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Luo S, Huang M, Lu X, Zhang M, Xiong H, Tan X, Deng X, Zhang W, Ma X, Zeng J, Efferth T. Optimized therapeutic potential of Yinchenhao decoction for cholestatic hepatitis by combined network meta-analysis and network pharmacology. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155573. [PMID: 38583348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic hepatitis is recognized as a significant contributor to the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. As a well-known classic formula for the treatment of cholestatic hepatitis, Yinchenhao decoction (YCHD) is widely used in countries in Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. However, in recent years, a risk of liver injury has been reported from Rheum palmatum L. and Gardenia jasmonoides J.Ellis which are the main ingredients of YCHD. Therefore, the question arises whether YCHD is still safe enough for the treatment of cholestatic hepatitis or whether an optimized ratio of ingredients should be applied. These is inevitable questions for the clinical application of YCHD. PURPOSE To provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of YCHD through a combination of meta-analysis and network pharmacology and to find the best ratio of components to ensure optimal therapeutic efficacy and safety. At the same time, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of YCHD was explored. METHODS We retrieved relevant trials from various databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP and Wanfang databases up to August 2023. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, we assessed efficiency, ALT, AST, and TBIL as outcome parameters. The relevant data underwent a network meta-analysis using STATA 16.0 software. Based on network pharmacology, we screened the disease targets, active ingredients, and targets related to YCHD. The targets were visualized using Cytoscape 3.9.1. Then, potential mechanisms were explored based on bioinformatic techniques. RESULTS Twenty eligible studies were finally screened and a total of 1,591 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. The meta-analysis results indicated that TG-c (treatment group c) [(Artemisia capillaris Thunb. : Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis : Rheum palmatum L. = 10:5:2-10:5:3) + CT] was the most promising therapeutic approach, demonstrating superior efficacy and notable improvements in both AST and TBIL levels. For ALT, TG-d [(Artemisia capillaris : Gardenia jasminoides : Rheum palmatum = 5:1:1-5:2:1) + CT] exhibited the greatest potential as optimal therapy option. Based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values, TG-c was the best therapy in terms of efficiency and improvement in TBIL levels, while TG-d was the most effective in reducing ALT levels. For AST levels, TG-e [(Artemisia capillaris : Gardenia jasminoides : Rheum palmatum = 5:2:2-5:3:3) + CT] was the most effective therapy. The comprehensive analysis revealed that TG-c exhibited the most pronounced efficacy. Combined network pharmacology, GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis displayed that the key target genes of Artemisia capillaris, Rheum palmatum, and Gardenia jasminoides were closely involved in inflammation response, bile transport, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and regulation of leukocyte migration. Notably, bile secretion dominated the common pathway of the three herbs. On the other hand, Artemisia capillaris exhibited a unique mode of action by regulating the IL-17 signaling pathway, which may play a crucial role in its effectiveness. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, the optimal TG-C demonstrated the most favorable overall therapeutic efficacy by increasing the dosage of Artemisia capillaris while reducing the dosage of Gardenia jasminoides and Rheum palmatum. This is attributed to the potent ability of Artemisia capillaris. to effectively modulate the IL-17 signaling pathway, thereby exerting a beneficial therapeutic effect. Conversely, Gardenia jasminoides and Rheum palmatum may potentially enhance the activation of the NF-кB signaling pathway, thereby elevating the risk of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiman Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Meilan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Huiling Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Liu L, Zhang H, Tang X, Zhang M, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Lu C, Zhao R. Geniposide ameliorates psoriatic skin inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway and MMP9. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112082. [PMID: 38652958 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an incurable immune-mediated disease affecting the skin or the joints. There are continuing studies on drugs for psoriasis prevention and treatment. This research found that Geniposide (GE) significantly thinned IMQ mice's skin lesions, reduced the scales, and lowered the presence of inflammatory cells in the pathology in a dose-dependent manner. GE inhibited IL-23, IL-22, IL-17A, IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in psoriatic mice serum. AKT1, TNF, TLR4, MMP9, MAPK3, and EGFR were selected as the top 6 targets of GE against psoriasis via network pharmacology, and GE-TLR4 has the most robust docking score value by molecular docking. Taken together, GE significantly inhibited TLR4 and MMP9 protein expression and influenced MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Finally, TLR4 was verified as the critical target of GE, which engaged in immunomodulatory activities and reduced MMP9 production in LPS and TAK-242-induced HaCaT cells. GE had a medium affinity for TLR4, and the KD value was 1.06 × 10-5 M. GE is an effective treatment and preventative strategy for psoriasis since it impacts TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Xinran Tang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Mengge Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoling Province 110016, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; The State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China.
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; The State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China.
