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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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Chen X, Yu Y, Zheng Y, Jia J, Jin J, Sun H, Jiang C, Yang H. Structural characterization and adjuvant action of Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide on the immune responses to classical swine fever vaccine in mice. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271996. [PMID: 37795015 PMCID: PMC10545964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide (PTFP) from dried cultured P. tomentosa flowers, is widely known for its immunomodulatory activities. Here, PTFP was extracted from Paulownia tomentosa flower using hot water extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation methods. Structural characterization of PTFP was revealed by scanning electron microscope, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectral. Meanwhile, adjuvant action of PTFT on the immune responses to classical swine fever vaccine in mice was evaluated to further proclaim the immune regulatory effect of PTFP. The results showed that PTFP was a type of heteropolysaccharide with a dense, rough surface and high molecular weight (667.02 kDa), mainly composed of glucose (30.93%), rhamnose (29.99%), galactose (15.66%), arabinose (6.95%), mannose (5.52%), and xylose (4.80%). The results of gel chromatography suggested that the molecular configuration of PTFP may be a spherical structure. The infrared spectrum results confirmed that the functional groups and chemical bond of PTFP contained -OH, O-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, etc. Moreover, PTFP exhibited obvious immune enhancement effect by improving concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CSFV E2-stimulated splenocyte growth and natural killer cell activity in CSFV-immunized mice. Similarly, the titers of CSFV E2-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies and IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in CSFV-immunized mice were distinctly increased by PTFP treatment. Overall, PTFP was a macromolecular heteropolysaccharide primarily containing glucose and rhamnose, and possessed the auxiliary effect of immune enhancement on the immune responses to classical swine fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Chen
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaming Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiping Jia
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Chunmao Jiang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang HL, Zhang RH, Liu G, Li GM, Wang FX, Wen YJ, Shan H. Evaluation of immunogenicity of gene-deleted and subunit vaccines constructed against the emerging pseudorabies virus variants. Virol J 2023; 20:98. [PMID: 37221518 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies (PR) (also called Aujeszky's disease, AD) is a serious infectious disease affecting pigs and other animals worldwide. The emergence of variant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) since 2011 has led to PR outbreaks in China and a vaccine that antigenically more closely matches these PRV variants could represent an added value to control these infections. METHODS The objective of this study was to develop new live attenuated and subunit vaccines against PRV variant strains. Genomic alterations of vaccine strains were based on the highly virulent SD-2017 mutant strain and gene-deleted strains SD-2017ΔgE/gI and SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK, which constructed using homologous recombination technology. PRV gB-DCpep (Dendritic cells targeting peptide) and PorB (the outer membrane pore proteins of N. meningitidis) proteins containing gp67 protein secretion signal peptide were expressed using the baculovirus system for the preparation of subunit vaccines. We used experimental animal rabbits to test immunogenicity to evaluate the effect of the newly constructed PR vaccines. RESULTS Compared with the PRV-gB subunit vaccine and SD-2017ΔgE/gI inactivated vaccines, rabbits (n = 10) that were intramuscularly vaccinated with SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine and PRV-gB + PorB subunit vaccine showed significantly higher anti-PRV-specific antibodies as well as neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ levels in serum. In addition, the SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine and PRV-gB + PorB subunit vaccine protected (90-100%) rabbits against homologous infection by the PRV variant strain. No obvious pathological damage was observed in these vaccinated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS The SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine provided 100% protection against PRV variant challenge. Interestingly, the subunit vaccines with gB protein linked to DCpep and PorB protein as adjuvant may also be a promising and effective PRV variant vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Mei Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China.
| | - Hu Shan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China.
