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Tong Z, Zou JP, Wang SY, Luo WW, Wang YY. Activation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 Axis by Type I and II Interferons Contributes to Host Defense. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308890. [PMID: 39004913 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) activate JAK-STAT pathways to induce downstream effector genes for host defense against invaded pathogens and tumors. Here both type I (β) and II (γ) IFNs are shown that can activate the transcription factor IRF3 in parallel with STAT1. IRF3-deficiency impairs transcription of a subset of downstream effector genes induced by IFN-β and IFN-γ. Mechanistically, IFN-induced activation of IRF3 is dependent on the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis. Both IFN-β and IFN-γ cause mitochondrial DNA release into the cytosol. In addition, IFNs induce JAK1-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of cGAS at Y214/Y215, which is essential for its DNA binding activity and signaling. Furthermore, deficiency of cGAS, STING, or IRF3 impairs IFN-β- or IFN-γ-mediated antiviral and antitumor activities. The findings reveal a novel IRF3 activation pathway parallel with the canonical STAT1/2 activation pathways triggered by IFNs and provide an explanation for the pleiotropic roles of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 axis in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, 100049, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei-Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, 100049, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, 100049, China
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2
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Huang S, Yang L, Zheng R, Weng S, He J, Xie J. Nervous necrosis virus capsid protein and Protein A dynamically modulate the fish cGAS-mediated IFN signal pathway to facilitate viral evasion. J Virol 2024:e0068624. [PMID: 38888343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00686-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), an aquatic RNA virus belonging to Betanodavirus, infects a variety of marine and freshwater fishes, leading to massive mortality of cultured larvae and juveniles and substantial economic losses. The enzyme cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) is widely recognized as a central component in the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA derived from different pathogens. However, little is known about the response of cGAS to aquatic RNA viruses. This study found that Epinephelus coioides cGAS (EccGAS) overexpression inhibited NNV replication, whereas EccGAS silencing promoted NNV replication. The anti-NNV activity of EccGAS was involved in interferon (IFN) signaling activation including tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) phosphorylation, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) nuclear translocation, and the subsequent induction of IFNc and ISGs. Interestingly, NNV employed its capsid protein (CP) or Protein A (ProA) to negatively or positively modulate EccGAS-mediated IFN signaling by simultaneously targeting EccGAS. CP interacted with EccGAS via the arm-P, S-P, and SD structural domains and promoted its polyubiquitination with K48 and K63 linkages in an EcUBE3C (the ubiquitin ligase)-dependent manner, ultimately leading to EccGAS degradation. Conversely, ProA bound to EccGAS and inhibited its ubiquitination and degradation. In regulating EccGAS protein content, CP's inhibitory action was more pronounced than ProA's protective effect, allowing successful NNV replication. These novel findings suggest that NNV CP and ProA dynamically modulate the EccGAS-mediated IFN signaling pathway to facilitate the immune escape of NNV. Our findings shed light on a novel mechanism of virus-host interaction and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of NNV.IMPORTANCEAs a well-known DNA sensor, cGAS is a pivotal component in innate anti-viral immunity to anti-DNA viruses. Although there is growing evidence regarding the function of cGAS in the resistance to RNA viruses, the mechanisms by which cGAS participates in RNA virus-induced immune responses in fish and how aquatic viruses evade cGAS-mediated immune surveillance remain elusive. Here, we investigated the detailed mechanism by which EccGAS positively regulates the anti-NNV response. Furthermore, NNV CP and ProA interacted with EccGAS, regulating its protein levels through ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, to dynamically modulate the EccGAS-mediated IFN signaling pathway and facilitate viral evasion. Notably, NNV CP was identified to promote the ubiquitination of EccGAS via ubiquitin ligase EcUBE3C. These findings unveil a novel strategy for aquatic RNA viruses to evade cGAS-mediated innate immunity, enhancing our understanding of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Schubert E, Mun K, Larsson M, Panagiotou S, Idevall-Hagren O, Svensson C, Punga T. Complex regulation of mitochondrial signaling by human adenovirus minor capsid protein VI. J Virol 2024:e0035624. [PMID: 38837380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00356-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The controlled release of mitochondrial content into the cytosol has emerged as one of the key steps in mitochondrial signaling. In particular, the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol has been shown to activate interferon beta (IFN-β) gene expression to execute the innate immune response. In this report, we show that human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) infection induces the release of mtDNA into the cytosol. The release of mtDNA is mediated by the viral minor capsid protein VI (pVI), which localizes to mitochondria. The presence of the mitochondrial membrane proteins Bak and Bax are needed for the mtDNA release, whereas the viral E1B-19K protein blocked pVI-mediated mtDNA release. Surprisingly, the pVI-mediated mtDNA release did not increase but inhibited the IFN-β gene expression. Notably, the pVI expression caused mitochondrial leakage of the HSP60 protein. The latter prevented specific phosphorylation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) needed for IFN-β gene expression. Overall, we assign a new mitochondria and IFN-β signaling-modulating function to the HAdV-C5 minor capsid protein VI. IMPORTANCE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens causing various self-limiting diseases, including conjunctivitis and the common cold. HAdVs need to interfere with multiple cellular signaling pathways during the infection to gain control over the host cell. In this study, we identified human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) minor capsid protein VI as a factor modulating mitochondrial membrane integrity and mitochondrial signaling. We show that pVI-altered mitochondrial signaling impedes the cell's innate immune response, which may benefit HAdV growth. Overall, our study provides new detailed insights into the HAdV-mitochondria interactions and signaling. This knowledge is helpful when developing new anti-viral treatments against pathogenic HAdV infections and improving HAdV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schubert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kwangchol Mun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Catharina Svensson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanel Punga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Li W, Li Y, Zhao J, Liao J, Wen W, Chen Y, Cui H. Release of damaged mitochondrial DNA: A novel factor in stimulating inflammatory response. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155330. [PMID: 38733868 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular double-stranded genome that exists independently of the nucleus. In recent years, research on mtDNA has significantly increased, leading to a gradual increase in understanding of its physiological and pathological characteristics. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other factors can damage mtDNA. This damaged mtDNA can escape from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm or extracellular space, subsequently activating immune signaling pathways, such as NLR family pyrin domain protein 3 (NLRP3), and triggering inflammatory responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of mtDNA damage and leakage in the pathological mechanisms underlying various diseases including infectious diseases, metabolic inflammation, and immune disorders. Consequently, comprehensive investigation of mtDNA can elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying numerous diseases. The prevention of mtDNA damage and leakage has emerged as a novel approach to disease treatment, and mtDNA has emerged as a promising target for drug development. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying mtDNA-induced inflammation, its association with various diseases, and the methods used for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuting Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of TCM Endocrinology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Jiabao Liao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of TCM Encephalopathy, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China.
