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Li X, Wang X, Liang F, Wang Z, Liu W, Ge Y, Yang S, Liu Y, Li Y, Cheng X, Li W. Biological characteristics of Cordyceps militaris single mating-type strains. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:225. [PMID: 38642078 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been extensively cultivated as a model cordyceps species for commercial purposes. Nevertheless, the problems related to strain degeneration and breeding technologies remain unresolved. This study assessed the physiology and fertility traits of six C. militaris strains with distinct origins and characteristics, focusing on single mating-type strains. The results demonstrated that the three identified strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) were single mating-type possessing only one mating-type gene (MAT1-1). In contrast, the other three strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05) were the dual mating type. The MAT1-1 strains sourced from CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02 consistently produced sporocarps but failed to generate ascospores. However, when paired with MAT1-2 strains, the MAT1-1 strains with slender fruiting bodies and normal morphology were fertile. The hyphal growth rate of single mating-type strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) typically surpassed that of dual mating-type strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05). The growth rates of MAT1-2 and MAT1-1 strains were proportional to their ratios, such that a single mating-type strain with a higher ratio exhibited an increased growth rate. As C. militaris matured, the adenosine content decreased. In summary, the C. militaris strains that consistently produce sporocarps and have a single mating type are highly promising for production and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu'E Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Fengji Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Wenshuo Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yupeng Ge
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Shude Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yin Li
- Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China.
- Yantai Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Technology Innovation Center, Yantai, 264013, China.
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, No.186, Hongqi Mid-Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Weihuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China.
- Yantai Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Technology Innovation Center, Yantai, 264013, China.
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, No.186, Hongqi Mid-Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
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Li Y, Yang T, Qiao J, Liang J, Li Z, Sa W, Shang Q. Whole-genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis of the wild edible mushroom, Morchella eohespera. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1309703. [PMID: 38361578 PMCID: PMC10868677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Morels (Morchella, Ascomycota) are an extremely desired group of edible mushrooms with worldwide distribution. Morchella eohespera is a typical black morel species, belonging to the Elata clade of Morchella species. The biological and genetic studies of this mushroom are rare, largely hindering the studies of molecular breeding and evolutionary aspects. In this study, we performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the M. eohespera strain m200 genome using the third-generation nanopore sequencing platform. The whole-genome size of M. eohespera was 53.81 Mb with a contig N50 of 1.93 Mb, and the GC content was 47.70%. A total of 9,189 protein-coding genes were annotated. Molecular dating showed that M. eohespera differentiated from its relative M. conica at ~19.03 Mya (million years ago) in Burdigalian. Evolutionary analysis showed that 657 gene families were contracted and 244 gene families expanded in M. eohespera versus the related morel species. The non-coding RNA prediction results showed that there were 336 tRNAs, 76 rRNAs, and 45 snRNAs in the M. eohespera genome. Interestingly, there was a high degree of repetition (20.93%) in the M. eohespera genome, and the sizes of long interspersed nuclear elements, short interspersed nuclear elements, and long terminal repeats were 0.83 Mb, 0.009 Mb, and 4.56 Mb, respectively. Additionally, selection pressure analysis identified that a total of 492 genes in the M. eohespera genome have undergone signatures of positive selection. The results of this study provide new insights into the genome evolution of M. eohespera and lay the foundation for in-depth research into the molecular biology of the genus Morchella in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinxia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhonghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qianhan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Zhang C, Shi X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang W. Integration of Metabolomes and Transcriptomes Provides Insights into Morphogenesis and Maturation in Morchella sextelata. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1143. [PMID: 38132744 PMCID: PMC10744280 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) are a popular edible and medicinal fungus with great nutritional and economic value. The dynamics and regulatory mechanisms during the morphogenesis and maturation of morels are poorly understood. In this study, the metabolomes and transcriptomes of the mycelium (MY), primordium differentiation (PR), young fruiting body (YFB), and mature fruiting body (MFB) were comprehensively analyzed to reveal the mechanism of the morphogenesis and maturation of Morchella sextelata. A total of 748 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and 5342 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, mainly enriched in the carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism pathways, with the transition from the mycelium to the primordium being the most drastic stage at both the metabolic and transcriptional levels. The integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics highlighted significant correlations between the DEMs and DEGs, and specific amino acid and nucleotide metabolic pathways were significantly co-enriched, which may play key roles in morphological development and ascocarp maturation. A conceptual model of transcriptional and metabolic regulation was proposed during morphogenesis and maturation in M. sextelata for the first time, in which environmental factors activate the regulation of transcription factors, which then promote metabolic and transcriptional regulation from vegetative to reproductive growth. These results provide insights into the metabolic dynamics and transcriptional regulation during the morphogenesis and maturation of morels and valuable resources for future breeding enhancement and sustainable artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (C.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Jiexiong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (C.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yesheng Zhang
- Shandong Junsheng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252400, China;