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Díaz-Dinamarca DA, Salazar ML, Castillo BN, Manubens A, Vasquez AE, Salazar F, Becker MI. Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1671. [PMID: 36015297 PMCID: PMC9414397 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, those with complex life cycles such as Plasmodium falciparum, those that induce host immune dysfunction such as HIV, those that target immunocompromised individuals such as fungi, those with a latent disease phase such as Herpes, those that are antigenically variable such as SARS-CoV-2 and those that undergo continuous evolution, to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Díaz-Dinamarca
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Michelle L. Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Byron N. Castillo
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Augusto Manubens
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Fabián Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750000, Chile
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Mayslich C, Grange PA, Castela M, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Dupin N. Characterization of a Cutibacterium acnes Camp Factor 1-Related Peptide as a New TLR-2 Modulator in In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095065. [PMID: 35563458 PMCID: PMC9104286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has been implicated in inflammatory acne where highly mutated Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor (CAMP)1 displays strong toll like receptor (TLR)-2 binding activity. Using specific antibodies, we showed that CAMP1 production was independent of C. acnes phylotype and involved in the induction of inflammation. We confirmed that TLR-2 bound both mutated and non-mutated recombinant CAMP1, and peptide array analysis showed that seven peptides (A14, A15, B1, B2, B3, C1 and C3) were involved in TLR-2 binding, located on the same side of the three-dimensional structure of CAMP1. Both mutated and non-mutated recombinant CAMP1 proteins induced the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand interleukin (CXCL)8/(IL)-8 in vitro in keratinocytes and that of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in ex vivo human skin explants. Only A14, B1 and B2 inhibited the production of CXCL8/IL-8 by keratinocytes and that of (GM-CSF), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in human skin explants stimulated with rCAMP1 and C. acnes. Following pretreatment with B2, RNA sequencing on skin explants identified the 10 genes displaying the strongest differential expression as IL6, TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, IL-1β, chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL4 and colony stimulating factor (CSF)2. We, thus, identified a new CAMP1-derived peptide as a TLR-2 modulator likely to be a good candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Mayslich
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Alain Grange
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénéréologie et CeGIDD, Groupe Hospitalier APHP.centre, CNR IST Bactériennes—Laboratoire Associé Syphilis, 75014 Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, U1016, Equipe Biologie Cutanée—CNR IST bactériennes—Syphilis 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Castela
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Anne Geneviève Marcelin
- National Reference Centre for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Team 3 THERAVIR, and AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière—Charles Foix University Hospital, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- National Reference Centre for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Team 3 THERAVIR, and AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière—Charles Foix University Hospital, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Nicolas Dupin
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénéréologie et CeGIDD, Groupe Hospitalier APHP.centre, CNR IST Bactériennes—Laboratoire Associé Syphilis, 75014 Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, U1016, Equipe Biologie Cutanée—CNR IST bactériennes—Syphilis 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-158-411-849; Fax: +33-158-411-55
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Kim S, Lee J, Im S, Kim WJ. Injectable immunogel based on polymerized phenylboronic acid and mannan for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 345:138-146. [PMID: 35271910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent development and prospects of cancer immunotherapy have led to diversification of the types of therapeutic agents used. By simultaneously administering various agents, a more effective therapeutic effect can be expected due to the synergistic effects of multiple therapeutics. In particular, if a substance with adjuvanticity and tumor antigen is delivered at the same time, enhanced cancer immunotherapy can be achieved through high cross-presentation and antigen-presenting cell (APC) maturation. To this end, we developed a polymerized phenylboronic acid (pPBA)-based immunogel for the simultaneous delivery of mannan, which has adjuvanticity and tumor antigen. The immunogel was formed by simple mixing of the polysaccharide mannan with pPBA through the formation of phenylboronic ester between the diol of mannose monomers and phenylboronic acids of pPBA. The immunogel was slowly degraded by hydrolysis to release the loaded tumor antigen. In addition, the released mannan played a key role in both APC maturation in vitro and the upregulation of cross-presentation. Finally, the pPBA-mannan immunogel exhibited a significant anticancer effect in the 4 T1 cell-inoculated mouse model, implying the potential of a codelivery system of antigens and adjuvants for effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonil Kim