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Gan P, Wu H, Zhu Y, Shu Y, Wei Y. A new look at angiogenesis inhibition of geniposide in experimental arthritis by blocking angiopoietin-2 exocytosis. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1245-1261. [PMID: 38185885 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key player in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Exocytosis from Weibel-Palade bodies is a prerequisite for angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) to activate endothelial cells and initiate angiogenesis. Geniposide (GE) was previously reported to exert anti-angiogenic effects. The aim of this study was to shed light on whether and how GE regulates Ang-2 exocytosis. A rat model of adjuvant arthritis (AA) was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GE (60 and 120 mg/kg) especially in synovial angiogenesis. In addition, the Matrigel plug assay was used to detect the effect of GE (120 and 240 mg/kg) on angiogenesis in AA mice. In vitro, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the effect and mechanism of GE on Ang-2 exocytosis. It was found that GE improved the symptoms of AA rats and inhibited angiogenesis in AA, which may be related to the down-regulation of S1P receptors 1, 3 (S1PR1, S1PR3), phospholipase Cβ3 (PLCβ3), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3 R) and Ang-2 expression. The results of in vitro experiments showed that S1P induced rapid release of Ang-2 from HUVECs with multigranular exocytosis. Suppression of the S1P/S1PR1/3/PLCβ3/Ca2+ signal axis by the S1PR1/3 inhibitor VPC23019 and the IP3 R inhibitor 2-APB blocked Ang-2 exocytosis, accompanied by diminished angiogenesis in vitro. GE dose-dependently weakened S1P/S1PR1/3/PLCβ3/Ca2+ signal axis activation, Ang-2 exocytosis and angiogenesis in HUVECs (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Overall, these findings revealed that angiogenesis inhibition of GE was partly attributed to the intervention of Ang-2 exocytosis through negatively modulating the S1P/S1PR1/3/PLCβ3/Ca2+ signal axis, providing a novel strategy for rheumatoid arthritis anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Gan
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology Department of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology Department of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology Department of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yin Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology Department of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology Department of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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Wan S, Xie X, Yang G, Feng F. Discovery of the toxicity-related quality markers and mechanisms of Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction based on Chinmedomics combined with differentially absorbed components and network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117408. [PMID: 37972910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction (ZZHPD), as a representative traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for the treatment of depression, has frequently triggered hepatorenal toxicity in recent years. However, its toxic effect, material basis, and underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the hepatorenal toxicity-material basis-quality markers (Q-markers) and multiple mechanisms of ZZHPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS ZZHPD-induced rat model of toxicity was evaluated by behavioral indicators, biochemical parameters, and histopathological sections. Then, UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS combined with multivariate data analysis was utilized to identify the endogenous differential metabolites and the prototype components of ZZHPD in the plasma. A comprehensive strategy integrating in-house library, diagnostic ions, Compound Discover software, and network databases was constructed to identify the chemical constituents of ZZHPD. Additionally, the differentially absorbed components of ZZHPD were screened out based on the spectrum-effect relationship (toxic state and normal state), feature extraction of exogenous components, and variable influence on projection (VIP). Further, Chinmedomics and network pharmacology oriented by differentially absorbed components were performed to predict toxicity-related Q-markers and core targets, as well as relevant pathways. Finally, the binding ability between components and targets was predicted using molecular docking, and the mRNA expression of core target genes was determined by real-time qPCR experiment. RESULTS ZZHPD exerted significant hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats accompanied by body weight loss, abnormal biochemical indicators, and pathologic characteristics with mild inflammation and cell damage. The results of plasma metabolomics indicated that 22 differential metabolites interfered by ZZHPD mainly involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, pyrimidine and purine metabolism. Firstly, 106 chemical substances of ZZHPD were identified, 44 of them were absorbed into the blood, mainly including 7 iridoid glycosides, 15 flavonoids, 5 lignans, and others. Then, the correlation analysis results suggested that 12 of 19 differentially absorbed constituents were highly correlated with 22 differential metabolites and recognized as potential Q-markers. Finally, 9 toxicity-related Q-markers were predicted and confirmed with better binding ability to 5 core targets (PTGS2, CASP3, TNF, PPARG, HMOX1), including 3 flavonoids (naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin), 2 iridoid glycosides (geniposide and genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside), 2 lignans (honokiol and magnolol), organic acid (chlorogenic acid), and crocin (crocetin). The real-time qPCR results showed that the mRNA levels of CASP3, TNF-α, and PPARG significantly increased in the damaged liver. Combining metabolomics and network pharmacology results, the multiple mechanisms of toxicity might involve in oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. CONCLUSION Taken together, the toxicity-related Q-markers of ZZHPD screened for the first time in this work were reliable, and the holistic intervention for hepatorenal toxicity further revealed the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway features in TCM. The integrated approach provides a novel perspective for the discovery of toxicity/efficacy-related substances and mechanistic studies in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Gongjun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fang Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Zeng X, Jiang J, Liu S, Hu Q, Hu S, Zeng J, Ma X, Zhang X. Bidirectional effects of geniposide in liver injury: Preclinical evidence construction based on meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117061. [PMID: 37598771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis is widely used to treat liver diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Geniposide, a major active constituent of Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis, exerts therapeutic effects against liver injury, however, it also induces hepatotoxicity. AIM OF THE STUDY This meta-analysis was designed to determine the mechanisms of both the hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effects of geniposide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The articles analysed in this meta-analysis were primarily obtained from five databases. The 10-item SYRCLE risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included articles. STATA (version 15.1) was used to evaluate the total effect or toxicity sizes. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) dose/time-effect and mechanistic analyses were performed to assess the therapeutic and toxic effects of geniposide. RESULTS A total of 25 studies involving 479 animals were included. Meta-analysis revealed that geniposide not only significantly (P < 0.001) increased liver injury indices including ALT and AST levels but also improved liver function by decreasing the levels of ALT, AST and inflammatory factors in animal models of liver injury. The 3D dose/time-effect analysis revealed that geniposide administered at a dose of 20-150 mg/kg for 5-28 days effectively protected the liver without inducing toxicity. Mechanistically, geniposide exerts protective or toxic effects by regulating the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway to control oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Geniposide exhibits dual pharmacological activity in liver injury. It exerts potent hepatoprotective effects when administered at a dose of 20-150 mg/kg for 5-28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jiajie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Simiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Sihan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400065, China.