| | - Wei Liu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (C.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Du XH, Wang SY, Ryberg M, Guo YJ, Wei JY, Pfister DH, Johannesson H. Cytological studies reveal high variation in ascospore number and shape and conidia produced directly from ascospores in Morchella galilaea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1286501. [PMID: 38045031 PMCID: PMC10690605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1286501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spores are important as dispersal and survival propagules in fungi. In this study we investigated the variation in number, shape, size and germination mode of ascospores in Morchella galilaea, the only species of the genus Morchella known to fruit in the autumn. Based on the observation of five samples, we first discovered significant variation in the shape and size of ascospores in Morchella. One to sixteen ascospores were found in the asci. Ascospore size correlated negatively with ascospore number, but positively with ascus size, and ascus size was positively correlated with ascospore number. We noted that ascospores, both from fresh collections and dried specimens, germinated terminally or laterally either by extended germ tubes, or via the production of conidia that were formed directly from ascospores at one, two or multiple sites. The direct formation of conidia from ascospores takes place within asci or after ascospores are discharged. Using laser confocal microscopy, we recorded the number of nuclei in ascospores and in conidia produced from ascospores. In most ascospores of M. galilaea, several nuclei were observed, as is typical of species of Morchella. However, nuclear number varied from zero to around 20 in this species, and larger ascospores harbored more nuclei. One to six nuclei were present in the conidia. Nuclear migration from ascospores to conidia was observed. Conidia forming directly from ascospores has been observed in few species of Pezizomycetes; this is the first report of the phenomenon in Morchella species. Morphological and molecular data show that conidial formation from ascospores is not found in all the specimens of this species and, hence, is not an informative taxonomic character in M. galilaea. Our data suggest that conidia produced from ascospores and successive mitosis within the ascus may contribute to asci with more than eight spores. The absence of mitosis and/or nuclear degeneration, as well as cytokinesis defect, likely results in asci with fewer than eight ascospores. This study provides new insights into the poorly understood life cycle of Morchella species and more broadly improves knowledge of conidia formation and reproductive strategies in Pezizomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hui Du
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Martin Ryberg
- Evolution Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yong-Jie Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wei
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vu TX, Thai HD, Dinh BHT, Nguyen HT, Tran HTP, Bui KLT, Tran TB, Pham HT, Mai LTD, Le DH, Nguyen HQ, Tran VT. Effects of MAT1-2 Spore Ratios on Fruiting Body Formation and Degeneration in the Heterothallic Fungus Cordyceps militaris. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:971. [PMID: 37888227 PMCID: PMC10607669 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris is widely exploited in traditional medicine and nutraceuticals in Asian countries. However, fruiting body production in C. militaris is facing degeneration through cultivation batches, and the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. This study showed that fruiting body formation in three different C. militaris strains, namely G12, B12, and HQ1, severely declined after three successive culturing generations using the spore isolation method. PCR analyses revealed that these strains exist as heterokaryons and possess both the mating-type loci, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Further, monokaryotic isolates carrying MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 were successfully separated from the fruiting bodies of all three heterokaryotic strains. A spore combination of the MAT1-1 monokaryotic isolate and the MAT1-2 monokaryotic isolate promoted fruiting body formation, while the single monokaryotic isolates could not do that themselves. Notably, we found that changes in ratios of the MAT1-2 spores strongly influenced fruiting body formation in these strains. When the ratios of the MAT1-2 spores increased to more than 15 times compared to the MAT1-1 spores, the fruiting body formation decreased sharply. In contrast, when MAT1-1 spores were increased proportionally, fruiting body formation was only slightly reduced. Our study also proposes a new solution to mitigate the degeneration in the heterokaryotic C. militaris strains caused by successive culturing generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xuan Vu
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hanh-Dung Thai
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Bich-Hang Thi Dinh
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Huong Thi Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Huyen Thi Phuong Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Khanh-Linh Thi Bui
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Tram Bao Tran
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thanh Pham
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Dam Mai
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Diep Hong Le
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huy Quang Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Zhang SS, Li X, Li GJ, Huang Q, Tian JH, Wang JL, Li M, Li SM. Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom Grifola frondosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:959. [PMID: 37888215 PMCID: PMC10607315 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Grifola frondosa is a valuable edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal values. The mating systems of fungi not only offer practical strategies for breeding, but also have far-reaching effects on genetic variability. Grifola frondosa has been considered as a sexual species with a tetrapolar mating system based on little experimental data. In the present study, one group of test crosses and six groups of three-round mating experiments from two parental strains were conducted to determine the mating system in G. frondosa. A chi-squared test of the results of the test-cross mating experiments indicated that they satisfied Mendelian segregation, while a series of three-round mating experiments showed that Mendelian segregation was not satisfied, implying a segregation distortion phenomenon in G. frondosa. A genomic map of the G. frondosa strain, y59, grown from an LMCZ basidiospore, with 40.54 Mb and 12 chromosomes, was generated using genome, transcriptome and Hi-C sequencing technology. Based on the genomic annotation of G. frondosa, the mating-type loci A and B were located on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. The mating-type locus A coded for the β-fg protein, HD1, HD2 and MIP, in that order. The mating-type locus B consisted of six pheromone receptors (PRs) and five pheromone precursors (PPs) in a crossed order. Moreover, both HD and PR loci may have only one sublocus that determines the mating type in G. frondosa. The nonsynonymous SNP and indel mutations between the A1B1 and A2B2 mating-type strains and the reference genome of y59 only occurred on genes HD2 and PR1/2, preliminarily confirming that the mating type of the y59 strain was A1B2 and not A1B1. Based on the genetic evidence and the more reliable molecular evidence, the results reveal that the mating system of G. frondosa is tetrapolar. This study has important implications for the genetics and hybrid breeding of G. frondosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guo-Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Jing-Hua Tian