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; OmniaMed Co, Ltd., Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooseok Im
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; OmniaMed Co, Ltd., Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; OmniaMed Co, Ltd., Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Lisk C, Yuen R, Kuniholm J, Antos D, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. CD169+ Subcapsular Macrophage Role in Antigen Adjuvant Activity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624197. [PMID: 33815376 PMCID: PMC8012505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have played a pivotal role in improving public health, however, many infectious diseases lack an effective vaccine. Controlling the spread of infectious diseases requires continuing studies to develop new and improved vaccines. Our laboratory has been investigating the immune enhancing mechanisms of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-based adjuvants, including the TLR2 ligand Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein, PorB. Adjuvant use of PorB increases costimulatory factors on antigen presenting cells (APC), increases antigen specific antibody production, and cytokine producing T cells. We have demonstrated that macrophage expression of MyD88 (required for TLR2 signaling) is an absolute requirement for the improved antibody response induced by PorB. Here-in, we specifically investigated the role of subcapsular CD169+ marginal zone macrophages in antibody production induced by the use of TLR-ligand based adjuvants (PorB and CpG) and non-TLR-ligand adjuvants (aluminum salts). CD169 knockout mice and mice treated with low dose clodronate treated animals (which only remove marginal zone macrophages), were used to investigate the role of these macrophages in adjuvant-dependent antibody production. In both sets of mice, total antigen specific immunoglobulins (IgGs) were diminished regardless of adjuvant used. However, the greatest reduction was seen with the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants. In addition, the effect of the absence of CD169+ macrophages on adjuvant induced antigen and antigen presenting cell trafficking to the lymph nodes was examined using immunofluorescence by determining the relative extent of antigen loading on dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen deposition on follicular dendritic cells (FDC). Interestingly, only vaccine preparations containing PorB had significant decreases in antigen deposition in lymphoid follicles and germinal centers in CD169 knockout mice or mice treated with low dose clodronate as compared to wildtype controls. Mice immunized with CpG containing preparations demonstrated decreased FDC networks in the mice treated with low dose clodronate. Conversely, alum containing preparations only demonstrated significant decreases in IgG in CD169 knockout mice. These studies stress that importance of subcapsular macrophages and their unique role in adjuvant-mediated antibody production, potentially due to an effect of these adjuvants on antigen trafficking to the lymph node and deposition on follicular dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lisk
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeff Kuniholm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Toll-like receptor-2/7-mediated T cell activation: An innate potential to augment CD8 + T cell cytokine production. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13019. [PMID: 33377182 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical to combat pathogens and eradicate malignantly transformed cells. To exert their effector function and kill target cells, T cells produce copious amounts of effector molecules, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. TCR triggering alone is sufficient to induce cytokine secretion by effector and memory CD8+ T cells. However, T cells can also be directly activated by pathogen-derived molecules, such as through the triggering of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR-mediated pathogen sensing by T cells results in the production of only interferon γ. However, in particular when the antigen load on target cells is low, or when TCR affinity to the antigen is limited, antigen-experienced T cells can benefit from costimulatory signals. TLR stimulation can also function in a costimulatory fashion to enhance TCR triggering. Combined TCR and TLR triggering enhances the proliferation, memory formation and effector function of T cells, resulting in enhanced production of interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. Therefore, TLR ligands or the exploitation of TLR signalling could provide novel opportunities for immunotherapy approaches. In fact, CD19 CAR T cells bearing an intracellular TLR2 costimulatory domain were recently employed to treat cancer patients in a clinical trial. Here, the current knowledge regarding TLR2/7 stimulation-induced cytokine production by T cells is reviewed. Specifically, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways engaged upon TLR2/7 sensing and TLR2/7 signalling are discussed. Finally, the potential uses of TLRs to enhance the anti-tumor effector function of T cells are explored.
