1
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Castillo H, Hanna P, Sachs LM, Buisine N, Godoy F, Gilbert C, Aguilera F, Muñoz D, Boisvert C, Debiais-Thibaud M, Wan J, Spicuglia S, Marcellini S. Xenopus tropicalis osteoblast-specific open chromatin regions reveal promoters and enhancers involved in human skeletal phenotypes and shed light on early vertebrate evolution. Cells Dev 2024:203924. [PMID: 38692409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
While understanding the genetic underpinnings of osteogenesis has far-reaching implications for skeletal diseases and evolution, a comprehensive characterization of the osteoblastic regulatory landscape in non-mammalian vertebrates is still lacking. Here, we compared the ATAC-Seq profile of Xenopus tropicalis (Xt) osteoblasts to a variety of non mineralizing control tissues, and identified osteoblast-specific nucleosome free regions (NFRs) at 527 promoters and 6747 distal regions. Sequence analyses, Gene Ontology, RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq against four key histone marks confirmed that the distal regions correspond to bona fide osteogenic transcriptional enhancers exhibiting a shared regulatory logic with mammals. We report 425 regulatory regions conserved with human and globally associated to skeletogenic genes. Of these, 35 regions have been shown to impact human skeletal phenotypes by GWAS, including one trps1 enhancer and the runx2 promoter, two genes which are respectively involved in trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I and cleidocranial dysplasia. Intriguingly, 60 osteoblastic NFRs also align to the genome of the elephant shark, a species lacking osteoblasts and bone tissue. To tackle this paradox, we chose to focus on dlx5 because its conserved promoter, known to integrate regulatory inputs during mammalian osteogenesis, harbours an osteoblast-specific NFR in both frog and human. Hence, we show that dlx5 is expressed in Xt and elephant shark odontoblasts, supporting a common cellular and genetic origin of bone and dentine. Taken together, our work (i) unravels the Xt osteogenic regulatory landscape, (ii) illustrates how cross-species comparisons harvest data relevant to human biology and (iii) reveals that a set of genes including bnc2, dlx5, ebf3, mir199a, nfia, runx2 and zfhx4 drove the development of a primitive form of mineralized skeletal tissue deep in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Castillo
- Group for the Study of Developmental Processes (GDeP), School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Patricia Hanna
- Group for the Study of Developmental Processes (GDeP), School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR7221, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS, MNHN, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Buisine
- UMR7221, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS, MNHN, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Francisco Godoy
- Group for the Study of Developmental Processes (GDeP), School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 12 route 128, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Group for the Study of Developmental Processes (GDeP), School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - David Muñoz
- Group for the Study of Developmental Processes (GDeP), School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Catherine Boisvert
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jing Wan
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, UMR 1090, Marseille, France; Equipe Labelisée LIGUE contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Salvatore Spicuglia
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, UMR 1090, Marseille, France; Equipe Labelisée LIGUE contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Group for the Study of Developmental Processes (GDeP), School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile.
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2
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Naniwa K, Hirose K, Usami Y, Hata K, Araki R, Uzawa N, Komori T, Toyosawa S. Fam20C overexpression in odontoblasts regulates dentin formation and odontoblast differentiation. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:329-347. [PMID: 37357253 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
FAM20C phosphorylates secretory proteins at S-x-E/pS motifs, and previous studies of Fam20C-dificient mice revealed that FAM20C played essential roles in bone and tooth formation. Inactivation of FAM20C in mice led to hypophosphatemia that masks direct effect of FAM20C in these tissues, and consequently the direct role of FAM20C remains unknown. Our previous study reported that osteoblast/odontoblast-specific Fam20C transgenic (Fam20C-Tg) mice had normal serum phosphate levels and that osteoblastic FAM20C-mediated phosphorylation regulated bone formation and resorption. Here, we investigated the direct role of FAM20C in dentin using Fam20C-Tg mice. The tooth of Fam20C-Tg mice contained numerous highly phosphorylated proteins, including SIBLINGs, compared to that of wild-type mice. In Fam20C-Tg mice, coronal dentin volume decreased and mineral density unchanged at early age, while the volume unchanged and the mineral density elevated at maturity. In these mice, radicular dentin volume and mineral density decreased at all ages, and histologically, the radicular dentin had wider predentin and abnormal apical-side dentin with embedded cells and argyrophilic canaliculi. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that abnormal apical-side dentin had bone and dentin matrix properties accompanied with osteoblast-lineage cells. Further, in Fam20C-Tg mice, DSPP content which is important for dentin formation, was reduced in dentin, especially radicular dentin, which might lead to defects mainly in radicular dentin. Renal subcapsular transplantations of tooth germ revealed that newly formed radicular dentin replicated apical abnormal dentin of Fam20C-Tg mice, corroborating that FAM20C overexpression indeed caused the abnormal dentin. Our findings indicate that odontoblastic FAM20C-mediated phosphorylation in the tooth regulates dentin formation and odontoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Naniwa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rikita Araki
