1
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Hasan MS, Lin CJ, Marhavy P, Kyndt T, Siddique S. Redox signalling in plant-nematode interactions: Insights into molecular crosstalk and defense mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38679939 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes, specifically cyst nematodes (CNs) and root-knot nematodes (RKNs), pose significant threats to global agriculture, leading to substantial crop losses. Both CNs and RKNs induce permanent feeding sites in the root of their host plants, which then serve as their only source of nutrients throughout their lifecycle. Plants deploy reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a primary defense mechanism against nematode invasion. Notably, both CNs and RKNs have evolved sophisticated strategies to manipulate the host's redox environment to their advantage, with each employing distinct tactics to combat ROS. In this review, we have focused on the role of ROS and its scavenging network in interactions between host plants and CNs and RKNs. Overall, this review emphasizes the complex interplay between plant defense mechanism, redox signalling and nematode survival tactics, suggesting potential avenues for developing innovative nematode management strategies in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamim Hasan
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES-Molecular Phytomedicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ching-Jung Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter Marhavy
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, Research Group Epigenetics & Defence, Gent, Belgium
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Mendonça M, Vicente CSL, Espada M. Functional Characterization of ShK Domain-Containing Protein in the Plant-Parasitic Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:404. [PMID: 38337937 PMCID: PMC10857297 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ShK domain-containing proteins are peptides found in different parasitic and venomous organisms. From a previous transcriptomic dataset from Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a plant-parasitic nematode that infects forest tree species, we identified 96 transcripts potentially as ShK domain-containing proteins with unknown function in the nematode genome. This study aimed to characterize and explore the functional role of genes encoding ShK domain-containing proteins in B. xylophilus biology. We selected and functionally analyzed nine candidate genes that are putatively specific to B. xylophilus. In situ hybridization revealed expression of one B. xylophilus ShK in the pharyngeal gland cells, suggesting their delivery into host cells. Most of the transcripts are highly expressed during infection and showed a significant upregulation in response to peroxide products compared to the nematode catalase enzymes. We reported, for the first time, the potential involvement of ShK domain genes in oxidative stress, suggesting that these proteins may have an important role in protecting or modulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity of the host plant during parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margarida Espada
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies, and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (M.M.); (C.S.L.V.)
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3
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Qin X, Xue B, Tian H, Fang C, Yu J, Chen C, Xue Q, Jones J, Wang X. An unconventionally secreted effector from the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, Mi-ISC-1, promotes parasitism by disrupting salicylic acid biosynthesis in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:516-529. [PMID: 34923729 PMCID: PMC8916211 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes need to deliver effectors that suppress host immunity for successful parasitism. We have characterized a novel isochorismatase effector from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, named Mi-ISC-1. The Mi-isc-1 gene is expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands and is up-regulated in parasitic-stage juveniles. Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing targeting Mi-isc-1 attenuated M. incognita parasitism. Enzyme activity assays confirmed that Mi-ISC-1 can catalyse hydrolysis of isochorismate into 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate in vitro. Although Mi-ISC-1 lacks a classical signal peptide for secretion at its N-terminus, a yeast invertase secretion assay showed that this protein can be secreted from eukaryotic cells. However, the subcellular localization and plasmolysis assay revealed that the unconventional secretory signal present on the Mi-ISC-1 is not recognized by the plant secretory pathway and that the effector was localized within the cytoplasm of plant cells, but not apoplast, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration. Ectopic expression of Mi-ISC-1 in N. benthamiana reduced expression of the PR1 gene and levels of salicylic acid (SA), and promoted infection by Phytophthora capsici. The cytoplasmic localization of Mi-ISC-1 is required for its function. Moreover, Mi-ISC-1 suppresses the production of SA following the reconstitution of the de novo SA biosynthesis via the isochorismate pathway in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves. These results demonstrate that M. incognita deploys a functional isochorismatase that suppresses SA-mediated plant defences by disrupting the isochorismate synthase pathway for SA biosynthesis to promote parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haiyang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chenjie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiarong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - John Jones
- School of BiologyBiomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
- Cell & Molecular Sciences DepartmentThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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4
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Coke MC, Mantelin S, Thorpe P, Lilley CJ, Wright KM, Shaw DS, Chande A, Jones JT, Urwin PE. The GpIA7 effector from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida targets potato EBP1 and interferes with the plant cell cycle programme. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:erab353. [PMID: 34310681 PMCID: PMC8547150 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida acquires all of its nutrients from an elaborate feeding site that it establishes in a host plant root. Normal development of the root cells is re-programmed in a process coordinated by secreted nematode effector proteins. The biological function of the G. pallida GpIA7 effector was investigated in this study. GpIA7 is specifically expressed in the subventral pharyngeal glands of pre-parasitic stage nematodes. Ectopic expression of GpIA7 in potato plants affected plant growth and development, suggesting a potential role for this effector in feeding site establishment. Potato plants overexpressing GpIA7 were shorter, with reduced tuber weight and delayed flowering. We provide evidence that GpIA7 associates with the plant growth regulator StEBP1 (ErbB-3 epidermal growth factor receptor-binding protein 1). GpIA7 modulates the regulatory function of StEBP1, altering the expression level of downstream target genes, including ribonucleotide reductase 2, cyclin D3;1 and retinoblastoma related 1, which are downregulated in plants overexpressing GpIA7. We provide an insight into the molecular mechanism used by the nematode to manipulate the host cell cycle and provide evidence that this may rely, at least in part, on hindering the function of host EBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela C Coke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sophie Mantelin