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Kimura K, Kikegawa M, Kan Y, Uesawa Y. Identifying Crude Drugs in Kampo Medicines Associated with Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database: A Comprehensive Survey. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050678. [PMID: 37242461 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify the crude drugs associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in 148 Kampo medicines prescribed throughout Japan using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database, a large-scale spontaneous reporting system in Japan. First, we tabulated the number of DILI reports from the report-based dataset and the background information from the patient-based dataset. Thereafter, we combined the 126 crude drugs into 104 crude drug groups to examine multicollinearity. Finally, the reporting odds ratios (RORs), 95% confidence intervals, p values for Fisher's exact test, and number of reports were calculated for each crude group to identify those associated with DILI. Notably, the number of adverse event reports for DILI (63,955) exceeded that for interstitial lung disease (51,347), the most common adverse event. In total, 78 crude drug groups (90 crude drugs) were reported to have an ROR > 1, a p < 0.05, and ≥10 reported cases. Our results highlight DILI as an essential issue, given that it was among the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions. We were able to clearly identify the crude drugs associated with DILI, which could help manage adverse drug reactions attributed to Kampo medicines and crude drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Kimura
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Datack, Inc., Tokyo 102-0072, Japan
| | - Mami Kikegawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kan
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
- Nanohana Pharmacy, Tomakomai 053-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
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Huang J, Ye Y, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Zhou Q, Zhong M, Jiao L, Wu L. Geniposide ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast apoptosis by activating autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Qin S, Tian J, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang D, Wang F, Meng J, Liu M, Liang A. Ultra-performance chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry analysis of bile acid profiles in the enterohepatic circulation following geniposide and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1680:463417. [PMID: 35985151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play an important role in pre-diagnosing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). However, in clinical practice, different types of liver injury are characterized by different pathogeneses and pathological manifestations. Therefore, whether BAs can be used as biomarkers across different DILIs remains unclear. In this study, an ultra-performance chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS-based technique was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 31 BAs in the serum, liver, feces, urine, and intestinal contents of rats treated with acetaminophen (APAP) and geniposide to induce liver injury. The total extraction recovery for representative analytes ranged between 80.60% and 99.23% in the serum, urine, liver, feces, and intestinal contents. The correlation coefficients for all standard curves of the different matrices were at least 0.99. Validation of the BA analytical method including selectivity, residue, lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, and stability conformed with the biospecimen quality control standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (version 2020). Serum biochemical and pathohistological analyses revealed APAP- and geniposide-induced hepatocellular and cholestatic DILI, respectively, with different effects on BA profiles in the enterohepatic circulation. Metabolomics further revealed that the trends in BA changes in the serum, feces, urine, and intestinal tissues were consistent between the geniposide- and APAP-treated groups. However, in the liver, the total BAs (TBA) concentration increased by 1.70 fold in the geniposide group but decreased by 43% in the APAP group compared with the control group. Multivariate analysis revealed differentially expressed BAs, including TCA, CA, and GCA, which are potential biomarkers for DILI, in the serum, liver, and urine following treatment with geniposide. Interestingly, the differentially expressed BAs in the APAP group were similar to those in the control group. Additionally, the magnitude of changes in the TBA in the urine (3.3 fold and 15.5 fold in the APAP and geniposide groups, respectively) was higher than that in the blood (290 fold and 640 fold in the APAP and geniposide groups, respectively). However, given the BA profiles after geniposide- and APAP-induced liver injury, BAs were found to be more suitable as biomarkers for diagnosing cholestatic liver injury. Overall, the BA assay developed in this study is rapid, simple, accurate, validated, sensitive, and suitable for analyzing the levels and distribution of BAs in various parts of the enterohepatic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Qin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingzhuo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Dunfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Meiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Tian J, Qin S, Han J, Meng J, Liang A. A review of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Fructus Gardeniae (Zhi-zi). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:114984. [PMID: 35066066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is the dried fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GjE), which belongs to the family Rubiaceae. FG has a long history of use as a herb, and was originally recorded in Sheng Nong's herbal classic. FG has also been widely used as both medicine and food. AIM OF STUDY This review aimed to provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the current research progress of FG in terms of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, to provide new insights and extensive field of view for subsequent studies. METHODS Scientific databases, including CNKI, VIP (Chinese literature), PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar (English literatures) were searched to gather data about FG and its main active ingredients such as geniposide and genipin (only regarding toxicity). RESULTS Many chemical constituents have been identified from the fruit of GjE, including iridoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, volatile oils and others. The constituents of different parts of FG and processed FG are different from those of whole FG. FG extract and its main active constituents have been reported to have pharmacological properties such as hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-apoptotic and antitumor activities. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that FG induces multiple organ injury, especially causing hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which could increase the risk during clinical use. The available literature shows that geniposide, a major active component of FG and a critical marker for its quality, is associated with the pharmacology and toxicity of FG. CONCLUSION Although a large number of studies examining FG have been published, issues remain. In the aspect of FG's pharmacology, the traditional efficacy and modern pharmacological effects of FG should be combined, which to broadens clinical application prospects. In addition, few studies have assessed the toxicity of FG. Toxicity assessment of FG should tackle various aspects, including compatibility, processing and the symptom-based prescription theory, in addition to over-dosage or long-term use, for a reasonable clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhuo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, , No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shasha Qin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, , No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiayin Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, , No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, , No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, , No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei Ave, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Tian M, Yan J, Zhang H, Wei Y, Zhang M, Rao Z, Zhang M, Wang H, Wang Y, Li X. Screening and validation of biomarkers for cadmium-induced liver injury based on targeted bile acid metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118837. [PMID: 35077840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that reportedly causes liver injury, few studies have investigated biomarkers of Cd-induced liver injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of bile acid (BA) in Cd-induced liver injury and determine reliable and sensitive biochemical parameters for the diagnosis of Cd-induced liver injury. In this study, 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups and administered either normal saline or 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/d cadmium chloride for 12 weeks. A total of 403 subjects living in either a control area (n = 135) or Cd polluted area (n = 268) of Dongdagou-Xinglong (DDGXL) cohort were included, a population with long-term low Cd exposure. The BA profiles in rats' liver, serum, caecal contents, faeces, and subjects' serum were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Changes in rats' and subjects' liver injury indices, rats' liver pathological degeneration, and rats' liver and subjects' blood Cd levels were also measured. Cadmium exposure caused cholestasis and an increase in toxic BAs, leading to liver injury in rats. Among them, glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), and taurodeoxycholate acid (TDCA) are expected to be potential biomarkers for the early detect of Cd-induced liver injury. Serum BAs can be used to assess Cd-induced liver injury as a simple, feasible, and suitable method in rats. Serum GUDCA, GLCA, TDCA, and TLCA were verified to be of value to evaluate Cd-induced liver injury and Cd exposure in humans. These findings provided evidence for screening and validation of additional biomarkers for Cd-induced liver injury based on targeted BA metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Tian