| | - Huantian Cui
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
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5
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Marques E, Kramer R, Ryan DG. Multifaceted mitochondria in innate immunity. NPJ METABOLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 2:6. [PMID: 38812744 PMCID: PMC11129950 DOI: 10.1038/s44324-024-00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The ability of mitochondria to transform the energy we obtain from food into cell phosphorylation potential has long been appreciated. However, recent decades have seen an evolution in our understanding of mitochondria, highlighting their significance as key signal-transducing organelles with essential roles in immunity that extend beyond their bioenergetic function. Importantly, mitochondria retain bacterial motifs as a remnant of their endosymbiotic origin that are recognised by innate immune cells to trigger inflammation and participate in anti-microbial defence. This review aims to explore how mitochondrial physiology, spanning from oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to signalling of mitochondrial nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids, influences the effector functions of phagocytes. These myriad effector functions include macrophage polarisation, efferocytosis, anti-bactericidal activity, antigen presentation, immune signalling, and cytokine regulation. Strict regulation of these processes is critical for organismal homeostasis that when disrupted may cause injury or contribute to disease. Thus, the expanding body of literature, which continues to highlight the central role of mitochondria in the innate immune system, may provide insights for the development of the next generation of therapies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Marques
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robbin Kramer
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dylan G. Ryan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Hu T, Liu Y, Fleck J, King C, Schalk E, Zhang Z, Mehle A, Smith JA. Multiple Unfolded Protein Response pathways cooperate to link cytosolic dsDNA release to Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593557. [PMID: 38798499 PMCID: PMC11118346 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor STING has been increasingly implicated in responses to "sterile" endogenous threats and pathogens without nominal DNA or cyclic di-nucleotide stimuli. Previous work showed an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), activates STING. Herein, we sought to determine if ER stress generated a STING ligand, and to identify the UPR pathways involved. Induction of IFN-β expression following stimulation with the UPR inducer thapsigargin (TPG) or oxygen glucose deprivation required both STING and the dsDNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Furthermore, TPG increased cytosolic mitochondrial DNA, and immunofluorescence visualized dsDNA punctae in murine and human cells, providing a cGAS stimulus. N-acetylcysteine decreased IFN-β induction by TPG, implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, mitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial oxidative stress inhibitor did not impact TPG-induced IFN. On the other hand, inhibiting the inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ER stress sensor and its target transcription factor XBP1 decreased the generation of cytosolic dsDNA. iNOS upregulation was XBP1-dependent, and an iNOS inhibitor decreased cytosolic dsDNA and IFN-β, implicating ROS downstream of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway. Inhibition of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway also attenuated cytoplasmic dsDNA release. The PERK-regulated apoptotic factor Bim was required for both dsDNA release and IFN-β mRNA induction. Finally, XBP1 and PERK pathways contributed to cytosolic dsDNA release and IFN-induction by the RNA virus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). Together, our findings suggest that ER stressors, including viral pathogens without nominal STING or cGAS ligands such as RNA viruses, trigger multiple canonical UPR pathways that cooperate to activate STING and downstream IFN-β via mitochondrial dsDNA release.
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7
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Martí MM, Castanha PMS, Barratt-Boyes SM. The Dynamic Relationship between Dengue Virus and the Human Cutaneous Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2024; 16:727. [PMID: 38793609 PMCID: PMC11125669 DOI: 10.3390/v16050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a continuing global threat that puts half of the world's population at risk for infection. This mosquito-transmitted virus is endemic in over 100 countries. When a mosquito takes a bloodmeal, virus is deposited into the epidermal and dermal layers of human skin, infecting a variety of permissive cells, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages, dermal dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and mast cells. In response to infection, the skin deploys an array of defense mechanisms to inhibit viral replication and prevent dissemination. Antimicrobial peptides, pattern recognition receptors, and cytokines induce a signaling cascade to increase transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory and antiviral genes. Paradoxically, this inflammatory environment recruits skin-resident mononuclear cells that become infected and migrate out of the skin, spreading virus throughout the host. The details of the viral-host interactions in the cutaneous microenvironment remain unclear, partly due to the limited body of research focusing on DENV in human skin. This review will summarize the functional role of human skin, the cutaneous innate immune response to DENV, the contribution of the arthropod vector, and the models used to study DENV interactions in the cutaneous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Martí
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.M.M.); (P.M.S.C.)
| | - Priscila M. S. Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.M.M.); (P.M.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciệncias Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife 52171-011, Brazil
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.M.M.); (P.M.S.C.)
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Xie F, Zhu Q. The regulation of cGAS-STING signaling by RNA virus-derived components. Virol J 2024; 21:101. [PMID: 38693578 PMCID: PMC11064393 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) serves as a key innate immune signaling axis involved in the regulation of various human diseases. It has been found that cGAS-STING pathway can recognize a variety of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), contributing to cause a robust type I interferon response thereby affecting the occurrence and progression of viral infection. Accumulating evidence indicates RNA virus-derived components play an important role in regulating cGAS-STING signaling, either as protective or pathogenic factors in the pathogenesis of diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the function of RNA virus-derived components in regulating cGAS-STING signaling will provide insights into developing novel therapies. Here, we review the existing literature on cGAS-STING pathway regulated by RNA virus-derived components to propose insights into pharmacologic strategies targeting the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiting Xie
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qiugang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shangyu People's Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
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9
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Schmid M, Fischer P, Engl M, Widder J, Kerschbaum-Gruber S, Slade D. The interplay between autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling and its implications for cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356369. [PMID: 38660307 PMCID: PMC11039819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets various cargos for degradation, including members of the cGAS-STING signaling cascade. cGAS-STING senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA and triggers an innate immune response through type I interferons. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating and fine-tuning cGAS-STING signaling. Reciprocally, cGAS-STING pathway members can actively induce canonical as well as various non-canonical forms of autophagy, establishing a regulatory network of feedback mechanisms that alter both the cGAS-STING and the autophagic pathway. The crosstalk between autophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway impacts a wide variety of cellular processes such as protection against pathogenic infections as well as signaling in neurodegenerative disease, autoinflammatory disease and cancer. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling, with a specific focus on the interactions between the two pathways and their importance for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Fischer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Engl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, a Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Widder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Kerschbaum-Gruber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Bigotti MG, Klein K, Gan ES, Anastasina M, Andersson S, Vapalahti O, Katajisto P, Erdmann M, Davidson AD, Butcher SJ, Collinson I, Ooi EE, Balistreri G, Brancaccio A, Yamauchi Y. The α-dystroglycan N-terminus is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 and enveloped viruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105837. [PMID: 38387750 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need to develop effective therapeutics in preparedness for further epidemics of virus infections that pose a significant threat to human health. As a natural compound antiviral candidate, we focused on α-dystroglycan, a highly glycosylated basement membrane protein that links the extracellular matrix to the intracellular cytoskeleton. Here we show that the N-terminal fragment of α-dystroglycan (α-DGN), as produced in E. coli in the absence of post-translational modifications, blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture, human primary gut organoids and the lungs of transgenic mice expressing the human receptor angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of α-DGN reduced SARS-CoV-2 lung titres and protected the mice from respiratory symptoms and death. Recombinant α-DGN also blocked infection of a wide range of enveloped viruses including the four Dengue virus serotypes, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, but not human adenovirus, a non-enveloped virus in vitro. This study establishes soluble recombinant α-DGN as a broad-band, natural compound candidate therapeutic against enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Bigotti
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Katja Klein
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Esther S Gan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Maria Anastasina
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Andersson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Erdmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, Rome, Italy.