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Kathryn M Wright
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adams Chande
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John T Jones
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TZ, UK
| | - Peter E Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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5
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Matera C, Grundler FM, Schleker ASS. Sublethal fluazaindolizine doses inhibit development of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii during sedentary parasitism. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3571-3580. [PMID: 33840151 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluazaindolizine is a new compound for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) with an unknown and novel mode-of-action. This compound is very effective against important PPNs. However, investigations elucidating the impact of sublethal fluazaindolizine doses on early nematode virulence and plant-nematode interaction parameters are lacking. RESULTS The effect of direct exposure of Heterodera schachtii juveniles to 50 ppm fluazaindolizine was negligible. Infection assays revealed a 57% reduction in adult females at 1.25 ppm and a 46% reduction in offspring at 40 ppm when juveniles were soaked in the compound for 48 h and subsequently inoculated onto Arabidopsis thaliana. Pre-incubation of A. thaliana roots with fluazaindolizine was not effective against H. schachtii. Conversely, supplementing the plant growth medium with fluazaindolizine led to a significant reduction of adults (-35%), females (-75%) and female size at 1.25 ppm and nearly completely inhibited nematode parasitism at 5 ppm. The impact of fluazaindolizine on A. thaliana was dependent on plant age, compound concentration and duration of contact. Very low sublethal fluazaindolizine concentrations, 5 or 10 ppm, did not interfere with nematode mobility, host finding, penetration, and induction of the feeding site, but specifically inhibited sedentary nematode development inside the root in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Fluazaindolizine does not have direct toxicity against PPN infective juveniles, but has a clear effect on nematodes during sedentary development. The formation of females and the development of offspring are strongly reduced. It will be interesting to identify the underlying mechanism in the future. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Matera
- INRES-Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mw Grundler
- INRES-Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Sylvia S Schleker
- INRES-Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Ochola J, Coyne D, Cortada L, Haukeland S, Ng'ang'a M, Hassanali A, Opperman C, Torto B. Cyst nematode bio-communication with plants: implications for novel management approaches. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1150-1159. [PMID: 32985781 PMCID: PMC7894489 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bio-communication occurs when living organisms interact with each other, facilitated by the exchange of signals including visual, auditory, tactile and chemical. The most common form of bio-communication between organisms is mediated by chemical signals, commonly referred to as 'semiochemicals', and it involves an emitter releasing the chemical signal that is detected by a receiver leading to a phenotypic response in the latter organism. The quality and quantity of the chemical signal released may be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Bio-communication has been reported to occur in both above- and below-ground interactions and it can be exploited for the management of pests, such as cyst nematodes, which are pervasive soil-borne pests that cause significant crop production losses worldwide. Cyst nematode hatching and successful infection of hosts are biological processes that are largely influenced by semiochemicals including hatching stimulators, hatching inhibitors, attractants and repellents. These semiochemicals can be used to disrupt interactions between host plants and cyst nematodes. Advances in RNAi techniques such as host-induced gene silencing to interfere with cyst nematode hatching and host location can also be exploited for development of synthetic resistant host cultivars. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Ochola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Chemistry DepartmentKenyatta UniversityNairobiKenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- East Africa, International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
- Department of Biology, Section NematologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Laura Cortada
- East Africa, International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
- Department of Biology, Section NematologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | | | | | - Charles Opperman
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
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7
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Elashry AM, Habash SS, Vijayapalani P, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Blümel R, Seetharam A, Schoof H, Grundler FMW. Transcriptome and Parasitome Analysis of Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3315. [PMID: 32094373 PMCID: PMC7039985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beet cyst nematodes depend on a set of secretory proteins (effectors) for the induction and maintenance of their syncytial feeding sites in plant roots. In order to understand the relationship between the beet cyst nematode H. schachtii and its host, identification of H. schachtii effectors is crucial and to this end, we sequenced a whole animal pre-infective J2-stage transcriptome in addition to pre- and post-infective J2 gland cell transcriptome using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and identified a subset of sequences representing putative effectors. Comparison between the transcriptome of H. schachtii and previously reported related cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes revealed a subset of esophageal gland related sequences and putative effectors in common across the tested species. Structural and functional annotation of H. schachtii transcriptome led to the identification of nearly 200 putative effectors. Six putative effector expressions were quantified using qPCR and three of them were functionally analyzed using RNAi. Phenotyping of the RNAi nematodes indicated that all tested genes decrease the level of nematodes pathogenicity and/or the average female size, thereby regulating cyst nematode parasitism. These discoveries contribute to further understanding of the cyst nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaser M Elashry
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany. .,Strube research GmbH & Co. KG, Hauptstrasse 1, 38387, Söllingen, Germany.