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Ming Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shou-Mian Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (S.-S.Z.); (X.L.); (G.-J.L.); (Q.H.); (J.-H.T.); (M.L.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Baoding 071001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
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Liu W, He P, Shi X, Zhang Y, Perez-Moreno J, Yu F. Large-Scale Field Cultivation of Morchella and Relevance of Basic Knowledge for Its Steady Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:855. [PMID: 37623626 PMCID: PMC10455658 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels are one of the most highly prized edible and medicinal mushrooms worldwide. Therefore, historically, there has been a large international interest in their cultivation. Numerous ecological, physiological, genetic, taxonomic, and mycochemical studies have been previously developed. At the beginning of this century, China finally achieved artificial cultivation and started a high-scale commercial development in 2012. Due to its international interest, its cultivation scale and area expanded rapidly in this country. However, along with the massive industrial scale, a number of challenges, including the maintenance of steady economic profits, arise. In order to contribute to the solution of these challenges, formal research studying selection, species recognition, strain aging, mating type structure, life cycle, nutrient metabolism, growth and development, and multi-omics has recently been boosted. This paper focuses on discussing current morel cultivation technologies, the industrial status of cultivation in China, and the relevance of basic biological research, including, e.g., the study of strain characteristics, species breeding, mating type structure, and microbial interactions. The main challenges related to the morel cultivation industry on a large scale are also analyzed. It is expected that this review will promote a steady global development of the morel industry based on permanent and robust basic scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Peixin He
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Sichuan Junyinong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China;
| | - Jesus Perez-Moreno
- Edafologia, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Fuqiang Yu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (W.L.); (X.S.)
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8
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Yang C, Jiang X, Ma L, Xiao D, Liu X, Ying Z, Li Y, Lin Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiles Provide Insights into the Red-Stipe Symptom of Morel Fruiting Bodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030373. [PMID: 36983541 PMCID: PMC10058789 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of true morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) has rapidly expanded in recent years, especially in China. Red stipe is a symptom wherein the stipe of morel fruiting bodies becomes red-gray, resulting in the gradual death of the affected fruiting bodies. The impact of red-stipe symptom occurrence on the development and nutritional quality of morel fruiting bodies remains unclear. Herein, morel ascocarps with the red-stipe symptom (R) and normal (N), artificially cultivated in the Fujian Province of China, were selected for the transcriptome and metabolome analysis to study the physiological and biochemical responses of morel fruiting bodies to the red-stipe symptom. Transcriptome data revealed several differentially expressed genes between the R and N groups significantly enriched in the tyrosine, riboflavin, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. Similarly, the differentially accumulated metabolites were mainly assigned to metabolic pathways, including tyrosine, the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, and the biosynthesis of amino acids. Moreover, the transcriptome and metabolome data combination revealed that tyrosine metabolism was the most enriched pathway, which was followed by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Overall, the integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data of M. sextelata affected by red-stipe symptoms identified several important genes, metabolites, and pathways. These findings further improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the red-stipe symptom development of M. sextelata and provide new insights into how to optimize its cultivation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Xiaoling Jiang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Donglai Xiao
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Zhenghe Ying
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Yanquan Lin
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
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9
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Ultrastructure and Physiological Characterization of Morchella Mitospores and Their Relevance in the Understanding of the Morel Life Cycle. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020345. [PMID: 36838309 PMCID: PMC9960803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels, which belong to the Ascomycete genus Morchella, are highly valued edible fungi treasured by gourmet chefs worldwide. Some species are saprotrophic and others are able to form facultative mycorrhizal-like associations with plant roots without establishing true ectomycorrhizal symbioses. In general, it is considered that the formation of asexual spores, or mitospores, is an important step in the life cycle of morels. However, ultrastructure characterization and physiological attributes of morel mitospores have received little attention. In this contribution, the mitospores of M. sextelata were successfully induced under laboratory conditions and their ultrastructure, occurrence, germination, physiological characteristics and mating type gene structure were studied. Mitospore production was closely related to aeration, nutrition and humidity conditions. The average germination rate of mitospores on different media and under various induction stimuli was very low, with an average of 1/100,000. Based on the ultrastructure characterization, low germination rate, growth rate decline, rapid aging and mating genotyping, it was concluded that the mitospores of M. sextelata had lost their conventional function as conidia and might act more as mate sperm-like (gamete) structures. Thus, this study contributed to a deeper understanding of the life cycle of the economically and ecologically important morel fungal group.