- Bruker Japan K.K. BioSpin Division, Application Department, 3-9 Kanagawaku Moriyacho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Clinkenbeard E. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Bone Regulation and Downstream Hormonal Activity. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:4-20. [PMID: 37306735 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mineral homeostasis of calcium and phosphate levels is one critical component to the maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD) and strength. Diseases that disrupt calcium and phosphate balanced have highlighted not only the role these minerals play in overall bone homeostasis, but also the factors, hormones and downstream transporters, responsible for mineral metabolism. The key phosphaturic hormone elucidated from studying rare heritable disorders of hypophosphatemia is Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23). FGF23 is predominantly secreted from bone cells in an effort to maintain phosphate balance by directly controlling renal reabsorption and indirectly affecting intestinal uptake of this mineral. Multiple factors have been shown to enhance bone mRNA expression; however, FGF23 can also undergo proteolytic cleavage to control secretion of the biologically active form of the hormone. The review focuses specifically on the regulation of FGF23 and its secretion from bone as well as its hormonal actions under physiological and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Clinkenbeard
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 5023, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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4
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Zhang H, Lu Y, Kramer PR, Benson MD, Cheng YSL, Qin C. Intracranial calcification in Fam20c-deficient mice recapitulates human Raine syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137176. [PMID: 36914045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
FAM20C (family with sequence similarity 20-member C) is a protein kinase that phosphorylates secretory proteins, including the proteins that are essential to the formation and mineralization of calcified tissues. FAM20C loss-of-function mutations cause Raine syndrome in humans, characterized by generalized osteosclerosis, distinctive craniofacial dysmorphism, along with extensive intracranial calcification. Our previous studies revealed that inactivation of Fam20c in mice led to hypophosphatemic rickets. In this study, we examined the expression of Fam20c in the mouse brain and investigated brain calcification in Fam20c-deficient mice. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western-blotting and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated the broad expression of Fam20c in the mouse brain tissue. X-ray and histological analyses showed that the global deletion of Fam20c (mediated by Sox2-cre) resulted in brain calcification in mice after postnatal 3 months and that the calcifications were bilaterally distributed within the brain. There was mild perifocal microgliosis as well as astrogliosis around calcospherites. The calcifications were first observed in the thalamus, and later in the forebrain and hindbrain. Furthermore, brain-specific deletion (mediated by Nestin-cre) of Fam20c in mice also led to cerebral calcification at an older age (postnatal 6 months), but no obvious skeletal or dental defects. Our results suggest that the local loss of FAM20C function in the brain may directly account for intracranial calcification. We propose that FAM20C plays an essential role in maintaining normal brain homeostasis and preventing ectopic brain calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Phillip R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yi-Shing L Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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5
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Dzamukova M, Brunner TM, Miotla-Zarebska J, Heinrich F, Brylka L, Mashreghi MF, Kusumbe A, Kühn R, Schinke T, Vincent TL, Löhning M. Mechanical forces couple bone matrix mineralization with inhibition of angiogenesis to limit adolescent bone growth. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3059. [PMID: 35650194 PMCID: PMC9160028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth requires a specialised, highly angiogenic blood vessel subtype, so-called type H vessels, which pave the way for osteoblasts surrounding these vessels. At the end of adolescence, type H vessels differentiate into quiescent type L endothelium lacking the capacity to promote bone growth. Until now, the signals that switch off type H vessel identity and thus limit adolescent bone growth have remained ill defined. Here we show that mechanical forces, associated with increased body weight at the end of adolescence, trigger the mechanoreceptor PIEZO1 and thereby mediate enhanced production of the kinase FAM20C in osteoblasts. FAM20C, the major kinase of the secreted phosphoproteome, phosphorylates dentin matrix protein 1, previously identified as a key factor in bone mineralization. Thereupon, dentin matrix protein 1 is secreted from osteoblasts in a burst-like manner. Extracellular dentin matrix protein 1 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signalling by preventing phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Hence, secreted dentin matrix protein 1 transforms type H vessels into type L to limit bone growth activity and enhance bone mineralization. The discovered mechanism may suggest new options for the treatment of diseases characterised by aberrant activity of bone and vessels such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dzamukova