| | - Samer S Habash
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | | | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Blümel
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany.,Bayer Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Arun Seetharam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, 448 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Heiko Schoof
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany
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8
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Castro-Moretti FR, Gentzel IN, Mackey D, Alonso AP. Metabolomics as an Emerging Tool for the Study of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Metabolites 2020; 10:E52. [PMID: 32013104 PMCID: PMC7074241 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants defend themselves from most microbial attacks via mechanisms including cell wall fortification, production of antimicrobial compounds, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Successful pathogens overcome these host defenses, as well as obtain nutrients from the host. Perturbations of plant metabolism play a central role in determining the outcome of attempted infections. Metabolomic analyses, for example between healthy, newly infected and diseased or resistant plants, have the potential to reveal perturbations to signaling or output pathways with key roles in determining the outcome of a plant-microbe interaction. However, application of this -omic and its tools in plant pathology studies is lagging relative to genomic and transcriptomic methods. Thus, it is imperative to bring the power of metabolomics to bear on the study of plant resistance/susceptibility. This review discusses metabolomics studies that link changes in primary or specialized metabolism to the defense responses of plants against bacterial, fungal, nematode, and viral pathogens. Also examined are cases where metabolomics unveils virulence mechanisms used by pathogens. Finally, how integrating metabolomics with other -omics can advance plant pathology research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. Castro-Moretti
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA
| | - Irene N. Gentzel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Ana P. Alonso
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA
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9
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Vieira P, Gleason C. Plant-parasitic nematode effectors - insights into their diversity and new tools for their identification. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:37-43. [PMID: 30921686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a large group of obligate biotrophic pathogens that secrete molecules, called effectors, involved in parasitism. The majority of work in molecular phytonematology has focused on the root-knot and cyst nematodes, which are both sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. More recently, inexpensive sequencing technology has facilitated effector searches in PPNs with different parasitic lifestyles. Work in different PPN species suggests that effectors are diverse, and selection pressure from plant hosts has contributed to the presence of large, expanded effector gene families. The identification of promoter elements/motifs preceding effector gene sequences suggests that promoter analysis can computationally predict new putative effectors. However, until a method of genetic transformation is available for PPNs, work on characterizing effectors will be hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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10
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Pogorelko GV, Juvale PS, Rutter WB, Hütten M, Maier TR, Hewezi T, Paulus J, van der Hoorn RA, Grundler FM, Siddique S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA, Baum TJ. Re-targeting of a plant defense protease by a cyst nematode effector. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:1000-1014. [PMID: 30801789 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants mount defense responses during pathogen attacks, and robust host defense suppression by pathogen effector proteins is essential for infection success. 4E02 is an effector of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing the effector-coding sequence showed altered expression levels of defense response genes, as well as higher susceptibility to both the biotroph H. schachtii and the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, indicating a potential suppression of defenses by 4E02. Yeast two-hybrid analyses showed that 4E02 targets A. thaliana vacuolar papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) 'Responsive to Dehydration 21A' (RD21A), which has been shown to function in the plant defense response. Activity-based protein profiling analyses documented that the in planta presence of 4E02 does not impede enzymatic activity of RD21A. Instead, 4E02 mediates a re-localization of this protease from the vacuole to the nucleus and cytoplasm, which is likely to prevent the protease from performing its defense function and at the same time, brings it in contact with novel substrates. Yeast two-hybrid analyses showed that RD21A interacts with multiple host proteins including enzymes involved in defense responses as well as carbohydrate metabolism. In support of a role in carbohydrate metabolism of RD21A after its effector-mediated re-localization, we observed cell wall compositional changes in 4E02 expressing A. thaliana lines. Collectively, our study shows that 4E02 removes RD21A from its defense-inducing pathway and repurposes this enzyme by targeting the active protease to different cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady V Pogorelko
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Parijat S Juvale
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - William B Rutter
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Marion Hütten
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas R Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Judith Paulus
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Florian Mw Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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11
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Gheysen G, Mitchum MG. Phytoparasitic Nematode Control of Plant Hormone Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1212-1226. [PMID: 30397024 PMCID: PMC6446774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes use multiple tactics to influence phytohormone physiology and alter plant developmental programs to establish feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Gheysen