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10
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South American morels in the Elata group: mitosporic states, distributions, and commentary. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Zhang Q, Shu F, Chen X, Liu W, Bian Y, Kang H. Construction of nucleus-directed fluorescent reporter systems and its application to verification of heterokaryon formation in Morchella importuna. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1051013. [PMID: 36478869 PMCID: PMC9720127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morchella importuna (M. importuna) is a rare fungus with high nutrition value and distinct flavor. Despite the successful artificial cultivation, its genetic characteristics and biological processes such as life cycle, reproductive system, and trophic mode remain poorly understood. METHODS Considering this, we constructed pEH2B and pMH2B vectors by fusing M. importuna endogenous histone protein H2B with fluorescent proteins eGFP or mCherry, respectively. Based on the constructed pEH2B and pMH2B vectors, nuclear fluorescence localization was performed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). These two vectors were both driven by two endogenous promoters glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and ubiquitin (UBI). The vector-based reporter systems were tested by the paired culture of two genetically modified strains pEH2B-labeled M04M24 (24e, MAT1-1-1) and pMH2B-abeled M04M26 (26m, MAT1-2-1). RESULTS The fluorescence observation and molecular identification results indicated the successful hyphal fusion and heterokaryon formation. We found that the expression of the reporter genes was stable, and it did not interfere with the growth of the fungus. DISCUSSION Our constructed nucleus-directed fluorescent systems in M. importuna can be used for monitoring the dynamic development and reproductive processes in living cells and also for monitoring the interaction between morels and plant roots. Therefore, morels exhibit the potential to be a candidate organism used for the research on basic biology and genetics of ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Shu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Kang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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12
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, Hassan K, Kemkuignou BM, Čmoková A, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Paomephan P, Cheng T, de Hoog S, Song Y, Jayawardena RS, Al-Hatmi AMS, Mahmoudi T, Ponts N, Studt-Reinhold L, Richard-Forget F, Chethana KWT, Harishchandra DL, Mortimer PE, Li H, Lumyong S, Aiduang W, Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Bhunjun CS, Yu FM, Zhao Q, Schaefer D, Stadler M. Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022; 116:547-614. [PMID: 36123995 PMCID: PMC9476466 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225 China
| | - Khadija Hassan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Dulanjalee L. Harishchandra
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Saisamorm Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
| | - Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Feng-Ming Yu
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Doug Schaefer
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
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Cravero M, Robinson AJ, Hilpisch P, Chain PS, Bindschedler S, Junier P. Importance of appropriate genome information for the design of mating type primers in black and yellow morel populations. IMA Fungus 2022; 13:14. [PMID: 35996182 PMCID: PMC9394083 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morels are highly prized edible fungi where sexual reproduction is essential for fruiting-body production. As a result, a comprehensive understanding of their sexual reproduction is of great interest. Central to this is the identification of the reproductive strategies used by morels. Sexual reproduction in fungi is controlled by mating-type (MAT) genes and morels are thought to be mainly heterothallic with two idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Genomic sequencing of black (Elata clade) and yellow (Esculenta clade) morel species has led to the development of PCR primers designed to amplify genes from the two idiomorphs for rapid genotyping of isolates from these two clades. To evaluate the design and theoretical performance of these primers we performed a thorough bioinformatic investigation, including the detection of the MAT region in publicly available Morchella genomes and in-silico PCR analyses. All examined genomes, including those used for primer design, appeared to be heterothallic. This indicates an inherent fault in the original primer design which utilized a single Morchella genome, as the use of two genomes with complementary mating types would be required to design accurate primers for both idiomorphs. Furthermore, potential off-targets were identified for some of the previously published primer sets, but verification was challenging due to lack of adequate genomic information and detailed methodologies for primer design. Examinations of the black morel specific primer pairs (MAT11L/R and MAT22L/R) indicated the MAT22 primers would correctly target and amplify the MAT1-2 idiomorph, but the MAT11 primers appear to be capable of amplifying incorrect off-targets within the genome. The yellow morel primer pairs (EMAT1-1 L/R and EMAT1-2 L/R) appear to have reporting errors, as the published primer sequences are dissimilar with reported amplicon sequences and the EMAT1-2 primers appear to amplify the RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) gene. The lack of the reference genome used in primer design and descriptive methodology made it challenging to fully assess the apparent issues with the primers for this clade. In conclusion, additional work is still required for the generation of reliable primers to investigate mating types in morels and to assess their performance on different clades and across multiple geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cravero
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Robinson
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Patrick Hilpisch
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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14
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Large-scale commercial cultivation of morels: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4401-4412. [PMID: 35731306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since morels were first successfully cultivated commercially in Sichuan in 2012, morel cultivation has expanded to more than 20 provinces in China. The highest yield currently reaches 15,000 kg/ha. Morel cultivation is characterized by its environmental friendliness, short cycle length, and high profit. However, the yield obtained is unstable which makes morel cultivation a high-risk industry. Although 10 production cycles have passed, there is still a gap between morel cultivation practice and our basic knowledge of morel biology. This mini-review concentrates on the development needs of morel cultivation. We illustrate the key techniques used in the large-scale commercial cultivation of morels and their relevant studies, including nutritional requirements, mechanisms of nutrient bag, soil type, vegetative and reproductive growth conditions, and disease control. This review will be a useful practical reference for the commercial artificial cultivation of morels and promoting the vital technologies required. KEY POINTS: •Unstable yield still exists after commercial cultivation of morels realized. •There is a gap between cultivation practice and our knowledge of morel biology. •Key techniques are illustrated for morel cultivation practice.