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Xu Z, Rivera-Hernandez T, Moyle PM. Development of an Enzyme-Mediated, Site-Specific Method to Conjugate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists onto Protein Antigens: Toward a Broadly Protective, Four Component, Group A Streptococcal Self-Adjuvanting Lipoprotein-Fusion Combination Vaccine. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1770-1782. [PMID: 32407620 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines composed of protein antigens covalently attached to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists elicit superior immune responses compared to mixtures of antigens and TLR agonists. Among different conjugation approaches, enzyme-mediated ligation is one of the few that provides an opportunity for the generation of homogeneous, molecularly defined products in which protein antigens are maintained with native structures, which is most critical to elicit protective immune responses upon vaccination. Four highly conserved protein antigens from Group A Streptococcus (GAS) have the potential to be safe and efficacious vaccine candidates. After a TLR2 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1) was successfully attached onto each antigen using sortase A and techniques for their purification were developed, a combination vaccine containing interleukin 8 (IL-8) protease (Streptococcus pyogenes cell envelope proteinase [SpyCEP]), Group A Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA), anchorless virulence factor arginine deiminase (ADI), and trigger factor (TF)-TLR2 conjugates was produced. This combination was assessed for immunity in mice and compared with mixtures of the four antigens with FSL-1 or alum. High titer antigen-specific IgG antibodies were detected from all vaccine groups, with antibodies elicited from FSL-1 conjugates around 10-fold higher compared to the FSL-1 mixture group. Furthermore, the FSL-1 conjugates afforded a more balanced TH1/TH2 immune response than the alum-adjuvanted group, suggesting that this combination vaccine represents a promising candidate for the prevention of GAS diseases. Thus, we established a conjugation platform that allows for the production of defined, site-specific antigen-adjuvant conjugates, which maintain the native three-dimensional structure of antigens and can be potentially applied to a variety of protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Cátedras CONACYT - Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Lisk C, Yuen R, Kuniholm J, Antos D, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. Toll-Like Receptor Ligand Based Adjuvant, PorB, Increases Antigen Deposition on Germinal Center Follicular Dendritic Cells While Enhancing the Follicular Dendritic Cells Network. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1254. [PMID: 32636846 PMCID: PMC7318107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are arguably one of the greatest advancements in modern medicine. Subunit vaccines comprise the majority of current preparations and consist of two main components-antigen and adjuvant. The antigen is a small molecule against which the vaccine induces an immune response to provide protection via the immunostimulatory ability of the adjuvant. Our laboratory has investigated the adjuvant properties of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-based adjuvants, especially the outer membrane protein from Neisseria mengingitidis, PorB. In this current study we used PorB, along with CpG, an intracellular TLR9 agonist, and a non-TLR adjuvant, aluminum salts (Alum), to further investigate cellular mechanisms of adjuvanticity, focusing on the fate of intact antigen in the germinal center and association with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). FDCs are located in the B cell light zone of the germinal center and are imperative for affinity maturation. They are stromal cells that retain whole intact antigen allowing recognition by the B cell receptor of the germinal center B cells. Our studies demonstrate that TLR ligands, but not Alum, increase the FDC network, while PorB and Alum increased colocalization of FDC and the model soluble antigen, ovalbumin (OVA). As PorB is the only adjuvant tested that induces both a higher number of FDCs and increased deposition of antigen on FDCs, it has the greatest ability to increase FDC-antigen interaction, essential for induction of B cell affinity maturation. These studies demonstrate a further mechanism and potential superiority of PorB as an adjuvant and its influence on antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lisk
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeff Kuniholm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Lee M Wetzler
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Gupta N, Regar H, Verma VK, Prusty D, Mishra A, Prajapati VK. Receptor-ligand based molecular interaction to discover adjuvant for immune cell TLRs to develop next-generation vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:535-545. [PMID: 32112848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immune cell toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide a novel chance for the development of the vaccine adjuvant engaging TLR signaling. A library of peptides was developed and peptides structure was generated through homology modeling and refinement. Further, these peptides were subjected to receptor-ligand interaction study against human immune cell TLRs using Schrödinger-suite software. Here, we identified the most potent ligands for each human immune cell receptor and identified it as a potent adjuvant. This work portrays the ability of binding of different known protein adjuvants with human TLRs 1--10. The significance of the study deals with the identification of adjuvant (ligand) for human TLRs individually which assist in the development of the optimal highly immunogenic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hansa Regar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhaneswar Prusty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
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12