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Mingtong Zhang
- GanSu Provincial Institute of Drug Control, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhi Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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11
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Feng H, Hu Y, Zhou S, Lu Y. Farnesoid X receptor contributes to oleanolic acid‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1323-1336. [PMID: 35128688 PMCID: PMC9546401 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in the metabolism of bile acid. However, the molecular signaling of FXR in bile acid homeostasis in cholestatic drug‐induced liver injury remains unclear. Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid, has been reported to produce evident cholestatic liver injury in mice after a long‐term use. The present study aimed to investigate the role of FXR in OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice using C57BL/6J (WT) mice and FXR knockout (FXR−/−) mice. The results showed that a significant alleviation in OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury was observed in FXR−/− mice as evidenced by decreases in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase as well as reduced hepatocyte necrosis. UPLC‐MS analysis of bile acids revealed that the contents of bile acids decreased significantly in liver and serum, while increased in the bile in FXR−/− mice compared with in WT mice. In addition, the mRNA expressions of hepatic transporter Bsep, bile acid synthesis enzymes Bacs and Baat, and bile acids detoxifying enzymes Cyp3a11, Cyp2b10, Ephx1, Ugt1a1, and Ugt2b5 were increased in liver tissues of FXR−/− mice treated with OA. Furthermore, the expression of membrane protein BSEP was significantly higher in livers of FXR−/− mice compared with WT mice treated with OA. These results demonstrate that knockout of FXR may alleviate OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice by decreasing accumulation of bile acids both in the liver and serum, increasing the export of bile acids via the bile, and by upregulation of bile acids detoxification enzymes. Oleanolic acid (OA) induces cholestatic liver injury in mice after a long‐term use. Here we demonstrated a significant alleviation in OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) knockout (FXR‐/‐) mice as compared to the wildtype mice. Downregulation of FXR decreased contents of bile acids in liver and serum, while increased the contents in the bile. In addition, the expression of membrane protein BSEP was significantly higher in livers of FXR‐/‐ mice compared to WT mice treated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- People’s Hospital of Zunyi City Bo Zhou District Zunyi Guizhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Shaoyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
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12
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Wang MT, Guo WL, Yang ZY, Chen F, Lin TT, Li WL, Lv XC, Rao PF, Ai LZ, Ni L. Intestinal microbiomics and liver metabolomics insights into the preventive effects of chromium (III)-enriched yeast on hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high-fat and high-fructose diet. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1365-1378. [PMID: 36092021 PMCID: PMC9449561 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, organic chromium (III) supplements have received increasing attentions for their low toxicity, high bioavailability and wide range of health-promoting benefits. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of chromium (III)-enriched yeast (YCr) on high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHFD)-induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in mice, and further clarify its mechanism of action from the perspective of intestinal microbiomics and liver metabolomics. The results indicated that oral administration of YCr remarkably inhibited the aberrant elevations of body weight, blood glucose and lipid levels, hepatic cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels caused by HFHFD. Liver histological examination showed that oral YCr intervention inhibited HFHFD induced liver lipid accumulation. Besides, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing showed that YCr intervention was beneficial to ameliorating intestinal microbiota dysbiosis by altering the proportion of some intestinal microbial phylotypes. Correlation-based network analysis indicated that the key intestinal microbial phylotypes intervened by YCr were closely related to some biochemical parameters associated with glucose and lipid metabolism. Liver metabolomics analysis revealed that dietary YCr intervention significantly regulated the levels of some biomarkers involved in purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, citrate cycle, pyrimidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and so on. Moreover, dietary YCr intervention regulated the mRNA levels of key genes associated with glucose, cholesterol, fatty acids and bile acids metabolism in liver. These findings suggest that dietary YCr intervention has beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal microbiota and liver metabolic pathway, and thus can be served as a functional component to prevent hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Chromium-enriched yeast enhances glucose tolerance and liver glycogen synthesis. Chromium-enriched yeast ameliorates the disturbance of intestinal microbiota. Explore the hepatoprotective effect of chromium-enriched yeast based on metabolomics. Chromium-enriched yeast alleviates lipid metabolism through “gut-liver” axis. Chromium-enriched yeast intervention affects hepatic gene transcription levels.
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13
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Li Y, Yan D, Jin J, Tan B, Chen X, Zou B, Song G, Weng F, Liu C, Qiu F. Clarify the potential cholestatic hepatotoxicity components from Chinese Herb Medicine and metabolism’s role via hBSEP vesicles and S9/hBSEP vesicles. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 80:105324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Geniposide Ameliorated Dexamethasone-Induced Cholesterol Accumulation in Osteoblasts by Mediating the GLP-1R/ABCA1 Axis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123424. [PMID: 34943934 PMCID: PMC8699812 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Overexposure to glucocorticoid (GC) produces various clinical complications, including osteoporosis (OP), dyslipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Geniposide (GEN) is a natural iridoid compound isolated from Eucommia ulmoides. Our previous study found that GEN could alleviate dexamethasone (DEX)-induced differentiation inhibition of MC3T3-E1 cells. However, whether GEN protected against Dex-induced cholesterol accumulation in osteoblasts was still unclear. Methods: DEX was used to induce rat OP. Micro-CT data was obtained. The ALP activity and mineralization were determined by the staining assays, and the total intracellular cholesterol was determined by the ELISA kits. The protein expression was detected by western blot. Results: GEN ameliorated Dex-induced micro-structure damages and cell differentiation inhibition in the bone trabecula in rats. In MC3T3-E1 cells, Dex enhanced the total intracellular cholesterol, which reduced the activity of cell proliferation and differentiation. Effectively, GEN decreased DEX-induced cholesterol accumulation, enhanced cell differentiation, and upregulated the expression of the GLP-1R/ABCA1 axis. In addition, inhibition of ABAC1 expression reversed the actions of GEN. Treatment with Exendin9-39, a GLP-1R inhibitor, could abrogate the protective activity of GEN. Conclusions: GEN ameliorated Dex-induced accumulation of cholesterol and inhibition of cell differentiation by mediating the GLP-1R/ABCA1 axis in MC3T3-E1 cells.