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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11
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Li Q, Wu P, Du Q, Hanif U, Hu H, Li K. cGAS-STING, an important signaling pathway in diseases and their therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e511. [PMID: 38525112 PMCID: PMC10960729 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway was discovered in 2013, great progress has been made to elucidate the origin, function, and regulating mechanism of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the past decade. Meanwhile, the triggering and transduction mechanisms have been continuously illuminated. cGAS-STING plays a key role in human diseases, particularly DNA-triggered inflammatory diseases, making it a potentially effective therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases. Here, we aim to summarize the ancient origin of the cGAS-STING defense mechanism, as well as the triggers, transduction, and regulating mechanisms of the cGAS-STING. We will also focus on the important roles of cGAS-STING signal under pathological conditions, such as infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, and visceral inflammations, and review the progress in drug development targeting cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The main directions and potential obstacles in the regulating mechanism research and therapeutic drug development of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway for inflammatory diseases and cancers will be discussed. These research advancements expand our understanding of cGAS-STING, provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the roles of cGAS-STING in diseases, and open up new strategies for targeting cGAS-STING as a promising therapeutic intervention in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Occupational DiseasesThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital)ChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qiujing Du
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ullah Hanif
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Center for Immunology and HematologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ka Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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12
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Sanz MÁ, Polo M, Rodríguez-Pulido M, Huildore Bommanna R, Sáiz M. The antiviral response triggered by the cGAS/STING pathway is subverted by the foot-and-mouth disease virus proteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:148. [PMID: 38509419 PMCID: PMC10954996 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Propagation of viruses requires interaction with host factors in infected cells and repression of innate immune responses triggered by the host viral sensors. Cytosolic DNA sensing pathway of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a major component of the antiviral response to DNA viruses, also known to play a relevant role in response to infection by RNA viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Here, we provide supporting evidence of cGAS degradation in swine cells during FMDV infection and show that the two virally encoded proteases, Leader (Lpro) and 3Cpro, target cGAS for cleavage to dampen the cGAS/STING-dependent antiviral response. The specific target sequence sites on swine cGAS were identified as Q140/T141 for the FMDV 3Cpro and the KVKNNLKRQ motif at residues 322-330 for Lpro. Treatment of swine cells with inhibitors of the cGAS/STING pathway or depletion of cGAS promoted viral infection, while overexpression of a mutant cGAS defective for cGAMP synthesis, unlike wild type cGAS, failed to reduce FMDV replication. Our findings reveal a new mechanism of RNA viral antagonism of the cGAS-STING innate immune sensing pathway, based on the redundant degradation of cGAS through the concomitant proteolytic activities of two proteases encoded by an RNA virus, further proving the key role of cGAS in restricting FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miryam Polo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Chauhan M, Osbron CA, Koehler HS, Goodman AG. STING dependent BAX-IRF3 signaling results in apoptosis during late-stage Coxiella burnetii infection. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:195. [PMID: 38459007 PMCID: PMC10924102 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
STING (STimulator of Interferon Genes) is a cytosolic sensor for cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and initiates an innate immune response upon binding to CDNs. Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. The ability of C. burnetii to inhibit host cell death is a critical factor in disease development. Previous studies have shown that C. burnetii inhibits host cell apoptosis at early stages of infection. However, during the late-stages of infection, there is host cell lysis resulting in the release of bacteria to infect bystander cells. Thus, we investigated the role of STING during late-stages of C. burnetii infection and examined STING's impact on host cell death. We show that the loss of STING results in higher bacterial loads and abrogates IFNβ and IL6 induction at 12 days post-infection. The absence of STING during C. burnetii infection significantly reduces apoptosis through decreased caspase-8 and -3 activation. During infection, STING activates IRF3 which interacts with BAX. BAX then translocates to the mitochondria, which is followed by mitochondrial membrane depolarization. This results in increased cytosolic mtDNA in a STING-dependent manner. The presence of increased cytosolic mtDNA results in greater cytosolic 2'-3' cGAMP, creating a positive feedback loop and leading to further increases in STING activation and its downstream signaling. Taken together, we show that STING signaling is critical for BAX-IRF3-mediated mitochondria-induced apoptosis during late-stage C. burnetii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Chauhan
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Chelsea A Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Heather S Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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14
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Xue Q, Wang C, Wan S, Wang J, Chen X, Qi X. Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) inhibits innate immune responses via induction of mitophagy. Vet Res 2024; 55:27. [PMID: 38443986 PMCID: PMC10916263 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. Mitophagy plays important roles in virus-host interactions. Here, we provide evidence that non-cytopathic (NCP) BVDV shifts the balance of mitochondrial dynamics toward fission and induces mitophagy to inhibit innate immune responses. Mechanistically, NCP BVDV triggers the translocation of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) to mitochondria and stimulates its phosphorylation at Ser616, leading to mitochondrial fission. In parallel, NCP BVDV-induced complete mitophagy via Parkin-dependent pathway contributes to eliminating damaged mitochondria to inhibit MAVS- and mtDNA-cGAS-mediated innate immunity responses, mtROS-mediated inflammatory responses and apoptosis initiation. Importantly, we demonstrate that the LIR motif of ERNS is essential for mitophagy induction. In conclusion, this study is the first to show that NCP BVDV-induced mitophagy plays a central role in promoting cell survival and inhibiting innate immune responses in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Animal Disease Control Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjiang Wang
- Hebei Veyong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Siyu Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiwen Chen
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control & Healthy Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xi'an, China.
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15
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Kim S, Ramalho TR, Haynes CM. Regulation of proteostasis and innate immunity via mitochondria-nuclear communication. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310005. [PMID: 38335010 PMCID: PMC10857905 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are perhaps best known as the "powerhouse of the cell" for their role in ATP production required for numerous cellular activities. Mitochondria have emerged as an important signaling organelle. Here, we first focus on signaling pathways mediated by mitochondria-nuclear communication that promote protein homeostasis (proteostasis). We examine the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in C. elegans, which is regulated by a transcription factor harboring both a mitochondrial- and nuclear-targeting sequence, the integrated stress response in mammals, as well as the regulation of chromatin by mitochondrial metabolites. In the second section, we explore the role of mitochondria-to-nuclear communication in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. Perhaps related to their prokaryotic origin, mitochondria harbor molecules also found in viruses and bacteria. If these molecules accumulate in the cytosol, they elicit the same innate immune responses as viral or bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyung Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Theresa R. Ramalho
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cole M. Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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16
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Shinde O, Li P. The molecular mechanism of dsDNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway. Adv Immunol 2024; 162:1-21. [PMID: 38866436 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Double stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm triggers the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway to defend against pathogenic infections, tissue damage and malignant cells. Extensive structural and functional studies over the last couple of years have enabled the molecular understanding of dsDNA induced activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. This review highlights recent advances in the structural characterization of key molecules in the cGAS-STING signaling axis by focusing on the mechanism of cGAS activation by dsDNA, the regulation of cGAS activity, the mechanism of STING activation by cGAMP, the molecular basis of TBK1 recruitment and activation by STING, the structural basis of IRF3 recruitment by STING, and the mechanism of IRF3 activation upon phosphorylation by TBK1. These comprehensive structural studies provide a detailed picture of the mechanism of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, establishing a molecular framework for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
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17
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Zhang K, Huang Q, Li X, Zhao Z, Hong C, Sun Z, Deng B, Li C, Zhang J, Wang S. The cGAS-STING pathway in viral infections: a promising link between inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352479. [PMID: 38426093 PMCID: PMC10902852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The host defence responses play vital roles in viral infection and are regulated by complex interactive networks. The host immune system recognizes viral pathogens through the interaction of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). As a PRR mainly in the cytoplasm, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses and binds virus DNA and subsequently activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to trigger a series of intracellular signalling cascades to defend against invading pathogenic microorganisms. Integrated omic and functional analyses identify the cGAS-STING pathway regulating various host cellular responses and controlling viral infections. Aside from its most common function in regulating inflammation and type I interferon, a growing body of evidence suggests that the cGAS-STING signalling axis is closely associated with a series of cellular responses, such as oxidative stress, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which have major impacts on physiological homeostasis. Interestingly, these host cellular responses play dual roles in the regulation of the cGAS-STING signalling axis and the clearance of viruses. Here, we outline recent insights into cGAS-STING in regulating type I interferon, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress and discuss their interactions with viral infections. A detailed understanding of the cGAS-STING-mediated potential antiviral effects contributes to revealing the pathogenesis of certain viruses and sheds light on effective solutions for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Sutian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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18