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Brunner
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jadwiga Miotla-Zarebska
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Regine von Ramin Lab Molecular Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Brylka
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Regine von Ramin Lab Molecular Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anjali Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumour Microenvironments Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Max Löhning
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Leurs N, Martinand-Mari C, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Parallel evolution of ameloblastic scpp genes in bony and cartilaginous vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6582990. [PMID: 35535508 PMCID: PMC9122587 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In bony vertebrates, skeletal mineralization relies on the secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (Scpp) family whose members are acidic extracellular proteins posttranslationally regulated by the Fam20°C kinase. As scpp genes are absent from the elephant shark genome, they are currently thought to be specific to bony fishes (osteichthyans). Here, we report a scpp gene present in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) that evolved from local tandem duplication of sparc-L 5′ exons and show that both genes experienced recent gene conversion in sharks. The elasmobranch scpp is remarkably similar to the osteichthyan scpp members as they share syntenic and gene structure features, code for a conserved signal peptide, tyrosine-rich and aspartate/glutamate-rich regions, and harbor putative Fam20°C phosphorylation sites. In addition, the catshark scpp is coexpressed with sparc-L and fam20°C in tooth and scale ameloblasts, similarly to some osteichthyan scpp genes. Despite these strong similarities, molecular clock and phylogenetic data demonstrate that the elasmobranch scpp gene originated independently from the osteichthyan scpp gene family. Our study reveals convergent events at the sparc-L locus in the two sister clades of jawed vertebrates, leading to parallel diversification of the skeletal biomineralization toolkit. The molecular evolution of sparc-L and its coexpression with fam20°C in catshark ameloblasts provides a unifying genetic basis that suggests that all convergent scpp duplicates inherited similar features from their sparc-L precursor. This conclusion supports a single origin for the hypermineralized outer odontode layer as produced by an ancestral developmental process performed by Sparc-L, implying the homology of the enamel and enameloid tissues in all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leurs
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Martinand-Mari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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7
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Löhning M, Shen P, Dzamukova M, Durán-Hernández N, Roodselaar J, Hauser AE, Fiedler A, Niesner RA, Gaber T, Buttgereit F. [The DRFZ-a pioneer in research on the interaction between immune and stromal cells during de- and regeneration of the musculoskeletal system]. Z Rheumatol 2022; 81:652-659. [PMID: 35412048 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-022-01188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are two related chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system which are particularly pronounced in the region of joints and bones. Their pathogeneses are associated with chronic inflammation, which can disrupt homeostasis in bones and articular cartilage. Degradation products deriving from articular cartilage can contribute to the exacerbation of inflammation in the joint region. Mechanical stimuli and blood vessels also play a central role in both the regulation of bone growth as well as in the regeneration of bone tissue. Not only chronic inflammatory processes but also hormonal changes after menopause or undesired effects of glucocorticoid therapy have an influence on the balance between bone resorption and deposition, by promoting the former and reducing the latter. This results in decreased bone quality and, in some cases, considerable loss of bone or osteoporosis. An in-depth understanding of these processes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level, as well as of the changes present in chronic inflammatory diseases, has been the focus of research at the German Rheumatism Research Center (Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, DRFZ) since its foundation. Based on an improved understanding of these mechanisms, the DRFZ aims to develop improved prevention and treatment strategies with effects even in early disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland. .,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Ping Shen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Maria Dzamukova
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Nayar Durán-Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Fiedler
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Timo Gaber
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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8