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15
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Cheng W, Wang Y, Liu J, Li X, Yu M, Duan C, Liu L, Zhang J. Hepatotoxicity of cantharidin is associated with the altered bile acid metabolism. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:970-980. [PMID: 34866203 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cantharidin (CTD) is an effective antitumor agent. However, it exhibits significant hepatotoxicity, the mechanism of which remains unclear. In this study, biochemical and histopathological analyses complemented with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)-based targeted metabolomic analysis of bile acids (BAs) were employed to investigate CTD-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixteen male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and CTD (1.0 mg/kg) groups. Serum and liver samples were collected after 28 days of intervention. Biochemical, histopathological, and BA metabolomic analyses were performed for all samples. Further, the key biomarkers of CTD-induced hepatotoxicity were identified via multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses. In addition, metabolite-gene-enzyme network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were used to identify the signaling pathways related to CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. The results revealed significantly increased levels of biochemical indices (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bile acid). Histopathological analysis revealed that the hepatocytes were damaged. Further, 20 endogenous BAs were quantitated via UHPLC-MS/MS, and multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses of BAs revealed that hyocholic acid, cholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid were the key biomarkers of CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. Meanwhile, primary and secondary BA biosynthesis and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were found to be associated with the mechanism by which CTD induced hepatotoxicity in rats. This study provides useful insights for research on the mechanism of CTD-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yazhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingxian Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ming Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cancan Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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16
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Wang P, Gao X, Liang M, Fang Y, Jia J, Tian J, Li Z, Qin X. Dose-Effect/Toxicity of Bupleuri Radix on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress and Normal Rats Based on Liver Metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627451. [PMID: 34557088 PMCID: PMC8452938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, one of the most prevalent psychiatric diseases, affects the quality of life of millions of people. Studies have shown that the lower polar fraction of Bupleuri Radix (PBR) elicited therapeutic effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. In contrast, comparatively mild liver injury was observed in normal rats administered a high PBR dose. It is essential to clarify the effective and safe dose of PBR and its dose-effect/toxicity relationship. In this study, we used the CUMS model to evaluate the effects and toxicities of PBR and to decipher the dose-effect/toxicity relationship and mechanism using the liver metabonomics combined with multivariate statistical analysis. In CUMS rats, PBR improved the depression-like behaviors including reduced body growth rate, anhedonia, and locomotor activities, and markedly reduced the contents of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In control rats, PBR treatment altered ALT and AST from typical levels. Moreover, the effective dose range for CUMS rats was 12.6–163 g (herb)/kg, the median toxicity dose for CUMS and normal rats were 388 and 207 g (herb)/kg. The toxicological results showed that the cytokeratin-18 fragment level was increased significantly in CUMS rats given with 100 g (herb)/kg PBR. After a comprehensive analysis, the use of PBR dose was determined to be 12.6–50 g (herb)/kg. In CUMS rats, PBR could reverse amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and β-oxidation of fatty acids to produce an anti-depressant effect in a dose-dependent manner. In control rats, two additional metabolic pathways were significantly perturbed by PBR, including glycerophospholipid metabolism and bile acid metabolism. Moreover, the comprehensive metabolic index including dose-effect index (DEI) and dose toxicity index (DTI) had a remarkable ability (ROC = 0.912, ROC = 0.878) to predict effect and toxicity. The DEI and DTI were used to determine the dose range of effect and toxicity which was shown high concordance with previous results. Furthermore, the CUMS rats possessed a higher toxicity tolerance dose of PBR which was consistent with the theory of “You Gu Wu Yun” in traditional Chinese medicine. The metabonomics techniques combined with correlation analysis could be used to discover indicators for comprehensive evaluations of efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry Education of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Meili Liang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junsheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry Education of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry Education of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry Education of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Luo Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Yang Q, You W, Wen J, Zhou T. Compatibility with Semen Sojae Praeparatum attenuates hepatotoxicity of Gardeniae Fructus by regulating the microbiota, promoting butyrate production and activating antioxidant response. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153656. [PMID: 34332844 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herb-induced liver injury is a leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in China and its incidence is also increasing worldwide. Gardeniae Fructus (ZZ) has aroused wide concern for hepatotoxicity in recent decades. But when ZZ is administered in combination with Semen Sojae Praeparatum (DDC) to compose a herbal pair Zhizichi Decoction (ZZCD), lower hepatotoxicity is observed. The mechanism involved in the attenuated effect remains to be investigated. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Our previous studies showed that DDC benefited host metabolism by regulating the gut microbiota and it reduced the exposure of major toxic components of ZZ. The present study was aimed to investigate how DDC attenuated hepatotoxicity of ZZ from the perspective of gut microbiota. METHODS Rats received ZZ and ZZCD treatment of different dosages and antibiotic treatment was applied to explore the involvement of gut microbiota. Biochemical assays and histopathological analysis were conducted to evaluate liver injury. Gut microbiota in caecal contents was profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in caecal contents were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). To verify the protective effect of butyrate, it was administered with genipin, the major hepatotoxic metabolite of ZZ, to rats and HepG2 cells. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level and colon tissue section were used to evaluate gut permeability. Expression level of Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) was detected by immunohistochemistry in vitro and by western blot in vivo. RESULTS Our study showed that ZZCD displayed lower hepatotoxicity than ZZ at the same dosage. ZZ induced gut dysbiosis, significantly reducing Lactobacillus and Enterococcus levels and increasing the Parasutterella level. In combination with DDC, these alterations were reversed and beneficial genus including Akkermansia and Prevotella were significantly increased. Besides, butyrate production was diminished by ZZ but was restored when in combination with DDC. Butyrate showed detoxification on genipin-induced liver injury by promoting colon integrity and promoting Nrf2 activation. Besides, it protected genipin-induced hepatocyte damage by promoting Nrf2 activation. CONCLUSION DDC attenuates ZZ-induced liver injury by regulating the microbiota, promoting butyrate production and activating antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiliang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei You
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
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18
