1
|
Deng X, Mao L, Peng M, Cai Y, Wang T, Luo Z, Kumar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal rivers in Jiangsu Province, China: Spatial distribution, source apportionment and human impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133576. [PMID: 38278070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The ocean is the ultimate sink for all pollutants, rivers are important channels for land-based pollutants to enter the oceans. Riverine transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to coastal seas in China poses environmental threats. This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution of PAHs in coastal rivers in Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province of China, with the aim of identifying their likely sources, concentrations, and influencing factors. Surface sediments were taken from the Xinyanggang River (XYR) and the Sheyang River (SYR). The concentrations of Ʃ16PAHs in river sediments were measured on average 477.05 ng/g dry weight (dw), with values varying from 2.18 to 6351.42 ng/g, indicating a moderate pollution level, with a dominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. The XYR exhibited significantly higher PAHs concentrations compared to the SYR. The key sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions (47.87%), coal and natural gas combustion (35.07%). Geographically weighted regression and redundancy analysis linked PAHs pollution to distinct land use patterns and socioeconomic indicators, highlighting urban land as the major contributor, driven by high urbanization and industrialization (70.91%). In XYR, industrial activities and transport emissions were major contributors, while in SYR, agricultural activities predominantly influenced PAHs pollution. Urgent mitigation strategies are needed to reduce PAHs pollution in river sediments, mitigating ecological and human risks associated with these contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Mo Peng
- Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water resources, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Wang Y, Guan P, Zhang P, Mo X, Yin G, Qu B, Xu S, He C, Shi Q, Zhang G, Dittmar T, Wang J. Temperature Thresholds of Pyrogenic Dissolved Organic Matter in Heating Experiments Simulating Forest Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17291-17301. [PMID: 37916767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Heating temperature (HT) during forest fires is a critical factor in regulating the quantity and quality of pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the temperature thresholds at which maximum amounts of DOM are produced (TTmax) and at which the DOC gain turns into net DOC loss (TT0) remain unidentified on a component-specific basis. Here, based on solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopies, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we analyzed variations in DOM composition in detritus and soil with HT (150-500 °C) and identified temperature thresholds for components on structural, fluorophoric, and molecular formula levels. TTmax was similar for detritus and soil and ranged between 225 and 250 °C for bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and most DOM components. TT0 was consistently lower in detritus than in soil. Moreover, temperature thresholds differed across the DOM components. As the HT increased, net loss was observed initially in molecular formulas tentatively associated with carbohydrates and aliphatics, then proteins, peptides, and polyphenolics, and ultimately condensed aromatics. Notably, at temperatures lower than TT0, particularly at TTmax, burning increased the DOC quantity and thus might increase labile substrates to fuel soil microbial community. These composition-specific variations of DOM with temperature imply nonlinear and multiple temperature-dependent wildfire impacts on soil organic matter properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Ping Guan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaohan Mo
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gege Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bo Qu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Junjian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li B, Zhao L, Zhong S, An R, Ma R, Xu X, Chen Q. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around main water source areas of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7569-7584. [PMID: 37391576 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments have been globally concerned due to their significant health impacts on residents. However, little is known about potential risks of PAHs from centralized water source areas. In the present study, 326 soils samples from the main water source areas of Beijing were collected and the occurrence, source appointment, and risks of PAHs were systematically investigated based on the monitoring results from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total PAHs (∑16 PAHs) concentrations ranged from 5.70 to 1512 ng/g with median value of 44.2 ng/g, in which 4-ring and 5-ring groups were the major components. PAHs concentrations in the cultivated land were significantly higher than other areas, which could reflect significant impact of soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents on the spatial variations of PAHs. Further source identifications through positive matrix factorization model (PMF) revealed that biomass (22.5%), coal (21.4%), gasoline (17.6%) and diesel (16.4%) combustion were dominant sources of soil PAHs in the study area. Moreover, the risk assessment indicated that total ecological and health risk of PAHs were negligible, but individual PAH, including pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, should be concerned due to their potential risks in several monitored stations located in the secondary protection area of four reservoirs. Our study provided new insights into environmental risks of soils in main water source areas from PAHs and could be helpful for organic micropollutant controlling and drinking water safety in rapidly urbanizing cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Water Authority, Beijing, 100036, People's Republic of China