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Zuo H, Yang D, Wan Y. Fam20C Regulates Bone Resorption and Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis through Osteopontin and BMP4. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5242-5254. [PMID: 34433585 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fam20C is a kinase that generates the majority of secreted phosphoproteins and regulates biomineralization. However, its potential roles in bone resorption and breast cancer bone metastasis are unknown. Here we show that Fam20C in the myeloid lineage suppresses osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, during which, osteopontin (OPN) is the most abundant phosphoprotein secreted in a Fam20C-dependent manner. OPN phosphorylation by Fam20C decreased OPN secretion, and OPN neutralization reduced Fam20C deficiency-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone metastasis. In contrast, Fam20C in breast cancer cells promoted bone metastasis by facilitating the phosphorylation and secretion of BMP4, which in turn enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Mutation of the BMP4 phosphorylation site elevated BMP4 lysosomal degradation and reduced BMP4 secretion. In breast cancer cells, BMP4 depletion or treatment with a BMP4 signaling inhibitor diminished osteoclast differentiation and bone metastasis and abolished Fam20C-mediated regulation of these processes. Collectively, this study discovers distinct roles for Fam20C in myeloid cells and breast cancer cells and highlights OPN and BMP4 as potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer bone metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoclastogenesis and bone metastasis are suppressed by myeloid-derived Fam20C, but enhanced by breast cancer-associated Fam20C, uncovering novel Fam20C functions and new therapeutic strategies via targeting Fam20C substrates OPN and BMP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dengbao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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9
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Proteolytic processing of secretory pathway kinase Fam20C by site-1 protease promotes biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100133118. [PMID: 34349020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), the major protein kinase in the secretory pathway, generates the vast majority of the secreted phosphoproteome. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Fam20C transport, secretion, and function remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that Fam20C exists as a type II transmembrane protein within the secretory compartments, with its N-terminal signal peptide-like region serving as a membrane anchor for Golgi retention. The secretion and kinase activity of Fam20C are governed by site-1 protease (S1P), a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. We find that only mature Fam20C processed by S1P functions in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Together, our findings reveal a unique mechanism for Fam20C secretion and activation via proteolytic regulation, providing a molecular link between biomineralization and lipid metabolism.
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10
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FAM20C Overview: Classic and Novel Targets, Pathogenic Variants and Raine Syndrome Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158039. [PMID: 34360805 PMCID: PMC8348777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM20C is a gene coding for a protein kinase that targets S-X-E/pS motifs on different phosphoproteins belonging to diverse tissues. Pathogenic variants of FAM20C are responsible for Raine syndrome (RS), initially described as a lethal and congenital osteosclerotic dysplasia characterized by generalized atherosclerosis with periosteal bone formation, characteristic facial dysmorphisms and intracerebral calcifications. The aim of this review is to give an overview of targets and variants of FAM20C as well as RS aspects. We performed a wide phenotypic review focusing on clinical aspects and differences between all lethal (LRS) and non-lethal (NLRS) reported cases, besides the FAM20C pathogenic variant description for each. As new targets of FAM20C kinase have been identified, we reviewed FAM20C targets and their functions in bone and other tissues, with emphasis on novel targets not previously considered. We found the classic lethal and milder non-lethal phenotypes. The milder phenotype is defined by a large spectrum ranging from osteonecrosis to osteosclerosis with additional congenital defects or intellectual disability in some cases. We discuss our current understanding of FAM20C deficiency, its mechanism in RS through classic FAM20C targets in bone tissue and its potential biological relevance through novel targets in non-bone tissues.
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Non-lethal Raine Syndrome Report Lacking Characteristic Clinical Features. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2482-2486. [PMID: 34259997 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Raine syndrome is a rare, often lethal autosomal recessive condition marked by congenital malformations that range in severity. Considering that several case reports of this syndrome describe cases of stillbirth or perinatal death, information about the clinical presentation and development of this condition in mild, non-lethal cases is lacking. With that in mind, in this case report, we describe the clinical, oro-dental, and skeletal findings of a 14-year-old Brazilian patient diagnosed with a mild form of non-lethal Raine syndrome. This patient has very mild facial dysmorphia, not displaying hypoplastic nose, micrognathia, low set ears or depressed nasal bridge, which is uncommon even in other mild, non-lethal cases of RS. Furthermore, this patient has bilateral brain calcifications and a series of oro-dental abnormalities, such as amelogenesis imperfecta and recurrent periodontal abcesses. Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA identified a homozygous missense variant c.1487C > T at exon 9 of FAM20C (NM_020223.4) in the patient. The patient's mother carries the same variant but is heterozygous. This variant predicts a proline to leucine substitution in position 496 (p.P496L, NP_064608.2) previously reported, which allows for the phenotypic comparison between these cases. This way, this case report calls attention to how differently RS can appear, highlighting the importance of new non-lethal Raine syndrome case reports to help further determine the phenotypic spectrum of this condition.