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El-Mortada F, Landelouci K, Bertrand-Perron S, Aubé FA, Poirier A, Bidias A, Jourdi G, Welman M, Gantier MP, Hamilton JR, Kile B, Lordkipanidzé M, Pépin G. Megakaryocytes possess a STING pathway that is transferred to platelets to potentiate activation. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302211. [PMID: 37993259 PMCID: PMC10665521 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets display unexpected roles in immune and coagulation responses. Emerging evidence suggests that STING is implicated in hypercoagulation. STING is an adaptor protein downstream of the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) that is activated by cytosolic microbial and self-DNA during infections, and in the context of loss of cellular integrity, to instigate the production of type-I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To date, whether the cGAS-STING pathway is present in platelets and contributes to platelet functions is not defined. Using a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate here that megakaryocytes and platelets possess a functional cGAS-STING pathway. Our results suggest that in megakaryocytes, STING stimulation activates a type-I IFN response, and during thrombopoiesis, cGAS and STING are transferred to proplatelets. Finally, we show that both murine and human platelets contain cGAS and STING proteins, and the cGAS-STING pathway contributes to potentiation of platelet activation and aggregation. Taken together, these observations establish for the first time a novel role of the cGAS-STING DNA sensing axis in the megakaryocyte and platelet lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas El-Mortada
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Karima Landelouci
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Samuel Bertrand-Perron
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Félix-Antoine Aubé
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amélie Poirier
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amel Bidias
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Georges Jourdi
- Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mélanie Welman
- Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kile
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pépin
- https://ror.org/02xrw9r68 Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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19
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Murphy MP, O'Neill LAJ. A break in mitochondrial endosymbiosis as a basis for inflammatory diseases. Nature 2024; 626:271-279. [PMID: 38326590 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria retain bacterial traits due to their endosymbiotic origin, but host cells do not recognize them as foreign because the organelles are sequestered. However, the regulated release of mitochondrial factors into the cytosol can trigger cell death, innate immunity and inflammation. This selective breakdown in the 2-billion-year-old endosymbiotic relationship enables mitochondria to act as intracellular signalling hubs. Mitochondrial signals include proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, metabolites and reactive oxygen species, which have many modes of release from mitochondria, and of decoding in the cytosol and nucleus. Because these mitochondrial signals probably contribute to the homeostatic role of inflammation, dysregulation of these processes may lead to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. A potential reason for the increased incidence of these diseases may be changes in mitochondrial function and signalling in response to such recent phenomena as obesity, dietary changes and other environmental factors. Focusing on the mixed heritage of mitochondria therefore leads to predictions for future insights, research paths and therapeutic opportunities. Thus, whereas mitochondria can be considered 'the enemy within' the cell, evolution has used this strained relationship in intriguing ways, with increasing evidence pointing to the recent failure of endosymbiosis being critical for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Tao G, Liao W, Hou J, Jiang X, Deng X, Chen G, Ding C. Advances in crosstalk among innate immune pathways activated by mitochondrial DNA. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24029. [PMID: 38268572 PMCID: PMC10806296 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are not only the power plant for intracellular oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, but also involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, signaling and apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria play an important role in other pathophysiological functions in addition to cellular energy metabolism. Mitochondria release mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) to activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) innate immune signaling pathways against foreign pathogenic microorganisms. The innate immune response not only promotes antimicrobial immune defense and regulates antiviral signaling, but their overactivation also induces the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases. In this paper, we review the role of mtDNA in the activation of innate immune signaling pathways and the crosstalk among innate immune signaling pathways activated by mtDNA, providing clues for the study of inflammatory diseases caused by mtDNA cytoplasmic translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Clinical Immunology Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Wenyan Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jiafeng Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xinmiao Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xin Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chengming Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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21
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Gong J, Gao X, Ge S, Li H, Wang R, Zhao L. The Role of cGAS-STING Signalling in Metabolic Diseases: from Signalling Networks to Targeted Intervention. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:152-174. [PMID: 38164186 PMCID: PMC10750282 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.84890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial innate defence mechanism against viral infection in the innate immune system, as it principally induces the production of type I interferons. Immune responses and metabolic control are inextricably linked, and chronic low-grade inflammation promotes the development of metabolic diseases. The cGAS-STING pathway activated by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), mitochondrial stress, and energy imbalance in metabolic cells and immune cells triggers proinflammatory responses and metabolic disorders. Abnormal overactivation of the pathway is closely associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The interaction of cGAS-STING with other pathways, such as the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), autophagy, pyroptosis and insulin signalling pathways, is considered an important mechanism by which cGAS-STING regulates inflammation and metabolism. This review focuses on the link between immune responses related to the cGAS-STING pathway and metabolic diseases and cGAS-STING interaction with other pathways for mediating signal input and affecting output. Moreover, potential inhibitors of the cGAS-STING pathway and therapeutic prospects against metabolic diseases are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the involvement of STING in immune-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Gong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xilong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaoyang Ge
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Sanhe 065200, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 011517, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Sanhe 065200, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
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22
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Hu MM, Shu HB. Mitochondrial DNA-triggered innate immune response: mechanisms and diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1403-1412. [PMID: 37932533 PMCID: PMC10687031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cellular stress conditions trigger mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release from mitochondria into the cytosol. The released mtDNA is sensed by the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway, resulting in the induced expression of type I interferon and other effector genes. These processes contribute to the innate immune response to viral infection and other stress factors. The deregulation of these processes causes autoimmune diseases, inflammatory metabolic disorders and cancer. Therefore, the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway is a potential target for intervention in infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying the mtDNA-triggered activation of the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway, the effects of the pathway under various physiological and pathological conditions, and advances in the development of drugs that target cGAS and MITA/STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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23
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Meade N, Toreev HK, Chakrabarty RP, Hesser CR, Park C, Chandel NS, Walsh D. The poxvirus F17 protein counteracts mitochondrially orchestrated antiviral responses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7889. [PMID: 38036506 PMCID: PMC10689448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are unusual DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. To do so, they encode approximately 100 immunomodulatory proteins that counteract cytosolic nucleic acid sensors such as cGAMP synthase (cGAS) along with several other antiviral response pathways. Yet most of these immunomodulators are expressed very early in infection while many are variable host range determinants, and significant gaps remain in our understanding of poxvirus sensing and evasion strategies. Here, we show that after infection is established, subsequent progression of the viral lifecycle is sensed through specific changes to mitochondria that coordinate distinct aspects of the antiviral response. Unlike other viruses that cause extensive mitochondrial damage, poxviruses sustain key mitochondrial functions including membrane potential and respiration while reducing reactive oxygen species that drive inflammation. However, poxvirus replication induces mitochondrial hyperfusion that independently controls the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to prime nucleic acid sensors and enables an increase in glycolysis that is necessary to support interferon stimulated gene (ISG) production. To counter this, the poxvirus F17 protein localizes to mitochondria and dysregulates mTOR to simultaneously destabilize cGAS and block increases in glycolysis. Our findings reveal how the poxvirus F17 protein disarms specific mitochondrially orchestrated responses to later stages of poxvirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Helen K Toreev