| | - Sining Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui An
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoqi Ma
- General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, 100120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Liu S, Wang X, Huang S, Sun K, Xia X. Differences in structure and composition of soil humic substances and their binding for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different climatic zones. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121121. [PMID: 36681379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances (HSs) play important roles in the transport and bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils. The sorption of HOCs depends on the compositions and structures of HSs which may differ in different climatic zones, however, the sorption behavior of HOCs by HSs in soils from different climatic zones is poorly understood. In this study, different HS fractions (humic acids-HAs, fulvic acids-FAs and humin-HM) in soils from different climatic zones were extracted and used as sorbents for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicated that HSs (including HA, FA and HM fractions) from colder climatic zones contained more oxygen-containing functional groups and exhibited smaller molecular weight as well as higher aliphaticity and polarity than those from warmer climatic zones. The sorption affinity of HAs at the low given concentration (0.05 Sw) of naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr) and benz(α)anthracene (BaA) from warmer climatic zones to colder ones increased from 26.3 to 43.9, from 36.7 to 114.0, from 125.8 to 388.8, and from 322.5 to 876.1, respectively, and the same trends were obtained for FAs and HM at the same PAH concentration. The results indicated that HSs from colder climatic zones showed higher sorption affinity than those from warmer climatic zones. Moreover, the weighted contributions of FAs, HAs and HM to the overall sorption from different climatic zones were 9.1-28.4%, 13.5-59.2% and 23.4-76.9%, respectively. This indicates FA fraction, a previously neglected component, is also an important contributor to binding PAHs in soils. This study suggests that the difference in sorption behaviors of HOCs to HSs among different climatic zones should be considered when predicting HOC fates and bioavailability in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaoda Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shurui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen C, Zhu S, Li N, Luo X. Source apportionment and risk assessment of metal pollution in natural biofilms and surface water along the Lancang River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156977. [PMID: 35772562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, surface water and periphytic biofilm samples were collected from 16 sites along the Lancang River, China, to assess the spatial distribution, enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (RI), and associated source-oriented health risks of heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in the samples. Results showed that the levels of heavy metals were significantly lower in the surface water samples than in the biofilm samples (one-way analysis of variance, p < 0.001). Moreover, 37.50 % of the biofilm samples were significantly polluted by these heavy metals with a mean EF of >5. As and V were the highest polluting metals, and the enrichment of Co and Ni were attributed to natural sources. RI assessment results showed a consistent ecological risk of As. Based on principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models, the presence of heavy metal ions in the biofilm samples was largely attributed to industrial activities (PCA-MLR: 68.89 %; PMF: 76.39 %), followed by a mixed source of natural and agricultural activities (PCA-MLR: 18.12 %; PMF: 13.56 %), and traffic emissions (PCA-MLR: 12.99 %; PMF: 10.05 %). Both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks for adults were negligible even though adults tended to be exposed to greater risk through ingestion. Source-specific risk evaluations indicated that industrial pollution was the most important source of health risks. Our findings highlight the potential threat of biofilms to the ecological and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shijun Zhu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Nihong Li
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A comprehensive review on occurrence, source, effect, and measurement techniques of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Xu QN, Wang HL, Zhou XF, Liang JP, Yuan H, Xu Y, Yang DZ. Micro-mesoporous polystyrene resins prepared by nanosecond pulsed discharge plasma for the efficient adsorption of PAHs. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Cao H, Wang Z, Liao X, Li Y, Zhu Y. Research on the Regional Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Affected by Mineral Resource Development: A Case Study of the Taojia River Watershed in Hunan. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.918446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mining and production of mineral resources can directly lead to soil and water pollution, posing a serious threat to human health. In this study, the Taojia River basin, a tributary of the Xiangjiang River, was selected as the study area. Based on the concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in 653 soil/substrate samples collected from 342 points in the study area in 2013 and 2021, the changes in soil heavy metal concentrations in the region were systematically analyzed to assess their environmental risks and impacts on regional environmental quality. The results showed that from 2013 to 2021, the As, Pb, and Zn pollution in regional soil, tailing sand, and surface water was reduced, while the Cd pollution increased. The average soil As, Pb, and Zn concentrations decreased from 3,750, 2,340, and 1,180 mg/kg to 457, 373, and 387mg/kg, respectively, while the Cd concentration increased from 0.11to 1.91 mg/kg; additionally, the overall distribution trend of heavy metal concentrations was high in the south, low in the north, and gradually decreased from upstream to downstream. The single evaluation index of heavy metal pollution risk showed that the percentages of medium to heavy pollution points in the soil As, Pb, and Zn were 84, 57, and 28%, respectively, in 2013, and this index decreased to 38, 37, and 25%, respectively, in 2021. The regional environmental quality was closely related to the intensity of mineral resource development. From 2000 to 2010, frequent mining development activities led to an increase in the area of construction land and a continuous decrease in the area of arable land, grassland, and vegetation cover in the region. During 2010–2020, the area of construction land decreased, and the vegetation coverage increased. The comprehensive evaluation index showed that the overall soil pollution risk in the watershed decreased, and the proportion of heavily polluted points decreased from 80 to 65%. It was shown by principal component analysis and factor analysis that mining development activities were the largest source of heavy metal pollution, in addition to mixed sources of tailings, solid waste, agriculture, and traffic emission sources. The results provide a scientific basis for the management and risk control of heavy metal pollution in the Taojia River basin.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang W, Xu H, Qu X, Yang K, Lin D. Predicting the total PAHs concentrations in sediments from selected congeners using a multiple linear relationship. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3334. [PMID: 35228618 PMCID: PMC8885927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed that four congeners, including naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), phenanthrene (Phe), and benz(a)anthracene (BaA), are the characteristic congeners for predicting the emission and the sediment concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel multiple relationship of the total PAHs concentrations (C∑PAHs) in sediments with the concentrations of four congeners was established (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.95) using published data over the past 30 years. Moreover, the multiple linear relationship of the total PAHs emission factors with the emission factors of four congeners was also established (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.99). Interestingly, the ratio of multicomponents coefficient from the multiple linear relationship in sediments to that from the multiple linear relationship in emission sources correlated positively with octanol–water partition coefficient (logKow) (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.88) of the four PAHs congeners. Therefore, a novel model was established to predict CΣPAHs in sediments using the emissions and logKow of the four characteristic PAHs congeners. The percent sample deviation between calculated C∑PAHs and their observed values was 54%, suggesting the established model can accurately predict CΣPAHs in sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Mathematics Teaching and Research Section, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Role of the Ecotoxicology Applied to Seafood as a Tool for Human Health Risk Assessments Concerning Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031211. [PMID: 35162233 PMCID: PMC8834783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent pollutants routinely detected in aquatic ecosystems. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the link between deleterious marine biota PAH effects, especially in commercialized and consumed animals, environmental health status, and potential human health risks originating from the consumption of contaminated seafood products. Thus, this review seeks to verify the relationships of ecotoxicological studies in determining effect and safety concentrations on animals routinely consumed by humans. Methods: A total of 52 published studies between 2011 and 2021, indexed in three databases, were selected following the PICO methodology, and information on test animals, evaluated PAH, and endpoints were extracted. Results: Benzo(a)pyrene and phenanthrene were the most investigated PAHs in terms of biomarkers and test organisms, and mussels were the most evaluated bioindicator species, with an emphasis on reproductive responses. Furthermore, despite the apparent correlation between environmental PAH dynamics and effects on aquatic biota and human health, few assessments have been performed in a multidisciplinary manner to evaluate these three variables together. Conclusions: The links between human and environmental sciences must be strengthened to enable complete and realistic toxicity assessments as despite the application of seafood assessments, especially to mussels, in bioassays, the connection between toxicological animal responses and risks associated with their consumption is still understudied.