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15
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Liu Q, Qu S, He G, Wei J, Dong C. Mating-Type Genes Play an Important Role in Fruiting Body Development in Morchella sextelata. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060564. [PMID: 35736047 PMCID: PMC9225556 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
True morels (Morchella spp.) are edible mushrooms that are commercially important worldwide due to their rich nutrition and unique appearance. In recent years, outdoor cultivation has been achieved and expanded on a large scale in China. However, the mechanisms of fruiting body development in morels are poorly understood. In this study, the role of mating-type genes in fruiting body development was researched. Fruiting bodies cultivated with different mating-type strains showed no difference in appearance, but the ascus and ascospores were slightly malformed in fruiting bodies obtained from the MAT1-1 strains. The transcript levels of mating-type genes and their target genes revealed that the regulatory mechanisms were conserved in ascomycetes fungi. The silencing of mat1-2-1 by RNA interference verified the direct regulatory effect of mat1-2-1 on its target genes at the asexual stage. When cultivated with the spawn of single mating-type strains of MAT1-1 or MAT1-2, only one corresponding mating-type gene was detected in the mycelial and conidial samples, but both mat1-1-1 and mat1-2-1 were detected in the samples of primordium, pileus, and stipe. An understanding of the mating-type genes’ role in fruiting body development in M. sextelata may help to understand the life cycle and facilitate artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.L.); (S.Q.)
| | - Shan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.L.); (S.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoqiang He
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing 100029, China; (G.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinkang Wei
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing 100029, China; (G.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.L.); (S.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Abstract
True morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) are widely regarded as a highly prized delicacy and are of great economic and scientific value. Recently, the rapid development of cultivation technology and expansion of areas for artificial morel cultivation have propelled morel research into a hot topic. Many studies have been conducted in various aspects of morel biology, but despite this, cultivation sites still frequently report failure to fruit or only low production of fruiting bodies. Key problems include the gap between cultivation practices and basic knowledge of morel biology. In this review, in an effort to highlight the mating systems, evolution, and life cycle of morels, we summarize the current state of knowledge of morel sexual reproduction, the structure and evolution of mating-type genes, the sexual process itself, and the influence of mating-type genes on the asexual stages and conidium production. Understanding of these processes is critical for improving technology for the cultivation of morels and for scaling up their commercial production. Morel species may well be good candidates as model species for improving sexual development research in ascomycetes in the future.
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17
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Yuan BH, Li H, Liu L, Du XH. Successful induction and recognition of conidiation, conidial germination and chlamydospore formation in pure culture of Morchella. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:285-293. [PMID: 33766307 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Morels, fungi from the genus Morchella, are popular edible mushrooms. However, little knowledge of their asexual reproduction and inaccessible pure mitospores hamper illumination of their life cycle. Herein, we successfully induced conidiation, conidial germination and chlamydospore formation in pure culture of Morchella sextelata. Conidiation proceeded via four morphologically distinct stages: development of the conidiophore stalk, stalk branching, phialide differentiation, and conidium production. Terminal and intercalary chlamydospores were formed on conidial hyphae. The development of conidiophores occurred earlier, with more conidia produced, in cross-mating cultures than in single-spore cultures. Mature conidia were spherical and 2.5-8 μm in diameter, with a vast majority (nearly 99%) 2.5-5 μm in diameter. Each conidium contained one to three nuclei (80.2% conidia contained one nucleus, 19.1% contained two nuclei, and 0.7% contained three nuclei). The conidial nucleus diameter was 1-2 μm. The nuclear mitosis in detached conidia that was observed may benefit their colony initiation. Additionally, morel conidia formed conidial anastomosis tubes. Conidia (mitospores) likely not only function as spermatia, but also as reproductive propagules in Morchella. Further research is imperative to elucidate the relationship between the conidia and chlamydospores, and their unique function in the morel life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Hong Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xi-Hui Du
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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18
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He P, Yu M, Wang K, Cai Y, Li B, Liu W. Interspecific hybridization between cultivated morels Morchella importuna and Morchella sextelata by PEG-induced double inactivated protoplast fusion. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:58. [PMID: 32236741 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The commercial production of Morchella mushrooms calls for urgent breeding of excellent varieties or strains with appropriate tools, such as protoplast fusion. However, the protoplast fusion in morels has not been studied. In this paper, interspecific hybridization between cultivated morels of M. importuna and M. sextelata by PEG-induced protoplast fusion was conducted. Apart from functional complementation of double inactivated protoplasts, the fusants were characterized by cultural and cultivated characters and molecular markers of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The results suggested that the hybrids and their parents showed significant difference in their inoculum recovery time, mycelial growth rate, yield of cultivation and total amino acid content of ascocarps. Moreover, positive barrage reactions were observed between parental strains as well as between each parent and a hybrid line. A dendrogram created on the basis of RAPD fingerprints exhibited three major clusters, in which morel hybrids showed intra-cluster variations, M. sextelata #6 formed an out group, while M. importuna #4 was phylogenetically closer to morel hybrids. All the results demonstrated that real fusants were obtained in our study. Protoplast fusion may provide an ideal alternative for new strain selection, and thus will promote the healthy development of morel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yingli Cai