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ram P Chakrabarty
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Charles R Hesser
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Chorong Park
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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24
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Zoladek J, Nisole S. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and type I interferon: catch me if you can! Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1257024. [PMID: 37965539 PMCID: PMC10642725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include many viruses that are important human pathogens, including Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. While these viruses have long been confined to tropical regions, they now pose a global public health concern, as the geographical distribution of their mosquito vectors has dramatically expanded. The constant threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence underlines the need for a better understanding of the relationships between these viruses and their hosts. In particular, unraveling how these viruses manage to bypass antiviral immune mechanisms could enable the design of countermeasures to limit their impact on human health. The body's first line of defense against viral infections is provided by the interferon (IFN) response. This antiviral defense mechanism takes place in two waves, namely the induction of type I IFNs triggered by viral infection, followed by the IFN signaling pathway, which leads to the synthesis of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose products inhibit viral replication. In order to spread throughout the body, viruses must race against time to replicate before this IFN-induced antiviral state hinders their dissemination. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the multiple strategies developed by mosquito-borne flaviviruses to interfere with innate immune detection and signaling pathways, in order to delay, if not prevent, the establishment of an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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25
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Camarão AAR, Gern OL, Stegmann F, Mulenge F, Costa B, Saremi B, Jung K, Lepenies B, Kalinke U, Steffen I. Secreted NS1 proteins of tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus block dendritic cell activation and effector functions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0219223. [PMID: 37707204 PMCID: PMC10581055 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02192-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is secreted from infected cells into the circulation and the serum levels correlate with disease severity. The effect of secreted NS1 (sNS1) on non-infected mammalian immune cells is largely unknown. Here, we expressed recombinant sNS1 proteins of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) and investigated their effects on dendritic cell (DC) effector functions. Murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) showed reduced surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules and decreased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines when treated with sNS1 of TBEV or WNV prior to poly(I:C) stimulation. Transcriptional profiles of BMDCs that were sNS1-exposed prior to poly(I:C) stimulation showed two gene clusters that were downregulated by TBEV or WNV sNS1 and that were associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. Functionally, both sNS1 proteins modulated the capacity for BMDCs to induce specific T-cell responses as indicated by reduced IFN-γ levels in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after BMDC co-cultivation. In human monocyte-derived DCs, poly(I:C)-induced upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine responses were even more strongly impaired by TBEV sNS1 or WNV sNS1 pretreatment than in the murine system. Our findings indicate that exogenous flaviviral sNS1 proteins interfere with DC-mediated stimulation of T cells, which is crucial for the initiation of cell-mediated adaptive immune responses in human flavivirus infections. Collectively, our data determine soluble flaviviral NS1 as a virulence factor responsible for a dampened immune response to flavivirus infections. IMPORTANCE The effective initiation of protective host immune responses controls the outcome of infection, and dysfunctional T-cell responses have previously been associated with symptomatic human flavivirus infections. We demonstrate that secreted flavivirus NS1 proteins modulate innate immune responses of uninfected bystander cells. In particular, sNS1 markedly reduced the capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate T-cell responses upon activation. Hence, by modulating cellular host responses that are required for effective antigen presentation and initiation of adaptive immunity, sNS1 proteins may contribute to severe outcomes of flavivirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- António A. R. Camarão
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Stegmann
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bibiana Costa
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Babak Saremi
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Steffen
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Yan Y, Wu L, Yuan Y, Wang H, Yin H, Li M, Chai L, Liang R, Liu Y, Zhao D, Xing J, Li P, Li X. Species-specific cleavage of cGAS by picornavirus protease 3C disrupts mitochondria DNA-mediated immune sensing. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011641. [PMID: 37708231 PMCID: PMC10521975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses cause numerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. The crosstalk between RNA viruses and the innate DNA sensing pathways attracts increasing attention. Recent studies showed that the cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in restricting RNA viruses via mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) mediated activation. However, the mechanisms of cGAS mediated innate immune evasion by RNA viruses remain unknown. Here, we report that seneca valley virus (SVV) protease 3C disrupts mtDNA mediated innate immune sensing by cleaving porcine cGAS (pcGAS) in a species-specific manner. Mechanistically, a W/Q motif within the N-terminal domain of pcGAS is a unique cleavage site recognized by SVV 3C. Three conserved catalytic residues of SVV 3C cooperatively contribute to the cleavage of pcGAS, but not human cGAS (hcGAS) or mouse cGAS (mcGAS). Additionally, upon SVV infection and poly(dA:dT) transfection, pcGAS and SVV 3C colocalizes in the cells. Furthermore, SVV 3C disrupts pcGAS-mediated DNA binding, cGAMP synthesis and interferon induction by specifically cleaving pcGAS. This work uncovers a novel mechanism by which the viral protease cleaves the DNA sensor cGAS to evade innate immune response, suggesting a new antiviral approach against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lvye Chai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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27
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Zhou J, Zhuang Z, Li J, Feng Z. Significance of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13316. [PMID: 37686127 PMCID: PMC10487967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a significant role in health and disease. In this pathway, cGAS, one of the major cytosolic DNA sensors in mammalian cells, regulates innate immunity and the STING-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type-I interferon. Moreover, the cGAS-STING pathway is integral to other cellular processes, such as cell death, cell senescence, and autophagy. Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by "self" DNA is also attributed to various infectious diseases and autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. In addition, the cGAS-STING pathway activation functions as a link between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the inhibition or facilitation of tumorigenesis; therefore, research targeting this pathway can provide novel clues for clinical applications to treat infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases and even cancer. In this review, we focus on the cGAS-STING pathway and its corresponding cellular and molecular mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of College of First Clinical Medicine, College of First Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang Campus, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jiamian Li
- Key Laboratory of College of First Clinical Medicine, College of First Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang Campus, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China
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28
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Song C, Hu Z, Xu D, Bian H, Lv J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Su L, Yin H, Lu T, Li Y. STING signaling in inflammaging: a new target against musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227364. [PMID: 37492580 PMCID: PMC10363987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) is a critical signaling linker protein that plays a crucial role in the intrinsic immune response, particularly in the cytoplasmic DNA-mediated immune response in both pathogens and hosts. It is also involved in various signaling processes in vivo. The musculoskeletal system provides humans with morphology, support, stability, and movement. However, its aging can result in various diseases and negatively impact people's lives. While many studies have reported that cellular aging is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders, it also offers insight into potential treatments. Under pathological conditions, senescent osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myeloid cells, and muscle fibers exhibit persistent senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic disturbances, and cell cycle arrest, which are closely linked to abnormal STING activation. The accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA due to chromatin escape from the nucleus following DNA damage or telomere shortening activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Moreover, STING activation is also linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and impaired cytoplasmic DNA degradation. STING activation upregulates SASP and autophagy directly and indirectly promotes cell cycle arrest. Thus, STING may be involved in the onset and development of various age-related musculoskeletal disorders and represents a potential therapeutic target. In recent years, many STING modulators have been developed and used in the study of musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this paper summarizes the effects of STING signaling on the musculoskeletal system at the molecular level and current understanding of the mechanisms of endogenous active ligand production and accumulation. We also discuss the relationship between some age-related musculoskeletal disorders and STING, as well as the current status of STING modulator development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Song