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Zhang W, Zhang F, Hu Q, Xiao X, Ou L, Chen Y, Luo S, Cheng Y, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zhao Y. The emerging possibility of the use of geniposide in the treatment of cerebral diseases: a review. Chin Med 2021; 16:86. [PMID: 34454545 PMCID: PMC8400848 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advanced discoveries in the field of pathogenesis, a series of cerebral diseases, such as cerebral ischaemia, Alzheimer's disease, and depression, have been found to have multiple signalling targets in the microenvironment. Only a few existing agents have been shown to have curative effects due to this specific circumstance. In recent decades, active ingredients isolated from natural plants have been shown to be crucial for original drug development. Geniposide, mainly extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, is representative of these natural products. Geniposide demonstrates various biological activities in the treatment of cerebral, cardiovascular, hepatic, tumorous, and other diseases. The multiple protective effects of geniposide on the brain have especially drawn increasing attention. Thus, this article specifically reviews the characteristics of current models of cerebral ischaemia and illustrates the possible effects of geniposide and its pathogenetic mechanisms on these models. Geniposide has been shown to significantly reduce the area of cerebral infarction and alleviate neuronal damage and necrosis mainly by inhibiting inflammatory signals, including NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Neuronal protection was also involved in activating the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/catenin pathways. Geniposide was able to increase autophagy and inhibit apoptosis by regulating the function of mTOR in treating Alzheimer's disease. Geniposide has also been shown to act as a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist to reduce amyloid plaques and inhibit oxidative stress to alleviate memory impairment as well as synaptic loss. Moreover, geniposide has been shown to exert antidepressant effects primarily by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Detailed explorations have shown that the biological activities of inhibiting inflammatory cytokine secretion, alleviating oxidative stress, and suppressing mitochondrial damage are also involved in the mechanism of action of geniposide. Therefore, geniposide is a promising agent awaiting further exploration for the treatment of cerebral diseases via various phenotypes or signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Linbo Ou
- College of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shiqing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yonghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Deng R, Bu Y, Li F, Wu H, Wang Y, Wei W. The interplay between fibroblast-like synovial and vascular endothelial cells leads to angiogenesis via the sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced RhoA-F-Actin and Ras-Erk1/2 pathways and the intervention of geniposide. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5305-5317. [PMID: 34327764 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The changes of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) biological functions are closely related to angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, how the crosstalk between FLSs and VECs interferes with RA is far from being clarified. Herein, we studied the effect of the reciprocal interactions between FLSs and VECs on angiogenesis and mechanism of geniposide (GE). After administration of GE, improvement of synovial hyperplasia in adjuvant arthritis rats was accompanied by downregulation of SphK1 and p-Erk1/2. The dynamic interaction between FLSs and VECs triggers the release of S1P by activating p-Erk1/2 and SphK1, then activating RhoA-F-actin and Ras-Erk1/2 pathways. When exposed to the inflammatory microenvironment mediated by FLSs-VECs crosstalk, proliferation, migration, and permeability of VECs were enhanced, the angiogenic factors were imbalanced. Meanwhile, the proliferation and secretory ability of FLSs increased. Interestingly, depletion of S1P or blocking of the activation of SphK1 by GE and PF-543 prevented the changes. In conclusion, S1P released during FLSs-VECs crosstalk changed their biological functions by activating RhoA-F-actin and Ras-Erk1/2 pathways. GE acted on p-Erk1/2 and SphK1, inhibited the secretion of S1P, and blocked the interplay between FLSs and VECs. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of angiogenesis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Deng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Bu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Antiinflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, China
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20
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Dong R, Tian Q, Shi Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Wang X, Yao Q, Han L. An Integrated Strategy for Rapid Discovery and Identification of Quality Markers in Gardenia Fructus Using an Omics Discrimination-Grey Correlation-Biological Verification Method. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705498. [PMID: 34248647 PMCID: PMC8264552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gardenia Fructus (GF), a traditional Chinese medicine of Gardenia Ellis in Rubiaceae family, has the potential to clear heat and purge fire and has been widely used to treat multiple infection-related diseases. However, the quality markers (Q-Markers) of GF have not been revealed comprehensively. Methods: In this experiment, the transgenic zebrafish lines, Tg (l-fabp:EGFP) and Tg (lyz:EGFP), were used to evaluate two main kinds of traditional efficacies of GF, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. All the GF samples from different production areas were tested their anti-liver injury and anti-inflammantory activities. High-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method (HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was employed for herbal metabonomic analysis of GF samples. Gray correlation analysis (GCA) was utilized to screen out the components closely associated with the activities. Finally, the zebrafish model was applied to verify the bioactivity of the crucial components to determine the Q-Markers of GF. Results: The zebrafish models were established by inducing with hydrogen peroxide or copper sulfate and applied to quickly evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and inflammation of GF samples. 27 potentially active components for liver protection and 21 potentially active components with anti-inflammatory properties were identified by herbal metabolomic analysis based on HPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The GCA result showed that five of the 27 components were highly correlated with liver protection, 15 of the 21 components were highly correlated with anti-inflammatory activity. Among them, geniposide and crocin-1 were confirmed their bioactivities on zebrafish experiment to be responsible for the protective effects of GF against liver injury, and genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, quinic acid, gardenoside, d-glucuronic acid, l-malic acid, mannitol, rutin, and chlorogenic acid were confirmed to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, according to the screening principles of Q-Markers, genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide, and gardenoside were preliminarily identified to be the Q-Markers of GF. Conclusion: This study established an effective research strategy of “Omics Discrimination-Grey Correlation-Biological Verification,” which enabled the rapid identification of key pharmacological components of GF. These markers have provided a scientific basis for constructing a modern quality evaluation system for GF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Dong
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qingping Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongping Shi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Taiyuan Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shanjun Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yougang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhipeng Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Han
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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21
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Ran D, Hong W, Yan W, Mengdie W. Properties and molecular mechanisms underlying geniposide-mediated therapeutic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113958. [PMID: 33639206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geniposide (GE) is ubiquitous in nearly 40 species of plants, among which Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis has the highest content, and has been used ethnopharmacologically to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis has a long history of usage in detumescence and sedation, liver protection and cholestasis, hypotension and hemostasis. It is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, jaundice hepatitis, sprain and contusion. As a type of iridoid glycosides extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, GE has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesic, anti-oxidative, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: In this article, we reviewed the sources, traditional usage, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and therapeutic effect of GE on chronic inflammatory diseases, and discussed its potential regulatory mechanisms and clinical application. RESULTS GE is a common iridoid glycoside in medicinal plants, which has strong activity in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. A large number of in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that GE has certain therapeutic value for a variety of chronic inflammation disease. Its mechanism of function is mainly based on its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective properties, as well as regulation of apoptotsis. GE plays a role in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, realizing the dynamic balance of pro/anti-inflammatory factors, improving the state of oxidative stress, and restoring abnormally expressed inflammation-related pathways. CONCLUSION According to its extensive pharmacological effects, GE is a promising drug for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Ran