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- Zhengzhou Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450005, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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19
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Du XH, Wu D, Kang H, Wang H, Xu N, Li T, Chen K. Heterothallism and potential hybridization events inferred for twenty-two yellow morel species. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:4. [PMID: 32617256 PMCID: PMC7325075 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-0027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mating-type genes are central to sexual reproduction in ascomycete fungi and result in the establishment of reproductive barriers. Together with hybridization, they both play important roles in the evolution of fungi. Recently, potential hybridization events and MAT genes were separately found in the Elata Clade of Morchella. Herein, we characterized the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes of twenty-two species in the Esculenta Clade, another main group in the genus Morchella, and proved heterothallism to be the predominant mating strategy among the twenty-two species tested. Ascospores of these species were multi-nuclear and had many mitochondrial nucleoids. The number of ascospore nuclei might be positively related with the species distribution range. Phylogenetic analyses of MAT1-1-1, MAT1-2-1, intergenic spacer (IGS), and partial histone acetyltransferase ELP3 (F1) were performed and compared with the species phylogeny framework derived from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-a) to evaluate their species delimitation ability and investigate potential hybridization events. Conflicting topologies among these genes genealogies and the species phylogeny were revealed and hybridization events were detected between several species. Different evolutionary patterns were suggested for MAT genes between the Esculenta and the Elata Clades. Complex evolutionary trajectories of MAT1-1-1, MAT1-2-1, F1 and IGS in the Esculenta Clade were highlighted. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of hybridization and gene transfer in Morchella and especially for the appearance of reproductive modes during its evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hui Du
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy Agricultural Reclamation of Sciences, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Heng Kang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Hanchen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Keliang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
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Liu W, Cai Y, Zhang Q, Shu F, Chen L, Ma X, Bian Y. Subchromosome-Scale Nuclear and Complete Mitochondrial Genome Characteristics of Morchella crassipes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E483. [PMID: 31940908 PMCID: PMC7014384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Morchella crassipes (Vent.) Pers., a typical yellow morel species with high economic value, is mainly distributed in the low altitude plains of Eurasia. However, rare research has been performed on its genomics and polarity, thus limiting its research and development. Here, we reported a fine physical map of the nuclear genome at the subchromosomal-scale and the complete mitochondrial genome of M. crassipes. The complete size of the nuclear genome was 56.7 Mb, and 23 scaffolds were assembled, with eight of them being complete chromosomes. A total of 11,565 encoding proteins were predicted. The divergence time analysis showed that M. crassipes representing yellow morels differentiated with black morels at ~33.98 Mya (million years), with 150 gene families contracted and expanded in M. crassipes versus the two black morels (M. snyderi and M. importuna). Furthermore, 409 CAZYme genes were annotated in M. crassipes, containing almost all plant cell wall degrading enzymes compared with the mycorrhizal fungi (truffles). Genomic annotation of mating type loci and amplification of the mating genes in the monospore population was conducted, the results indicated that M. crassipes is a heterothallic fungus. Additionally, a complete circular mitochondrial genome of M. crassipes was assembled, the size reached as large as 531,195 bp. It can be observed that the strikingly large size was the biggest up till now, coupled with 14 core conserved mitochondrial protein-coding genes, two rRNAs, 31 tRNAs, 51 introns, and 412 ncORFs. The total length of intron sequences accounted for 53.67% of the mitochondrial genome, with 19 introns having a length over 5 kb. Particularly, 221 of 412 ncORFs were distributed within 51 introns, and the total length of the ncORFs sequence accounted for 40.83% of the mitochondrial genome, and 297 ncORFs had expression activity in the mycelium stage, suggesting their potential functions in M. crassipes. Meanwhile, there was a high degree of repetition (51.31%) in the mitochondria of M. crassipes. Thus, the large number of introns, ncORFs and internal repeat sequences may contribute jointly to the largest fungal mitochondrial genome to date. The fine physical maps of nuclear genome and mitochondrial genome obtained in this study will open a new door for better understanding of the mysterious species of M. crassipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (F.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Yingli Cai
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.C.); (X.M.)
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (F.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Fang Shu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (F.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Lianfu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (F.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.C.); (X.M.)
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (F.S.); (L.C.)