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyi Hu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Dingjun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Bian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Hussain M, Chu X, Duan Sahbaz B, Gray S, Pekhale K, Park JH, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Mitochondrial OGG1 expression reduces age-associated neuroinflammation by regulating cytosolic mitochondrial DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 203:34-44. [PMID: 37011700 PMCID: PMC10247526 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decline in DNA repair efficiency, which leads to the accumulation of different types of DNA damage. Age-associated chronic inflammation and generation of reactive oxygen species exacerbate the aging process and age-related chronic disorders. These inflammatory processes establish conditions that favor accumulation of DNA base damage, especially 8-oxo-7,8 di-hydroguanine (8-oxoG), which in turn contributes to various age associated diseases. 8-oxoG is repaired by 8-oxoG glycosylase1 (OGG1) through the base excision repair (BER) pathway. OGG1 is present in both the cell nucleus and in mitochondria. Mitochondrial OGG1 has been implicated in mitochondrial DNA repair and increased mitochondrial function. Using transgenic mouse models and cell lines that have been engineered to have enhanced expression of mitochondria-targeted OGG1 (mtOGG1), we show that elevated levels of mtOGG1 in mitochondria can reverse aging-associated inflammation and improve functions. Old male mtOGG1Tg mice show decreased inflammation response, decreased TNFα levels and multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we observe that male mtOGG1Tg mice show resistance to STING activation. Interestingly, female mtOGG1Tg mice did not respond to mtOGG1 overexpression. Further, HMC3 cells expressing mtOGG1 display decreased release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm after lipopolysacchride induction and regulate inflammation through the pSTING pathway. Also, increased mtOGG1 expression reduced LPS-induced loss of mitochondrial functions. These results suggest that mtOGG1 regulates age-associated inflammation by controlling release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Hussain
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xixia Chu
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Burcin Duan Sahbaz
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Komal Pekhale
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jae-Hyeon Park
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Computational Biology & Genomics Core, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- DNA repair section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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30
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Chen S, Liao Z, Xu P. Mitochondrial control of innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166214. [PMID: 37325622 PMCID: PMC10267745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are versatile organelles and essential components of numerous biological processes such as energy metabolism, signal transduction, and cell fate determination. In recent years, their critical roles in innate immunity have come to the forefront, highlighting impacts on pathogenic defense, tissue homeostasis, and degenerative diseases. This review offers an in-depth and comprehensive examination of the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the interactions between mitochondria and innate immune responses. We will delve into the roles of healthy mitochondria as platforms for signalosome assembly, the release of mitochondrial components as signaling messengers, and the regulation of signaling via mitophagy, particularly to cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling and inflammasomes. Furthermore, the review will explore the impacts of mitochondrial proteins and metabolites on modulating innate immune responses, the polarization of innate immune cells, and their implications on infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University (HIC-ZJU), Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Coderch C, Arranz-Herrero J, Nistal-Villan E, de Pascual-Teresa B, Rius-Rocabert S. The Many Ways to Deal with STING. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109032. [PMID: 37240378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein involved in the activation of IFN-β and many other genes associated with the immune response activation in vertebrates. STING induction has gained attention from different angles such as the potential to trigger an early immune response against different signs of infection and cell damage, or to be used as an adjuvant in cancer immune treatments. Pharmacological control of aberrant STING activation can be used to mitigate the pathology of some autoimmune diseases. The STING structure has a well-defined ligand binding site that can harbor natural ligands such as specific purine cyclic di-nucleotides (CDN). In addition to a canonical stimulation by CDNs, other non-canonical stimuli have also been described, whose exact mechanism has not been well defined. Understanding the molecular insights underlying the activation of STING is important to realize the different angles that need to be considered when designing new STING-binding molecules as therapeutic drugs since STING acts as a versatile platform for immune modulators. This review analyzes the different determinants of STING regulation from the structural, molecular, and cell biology points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Coderch
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Herrero
- Transplant Immunology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Wu D, Wang J, Huang C, Zhao J, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Interleukin-1β suppresses rabies virus infection by activating cGAS-STING pathway and compromising the blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109708. [PMID: 36857805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient zoonotic disease that severely threatens the public health throughout the world. Previous study indicated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role in RABV infection. However, the mechanism how IL-1β affects RABV pathogenicity is still unknown yet. In this study, we confirmed that IL-1β was able to reduce viral titers of RABV in different cells, and the recombinant RABV expressing IL-1β, designated as rCVS-IL1β, could be suppressed in different cells due to the expression of IL-1β. Furthermore, the survival rates of mice infected with rCVS-IL1β by intramuscular route was significantly higher than those of mice infected with parent virus rCVS, which is associated with the less viral loads for entry into the central nervous system (CNS). We further characterized that the cGAS-STING pathway was activated in rCVS-IL1β infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), which could contribute to the decreased viral loads of RABV after intramuscular infection. Moreover, we also observed that the expression of IL-1β by rCVS-IL1β could compromise the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by degrading the tight junction proteins, which allowing peripheral inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD4+T cells to enter into the brain for the clearance of RABV in the CNS. Together, our study suggests that IL-1β could attenuate RABV pathogenicity through activating cGAS-STING pathway in to decrease the viral entry into the CNS and enhance the BBB permeability to promote RABV clearance in the CNS as well, which provides new insight into developing effective therapeutics for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Cai S, Zhang C, Zhuang Z, Zhang S, Ma L, Yang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Xie W, Jin S, Zhao J, Guan X, Wu J, Cui J, Wu Y. Phase-separated nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 suppresses cGAS-DNA recognition by disrupting cGAS-G3BP1 complex. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:170. [PMID: 37100798 PMCID: PMC10131525 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the incidence and fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 remain continually high worldwide. COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited decreased type I interferon (IFN-I) signal, along with limited activation of antiviral immune responses as well as enhanced viral infectivity. Dramatic progresses have been made in revealing the multiple strategies employed by SARS-CoV-2 in impairing canonical RNA sensing pathways. However, it remains to be determined about the SARS-CoV-2 antagonism of cGAS-mediated activation of IFN responses during infection. In the current study, we figure out that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the accumulation of released mitochondria DNA (mtDNA), which in turn triggers cGAS to activate IFN-I signaling. As countermeasures, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein restricts the DNA recognition capacity of cGAS to impair cGAS-induced IFN-I signaling. Mechanically, N protein disrupts the assembly of cGAS with its co-factor G3BP1 by undergoing DNA-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), subsequently impairs the double-strand DNA (dsDNA) detection ability of cGAS. Taken together, our findings unravel a novel antagonistic strategy by which SARS-CoV-2 reduces DNA-triggered IFN-I pathway through interfering with cGAS-DNA phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenqiu Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Bhattacharjee S, Ghosh D, Saha R, Sarkar R, Kumar S, Khokhar M, Pandey RK. Mechanism of Immune Evasion in Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050635. [PMID: 37242305 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, mosquito-borne illnesses have emerged as a major health burden in many tropical regions. These diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus infection, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile virus infection, are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. These pathogens have been shown to interfere with the host's immune system through adaptive and innate immune mechanisms, as well as the human circulatory system. Crucial immune checkpoints such as antigen presentation, T cell activation, differentiation, and proinflammatory response play a vital role in the host cell's response to pathogenic infection. Furthermore, these immune evasions have the potential to stimulate the human immune system, resulting in other associated non-communicable diseases. This review aims to advance our understanding of mosquito-borne diseases and the immune evasion mechanisms by associated pathogens. Moreover, it highlights the adverse outcomes of mosquito-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debanjan Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rounak Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rima Sarkar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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35
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Paulis A, Tramontano E. Unlocking STING as a Therapeutic Antiviral Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087448. [PMID: 37108610 PMCID: PMC10138487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens have developed weapons that subvert physiological conditions to weaken the host and permit the spread of infection. Cells, on their side, have thus developed countermeasures to maintain cellular physiology and counteract pathogenesis. The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral DNA present in the cytosol, activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein and leading to the production of type I interferons (IFN-I). Given its role in innate immunity activation, STING is considered an interesting and innovative target for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. In this review, we discuss the function of STING; its modulation by the cellular stimuli; the molecular mechanisms developed by viruses, through which they escape this defense system; and the therapeutical strategies that have been developed to date to inhibit viral replication restoring STING functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Paulis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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36
