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Cassidy RM, Flores EM, Trinh Nguyen AK, Cheruvu SS, Uribe RA, Krachler AM, Odem MA. Systematic analysis of proximal midgut- and anorectal-originating contractions in larval zebrafish using event feature detection and supervised machine learning algorithms. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14675. [PMID: 37743702 PMCID: PMC10841157 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish larvae are translucent, allowing in vivo analysis of gut development and physiology, including gut motility. While recent progress has been made in measuring gut motility in larvae, challenges remain which can influence results, such as how data are interpreted, opportunities for technical user error, and inconsistencies in methods. METHODS To overcome these challenges, we noninvasively introduced Nile Red fluorescent dye to fill the intraluminal gut space in zebrafish larvae and collected serial confocal microscopic images of gut fluorescence. We automated the detection of fluorescent-contrasted contraction events against the median-subtracted signal and compared it to manually annotated gut contraction events across anatomically defined gut regions. Supervised machine learning (multiple logistic regression) was then used to discriminate between true contraction events and noise. To demonstrate, we analyzed motility in larvae under control and reserpine-treated conditions. We also used automated event detection analysis to compare unfed and fed larvae. KEY RESULTS Automated analysis retained event features for proximal midgut-originating retrograde and anterograde contractions and anorectal-originating retrograde contractions. While manual annotation showed reserpine disrupted gut motility, machine learning only achieved equivalent contraction discrimination in controls and failed to accurately identify contractions after reserpine due to insufficient intraluminal fluorescence. Automated analysis also showed feeding had no effect on the frequency of anorectal-originating contractions. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Automated event detection analysis rapidly and accurately annotated contraction events, including the previously neglected phenomenon of anorectal contractions. However, challenges remain to discriminate contraction events based on intraluminal fluorescence under treatment conditions that disrupt functional motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Cassidy
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern
Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erika M. Flores
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern
Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anh K. Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern
Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sai S. Cheruvu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology,
McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rosa A. Uribe
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX
77005, USA
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern
Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Max A. Odem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern
Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yao Y, Baronio D, Chen YC, Jin C, Panula P. The Roles of Histamine Receptor 1 (hrh1) in Neurotransmitter System Regulation, Behavior, and Neurogenesis in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6660-6675. [PMID: 37474883 PMCID: PMC10533647 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Histamine receptors mediate important physiological processes and take part in the pathophysiology of different brain disorders. Histamine receptor 1 (HRH1) is involved in the development of neurotransmitter systems, and its role in neurogenesis has been proposed. Altered HRH1 binding and expression have been detected in the brains of patients with schizophrenia, depression, and autism. Our goal was to assess the role of hrh1 in zebrafish development and neurotransmitter system regulation through the characterization of hrh1-/- fish generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Quantitative PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry were used to study neurotransmitter systems and genes essential for brain development. Additionally, we wanted to reveal the role of this histamine receptor in larval and adult fish behavior using several quantitative behavioral methods including locomotion, thigmotaxis, dark flash and startle response, novel tank diving, and shoaling behavior. Hrh1-/- larvae displayed normal behavior in comparison with hrh1+/+ siblings. Interestingly, a transient abnormal expression of important neurodevelopmental markers was evident in these larvae, as well as a reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase 1 (Th1)-positive cells, th1 mRNA, and hypocretin (hcrt)-positive cells. These abnormalities were not detected in adulthood. In summary, we verified that zebrafish lacking hrh1 present deficits in the dopaminergic and hypocretin systems during early development, but those are compensated by the time fish reach adulthood. However, impaired sociability and anxious-like behavior, along with downregulation of choline O-acetyltransferase a and LIM homeodomain transcription factor Islet1, were displayed by adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Yao
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diego Baronio
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Congyu Jin