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Wang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wang Mengdie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
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22
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Luo Y, Gao F, Chang R, Zhang X, Zhong J, Wen J, Wu J, Zhou T. Metabolomics based comprehensive investigation of Gardeniae Fructus induced hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112250. [PMID: 33964367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi in Chinese, ZZ in brief), a commonly used herbal medicine, has aroused wide concern for hepatotoxicity, but the mechanism remains to be investigated. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanism of ZZ-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro based on metabolomics and evaluating the hepatotoxicity prediction ability of the in vitro model. SD rats were administered with extracted ZZ and HepG2 cells were treated with genipin, the major hepatotoxic metabolite of ZZ. Liver, plasma, intracellular and extracellular samples were obtained for metabolomics analysis. As a result, ZZ caused plasma biochemical and liver histopathological alterations in rats, and induced purine and amino acid metabolism disorder in the liver and pyrimidine, primary bile acids, amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis disorder in the plasma. Pyrimidine, purine, amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis were also found to be disturbed in the genipin-treated HepG2 cells, which exhibited similarity with the result in vivo. This study comprehensively illustrates the underlying mechanism involved in ZZ-related hepatotoxicity from the aspect of metabolome, and provides evidence that identifying hepatotoxicity can be achieved in cells, representing a non-animal alternative for systemic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruirui Chang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao.
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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23
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Rivera-Delgado E, Learn GD, Kizek DJ, Kashyap T, Lai EJ, von Recum HA. A Polymeric Delivery System Enables Controlled Release of Genipin for Spatially-Confined In Situ Crosslinking of Injured Connective Tissues. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:815-823. [PMID: 33190799 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An emerging approach toward repair of connective tissues applies exogenous crosslinkers to mechanically augment injured structures in vivo. One crosslinker that has been explored for this purpose is the plant-derived small molecule genipin. However, genipin's high reactivity to primary amines in proteins, small size, and high diffusion coefficient necessitate localizing and controlling its delivery to avoid off-target or adverse effects. In this study, genipin-loaded polymers were evaluated for sustained local administration. Insoluble polymers comprising subunits of α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrin, cyclic oligosaccharides possessing increasing cavity sizes, were compared to polymers comprising subunits of the non-cyclic polysaccharide dextran. Polymers made from β-cyclodextrin showed prolonged genipin release for over ten times longer than polymers made from α- or γ-cyclodextrins or dextran, indicating that genipin possesses molecular affinity for the β-cyclodextrin cavity. Modeling of complexation between genipin and cyclodextrin hosts supported this finding. Genipin released from all polymers was confirmed to be functional by exogenous collagen crosslinking through fluorometric and mechanical readouts. Co-incubation of genipin-loaded polymers with bovine tendon explants showed genipin crosslink-mediated coloration that was confined to the sites of exposure. Altogether, results indicate that host-guest interactions within a polymeric delivery vehicle can help to control and confine genipin release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg D Learn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Dominic J Kizek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Tejas Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Emerson J Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University.
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24
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Feng H, Wu YQ, Xu YS, Wang KX, Qin XM, Lu YF. LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Study of Oleanolic Acid-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:747. [PMID: 32670053 PMCID: PMC7326119 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid, which has the development prospects in anti-tumor therapy is a widely used hepatoprotective drug in China. It has been reported that OA can cause liver toxicity after higher doses or longer-term use. Therefore, the study aims to explore the possible hepatotoxicity mechanism based on liver metabolic profiles. Liver metabolic profiles were obtained from untargeted ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) technique. It was found that altered bile acid, amino acid, and energy metabolism might be at least partly responsible for OA-induced hepatotoxicity. Bile acid metabolism, as the most important pathway, was verified by using UHPLC-TSQ-MS, indicating that conjugated bile acids were the main contributors to OA-induced liver toxicity. Our findings confirmed that increased bile acids were the key element of OA hepatotoxicity, which may open new insights for OA hepatotoxicity in-depth investigations, as well as provide a reference basis for more hepatotoxic drug mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ya-Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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25
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Fan X, Lin L, Cui B, Zhao T, Mao L, Song Y, Wang X, Feng H, Qingxiang Y, Zhang J, Jiang K, Cao X, Wang B, Sun C. Therapeutic potential of genipin in various acute liver injury, fulminant hepatitis, NAFLD and other non-cancer liver diseases: More friend than foe. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104945. [PMID: 32454225 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genipin is an aglycone derived from the geniposide, the most abundant iridoid glucoside constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. For decades, genipin is the focus of studies as a versatile compound in the treatment of various pathogenic conditions. In particularly, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Mounting experimental data has proved genipin possesses therapeutic potential for cholestatic, septic, ischemia/reperfusion-triggered acute liver injury, fulminant hepatitis and NAFLD. This critical review is a reflection on the valuable lessons from decades of research regarding pharmacological activities of genipin. Of note, genipin represents choleretic effect by potentiating bilirubin disposal and enhancement of genes in charge of the efflux of a number of organic anions. The anti-inflammatory capability of genipin is mediated by suppression of the production and function of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome. Moreover, genipin modulates various transcription factor and signal transduction pathway. Genipin appears to trigger the upregulation of several key genes encoding antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the medicinal impact of genipin extends to modulation of regulated cell death, including autophagic cell death, apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, and modulation of quality of cellular organelle. Another crucial effect of genipin appears to be linked to dual role in targeting uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). As a typical UCP2-inhibiting compound, genipin could inhibit AMP-activated protein kinase or NF-κB in circumstance. On the contrary, reactive oxygen species production and cellular lipid deposits mediated by genipin through the upregulation of UCP2 is observed in liver steatosis, suggesting the precise role of genipin is disease-specific. Collectively, we comprehensively summarize the mechanisms and pathways associated with the hepatoprotective activity of genipin and discuss potential toxic impact. Notably, our focus is the direct medicinal effect of genipin itself, whereas its utility as a crosslinking agent in tissue engineering is out of scope for the current review. Further studies are therefore required to disentangle these complicated pharmacological properties to confer this natural agent a far greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Binxin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lihong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongjuan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Nutriology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Jintang Road 83, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yu Qingxiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping DisTrict, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China.
