system, particularly in the hippocampus. These results suggested that MXYS attenuated CUMS-induced depressive behaviors by rectifying the BOLD signals in the mice hippocampus. These novel results demonstrated that MXYS had anti-depressive effects accompanied by improving BOLD signals and hippocampal neurogenesis, which suggested that BOLD-fMRI signals in brain regions could be a key component for the evaluation of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Dong
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuying Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Wen
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fedotova J, Hritcu L. Testosterone promotes anxiolytic-like behavior in gonadectomized male rats via blockade of the 5-HT 1A receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 254:14-21. [PMID: 28919453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine an anxiety-like behavior in the adult gonadectomized (GDX) male rats subjected to testosterone propionate (TP) treatment alone or in combination with 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, or with NAN-190, 5-HT1A receptor antagonist. Two weeks after gonadectomy, GDX rats were subjected by treatments with the solvent, TP (0.5mg/kg, s.c.), 8-OH-DPAT (0.05mg/kg, s.c.), NAN-190 (0.1mg/kg, i.p.), TP in combination with 8-OH-DPAT or NAN-190 during 14days. Anxiety behavior was assessed in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field test (OFT). 8-OH-DPAT treatment failed to modify the anxiety-like behavior of GDX rats in the EPM as compared to the GDX rats given with oil solvent. NAN-190 injected alone or in combination with TP to GDX rats resulted in a significant anxiolytic-like effect as compared to the GDX given with oil solvent or TP application. Our data indicate that the combination of NAN-190 and TP is more effective than TP alone in GDX rats inducing a more profound anxiolytic-like effect in the EPM. Thus, the results of this study suggest that effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonist/antagonist can modify anxiety level in opposite direction in male rats after gonadectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fedotova
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Emb. Makarova, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky pr., St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, 700506, Romania.
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Lian M, Sun Y, Lin Y, Wen J, Almoiliqy M, Xu B, Li Y, Xu M, Chen D, Tang Z, Wang L. p-JAK2 plays a key role in catalpol-induced protection against rat intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalpol attenuated rat intestinal I/R injury by decreasing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through blocking the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathwayviaselective inhibition of p-JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Lian
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yuchao Sun
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
- Zhongshan College
| | - Jin Wen
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | | | - Bin Xu
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yanli Li
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ming Xu
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Li Wang
- Pharmaceutical College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
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