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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An In Vivo Definition of Brain Histamine Dynamics Reveals Critical Neuromodulatory Roles for This Elusive Messenger. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314862. [PMID: 36499189 PMCID: PMC9738190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine is well known for mediating peripheral inflammation; however, this amine is also found in high concentrations in the brain where its roles are much less known. In vivo chemical dynamics are difficult to measure, thus fundamental aspects of histamine's neurochemistry remain undefined. In this work, we undertake the first in-depth characterization of real time in vivo histamine dynamics using fast electrochemical tools. We find that histamine release is sensitive to pharmacological manipulation at the level of synthesis, packaging, autoreceptors and metabolism. We find two breakthrough aspects of histamine modulation. First, differences in H3 receptor regulation between sexes show that histamine release in female mice is much more tightly regulated than in male mice under H3 or inflammatory drug challenge. We hypothesize that this finding may contribute to hormone-mediated neuroprotection mechanisms in female mice. Second, a high dose of a commonly available antihistamine, the H1 receptor inverse agonist diphenhydramine, rapidly decreases serotonin levels. This finding highlights the sheer significance of pharmaceuticals on neuromodulation. Our study opens the path to better understanding and treating histamine related disorders of the brain (such as neuroinflammation), emphasizing that sex and modulation (of serotonin) are critical factors to consider when studying/designing new histamine targeting therapeutics.
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Arrigoni E, Fuller PM. The Role of the Central Histaminergic System in Behavioral State Control. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 59:447-468. [PMID: 34595740 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Histamine is a small monoamine signaling molecule that plays a role in many peripheral and central physiological processes, including the regulation of wakefulness. The tuberomammillary nucleus is the sole neuronal source of histamine in the brain, and histamine neurons are thought to promote wakefulness and vigilance maintenance - under certain environmental and/or behavioral contexts - through their diffuse innervation of the cortex and other wake-promoting brain circuits. Histamine neurons also contain a number of other putative neurotransmitters, although the functional role of these co-transmitters remains incompletely understood. Within the brain histamine operates through three receptor subtypes that are located on pre- and post-synaptic membranes. Some histamine receptors exhibit constitutive activity, and hence exist in an activated state even in the absence of histamine. Newer medications used to reduce sleepiness in narcolepsy patients in fact enhance histamine signaling by blunting the constitutive activity of these histamine receptors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the central histamine system with an emphasis on its role in behavioral state regulation and how drugs targeting histamine receptors are used clinically to treat a wide range of sleep-wake disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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Baronio D, Chen YC, Decker AR, Enckell L, Fernández-López B, Semenova S, Puttonen HAJ, Cornell RA, Panula P. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (SLC18A2) regulates monoamine turnover and brain development in zebrafish. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13725. [PMID: 34403568 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed at identifying potential roles of vesicular monoamine transporter 2, also known as Solute Carrier protein 18 A2 (SLC18A2) (hereafter, Vmat2), in brain monoamine regulation, their turnover, behaviour and brain development using a novel zebrafish model. METHODS A zebrafish strain lacking functional Vmat2 was generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Larval behaviour and heart rate were monitored. Monoamines and their metabolites were analysed with high-pressure liquid chromatography. Amine synthesising and degrading enzymes, and genes essential for brain development, were analysed with quantitative PCR, in situ hybridisation and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The 5-bp deletion in exon 3 caused an early frameshift and was lethal within 2 weeks post-fertilisation. Homozygous mutants (hereafter, mutants) displayed normal low locomotor activity during night-time but aberrant response to illumination changes. In mutants dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine levels were reduced, whereas levels of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolites were increased, implying elevated monoamine turnover. Consistently, there were fewer histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine immunoreactive cells. Cellular dopamine immunostaining, in wild-type larvae more prominent in tyrosine hydroxylase 1 (Th1)-expressing than in Th2-expressing neurons, was absent in mutants. Despite reduced dopamine levels, mutants presented upregulated dopamine-synthesising enzymes. Further, in mutants the number of histidine decarboxylase-expressing neurons was increased, notch1a and pax2a were downregulated in brain proliferative zones. CONCLUSION Lack of Vmat2 increases monoamine turnover and upregulates genes encoding amine-synthesising enzymes, including histidine decarboxylase. Notch1a and pax2a, genes implicated in stem cell development, are downregulated in mutants. The zebrafish vmat2 mutant strain may be a useful model to study how monoamine transport affects brain development and function, and for use in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baronio