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Khor JM, Ettensohn CA. Transcription Factors of the Alx Family: Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Deuterostome Skeletogenesis. Front Genet 2020; 11:569314. [PMID: 33329706 PMCID: PMC7719703 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.569314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the alx gene family encode transcription factors that contain a highly conserved Paired-class, DNA-binding homeodomain, and a C-terminal OAR/Aristaless domain. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies have revealed complex patterns of alx gene duplications during deuterostome evolution. Remarkably, alx genes have been implicated in skeletogenesis in both echinoderms and vertebrates. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge concerning alx genes in deuterostomes. We highlight their evolutionarily conserved role in skeletogenesis and draw parallels and distinctions between the skeletogenic gene regulatory circuitries of diverse groups within the superphylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ming Khor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Hirose K, Ishimoto T, Usami Y, Sato S, Oya K, Nakano T, Komori T, Toyosawa S. Overexpression of Fam20C in osteoblast in vivo leads to increased cortical bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Bone 2020; 138:115414. [PMID: 32416287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fam20C, which phosphorylates many secretory proteins with S-x-E/pS motifs, is highly expressed in bone and tooth tissues, implying that Fam20C-mediated phosphorylation is critical for regulation of these mineralized tissues. Previous studies of Fam20C-deficient mice revealed that Fam20C plays important roles in bone formation and mineralization. However, Fam20C-deficient mice develop hypophosphatemia, a systemic factor that masks the local effect of Fam20C in the bone tissue; consequently, the local role of Fam20C remains unknown. To elucidate the local function of Fam20C in bone tissue, we studied osteoblast-specific Fam20C transgenic (Fam20C-Tg) mice, which have no alteration in serum calcium and phosphate levels. Fam20C-Tg mice had more highly phosphorylated proteins in bone tissue than wild-type mice. In cortical bone of Fam20C-Tg mice, bone volume, mineralization surface (MS/BS), and mineral apposition rate (MAR) were elevated; in addition, the transgenic mice had an elevated number of vascular canals, resulting in an increased cortical porosity. Osteocyte number was elevated in the transgenics, but osteoblast number was unchanged. The microstructure of bone matrix characterized by the preferential orientation of collagen and apatite, was degraded and thus the mechanical function of bone material was deteriorated. In trabecular bone of Fam20C-Tg mice, bone volume was reduced, whereas MS/BS and MAR were unchanged. Osteoclast number was elevated and eroded surface area was non-significantly elevated with an increased serum CTX-I level, whereas osteoblast number was unchanged. These findings indicated that Fam20C overexpression in osteoblasts promotes cortical bone formation by increasing MS/BS and MAR and promoting osteocyte differentiation, but does not affect trabecular bone formation. Furthermore, Fam20C overexpression indirectly promotes osteoclastic bone resorption in cortical and trabecular bones. Our findings show that osteoblastic Fam20C-mediated phosphorylation in bone tissue regulates bone formation and resorption, and bone material quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Sunao Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kaori Oya
- Clinical Laboratory, Osaka University Dental Hospital, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Eltan M, Alavanda C, Yavas Abali Z, Ergenekon P, Yalındag Ozturk N, Sakar M, Dagcinar A, Kirkgoz T, Kaygusuz SB, Gokdemir Y, Elcioglu HN, Guran T, Bereket A, Ata P, Turan S. A Rare Cause of Hypophosphatemia: Raine Syndrome Changing Clinical Features with Age. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:96-103. [PMID: 32337609 PMCID: PMC7222149 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raine Syndrome (RS) is caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in FAM20C gene and characterized by hypophosphatemia, typical facial and skeletal features. Subperiosteal bone formation and generalized osteosclerosis are the most common radiological findings. Here we present a new case with RS. A 9-month-old male patient on a home-type ventilator was referred for hypophosphatemia. He was born with a weight of 3800 g to non-consanguineous parents. Prenatal ultrasound had demonstrated nasal bone agenesis. A large anterior fontanel, frontal bossing, exophthalmos, hypoplastic nose, high arched palate, low set ears, triangular mouth, and corneal opacification were detected on physical examination. Serial skeletal X-rays revealed diffuse osteosclerosis at birth which was gradually decreased by the age of 5 months with subperiosteal undermineralized bone formation and medullary space of long bone could be distinguishable with bone-within-a-bone appearance. At 9 months of age, hand X-ray revealed cupping of the ulna with loose radial bone margin with minimal fraying and osteopenia. Cranial computed tomography scan showed bilateral periventricular calcification and hydrocephalus in progress. The clinical, laboratory, and radiological examinations were consistent with RS. Molecular analyses revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in FAM20C gene (a known pathogenic mutation, c.1645C > T, p.Arg549Trp; and a novel c.863 + 5 G > C variant). The patient died due to respiratory failure at 17 months of age. This case allowed us to demonstrate natural progression of skeletal features in RS. Furthermore, we have described a novel FAM20C variant causing RS. Previous literature on RS is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Eltan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceren Alavanda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Yavas Abali