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Mei-Han, Qingshan-Wang, Baiyintala, Wuhanqimuge. The whole-genome sequence analysis of Morchella sextelata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15376. [PMID: 31653932 PMCID: PMC6814724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morchella are macrofungi and are also called morels, as they exhibit a morel-like upper cap structure. Morels contain abundant essential amino acids, vitamins and biologically active compounds, which provide substantial health benefits. Approximately 80 species of Morchella have been reported, and even more species have been isolated. However, the lack of wild Morchella resources and the difficulties associated with culturing Morchella have caused a shortage in the morels available for daily consumption. Additionally, in-depth genomic and morphological studies are still needed. In this study, to provide genomic data for further investigations of culturing techniques and the biological functions of Morchella sextelata (M. sextelata), de novo genome sequencing was carried out on the Illumina HiSeq. 4000 platform using both the Illumina 150 and PacBio systems. The final estimated genome size of M. sextelata was 52.93 Mb, containing 59 contigs and a GC content of 47.37%. A total of 9,550 protein-coding genes were annotated. In addition, the repeat sequences, gene components and gene functions were analyzed using various databases. Furthermore, the secondary metabolite gene clusters and the predicted structures of their products were analyzed. Finally, a genomic comparison of different species of Morchella was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Han
- Inner Mongolia ZhongXing Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Ulanqab, China
| | - Qingshan-Wang
- Inner Mongolia ZhongXing Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Ulanqab, China
| | - Baiyintala
- Inner Mongolia Mang Lai Food Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Wuhanqimuge
- Innovative Mongolian Pharmaceutical Preparations Laboratory of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, China.
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Chai H, Chen W, Zhang X, Su K, Zhao Y. Structural variation and phylogenetic analysis of the mating-type locus in the genus Morchella. Mycologia 2019; 111:551-562. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1628553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chai
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Kaimei Su
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Yongchang Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
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23
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Li X, Wang F, Liu Q, Li Q, Qian Z, Zhang X, Li K, Li W, Dong C. Developmental transcriptomics of Chinese cordyceps reveals gene regulatory network and expression profiles of sexual development-related genes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:337. [PMID: 31054562 PMCID: PMC6500587 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese cordyceps, also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis, syn. Cordyceps sinensis), is of particular interest for its cryptic life cycle and economic and ecological importance. The large-scale artificial cultivation was succeeded recently after several decades of efforts and attempts. However, the induction of primordium, sexual development of O. sinensis and the molecular basis of its lifestyle still remain cryptic. RESULTS The developmental transcriptomes were analyzed for six stages covering the whole developmental process, including hyphae (HY), sclerotium (ST), primordium (PR), young fruiting body (YF), developed fruiting body (DF) and mature fruiting body (MF), with a focus on the expression of sexual development-related genes. Principal component analysis revealed that the gene expression profiles at the stages of primordium formation and fruiting body development are more similar than those of the undifferentiated HY stage. The PR and MF stages grouped together, suggesting that primordium differentiation and sexual maturation have similar expression patterns. Many more DEGs were identified between the ST and HY stages, covering 47.5% of the O. sinensis genome, followed by the comparisons between the ST and PR stages. Using pairwise comparisons and weighted gene coexpression network analysis, modules of coexpressed genes and candidate hub genes for each developmental stage were identified. The four mating type loci genes expressed during primordium differentiation and sexual maturation; however, spatiotemporal specificity of gene expression indicated that they also expressed during the anamorphic HY stage. The four mating type genes were not coordinately expressed, suggesting they may have divergent roles. The expression of the four mating type genes was highest in the fertile part and lowest in the sclerotium of the MF stage, indicating that there is tissue specificity. Half of genes related to mating signaling showed as the highest expression in the ST stage, indicating fruiting was initiated in the ST stage. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new perspective to understanding of the key pathways and hub genes, and sexual development-related gene profile in the development of Chinese cordyceps. It will be helpful for underlying sexual reproduction, and add new information to existing models of fruiting body development in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Quanping Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, 523850 Guangdong China
| | - Zhengming Qian
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, 523850 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, 523850 Guangdong China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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24
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Zou J, Zeng TT, He ZM, Zhang P, Chen ZH. Cloning and analysis of Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis mating type (MAT) loci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5437676. [PMID: 31062026 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis, a recently described species and identified as the sister taxon of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is a desirable alternative to O. sinensis. The mating systems of fungi play a vitally important role in the regulation of sexual reproduction and evolution, but the mating type loci of O. xuefengensis were completely unknown. In this study, the mating systems of O. xuefengensis were analyzed. The conserved α-box region of the MAT1-1-1 and HMG-box of MAT1-2-1 were successfully obtained by PCR amplification. The distribution of both mating types in different tissues of wild and cultivated O. xuefengensis growth was detected and analyzed. The results showed that the asci always harbored both mating types, whereas the sclerotium, the stipe and each isolated strain of wild O. xuefengensis always had only one idiomorph, either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2, which confirmed that O. xuefengensis is heterothallic. The MAT1-1 locus of O. xuefengensis harbors MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2 and MAT1-1-3, and MAT1-2 contains the MAT1-2-1 gene. Southern blot analysis showed the MAT-1-1-1 and MAT-1-2-1 genes were single-copy in O. xuefengensis. These results will help to understand its life cycle and support artificial cultivation of O. xuefengensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.,Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zheng-Mi He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zuo-Hong Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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25
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhen Q, Wang Y. Distribution of Mycelia of Morchella esculenta in Wild Field. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:168-172. [PMID: 30488165 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It was well-known that Morchella esculenta has a life cycle including vegetative hyphae, sclerotia, primordia, and fruiting bodies, but there is no report yet about the influence of mycelial mass on fruiting process. Since 2014, we have developed an ELISA method to detect the content of Morchella esculenta. In this study, we utilized this method to measure the mycelia content, and find the correlation between mycelial content and fruiting in the wild. The study demonstrated the changes of mycelial concentration at different location around fruiting spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun, 13022, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun, 13022, Jilin, China
| | - Yanshuang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Zhen
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun, 13022, Jilin, China.