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amanda R Decker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Louise Enckell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Liu M, Zheng M, Zhang W, Yang F, Hong L, Yu X, Xu H. Cuprizone-induced dopaminergic hyperactivity and locomotor deficit in zebrafish larvae. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147802. [PMID: 35085574 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Different Peas in the Same Pod: The Histaminergic Neuronal Heterogeneity. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:303-327. [PMID: 34455575 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The histaminergic neuronal system is recently receiving increasing attention, as much has been learned over the past 25 years about histamine role as a neurotransmitter. Indeed, this amine is crucial in maintaining arousal and provides important contributions to regulate circadian rhythms, energy, endocrine homeostasis, motor behavior, and cognition. The extent to which these distinct physiological functions are operated by independent histamine neuronal subpopulation is unclear. In the rat brain histamine neuronal cell bodies are grouped within the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus in five clusters, E1-E5, each sending overlapping axons throughout the entire central nervous system with no strict topographical pattern. These features lead to the concept that histamine regulation of a wide range of functions in the central nervous system is achieved by the histaminergic neuronal system as a whole. However, increasing experimental evidence suggesting that the histaminergic system is organized into distinct pathways modulated by selective mechanisms challenges this view. In this review, we summarized experimental evidence supporting the heterogeneity of histamine neurons, and their organization in functionally distinct circuits impinging on separate brain regions and displaying selective control mechanisms. This implies independent functions of subsets of histaminergic neurons according to their respective origin and terminal projections with relevant consequences for the development of specific compounds that affect only subsets of histamine neurons, thus increasing the target specificity.
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Carthy E, Ellender T. Histamine, Neuroinflammation and Neurodevelopment: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680214. [PMID: 34335160 PMCID: PMC8317266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine, histamine, has been shown to critically modulate inflammatory processes as well as the properties of neurons and synapses in the brain, and is also implicated in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, a reduction in the synthesis of this neuromodulator has been associated with the disorders Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder, with evidence that this may be through the disruption of the corticostriatal circuitry during development. Furthermore, neuroinflammation has been associated with alterations in brain development, e.g., impacting synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, and there are suggestions that histamine deficiency may leave the developing brain more vulnerable to proinflammatory insults. While most studies have focused on neuronal sources of histamine it remains unclear to what extent other (non-neuronal) sources of histamine, e.g., from mast cells and other sources, can impact brain development. The few studies that have started exploring this in vitro, and more limited in vivo, would indicate that non-neuronal released histamine and other preformed mediators can influence microglial-mediated neuroinflammation which can impact brain development. In this Review we will summarize the state of the field with regard to non-neuronal sources of histamine and its impact on both neuroinflammation and brain development in key neural circuits that underpin neurodevelopmental disorders. We will also discuss whether histamine receptor modulators have been efficacious in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders in both preclinical and clinical studies. This could represent an important area of future research as early modulation of histamine from neuronal as well as non-neuronal sources may provide novel therapeutic targets in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Carthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Arulkumar A, Paramithiotis S, Paramasivam S. Biogenic amines in fresh fish and fishery products and emerging control. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Schredelseker T, Veit F, Dorsky RI, Driever W. Bsx Is Essential for Differentiation of Multiple Neuromodulatory Cell Populations in the Secondary Prosencephalon. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:525. [PMID: 32581684 PMCID: PMC7290237 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is characterized by great neuronal diversity, with many neuropeptides and other neuromodulators being expressed within its multiple anatomical domains. The regulatory networks directing hypothalamic development have been studied in detail, but, for many neuron types, control of differentiation is still not understood. The highly conserved Brain-specific homeobox (Bsx) transcription factor has previously been described in regulating Agrp and Npy expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) in mice. While Bsx is expressed in many more subregions of both tuberal and mamillary hypothalamus, the functions therein are not known. Using genetic analyses in zebrafish, we show that most bsx expression domains are dependent on Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.4 homeodomain transcription factors, while a subset depends on Otp. We show that the anatomical pattern of the ventral forebrain appears normal in bsx mutants, but that Bsx is necessary for the expression of many neuropeptide encoding genes, including agrp, penka, vip, trh, npb, and nts, in distinct hypothalamic anatomical domains. We also found Bsx to be critical for normal expression of two Crh family members, crhb and uts1, as well as crhbp, in the hypothalamus and the telencephalic septal region. Furthermore, we demonstrate a crucial role for Bsx in serotonergic, histaminergic and nitrergic neuron development in the hypothalamus. We conclude that Bsx is critical for the terminal differentiation of multiple neuromodulatory cell types in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schredelseker
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Florian Veit
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Richard I Dorsky
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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11
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Scammell TE, Jackson AC, Franks NP, Wisden W, Dauvilliers Y. Histamine: neural circuits and new medications. Sleep 2019; 42:5099478. [PMID: 30239935 PMCID: PMC6335869 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine was first identified in the brain about 50 years ago, but only in the last few years have researchers gained an understanding of how it regulates sleep/wake behavior. We provide a translational overview of the histamine system, from basic research to new clinical trials demonstrating the usefulness of drugs that enhance histamine signaling. The tuberomammillary nucleus is the sole neuronal source of histamine in the brain, and like many of the arousal systems, histamine neurons diffusely innervate the cortex, thalamus, and other wake-promoting brain regions. Histamine has generally excitatory effects on target neurons, but paradoxically, histamine neurons may also release the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. New research demonstrates that activity in histamine neurons is essential for normal wakefulness, especially at specific circadian phases, and reducing activity in these neurons can produce sedation. The number of histamine neurons is increased in narcolepsy, but whether this affects brain levels of histamine is controversial. Of clinical importance, new compounds are becoming available that enhance histamine signaling, and clinical trials show that these medications reduce sleepiness and cataplexy in narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander C Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Centre National de Référence Narcolepsie Hypersomnies, Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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12
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Wang S, Duan M, Guan K, Zhou X, Zheng M, Shi X, Ye M, Guan W, Kuver A, Huang M, Liu Y, Dai K, Li X. Developmental neurotoxicity of reserpine exposure in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 223:115-123. [PMID: 31128281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reserpine is widely used for treatment of hypertension and schizophrenia. As a specific inhibitor of monoamine transporters, reserpine is known to deplete monoamine neurotransmitters and cause decreased movement symptoms. However, how zebrafish larvae respond to reserpine treatment is not well studied. Here we show that swimming distance and average velocity are significantly reduced after reserpine exposure under various stimulatory conditions. Using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis, decreased levels of monoamines (e.g. dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) were detected in reserpine-treated larvae. Moreover, reserpine treatment significantly reduced the number of dopaminergic neurons, which was identified with th (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) in situ hybridization in the preoptic area. Interestingly, dopaminergic neuron development-associated genes, such as otpa, otpb, wnt1, wnt3, wnt5 and manf, were downregulated in reserpine treated larvae. Our data indicates that 2 mg/L reserpine exposure induces dopaminergic neuron damage in the brain, demonstrating a chemical induced depression-like model in zebrafish larvae for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Wang
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ming Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xianyong Zhou
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xulai Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Minjie Ye
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wanchun Guan
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Aarti Kuver
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yunbing Liu
- Yangtze Valley Water Environment Monitoring Center, Add: No.13, Yongqing Branch Road, Wuhan 430010, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Kezhi Dai
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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