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ergenekon
- Department of Pediatric Chest Disease, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Yalındag Ozturk
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sakar
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adnan Dagcinar
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tarik Kirkgoz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sare Betul Kaygusuz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gokdemir
- Department of Pediatric Chest Disease, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huriye Nursel Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Guran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ata
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zhang H, Li L, Kesterke MJ, Lu Y, Qin C. High-Phosphate Diet Improved the Skeletal Development of Fam20c-Deficient Mice. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:25-36. [PMID: 32101876 DOI: 10.1159/000506005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM20C (family with sequence similarity 20 - member C) is a protein kinase that phosphorylates secretory proteins, including the proteins that are essential to the formation and mineralization of calcified tissues. Previously, we reported that inactivation of Fam20c in mice led to hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia along with increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and dental defects. In this study, we examined whether a high-phosphate (hPi) diet could rescue the skeletal defects in Fam20c-deficient mice. Fam20c conditional knockout (cKO) mice were generated by crossing female Fam20c-floxed mice (Fam20cfl/fl) with male Sox2-Cre;Fam20cfl/+ mice. The pregnant female Fam20cfi/fl mice were fed either a normal or hPi diet until the litters were weaned. The cKO and control offspring were continuously given a normal or hPi diet for 4 weeks after weaning. Plain X-ray radiography, micro-CT, histology, immunohistochemistry (FGF23, DMP1, OPN, and SOX9), and in situ hybridization (type II and type X collagen) analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of an hPi diet on the mouse skeleton. Plain X-ray radiography and micro-CT radiography analyses showed that the hPi diet improved the shape and mineral density of the Fam20c-deficient femurs/tibiae, and rescued the growth plate defects in the long bone. Histology analyses further demonstrated that an hPi diet nearly completely rescued the growth plate-widening defects in the long bone and restored the expanded hypertrophic zone to nearly normal width. These results suggested that the hPi diet significantly improved the skeletal development of the Fam20c-deficient mice, implying that hypophosphatemia partially contributed to the skeletal defects in Fam20c-deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA,
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew J Kesterke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Hernández-Zavala A, Cortés-Camacho F, Palma-Lara I, Godínez-Aguilar R, Espinosa AM, Pérez-Durán J, Villanueva-Ocampo P, Ugarte-Briones C, Serrano-Bello CA, Sánchez-Santiago PJ, Bonilla-Delgado J, Yáñez-López MA, Victoria-Acosta G, López-Ornelas A, García Alonso-Themann P, Moreno J, Palacios-Reyes C. Two Novel FAM20C Variants in A Family with Raine Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020222. [PMID: 32093234 PMCID: PMC7073523 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two siblings from a Mexican family who carried lethal Raine syndrome are presented. A newborn term male (case 1) and his 21 gestational week brother (case 2), with a similar osteosclerotic pattern: generalized osteosclerosis, which is more evident in facial bones and cranial base. Prenatal findings at 21 weeks and histopathological features for case 2 are described. A novel combination of biallelic FAM20C pathogenic variants were detected, a maternal cytosine duplication at position 456 and a paternal deletion of a cytosine in position 474 in exon 1, which change the reading frame with a premature termination at codon 207 and 185 respectively. These changes are in concordance with a negative detection of the protein in liver and kidney as shown in case 2. Necropsy showed absence of pancreatic Langerhans Islets, which are reported here for the first time. Corpus callosum absence is added to the few reported cases of brain defects in Raine syndrome. This report shows two new FAM20C variants not described previously, and negative protein detection in the liver and the kidney. We highlight that lethal Raine syndrome is well defined as early as 21 weeks, including mineralization defects and craniofacial features. Pancreas and brain defects found here in FAM20C deficiency extend the functional spectrum of this protein to previously unknown organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Hernández-Zavala
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Fernando Cortés-Camacho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Icela Palma-Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Ricardo Godínez-Aguilar
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Ana María Espinosa
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales 800, Lomas - Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec IV Section, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (J.P.-D.); (P.G.A.-T.)