Collapse
|
11
|
Škrbić BD, Antić I, Živančev J, Vágvölgyi C. Comprehensive characterization of PAHs profile in Serbian soils for conventional and organic production: potential sources and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4201-4218. [PMID: 33818683 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive characterization of occurrence and levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils used for conventional and organic production in northern and central part of Serbia as well as cross-border region with Hungary. Furthermore, this study includes a characterization of PAH sources and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic human health risk for PAHs accumulated in analysed arable soils. The total concentration of 16 PAHs varied between 55 and 4584 µg kg-1 in agricultural soil used for conventional production and between 90 and 523 µg kg-1 in agricultural soil used for organic production. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominant compounds with similar contribution in both soil types (86% and 80% in conventional and in organic soil, respectively). Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs were used for identification of PAH sources in the analysed soils. Additionally, positive matrix factorization was applied for quantitative assessment. The results indicated that the major sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions, biomass and wood combustion, accounting for ~ 93% of PAHs. Exposure of farmers assessed through carcinogenic (TCR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk did not exceed the acceptable threshold (TCR < 10-6 and THQ < 1). Oral ingestion was the main exposure route which accounted for 57% of TCR and 80% of THQ. It was followed by dermal contact. This investigation gives a valuable data insight into the PAHs presence in arable soils and reveals the absence of environmental and health risk. It also acknowledges the importance of comprehensive monitoring of these persistent pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Igor Antić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Krzyszczak A, Czech B. Occurrence and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives in environmental matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147738. [PMID: 34023603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, there is great attention paid to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different environmental matrices. Extensive reviews on PAHs presence and toxicity were published recently. However, PAHs formation and transformation in the environment lead to the production of PAHs derivatives containing oxygen (O-PAHs), nitrogen (N-PAHs and aazarenes AZA) or sulfur (PASHs) in the aromatic ring. The development of new analytical methods enabled the determination of these novel contaminants. The presence of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in PAHs aromatic rings increased their toxicity. The most common primary sources of PAHs derivatives are biological processes such as microbial activity (in soil, water, and wastewater treatment plants (O-PAHs)) and all processes involving combustion of fuel, coal, and biomass (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA, PASHs). The secondary resources involved i) photochemical (UV light), ii) radical-mediated (OH, NO3), and iii) reactions with oxidants (O3, NOx) (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA). Furthermore, N-PAHs were able to transform to their corresponding O-PAHs, while other derivatives were not. It indicated that N-PAHs are more vulnerable to photooxidation in the environment. 85% of O- and N-PAHs were detected with particle matter below 2.5 μm suggesting their easier bioaccessibility. More than 90% of compounds with four and more aromatic cycles were present in the particle phase in the air. Although the concentrations of N-PAHs or O-PAHs may be similar to PAHs concentration or even 1000 times lower than parent PAHs, PAHs derivatives accounted for a significant portion of the total mutagenicity. The present review is describing the results of the studies on the determination of PAHs derivatives in different environmental matrices including airborne particles, sediments, soil, and organisms. The mechanisms of their formation and toxicity were assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular mechanisms and biochemical analysis of fluorene degradation by the Pseudomonas sp. SMT-1 strain. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:416. [PMID: 34485009 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorene is a harmful organic toxicant extensively disseminated in the water and dry land ecosystem. Its toxicity and ubiquitous presence pose issues concerning its biodegradation. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of fluorene degradation, detection of metabolites, and appraisal of its viability in toxicant removal by the SMT-1 Pseudomonas sp. strain are the main purposes of this study. In this work, the catabolic intermediates were identified from resting cell reactions of the SMT-1 strain as well as the involved catabolic pathway of fluorene. Based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, the identified intermediates were 9-fluorenone; 3,4-dihydroxy-9-fluorenone; phthalate and protocatechuic acid. The specific primers were designed to amplify the fluorene-degrading 4921 dioxygenase gene segment from the SMT-1 Pseudomonas sp. strain. The 4921 dioxygenase gene was expressed, purified and characterized. The apparent K m and V max values were 25.99 µM min-1 and 0.77 U mg-1, respectively. The enzyme was most active at pH 7.5 and 25 °C in Tris-HCl buffer and was identified by measuring the initial reaction velocity for 1 min. Effect of metal salts on enzyme activity was accessed to see the impact on protein stability. Most of the analyzed metal salts inhibited enzyme activity to different degrees, and exhibited very low activity in the presence of FeCl3. Understanding the physiological, metabolic pathway and molecular mechanism of fluorene degradation is an important factor in increasing significant information of this biological process. This strain may serve as a potential candidate for further use in the bioremediation process to treat organic toxicant contaminated sites.