- Ghent University, Department of Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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12
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Siddique S, Grundler FM. Parasitic nematodes manipulate plant development to establish feeding sites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:102-108. [PMID: 30326406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyst and root-knot nematodes, the two economically most important groups of plant parasitic nematodes, induce neoplastic feeding sites in the roots of their host plants. The formation of feeding sites is accompanied by large-scale transcriptomic, metabolomic, and structural changes in host plants. However, the mechanisms that lead to such remarkable changes have remained poorly understood until recently. Now, genomic and genetic analyses have greatly enhanced our understanding of all aspects of plant-nematode interaction. Here, we review some of the recent advances in understanding cyst and root-knot nematode parasitism. In particular, we highlight new findings on the role of plant hormones and small RNAs in nematode feeding site formation and function. Finally, we touch on our emerging understanding of the function of nematode-associated secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, INRES, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mw Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, INRES, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. grundler@uni.-bonn.de
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13
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Anwer MA, Anjam MS, Shah SJ, Hasan MS, Naz AA, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Genome-wide association study uncovers a novel QTL allele of AtS40-3 that affects the sex ratio of cyst nematodes in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1805-1814. [PMID: 29378065 PMCID: PMC5889006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are obligate sedentary parasites that infect the roots of a broad range of host plants. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, but differentiation into male or female is strongly influenced by interactions with the host environment. Female populations typically predominate under favorable conditions, whereas male populations predominate under adverse conditions. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in an Arabidopsis diversity panel to identify host loci underlying variation in susceptibility to cyst nematode infection. Three different susceptibility parameters were examined, with the aim of providing insights into the infection process, the number of females and males present in the infected plant, and the female-to-male sex ratio. GWAS results suggested that variation in sex ratio is associated with a novel quantitative trait locus allele on chromosome 4. Subsequent candidate genes and functional analyses revealed that a senescence-associated transcription factor, AtS40-3, and PPR may act in combination to influence nematode sex ratio. A detailed molecular characterization revealed that variation in nematode sex ratio was due to the disturbed common promoter of AtS40-3 and PPR genes. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding sequence of AtS40-3 might contribute to the natural variation in nematode sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Anwer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Syed Jehangir Shah
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali A Naz
- Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße, Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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14
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Radakovic ZS, Anjam MS, Escobar E, Chopra D, Cabrera J, Silva AC, Escobar C, Sobczak M, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Arabidopsis HIPP27 is a host susceptibility gene for the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1917-1928. [PMID: 29470862 PMCID: PMC6638061 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are obligate biotrophs that infect the roots of their host plant. Their parasitism is based on the modification of root cells to form a hypermetabolic syncytium from which the nematodes draw their nutrients. The aim of this study was to identify nematode susceptibility genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and to characterize their roles in supporting the parasitism of Heterodera schachtii. By selecting genes that were most strongly upregulated in response to cyst nematode infection, we identified HIPP27 (HEAVY METAL-ASSOCIATED ISOPRENYLATED PLANT PROTEIN 27) as a host susceptibility factor required for beet cyst nematode infection and development. Detailed expression analysis revealed that HIPP27 is a cytoplasmic protein and that HIPP27 is strongly expressed in leaves, young roots and nematode-induced syncytia. Loss-of-function Arabidopsis hipp27 mutants exhibited severely reduced susceptibility to H. schachtii and abnormal starch accumulation in syncytial and peridermal plastids. Our results suggest that HIPP27 is a susceptibility gene in Arabidopsis whose loss of function reduces plant susceptibility to cyst nematode infection without increasing the susceptibility to other pathogens or negatively affecting the plant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran S. Radakovic
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Elizabeth Escobar
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of BotanyWarsaw University of Life SciencesPL‐02787 WarsawPoland
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
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15