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Yang R, Tao Y, Li G, Chen J, Shu J, He Y. Immunoenhancement of Recombinant Neisseria meningitides PorB Protein on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Genetically Engineered Vaccines. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:776-784. [PMID: 31208304 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190430115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae can cause respiratory diseases in pigs, which cause serious economic loss in the worldwide pig industry. Currently, these infections are mainly prevented and controlled by vaccination. The new vaccines on the market are mainly composed of subunits and inactivated vaccines but usually have lower antigenicity than traditional live vaccines. Thus, there is an increasing need to develop new adjuvants that can cause rapid and long-lasting immunity to enhance the antigenic efficacy for vaccines. Studies have shown that meningococcal porin PorB can act as a ligand to combine with Toll-like receptors to activate the production of immunological projections and act as a vaccine immunological adjuvant. OBJECTIVE In this article, we expressed and purified the recombinant PorB protein and verified its immunogenicity against porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae genetically engineered vaccine. METHODS In this article, we used prokaryotic expression to express and purify recombinant PorB protein, four different concentrations of PorB protein, Freund's adjuvant with two genetically engineered vaccines were combined with subcutaneous immunization of mice. RESULTS Our study shows that the appropriate dose of the recombinant protein PorB can enhance the levels of humoral and cellular responses induced by two genetically engineered vaccines in a short period of time in mice. The PorB adjuvant group may cause statistically higher antibody titers for both genetically engineered vaccines compared to Freund's commercial adjuvant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The recombinant protein PorB may be a good candidate adjuvant for improving the protective effect of vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and the protein can be used for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu Tao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gaojian Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yulong He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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13
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Cross-presentation of Exogenous Antigens. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:346-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Gerritzen MJH, Salverda MLM, Martens DE, Wijffels RH, Stork M. Spontaneously released Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles as vaccine platform: production and purification. Vaccine 2019; 37:6978-6986. [PMID: 31383485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoparticles produced by Gram-negative bacteria that can be used as vaccines. The application of OMVs as vaccine component can be expanded by expressing heterologous antigens on OMVs, creating an OMV-based antigen presenting platform. This study aims to develop a production process for such OMV-based vaccines and studies a production method based on meningococcal OMVs that express heterologous antigens on their surface. As a proof of concept, the Borrelia burgdorferi antigens OspA and OspC were expressed on Neisseria meningitidis OMVs to create a concept anti-Lyme disease vaccine. Production of OMVs released in the culture supernatant was induced by high dissolved oxygen concentrations and purification was based on scalable unit operations. A crude recovery of 90 mg OMV protein could be obtained per liter culture. Expressing heterologous antigens on the OMVs did result in minor reduction of bacterial growth, while OMV production remained constant. The antigen expression did not alter the OMV characteristics. This study shows that production of well characterized OMVs containing heterologous antigens is possible with high yields by combining high oxygen concentrations with an optimized purification process. It is concluded that heterologous OMVs show potential as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J H Gerritzen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Merijn L M Salverda
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Exploratory & Clinical Research, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, P.O. Box 1409, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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15
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Yuen R, Kuniholm J, Lisk C, Wetzler LM. Neisserial PorB immune enhancing activity and use as a vaccine adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2778-2781. [PMID: 31112447 PMCID: PMC6930065 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1609852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has focused on Porin B (PorB), an outer membrane protein from Neisseria meningitidis and TLR2 ligand-based adjuvant, to characterize specific molecular and cellular pathways involved in improved immune responses induced by vaccine adjuvants. PorB’s ability to form micellar nanoparticular multi-molecular organized structures and its interaction with Toll-like receptor 2/1 complexes likely accounts for its potent adjuvant activity. Downstream from this stimulation, we have observed enhanced antigen uptake in antigen presenting cells (APC), greater antigen deposition in secondary lymphoid organs, and promotion of germinal center reactions. In mice, antigen-specific IgGs were increased after PorB adjuvanted vaccination using the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Likewise, this formulation resulted in more IL-4 and IFN-γ positive T cells. Mice that received PorB adjuvanted vaccinations benefitted from lower bacterial burdens when challenged with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing OVA. Mouse models lacking MyD88 signaling in various APC types helped identify macrophages as an essential cell type for the adjuvant activity of PorB. We believe the work presented here provides examples of the mechanistic studies required to understand how vaccine adjuvants are contributing to the establishment of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeff Kuniholm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Lisk