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yadav IC, Devi NL. Nitrated- and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soil from Nepal: Source assessment, air-soil exchange, and soil-air partitioning. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111951. [PMID: 33513525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to more frequently investigated priority pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), only little is known about the fate and distribution of nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) in urban soils, particularly in Indian sub-continent. Moreover, experimental data on air-soil exchange and soil-air partitioning are also lacking, which is critical in assessing the partitioning, fugacity coefficient, and secondary emission of PAH-derivatives. Hence, this article provides an insight into the fate, sources, air-soil exchange, and soil-air partitioning of PAH-derivatives on a molecular basis. Prospective health risk due to their exposure has also been discussed. The result showed that PAH-derivatives had significantly polluted all four Nepalese cities. Ʃ15NPAHs and Ʃ2OPAHs in soil were 4 and 20 times lower than their parent-PAHs, and ranged 396-2530 ng/g (median 458 ng/g) and 91.9-199 ng/g (median 94.9 ng/g), respectively. Ʃ15NPAHs was higher than a few global studies, while Ʃ2OPAHs was lower than some of the less urbanized/remote areas worldwide. The 6-Nitobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBaP) was most abundant in soil, and accounted for 10-12% of Ʃ15NPAHs, while Benzanthrone (BZONE) exceeded among OPAHs, and represented 71-76% of Ʃ2OPAHs, respectively. Source identification study indicated that direct emissions from domestic/residential cooking and heating and secondary formations are the essential sources of derivative chemicals in soil. Fugacity fraction ratio (fratio) indicated volatilization from the soil. The soil-air partitioning study showed sorption by soil organic matter/black carbon has little role in soil-air partitioning of PAH-derivatives in Nepal's urban soil. The toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQs) of NPAHs (314 ± 102 ng/g) was estimated slightly higher than their parent-PAHs (294 ± 121 ng/g) suggesting a relatively higher risk of soil toxicity in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | - Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7 Gaya-Panchanpur Road, Gaya 824236, Bihar, INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Siemering GS, Thiboldeaux R. Background concentration, risk assessment and regulatory threshold development: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin surface soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115772. [PMID: 33065477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of regulatory interest from diffuse atmospheric sources within urban areas frequently elevate local soil concentrations to levels requiring remediation despite the lack of in-situ contamination. This research sought to determine the distribution and potential health effects of aerially deposited PAHs in soil within the urban core of metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. as part of a soil regulatory standards reevaluation. Park areas (n = 27) identified as undisturbed for 80+ years, containing no fill material, and receiving only atmospheric deposition were selected for composite surface and 92 cm core soil sample collection (n = 295). Samples were analyzed for the 16 USEPA priority PAHs, 1- and 2- methylnapthalene and ancillary soil properties. Soil core and ancillary data confirm lack of site disturbance. PAH diagnostic ratios and homologue summations indicate that diffuse multiple point source emissions contribute equally to PAH deposition throughout the area. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene mean concentrations exceed health-based clean up levels. Risk assessment shows only a worst-case exposure scenario (BaP at the 95% upper confidence limit) increasing cancer risk (1.67 × 10-6) over current regulatory thresholds (1.0 × 10-6). Health quotients show potential health risks from fluoranthene and pyrene for daily park users and from BaP for all others. Mean soil PAH values are similar to New Orleans, but lower than Chicago, Boston, and London reflecting industrial history and site selection protocols. The soil PAH results presented here for sites selected for non-manipulated soils combined with an almost 100-year uninterrupted atmospheric exposure effectively show the maximum potential PAH values that can be found at any given undisturbed location within the Milwaukee urban core due solely to atmospheric deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Siemering
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Soil Science, 263 King Hall 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Robert Thiboldeaux
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feng J, Song N, Yu Y, Li Y. Differential analysis of FA-NNC, PCA-MLR, and PMF methods applied in source apportionment of PAHs in street dust. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:727. [PMID: 33098456 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many source apportionment models have been applied to identify pollution sources, and differences often exist in the diagnostic results. The reasons causing these differences have not been fully elucidated. In this study, three receptor models, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and factor analysis-nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC), were compared and applied for the analysis of 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in street dust samples from Harbin City (China). The differences in the results were caused by different calculation approaches, including matrix decomposition, variable grouping extraction, and nonnegative constraints, especially between PCA-MLR and the other two models. PCA-MLR has no nonnegative constraints, making PCA-MLR less similar to the real world than the other two. Both PMF and FA-NNC have a nonnegative constraint process, which may be the main reason why their results were much more similar to each other than to those of PCA-MLR. PCA-MLR distinguishes variables into several groups that have the greatest variances from each other, whereas the other two methods find similarities among variables and extract them. In the case study of Harbin City, the contributions of mobile and industrial sources ranged from 47 to 69%, and the contributions of coal and other sources ranged from 30 to 52%. The recognized types of pollution sources were generally equivalent, but the proportional contributions were different. PCA-MLR performed best in calculating contributions, whereas PMF and FA-NNC were better in terms of source diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ningning Song
- College of Resources, Environment and Planning, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Yanxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Haque MM, Fang C, Schnelle-Kreis J, Abbaszade G, Liu X, Bao M, Zhang W, Zhang YL. Regional haze formation enhanced the atmospheric pollution levels in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: Implications for anthropogenic sources and secondary aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138013. [PMID: 32361103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-time-resolution (3-hour) PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously from the rural and urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region during winter. The aerosol samples were analyzed for carbonaceous components, organic tracers, water-soluble inorganic ions and stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic compositions of total carbon and total nitrogen. The values of PM2.5 and secondary organic carbon (SOC) for both sampling sites were observed 2 times higher in haze events compare to those in clear days, implying severe pollution occurred by photochemical oxidation during haze periods. The PM mass of rural samples showed similar temporal trend and significant correlation with the urban PM, reflecting pollution sources or their formation process are most likely identical. Diurnal variations of PM2.5 and carbonaceous components revealed that pollution levels increased at daytime due to the photochemical oxidation. In addition, SOC and OC were influenced by the relative humidity (RH%) and temperature (T °C), indicating that such meteorological factors play important roles in the occurrence of regional air pollution. The concentrations of levoglucosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and n-alkanes were 625 ± 456 and 519 ± 301 ng m-3, 32.6 ± 24.7 and 28.7 ± 20.1 ng m-3, 1.83 ± 1.51 and 1.26 ± 1.34 ng m-3, and 302 ± 206 and 169 ± 131 ng m-3 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Levoglucosan is the most abundant organic compounds, exhibited 2-3 times higher in haze than clear days, suggesting biomass burning (BB) emission substantially affects the haze pollution in winter. Furthermore, NO3- was the dominant ionic species followed by SO42-, NH4+, Cl- and other minor species for both sites. The δ13C and δ15N values demonstrate that anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion and BB are the major sources for carbonaceous and nitrogenous aerosols. This study implies that both the regional anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions influenced the regional haze formation, leading enhancement of pollution levels in eastern China during winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mozammel Haque
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Cao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Joint Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Cooperat Grp Comprehens Mol Analyt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Joint Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Cooperat Grp Comprehens Mol Analyt CMA, Gmunder Str 37, D-81479 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mengying Bao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Metereological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li R, Hua P, Zhang J, Krebs P. Effect of anthropogenic activities on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic suspended particulate matter: Evidence from Rhine and Elbe Rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 179:115901. [PMID: 32417562 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As carcinogenic and pervasive pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water are crucial to environmental policies, and the understanding of their trends and influencing factors is critical for achieving a good chemical and ecological status of water bodies. Based on long-term monitoring data from 1998 to 2017, this study systematically evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution, multimedia transport, fate, and source apportionment of PAHs adsorbed on suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Rhine and Elbe Rivers. The results of the Mann-Kendall test indicated that pollution levels of PAHs decreased from 2.81×105μg⋅s-1 to 9.80×104μg⋅s-1 on average in the Rhine and from 1.60×105 μg⋅s-1 to 5.21×104 μg⋅s-1 in the Elbe in the last 20 years. Spatially, SPM near urban areas had higher PAH mass fluxes (Rhine:3.07×105μg⋅s-1, Elbe: 1.73×105μg⋅s-1) and greater rates of decrease (slopes for Rhine and Elbe: -409, -323) than those near rural areas (Rhine:1.41×105 μg⋅s-1, Elbe: 9.35×104μg⋅s-1; slopes for Rhine and Elbe: -128, -89), indicating the significant influence of anthropogenic activities. Wavelet analysis showed that the pollution level of PAH had significant periodic oscillations for the Rhine and Elbe, and revealed several abrupt change points for the two rivers. A multimedia fugacity model demonstrated that impervious surfaces had the highest concentration (Rhine: 1.84g⋅m-3, Elbe: 0.15g⋅m-3), while soil (Rhine: 8.33×107g, Elbe: 2.53×106g) and sediments (Rhine: 4.85×106g, Elbe: 1.31×106g) had higher masses of