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Pawlak JB, Hsu JCC, Xia H, Han P, Suh HW, Grove TL, Morrison J, Shi PY, Cresswell P, Laurent-Rolle M. CMPK2 restricts Zika virus replication by inhibiting viral translation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011286. [PMID: 37075076 PMCID: PMC10150978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses continue to emerge as global health threats. There are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiviral treatments for flaviviral infections. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify host and viral factors that can be targeted for effective therapeutic intervention. Type I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to microbial products is one of the host's first line of defense against invading pathogens. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) is a type I interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exerts antiviral effects. However, the molecular mechanism by which CMPK2 inhibits viral replication is unclear. Here, we report that CMPK2 expression restricts Zika virus (ZIKV) replication by specifically inhibiting viral translation and that IFN-I- induced CMPK2 contributes significantly to the overall antiviral response against ZIKV. We demonstrate that expression of CMPK2 results in a significant decrease in the replication of other pathogenic flaviviruses including dengue virus (DENV-2), Kunjin virus (KUNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Importantly, we determine that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of CMPK2, which lacks kinase activity, is sufficient to restrict viral translation. Thus, its kinase function is not required for CMPK2's antiviral activity. Furthermore, we identify seven conserved cysteine residues within the NTD as critical for CMPK2 antiviral activity. Thus, these residues may form an unknown functional site in the NTD of CMPK2 contributing to its antiviral function. Finally, we show that mitochondrial localization of CMPK2 is required for its antiviral effects. Given its broad antiviral activity against flaviviruses, CMPK2 is a promising potential pan-flavivirus inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna B. Pawlak
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hee-Won Suh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tyler L. Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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37
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Li Z, Tian M, Wang G, Cui X, Ma J, Liu S, Shen B, Liu F, Wu K, Xiao X, Zhu C. Senotherapeutics: An emerging approach to the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1098712. [PMID: 37065192 PMCID: PMC10094634 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1098712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon that the elderly have higher morbidity and mortality is of great concern. Existing evidence suggests that senescence and viral infection interact with each other. Viral infection can lead to the aggravation of senescence through multiple pathways, while virus-induced senescence combined with existing senescence in the elderly aggravates the severity of viral infections and promotes excessive age-related inflammation and multiple organ damage or dysfunction, ultimately resulting in higher mortality. The underlying mechanisms may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome, the role of pre-activated macrophages and over-recruited immune cells, and accumulation of immune cells with trained immunity. Thus, senescence-targeted drugs were shown to have positive effects on the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly, which has received great attention and extensive research. Therefore, this review focused on the relationship between senescence and viral infection, as well as the significance of senotherapeutics for the treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun’e Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingzheng Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chengliang Zhu, ; Xuan Xiao,
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chengliang Zhu, ; Xuan Xiao,
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38
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Li Y, Li X, Yi J, Cao Y, Qin Z, Zhong Z, Yang W. Nanoparticle-Mediated STING Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2300260. [PMID: 36905358 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
As the first line of host defense against pathogenic infections, innate immunity plays a key role in antitumor immunotherapy. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS-STING) pathway has attracted much attention because of the secretion of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Many STING agonists have been identified and applied into preclinical or clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. However, the fast excretion, low bioavailability, nonspecificity, and adverse effects of the small molecule STING agonists limit their therapeutic efficacy and in vivo application. Nanodelivery systems with appropriate size, charge, and surface modification are capable of addressing these dilemmas. In this review, the mechanism of the cGAS-STING pathway is discussed and the STING agonists, focusing on nanoparticle-mediated STING therapy and combined therapy for cancers, are summarized. Finally, the future direction and challenges of nano-STING therapy are expounded, emphasizing the pivotal scientific problems and technical bottlenecks and hoping to provide general guidance for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Li
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jinmeng Yi
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongjian Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Weijing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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Bhattacharya M, Bhowmik D, Tian Y, He H, Zhu F, Yin Q. The Dengue virus protease NS2B3 cleaves cyclic GMP-AMP synthase to suppress cGAS activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102986. [PMID: 36754281 PMCID: PMC10011430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most prevalent mosquito-transmitted human viruses that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. To persist in the cell and consequently cause disease, DENV is evolved with mechanisms to suppress the induction of type I interferons by antagonizing cGAS-STING signaling. Using recombinant proteins and in vitro cleavage assays, we have shown that the DENV protease NS2B3 is capable of cleaving cGAS in the N-terminal region without disrupting the C-terminal catalytic center. This generates two major cleavage products: cleavage product N-terminal (CP-N) and cleavage product C-terminal (CP-C). We observed reduction in DNA-binding affinity of CP-C as compared to full-length cGAS. Reduction in DNA-binding affinity is also correlated with the decrease in enzymatic activity of CP-C. CP-N, on the other hand, has almost comparable DNA-binding ability as that of the full-length cGAS. In fact, CP-N competitively inhibits cyclic GMP-AMP production by both full-length cGAS and CP-C. We hypothesize that high DNA-binding affinity of CP-N enables it to sequester the DNA from CP-C and noncleaved full-length cGAS and thus reduces the rate of enzyme activation and cyclic GMP-AMP synthesis. Furthermore, we found that NS2B3 physically interacts with full-length cGAS and CP-C, laying the basis for their shuttling to and eventual degradation in the autophagosome. Overall, our study highlights a multifaceted and effective strategy by which an RNA virus antagonizes cGAS-STING signaling which may be useful for the design of antivirals targeting viral proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debipreeta Bhowmik
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Huan He
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
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Abstract
Numerous mitochondrial constituents and metabolic products can function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and promote inflammation when released into the cytosol or extracellular milieu. Several safeguards are normally in place to prevent mitochondria from eliciting detrimental inflammatory reactions, including the autophagic disposal of permeabilized mitochondria. However, when the homeostatic capacity of such systems is exceeded or when such systems are defective, inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondria can become pathogenic and contribute to the aetiology of human disorders linked to autoreactivity. In addition, inefficient inflammatory pathways induced by mitochondrial DAMPs can be pathogenic as they enable the establishment or progression of infectious and neoplastic disorders. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria control inflammatory responses, the cellular pathways that are in place to control mitochondria-driven inflammation and the pathological consequences of dysregulated inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondrial DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Mitochondrial DNA in cell death and inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:457-472. [PMID: 36815695 PMCID: PMC9988000 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is recognized by the innate immune system as a potential threat. During apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release activates the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to promote a pro-inflammatory type I interferon response. Inflammation following mtDNA release during apoptotic cell death can be exploited to engage anti-tumor immunity and represents a potential avenue for cancer therapy. Additionally, various studies have described leakage of mtDNA, independent of cell death, with different underlying cues such as pathogenic infections, changes in mtDNA packaging, mtDNA stress or reduced mitochondrial clearance. The interferon response in these scenarios can be beneficial but also potentially disadvantageous, as suggested by a variety of disease phenotypes. In this review, we discuss mechanisms underlying mtDNA release governed by cell death pathways and summarize release mechanisms independent of cell death. We further highlight the similarities and differences in mtDNA release pathways, outlining gaps in our knowledge and questions for further research. Together, a deeper understanding of how and when mtDNA is released may enable the development of drugs to specifically target or inhibit mtDNA release in different disease settings.
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Guan H, Zhang W, Xie D, Nie Y, Chen S, Sun X, Zhao H, Liu X, Wang H, Huang X, Bai C, Huang B, Zhou P, Gao S. Cytosolic Release of Mitochondrial DNA and Associated cGAS Signaling Mediates Radiation-Induced Hematopoietic Injury of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044020. [PMID: 36835431 PMCID: PMC9960871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion is an important organelle of eukaryotic cells and a critical target of ionizing radiation (IR) outside the nucleus. The biological significance and mechanism of the non-target effect originating from mitochondria have received much attention in the field of radiation biology and protection. In this study, we investigated the effect, role, and radioprotective significance of cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its associated cGAS signaling on hematopoietic injury induced by IR in vitro culture cells and in vivo total body irradiated mice in this study. The results demonstrated that γ-ray exposure increases the release of mtDNA into the cytosol to activate cGAS signaling pathway, and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) may contribute to IR-induced mtDNA release. VDAC1 inhibitor DIDS and cGAS synthetase inhibitor can alleviate bone marrow injury and ameliorate hematopoietic suppression induced by IR via protecting hematopoietic stem cells and adjusting subtype distribution of bone marrow cells, such as attenuating the increase of the F4/80+ macrophage proportion in bone marrow cells. The present study provides a new mechanistic explanation for the radiation non-target effect and an alternative technical strategy for the prevention and treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guan
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuehua Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (S.G.)