| | - Patricia Villanueva-Ocampo
- Deparment of Ginecology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Ugarte-Briones
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Serrano-Bello
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - Paula Jesús Sánchez-Santiago
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - José Bonilla-Delgado
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Marco Antonio Yáñez-López
- Department of Radiology & Imagenology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Georgina Victoria-Acosta
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Adolfo López-Ornelas
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Patricia García Alonso-Themann
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales 800, Lomas - Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec IV Section, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (J.P.-D.); (P.G.A.-T.)
| | - José Moreno
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Carmen Palacios-Reyes
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Agoro R, Ni P, Noonan ML, White KE. Osteocytic FGF23 and Its Kidney Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32982979 PMCID: PMC7485387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, which represent up to 95% of adult skeletal cells, are deeply embedded in bone. These cells exhibit important interactive abilities with other bone cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts to control skeletal formation and resorption. Beyond this local role, osteocytes can also influence the function of distant organs due to the presence of their sophisticated lacunocanalicular system, which connects osteocyte dendrites directly to the vasculature. Through these networks, osteocytes sense changes in circulating metabolites and respond by producing endocrine factors to control homeostasis. One critical function of osteocytes is to respond to increased blood phosphate and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (1,25D) by producing fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). FGF23 acts on the kidneys through partner fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and the co-receptor Klotho to promote phosphaturia via a downregulation of phosphate transporters, as well as the control of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes to reduce blood 1,25D. In the first part of this review, we will explore the signals involved in the positive and negative regulation of FGF23 in osteocytes. In the second portion, we will bridge bone responses with the review of current knowledge on FGF23 endocrine functions in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiou Agoro
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Pu Ni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Megan L. Noonan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kenneth E. White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth E. White
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18
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Saiyin W, Li L, Zhang H, Lu Y, Qin C. Inactivation of FAM20B causes cell fate changes in annulus fibrosus of mouse intervertebral disc and disc defects via the alterations of TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165555. [PMID: 31513834 PMCID: PMC7194007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) disorder is often caused by the defect of annulus fibrosus (AF), especially that of the outer AF. Studies about the mechanisms governing the development of the outer AF are needed for a better understanding of pathogenesis of IVD defects. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of extracellular matrix (ECM) in AF. FAM20B is a newly identified xylose kinase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of GAGs. In this study, we created Fam20B conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which FAM20B was inactivated in type I collagen-expressing cells, the main type of cells in the outer AF of IVD. The cKO mice showed severe spine deformity and remarkable IVD defects associated with AF malformation. The AF of cKO mice had a lower level of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, and the outer AF cells lost their normal fibroblast-like morphology and acquired chondrocyte phenotypes, expressing a higher level of Sox 9 and type II collagen along with a reduced level of type I collagen. The level of phospho-Smad 2 and phospho-Smad 3, and that of scleraxis, a downstream target molecule of canonical TGF-β signaling pathway were significantly lower in the AF of cKO mice. The AF in cKO mice also manifested altered levels in the molecules associated with the activations of MAPK pathway; the changes included the increase of phospho-P38 and phospho-ERK and a decrease of phospho-JNK. These results indicate that FAM20B plays an essential role in the development of AF by regulating the TGF-β signaling and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuliji Saiyin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Clinkenbeard EL, Noonan ML, Thomas JC, Ni P, Hum JM, Aref M, Swallow EA, Moe SM, Allen MR, White KE. Increased FGF23 protects against detrimental cardio-renal consequences during elevated blood phosphate in CKD. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123817. [PMID: 30830862 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphaturic hormone FGF23 is elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The risk of premature death is substantially higher in the CKD patient population, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as the leading mortality cause at all stages of CKD. Elevated FGF23 in CKD has been associated with increased odds for all-cause mortality; however, whether FGF23 is associated with positive adaptation in CKD is unknown. To test the role of FGF23 in CKD phenotypes, a late osteoblast/osteocyte conditional flox-Fgf23 mouse (Fgf23fl/fl/Dmp1-Cre+/-) was placed on an adenine-containing diet to induce CKD. Serum analysis showed casein-fed Cre+ mice had significantly higher serum phosphate and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) versus casein diet and Cre- genotype controls. Adenine significantly induced serum intact FGF23 in the Cre- mice over casein-fed mice, whereas Cre+ mice on adenine had 90% reduction in serum intact FGF23 and C-terminal FGF23 as well as bone Fgf23 mRNA. Parathyroid hormone was significantly elevated in mice fed adenine diet regardless of genotype, which significantly enhanced midshaft cortical porosity. Echocardiographs of the adenine-fed Cre+ hearts revealed profound aortic calcification and cardiac hypertrophy versus diet and genotype controls. Thus, these studies demonstrate that increased bone FGF23, although associated with poor outcomes in CKD, is necessary to protect against the cardio-renal consequences of elevated tissue phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pu Ni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics
| | - Julia M Hum
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics
| | | | | | - Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
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Sheth J, Bhavsar R, Gandhi A, Sheth F, Pancholi D. A case of Raine syndrome presenting with facial dysmorphy and review of literature. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:76. [PMID: 29751744 PMCID: PMC5948820 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Raine syndrome (RS) – an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder, is caused by a biallelic mutation in the FAM20C gene. Some of the most common clinical features include generalized osteosclerosis with a periosteal bone formation, dysmorphic face, and thoracic hypoplasia. Many cases have also been reported with oro-dental abnormalities, and developmental delay. Most of the cases result in neonatal death. However, a few non-lethal RS cases have been reported where patients survive till adulthood and exhibits a heterogeneous clinical phenotype. Clinical diagnosis of RS has been done through facial appearance and radiological findings, while confirmatory diagnosis has been conducted through a molecular study of the FAM20C gene. Case presentation A 6-year-old girl was born to healthy third degree consanguineous parents. She presented with facial dysmorphy, delayed speech, and delayed cognition. Radiography showed small sclerotic areas in the lower part of the right femur, and an abnormally-shaped skull with minimal sclerosis in the lower occipital region. Computer tomography scan of the brain revealed mild cortical atrophy, and MRI scan of the brain showed corpus callosal dysgenesis with the absence of the rostral area. Chromosome banding at 500 band resolution showed a normal female karyotype. No quantitative genomic imbalance was detected by aCGH. Further study conducted using Clinical Exome Sequencing identified a homozygous missense variation c.1228 T > A (p.Ser410Thr) in the exon 6 of FAM20C gene – a likely pathogenic variant that confirmed the clinical diagnosis of RS. The variant was confirmed in the proband and her parents using Sanger sequencing. Prenatal diagnosis during subsequent pregnancy revealed heterozygous status of the fetus, and a normal carrier child was delivered at term. Conclusions The syndrome revealed markedly variable presentations such as facial dysmorphy and developmental delay, and was localized to diffuse bone osteosclerosis. Clinical indications, striking radiological findings and molecular testing of FAM20C gene confirmed the diagnosis of RS. A rarity of the disorder and inconsistent phenotype hindered the establishment of genotype-phenotype correlations in RS. Therefore, reporting more cases and conducting further research would be crucial in defining the variable radiologic and molecular defects of the lethal and non-lethal forms of this syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0593-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, India.
| | - Riddhi Bhavsar
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, India
| | - Ajit Gandhi
- Unique Hospital, Main Road, South Kasba, Solapur, 413007, India
| | - Frenny Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, India
| | - Dhairya Pancholi
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, India
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