PAHs. Furthermore, source apportionment computed using a self-organizing map and positive matrix factorization model suggested that the major sources of PAHs were vehicular emissions and coal combustion, which accounted for 51.86% of the total mass in the Rhine and 62.92% in the Elbe. The data revealed that the long-term trends of PAH variation were associated with changes in energy consumption and the implementation of vehicular emission standards. Therefore, the substitution of coal and petroleum with renewable energies could assist strategies of PAH mitigation in the environment and gradual reduction of pollution levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, 510006, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qu Y, Gong Y, Ma J, Wei H, Liu Q, Liu L, Wu H, Yang S, Chen Y. Potential sources, influencing factors, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil of urban parks in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114016. [PMID: 32041009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Urban parks are an important part of the urban ecological environment. The environmental quality of parks is related to human health. To evaluate sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of urban parks and their possible health risks, soil samples from 122 parks in Beijing, China, were collected and analyzed. The total content of 16 PAHs between 0.066 and 6.867 mg/kg. Four-ring PAHs were predominant, followed by 5-ring PAHs, while the fraction of 2-ring PAHs was the lowest. The dominant PAHs sources were found to be coal combustion and oil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. A conditional inference tree (CIT) was used to identify the key influencing factors for PAHs. Traffic emissions was the most important factor, followed by coal consumption, as well as the history and location of the park. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for urban park soil in Beijing were low under normal conditions. The soil PAHs exposure pathway risk for both children and adults decreased in the following order: ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The risk from soil in parks to children's health is slightly higher than that of adults, although the health risk due to exposure to PAHs was not extraordinary. Ecosystem risk was negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Haiying Wei
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gurkan Ayyildiz E, Esen F. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Two Sites, in Bursa, Turkey: Determination of Concentrations, Gas-Particle Partitioning, Sources, and Health Risk. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:350-366. [PMID: 31901971 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using particle and gas-phase air samples collected in the Ovaakca and Cumalikizik region of Bursa, between May and September 2017. The concentration of Σ16PAH measured in the gas phase, for Ovaakca and Cumalikizik, were 5.32 ± 1.98 and 4.91 ± 3.41 ng m-3, respectively; and for the particle phase, 0.81 ± 0.56 and 1.84 ± 1.82 ng m-3, respectively. The coefficient of gas-particle partitioning was related to the excessive cooled vapor pressure. The determined slope values were - 0.319 (Ovaakca) and - 0.505 (Cumalikizik), which showed the strong effect of organic carbon absorption and the distance to the equilibrium. These experimental values were compared with the results obtained using the octanol/air and Dual partition models, and Dual partition model showed more accurate values than the octanol/air model. The relations between temperature and concentration in the gas phase of PAHs were evaluated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The results indicated the influence of long-range transport of the atmospheric concentrations of PAHs at the regions. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicular emissions contributed greatly to the atmospheric PAHs in the regions. In principal component analysis analysis, wood-burning was found to be the predominant parameter in addition to PAH sources determined with diagnostic ratios. In this study, the lifetime risk of lung cancer was calculated according to the mean and max BaP-TEQ values. When calculated according to the average values, while both regions were acceptable risk levels (Ovaakca: 2.6 × 10-6 and Cumalikizik: 8.6 × 10-6), at low-risk level was determined according to max BaP-TEQ values only in the Cumalikizik region (1.93 × 10-5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Gurkan Ayyildiz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiu YY, Gong YX, Ni HG. Contribution of soil erosion to PAHs in surface water in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:497-504. [PMID: 31185398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the total annual atmospheric emission of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reach up to approximate 100 thousand tons, part of which is preserved in soils. In this study, the contribution of soil erosion to PAHs in surface water nationwide was quantified. The results indicate that a major portion of the annual PAHs emission is lost from soils via rainfall erosivity and subsequently transported to the ocean. The national annual flux of PAHs from soil to surface water by the natural physical forces of water measures up to ~70 thousand tons, which accounts for ~62% of the annual emission of PAHs with 19% entering the sea directly. In general, both the soil erosion intensity and flux of PAHs for the regions located in the Southeast of China are over those in the Northwest of China, with the regions being divided into two different parts by the famous geographic "Hu Huanyong line", reflecting the intensive impact of human activities on environmental degradation. Comparative analysis suggested that there must be a big fraction of PAHs lost during transmission due to the river sedimentation and lake dispersion. This study closes a major gap in the national budget of PAHs and provides critical information in the context of regional environment risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ye Qiu