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King CR, Liu Y, Amato KA, Schaack GA, Hu T, Smith JA, Mehle A. Pathogen-driven CRISPR screens identify TREX1 as a regulator of DNA self-sensing during influenza virus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527556. [PMID: 36798235 PMCID: PMC9934597 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens interact with host factors, exploiting those that enhance replication while countering those that suppress it. Genetic screens have begun to define the host:pathogen interface and establish a mechanistic basis for host-directed therapies. Yet, limitations of current approaches leave large regions of this interface unexplored. To uncover host factors with pro-pathogen functions, we developed a novel fitness-based screen that queries factors important during the middle-to-late stages of infection. This was achieved by engineering influenza virus to direct the screen by programing dCas9 to modulate host gene expression. A genome-wide screen identified the cytoplasmic DNA exonuclease TREX1 as a potent pro-viral factor. TREX1 normally degrades cytoplasmic DNA to prevent inappropriate innate immune activation by self DNA. Our mechanistic studies revealed that this same process functions during influenza virus infection to enhance replication. Infection triggered release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm, activating antiviral signaling via cGAS and STING. TREX1 metabolized the mitochondrial DNA preventing its sensing. Collectively, these data show that self-DNA is deployed to amplify host innate sensing during RNA virus infection, a process tempered by TREX1. Moreover, they demonstrate the power and generality of pathogen driven fitness-based screens to pinpoint key host regulators of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason R. King
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Katherine A. Amato
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Grace A. Schaack
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tony Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Judith A Smith
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Liu H, Zhu Z, Xue Q, Yang F, Li Z, Xue Z, Cao W, He J, Guo J, Liu X, Shaw AE, King DP, Zheng H. Innate sensing of picornavirus infection involves cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral responses triggered by mitochondrial DNA release. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011132. [PMID: 36745686 PMCID: PMC9934381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a key role in the innate immune responses to both DNA and RNA virus infection. Here, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), Seneca Valley virus (SVV), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection triggered mitochondria damage and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release in vitro and vivo. These responses were mediated by picornavirus 2B proteins which induced mtDNA release during viral replication. SVV infection caused the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and led to voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)- and BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak) and Bak/BCL2-associated X (Bax)-dependent mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm, while EV-A71 and FMDV infection induced mPTP opening and resulted in VDAC1-dependent mtDNA release. The released mtDNA bound to cGAS and activated cGAS-mediated antiviral immune response. cGAS was essential for inhibiting EV-A71, SVV, and FMDV replication by regulation of IFN-β production. cGAS deficiency contributed to higher mortality of EV-A71- or FMDV-infected mice. In addition, we found that SVV 2C protein was responsible for decreasing cGAS expression through the autophagy pathway. The 9th and 153rd amino acid sites in 2C were critical for induction of cGAS degradation. Furthermore, we also show that EV-A71, CA16, and EMCV 2C antagonize the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway through interaction with STING, and highly conserved amino acids Y155 and S156 were critical for this inhibitory effect. In conclusion, these data reveal novel mechanisms of picornaviruses to block the antiviral effect mediated by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which will provide insights for developing antiviral strategies against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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45
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Du Y, Hu Z, Luo Y, Wang HY, Yu X, Wang RF. Function and regulation of cGAS-STING signaling in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130423. [PMID: 36825026 PMCID: PMC9941744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacious detection of pathogens and prompt induction of innate immune signaling serve as a crucial component of immune defense against infectious pathogens. Over the past decade, DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) have emerged as key mediators of type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) responses in health and infection diseases. Moreover, both cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens have developed delicate strategies to resist each other for their survival. The mechanistic and functional comprehension of the interplay between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens is opening the way for the development and application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway, and emphatically highlight the potent undertaking of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the host against infectious pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Li X, Sun X, Yan Z, Zhao Z, Pang Z, Yang H, Ji X, Lei Y, Zhu Z, Guo X, Mu X. New role of gramicidin A in RIG-I-like receptors-mediated IFN signalling. Immunology 2023; 169:219-228. [PMID: 36683251 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense exogenous molecular patterns most commonly derived from invading pathogens, to active the interferon (IFN) signalling. In the cytoplasm, the viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are sensed by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), depending on the length and chemical properties. Through the binding and oligomerizing onto the RNAs, they form filament to initiate the signalling cascade. Regulation of these receptors' activities are essential for manipulating the strength of IFN signalling. Here, through the virtual screening of chemical reagents using the published MDA5-dsRNA complex structure (PDB: 4GL2), we identified an antibiotic, gramicidin A as a stimulator that enhanced MDA5-mediated IFN signalling. Cytotoxic assay and IFN signalling assay suggested that disruption of lipid membrane, which is a well-defined mechanism of gramicidin A to perform its action, was dispensable in this process. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation assay showed that the gramicidin A treatment enhanced MDA5 oligomerization status in the presence of dsRNA. Our work implicated a new role of gramicidin A in innate immunity and presented a new tool to manipulate MDA5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongyi Yan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaojun Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxin Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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47
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Gao Z, Gao Z, Zhang H, Hou S, Zhou Y, Liu X. Targeting STING: From antiviral immunity to treat osteoporosis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1095577. [PMID: 36741390 PMCID: PMC9891206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1095577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway can trigger innate immune responses by detecting dsDNA from outside or within the host. In addition, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway has emerged as a critical mediator of the inflammatory response and a new target for inflammatory diseases. STING activation leads to dimerization and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment or Golgi apparatus catalyzed by TBK1, triggers the production of IRF3 and NF-κB and translocates to the nucleus to induce a subsequent interferon response and pro-inflammatory factor production. Osteoporosis is a degenerative bone metabolic disease accompanied by chronic sterile inflammation. Activating the STING/IFN-β signaling pathway can reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Conversely, activation of STING/NF-κB leads to the formation of osteoporosis by increasing bone resorption and decreasing bone formation. In addition, activation of STING inhibits the generation of type H vessels with the capacity to osteogenesis, thereby inhibiting bone formation. Here, we outline the mechanism of action of STING and its downstream in osteoporosis and discuss the role of targeting STING in the treatment of osteoporosis, thus providing new ideas for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongguo Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shoubo Hou
- Department of General Practice, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunhua Zhou
- Department of Wound Repair Surgery, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Yunhua Zhou, ; Xiangjie Liu,
| | - Xiangjie Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Yunhua Zhou, ; Xiangjie Liu,
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48
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Engineering antiviral immune-like systems for autonomous virus detection and inhibition in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7629. [PMID: 36494373 PMCID: PMC9734111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that viral diseases represent an enormous public health and economic threat to mankind and that individuals with compromised immune systems are at greater risk of complications and death from viral diseases. The development of broad-spectrum antivirals is an important part of pandemic preparedness. Here, we have engineer a series of designer cells which we term autonomous, intelligent, virus-inducible immune-like (ALICE) cells as sense-and-destroy antiviral system. After developing a destabilized STING-based sensor to detect viruses from seven different genera, we have used a synthetic signal transduction system to link viral detection to the expression of multiple antiviral effector molecules, including antiviral cytokines, a CRISPR-Cas9 module for viral degradation and the secretion of a neutralizing antibody. We perform a proof-of-concept study using multiple iterations of our ALICE system in vitro, followed by in vivo functionality testing in mice. We show that dual output ALICESaCas9+Ab system delivered by an AAV-vector inhibited viral infection in herpetic simplex keratitis (HSK) mouse model. Our work demonstrates that viral detection and antiviral countermeasures can be paired for intelligent sense-and-destroy applications as a flexible and innovative method against virus infection.
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49
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Ng WC, Kwek SS, Sun B, Yousefi M, Ong EZ, Tan HC, Puschnik AS, Chan KR, Ooi YS, Ooi EE. A fast-growing dengue virus mutant reveals a dual role of STING in response to infection. Open Biol 2022; 12:220227. [PMID: 36514984 PMCID: PMC9748785 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The four dengue viruses (DENVs) have evolved multiple mechanisms to ensure its survival. Among these mechanisms is the ability to regulate its replication rate, which may contribute to avoiding premature immune activation that limit infection dissemination: DENVs associated with dengue epidemics have shown slower replication rate than pre-epidemic strains. Correspondingly, wild-type DENVs replicate more slowly than their clinically attenuated derivatives. To understand how DENVs 'make haste slowly', we generated and screened for DENV2 mutants with accelerated replication that also induced high type-I interferon (IFN) expression in infected cells. We chanced upon a single NS2B-I114T amino acid substitution, in an otherwise highly conserved amino acid residue. Accelerated DENV2 replication damaged host DNA as mutant infection was dependent on host DNA damage repair factors, namely RAD21, EID3 and NEK5. DNA damage induced cGAS/STING signalling and activated early type-I IFN response that inhibited infection dissemination. Unexpectedly, STING activation also supported mutant DENV replication in infected cells through STING-induced autophagy. Our findings thus show that DENV NS2B has multi-faceted role in controlling DENV replication rate and immune evasion and suggest that the dual role of STING in supporting virus replication within infected cells but inhibiting infection dissemination could be particularly advantageous for live attenuated vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wy Ching Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Swee Sen Kwek
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bo Sun
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Meisam Yousefi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z. Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore,Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Center, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Hwee Cheng Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | | | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore,Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Center, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore 169856, Singapore,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
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Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Innate immunity, cytokine storm, and inflammatory cell death in COVID-19. J Transl Med 2022; 20:542. [PMID: 36419185 PMCID: PMC9682745 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens; however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is detrimental to the host. Therefore, careful innate immune regulation is critical during infections. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in global morbidity and mortality as well as socio-economic stresses. Innate immune sensing of SARS-CoV-2 by multiple host cell pattern recognition receptors leads to the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of inflammatory cell death. These processes can contribute to cytokine storm, tissue damage, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we discuss the sensing of SARS-CoV-2 to induce innate immune activation and the contribution of this innate immune signaling in the development and severity of COVID-19. In addition, we provide a conceptual framework for innate immunity driving cytokine storm and organ damage in patients with severe COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulated by innate immunity is needed for the development of targeted modalities that can improve patient outcomes by mitigating severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA.
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