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee M Wetzler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Kumar S, Sunagar R, Gosselin E. Bacterial Protein Toll-Like-Receptor Agonists: A Novel Perspective on Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31191528 PMCID: PMC6549121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants have been used in vaccines for over a century, however, the search for safe and effective vaccine adjuvants continues. In recent decades toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists have been investigated as potential vaccine adjuvants. In this regard, the majority of the currently investigated TLR agonists are non-protein microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides, oligonucleotides, and lipopeptides. On the other hand, a growing number of studies reveal that TLR signaling and immune responses can be activated by numerous bacterial proteins. However, their potential roles as adjuvants have been somewhat overlooked. Herein, we discuss several such bacterial proteins which exhibit adjuvant properties, including the activation of TLR signaling, antigen presenting cell maturation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and adaptive immune response. The protein nature of these TLR agonists presents several unique features not shared by non-protein TLR agonists. These properties include the amenability for modifying the structure and function as necessary for optimal immunogenicity and minimal toxicity. Protein adjuvants can be genetically fused to protein antigens which ensure the co-delivery of adjuvant-antigen not only into the same cell but also in the same endocytic cargo, leading to more effective activation of innate and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Raju Sunagar
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - Edmund Gosselin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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17
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Mosaheb M, Wetzler LM. Meningococcal PorB induces a robust and diverse antigen specific T cell response as a vaccine adjuvant. Vaccine 2018; 36:7689-7699. [PMID: 30381152 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines formulated with adjuvant have been effective against numerous infectious diseases, almost always due to induction of functional antibodies that recognizes the pathogen of interest. There is an unmet clinical need for vaccine adjuvants that induce T cells responses to potentially enhance protection against malignancies and intracellular pathogens, where a humoral response, alone, may not be adequate for protection. In this study, we demonstrate that a TLR2 ligand-based adjuvant, meningococcal PorB, has broad immunostimulatory activity with the ability to induce a robust and diverse vaccine antigen specific T cell response. We demonstrate that a vaccine formulated with PorB admixed with ovalbumin induces a wide variety of antigen specific antibody subclasses and effector molecules (MIG, MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1α, KC & IL-2) with known roles for inducing T cell responses, along with elevated levels of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines upon antigen stimulation. We confirmed production of these cytokines by examining the antigen-specific T cells induced by PorB in vivo. After two immunizations with vaccine formulated with PorB/OVA, antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly increased in numbers and produced IL-4 or IFN-γ upon ex vivo antigen re-stimulation. Finally, in a Listeria mouse infection model, vaccine formulated with PorB significantly reduced the bacterial burden upon a low dose infection and increased survival upon a high dose infection with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes engineered to express OVA (rLmOVA), a pathogen that requires OVA-antigen specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells for clearance. In summary, PorB is able to induce antigen specific broad B and T cell responses, illustrating its potential as a potent and new vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Mosaheb
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lee M Wetzler
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, USA; Dept. of Medicine, Sect. of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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18
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. Bioconjugation Approaches to Producing Subunit Vaccines Composed of Protein or Peptide Antigens and Covalently Attached Toll-Like Receptor Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:572-586. [PMID: 28891637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines derived from attenuated or inactivated pathogens are effective at inducing antibody-based protective immune responses but tend to be highly reactogenic, causing notable adverse effects. Vaccines with superior safety profiles can be produced by subunit approaches, utilizing molecularly defined antigens (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides). These antigens, however, often elicit poor immunological responses, necessitating the use of adjuvants. Immunostimulatory adjuvants have the capacity to activate antigen presenting cells directly through specific receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLRs)), resulting in enhanced presentation of antigens as well as the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Consequently, innate immune responses are amplified and adaptive immunity is generated. Recently, site-specific conjugation of such immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g., TLR ligands) onto defined antigens has shown superior efficacy over unconjugated mixtures, suggesting that the development of chemically characterized immunostimulatory adjuvants and optimized approaches for their conjugation with antigens may provide a better opportunity for the development of potent, novel vaccines. This review briefly summarizes various TLR agonists utilized as immunostimulatory adjuvants and focuses on the development of techniques (e.g., recombinant, synthetic, and semisynthetic) for generating adjuvant-antigen fusion vaccines incorporating peptide or protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
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