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Smant G, Helder J, Goverse A. Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:686-702. [PMID: 29277939 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel adaptations enabling the use of plant cells as the primary food source have occurred multiple times in distinct nematode clades. The hallmark of all extant obligate and facultative plant-feeding nematodes is the presence of an oral stylet, which is required for penetration of plant cell walls, delivery of pharyngeal gland secretions into host cells and selective uptake of plant assimilates. Plant parasites from different clades, and even within a single clade, display a large diversity in feeding behaviours ranging from short feeding cycles on single cells to prolonged feeding on highly sophisticated host cell complexes. Despite these differences, feeding of nematodes frequently (but certainly not always) induces common responses in host cells (e.g. endopolyploidization and cellular hypertrophy). It is thought that these host cell responses are brought about by the interplay of effectors and other biological active compounds in stylet secretions of feeding nematodes, but this has only been studied for the most advanced sedentary plant parasites. In fact, these responses are thought to be fundamental for prolonged feeding of sedentary plant parasites on host cells. However, as we discuss in this review, some of these common plant responses to independent lineages of plant parasitic nematodes might also be generic reactions to cell stress and as such their onset may not require specific inputs from plant parasitic nematodes. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes may utilize effectors and their ability to synthesize other biologically active compounds to tailor these common responses for prolonged feeding on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
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16
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Bournaud C, Gillet FX, Murad AM, Bresso E, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sá MF. Meloidogyne incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM) Gene Encodes a Cell-Penetrating Protein That Interacts With the CSN5 Subunit of the COP9 Signalosome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:904. [PMID: 29997646 PMCID: PMC6029430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of phytonematodes relies on secreted virulence factors to rewire host cellular pathways for the benefits of the nematode. In the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, thousands of predicted secreted proteins have been identified and are expected to interact with host proteins at different developmental stages of the parasite. Identifying the host targets will provide compelling evidence about the biological significance and molecular function of the predicted proteins. Here, we have focused on the hub protein CSN5, the fifth subunit of the pleiotropic and eukaryotic conserved COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is a regulatory component of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We used affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate the interaction network of CSN5 in M. incognita-infected roots. We identified the complete CSN complex and other known CSN5 interaction partners in addition to unknown plant and M. incognita proteins. Among these, we described M. incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM), a small pioneer protein predicted to contain a secretory peptide that is up-regulated mostly in the J2 parasitic stage. We confirmed the CSN5-MiPM interaction, which occurs in the nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Using MiPM as bait, a GST pull-down assay coupled with MS revealed some common protein partners between CSN5 and MiPM. We further showed by in silico and microscopic analyses that the recombinant purified MiPM protein enters the cells of Arabidopsis root tips in a non-infectious context. In further detail, the supercharged N-terminal tail of MiPM (NTT-MiPM) triggers an unknown host endocytosis pathway to penetrate the cell. The functional meaning of the CSN5-MiPM interaction in the M. incognita parasitism is discussed. Moreover, we propose that the cell-penetrating properties of some M. incognita secreted proteins might be a non-negligible mechanism for cell uptake, especially during the steps preceding the sedentary parasitic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Bournaud
| | | | - André M. Murad
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inria, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, Nancy, France
| | | | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
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17
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Habash SS, Sobczak M, Siddique S, Voigt B, Elashry A, Grundler FMW. Identification and characterization of a putative protein disulfide isomerase (HsPDI) as an alleged effector of Heterodera schachtii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13536. [PMID: 29051538 PMCID: PMC5648851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii is an obligate biotroph that induces syncytial feeding sites in roots of its hosts. Nematodes produce effectors that are secreted into the host and facilitate infection process. Here we identified H. schachtii protein disulphide isomerase (HsPDI) as a putative effector that interferes with the host’s redox status. In situ hybridization showed that HsPdi is specifically localized within esophageal glands of pre-parasitic second stage juveniles (J2). HsPdi is up-regulated in the early parasitic J2s. Silencing of HsPdi by RNA interference in the J2s hampers their development and leads to structural malfunctions in associated feeding sites induced in Arabidopsis roots. Expression of HsPDI in Arabidopsis increases plant’s susceptibility towards H. schachtii. HsPdi expression is up-regulated in the presence of exogenous H2O2, whereas HsPdi silencing results in increased mortality under H2O2 stress. Stable expression of HsPDI in Arabidopsis plants decreases ROS burst induced by flg22. Transiently expressed HsPDI in N. benthamiana leaves is localized in the apoplast. HsPDI plays an important role in the interaction between nematode and plant, probably through inducing local changes in the redox status of infected host tissue. It also contributes to protect the nematode from exogenous H2O2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer S Habash
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, PL-02787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boris Voigt
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Kirschallee 1, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Abdelnaser Elashry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.,Strube Research GmbH & Co. KG, Hauptstraße 1, 38387, Söllingen, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
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18
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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