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26
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Validation of Internal Control Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Gene Expression Analysis in Morchella. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092331. [PMID: 30213125 PMCID: PMC6225436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of qRT-PCR results depend on the stability of reference genes used for normalization, suggesting the necessity of identification of reference genes before gene expression analysis. Morels are edible mushrooms well-known across the world and highly prized by many culinary kitchens. Here, several candidate genes were selected and designed according to the Morchella importuna transcriptome data. The stability of the candidate genes was evaluated with geNorm and NormFinder under three different experimental conditions, and several genes with excellent stability were selected. The extensive adaptability of the selected genes was tested in ten Morchella species. Results from the three experimental conditions revealed that ACT1 and INTF7 were the most prominent genes in Morchella, CYC3 was the most stable gene in different development stages, INTF4/AEF3 were the top-ranked genes across carbon sources, while INTF3/CYC3 pair showed the robust stability for temperature stress treatment. We suggest using ACT1, AEF3, CYC3, INTF3, INTF4 and INTF7 as reference genes for gene expression analysis studies for any of the 10 Morchella strains tested in this study. The stability and practicality of the gene, vacuolar protein sorting (INTF3), vacuolar ATP synthase (INTF4) and14-3-3 protein (INTF7) involving the basic biological processes were validated for the first time as the candidate reference genes for quantitative PCR. Furthermore, the stability of the reference genes was found to vary under the three different experimental conditions, indicating the importance of identifying specific reference genes for particular conditions.
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27
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Liu W, Chen L, Cai Y, Zhang Q, Bian Y. Opposite Polarity Monospore Genome De Novo Sequencing and Comparative Analysis Reveal the Possible Heterothallic Life Cycle of Morchella importuna. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2525. [PMID: 30149649 PMCID: PMC6164635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Morchella is a popular edible fungus worldwide due to its rich nutrition and unique flavor. Many research efforts were made on the domestication and cultivation of Morchella all over the world. In recent years, the cultivation of Morchella was successfully commercialized in China. However, the biology is not well understood, which restricts the further development of the morel fungus cultivation industry. In this paper, we performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the genomes of two monospores with a different mating type (M04M24 and M04M26) isolated from the commercially cultivated strain M04. Gene annotation and comparative genome analysis were performed to study differences in CAZyme (Carbohydrate-active enzyme) enzyme content, transcription factors, duplicated sequences, structure of mating type sites, and differences at the gene and functional levels between the two monospore strains of M. importuna. Results showed that the de novo assembled haploid M04M24 and M04M26 genomes were 48.98 and 51.07 Mb, respectively. A complete fine physical map of M. importuna was obtained from genome coverage and gene completeness evaluation. A total of 10,852 and 10,902 common genes and 667 and 868 endemic genes were identified from the two monospore strains, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) and KAAS (KEGG Automatic Annotation Serve) enrichment analyses showed that the endemic genes performed different functions. The two monospore strains had 99.22% collinearity with each other, accompanied with certain position and rearrangement events. Analysis of complete mating-type loci revealed that the two monospore M. importuna strains contained an independent mating-type structure and remained conserved in sequence and location. The phylogenetic and divergence time of M. importuna was analyzed at the whole-genome level for the first time. The bifurcation time of morel and tuber was estimated to be 201.14 million years ago (Mya); the two monospore strains with a different mating type represented the evolution of different nuclei, and the single copy homologous genes between them were also different due to a genetic differentiation distance about 0.65 Mya. Compared with truffles, M. importuna had an extension of 28 clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) and a contraction of two COGs. The two different polar nuclei with different degrees of contraction and expansion suggested that they might have undergone different evolutionary processes. The different mating-type structures, together with the functional clustering and enrichment analysis results of the endemic genes of the two different polar nuclei, imply that M. importuna might be a heterothallic fungus and the interaction between the endemic genes may be necessary for its complete life history. Studies on the genome of M. importuna facilitate a better understanding of morel biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - LianFu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - YingLi Cai
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - QianQian Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - YinBing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Phylogeny and species delimitation of Flammulina: taxonomic status of winter mushroom in East Asia and a new European species identified using an integrated approach. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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30
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He P, Wang K, Cai Y, Liu W. Live cell confocal laser imaging studies on the nuclear behavior during meiosis and ascosporogenesis in Morchella importuna under artificial cultivation. Micron 2017; 101:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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