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong-Xi Gong
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Z, Liu S, Zhang T. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil horizon from high-altitude mountains in Northeastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:93-103. [PMID: 30861387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that soils from high altitude mountains act as primary reservoirs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution and illuminate the behaviors of PAHs in soil profiles from Mt. Wangtiane in Northeastern China. Soil samples were collected by different soil genetic horizon rather than by depths at 10 sites, with altitudes from 1000 m to 2022 m. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of total PAHs (16 PAHs) in O-horizons (371 ± 32 to 2224 ± 207 ng g-1) than those in A- and B-horizons (362 ± 30 to 666 ± 58 ng-1 and 289 ± 23 to 571 ± 50 ng g-1, respectively). An increasing trend of PAH concentrations with altitude was observed from elevation ca. 1000 m to ca. 1800 m, but no correlation between PAH concentrations and altitude along transect was found. Total organic carbon (TOC) was strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with PAH concentrations in O-horizons but showed no relation with those in A- and B-horizons. Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were dominated in each soil horizon, and decreased percentage of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs with depths in soils profiles was observed. Principle component analysis (PCA) separated O-horizons and A-/B-horizons based on PAH compositions, again suggesting different PAH compositions among soil horizons. These results reflect various processes of PAHs, including deposition, vertical motion, degradation and photolysis. This study suggests it is better to investigate characteristics of PAHs in soils by horizon rather than by depths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zucheng Wang
- Institute for Peat & Mire Research, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, China.
| | - Shasha Liu
- Institute for Peat & Mire Research, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Institute for Peat & Mire Research, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lasota J, Błońska E. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content in Contaminated Forest Soils with Different Humus Types. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2018; 229:204. [PMID: 29937598 PMCID: PMC5994215 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-018-3857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in different forest humus types. The investigation was carried out in Chrzanów Forest District in southern Poland. Twenty research plots with different humus types (mor and mull) were selected. The samples for analysis were taken after litter horizons removing from a depth of 0-10 cm (from the Of- and Oh-horizon total or A-horizon). pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, base cations, acidity, and heavy metal content were determined. In the natural moisture state, the activity of dehydrogenase was determined. The study included the determination of PAH content. The conducted research confirms strong contamination of study soil by PAHs and heavy metals. Our experiment provided evidence that different forest humus types accumulate different PAH amounts. The highest content of PAHs and heavy metals was recorded in mor humus type. The content of PAHs in forest humus horizon depends on the content and quality of soil organic matter. Weaker degradation of hydrocarbons is associated with lower biological activity of soils. The mull humus type showed lower content of PAHs and at the same time the highest biological activity confirmed by high dehydrogenase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Lasota
- Department of Forest Soil Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Błońska
- Department of Forest Soil Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vieira GAL, Magrini MJ, Bonugli-Santos RC, Rodrigues MVN, Sette LD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation by marine-derived basidiomycetes: optimization of the degradation process. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:749-756. [PMID: 29805073 PMCID: PMC6175740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recalcitrant to microbial attack. Although studies related to the microbial degradation of PAHs have been carried out in the last decades, little is known about degradation of these environmental pollutants by fungi from marine origin. Therefore, this study aimed to select one PAHs degrader among three marine-derived basidiomycete fungi and to study its pyrene detoxification/degradation. Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 showed higher levels of pyrene and BaP degradation and was subjected to studies related to pyrene degradation optimization using experimental design, acute toxicity, organic carbon removal (TOC), and metabolite evaluation. The experimental design resulted in an efficient pyrene degradation, reducing the experiment time while the PAH concentration applied in the assays was increased. The selected fungus was able to degrade almost 100% of pyrene (0.08mgmL-1) after 48h of incubation under saline condition, without generating toxic compounds and with a TOC reduction of 17%. Intermediate metabolites of pyrene degradation were identified, suggesting that the fungus degraded the compound via the cytochrome P450 system and epoxide hydrolases. These results highlight the relevance of marine-derived fungi in the field of PAH bioremediation, adding value to the blue biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A L Vieira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Juventina Magrini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella C Bonugli-Santos
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Instituto Latino Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Marili V N Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara D Sette
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|