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The Effects of Natural Iridoids and Anthocyanins on Selected Parameters of Liver and Cardiovascular System Functions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2735790. [PMID: 32318236 PMCID: PMC7150688 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2735790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The old adage says, "you are what you eat." And although it is a banality repeated by many with a grain of salt, it also has quite a bit of truth in it, as the products we eat have a considerable impact on our health. Unfortunately, humanity is eating worse from one year to another, both in terms of product quality and eating habits. At the same time, it is brought up frequently that plant products should form the basis of our diet. This issue was also reflected in the new version of the food pyramid. Iridoids and anthocyanins are groups of plant compounds with proven beneficial effects on health. Both groups affect the cardiovascular system and the liver functions. Although many mechanisms of action and the therapeutic effects of these compounds have already been learned, intensive animal and clinical research is still underway to explore their new curative mechanisms and effects or to broaden our knowledge of those previously described. In this article, we review the effects of natural iridoids and anthocyanins on selected parameters of liver and cardiovascular system functions.
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Liu J, Li Y, Sun C, Liu S, Yan Y, Pan H, Fan M, Xue L, Nie C, Zhang H, Qian H, Ying H, Wang L. Geniposide reduces cholesterol accumulation and increases its excretion by regulating the FXR-mediated liver-gut crosstalk of bile acids. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li Y, Pan H, Li X, Jiang N, Huang L, Lu Y, Shi F. Role of intestinal microbiota-mediated genipin dialdehyde intermediate formation in geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 377:114624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Protection against Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity by Geniposide Involves AMPK α Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7901735. [PMID: 31346361 PMCID: PMC6617882 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7901735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis play critical roles in the development of doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced cardiotoxicity. Our previous study found that geniposide (GE) could inhibit cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes but its role in DOX-induced heart injury remains unknown. Our study is aimed at investigating whether GE could protect against DOX-induced heart injury. The mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX (15 mg/kg) to induce cardiomyopathy model. To explore the protective effects, GE was orally given for 10 days. The morphological examination and biochemical analysis were used to evaluate the effects of GE. H9C2 cells were used to verify the protective role of GE in vitro. GE treatment alleviated heart dysfunction and attenuated cardiac oxidative stress and cell loss induced by DOX in vivo and in vitro. GE could activate AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of AMPKα could abolish the protective effects of GE against DOX-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. GE could protect against DOX-induced heart injury via activation of AMPKα. GE has therapeutic potential for the treatment of DOX cardiotoxicity.
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Tian Q, Liu F, Xu Z, Liu H, Yin H, Sun Z, Chen M, Li Z, Ma L, Huang C. Evaluation of the chemical consistency of Yin‐Chen‐Hao‐Tang prepared by combined and separated decoction methods using high‐performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1664-1675. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tian
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hao Yin
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai Institute of Material Medica Pudong Shanghai P. R. China
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31
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Liu J, Lu YF, Wu Q, Xu SF, Shi FG, Klaassen CD. Oleanolic acid reprograms the liver to protect against hepatotoxicants, but is hepatotoxic at high doses. Liver Int 2019; 39:427-439. [PMID: 30079536 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoid that exists widely in fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs. OA is included in some dietary supplements and is used as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in China, India, Asia, the USA and European countries. OA is effective in protecting against various hepatotoxicants, and one of the protective mechanisms is reprogramming the liver to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). OA derivatives, such as CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me, are even more potent Nrf2 activators. OA has recently been shown to also activate the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor (TGR5). However, whereas a low dose of OA is hepatoprotective, higher doses and long-term use of OA can produce liver injury, characterized by cholestasis. This paradoxical hepatotoxic effect occurs not only for OA, but also for other OA-type triterpenoids. Dose and length of time of OA exposure differentiate the ability of OA to produce hepatoprotection vs hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity produced by herbs is increasingly recognized and is of global concern. Given the appealing nature of OA in dietary supplements and its use as an alternative medicine around the world, as well as the development of OA derivatives (CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me) as therapeutics, it is important to understand not only that they program the liver to protect against hepatotoxic chemicals, but also how they produce hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fu-Guo Shi
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
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Wang Y, Feng F. Evaluation of the Hepatotoxicity of the Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po Decoction by Combining UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS-Based Metabolomics and HPLC-MS/MS-Based Geniposide Tissue Distribution. Molecules 2019; 24:E511. [PMID: 30708983 PMCID: PMC6384998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) becoming widespread globally, its safety has increasingly become a concern, especially its hepatoxicity. For example, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a key ingredient in the Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction (ZZHPD), which is a commonly-used clinically combined prescription of TCM that may induce hepatoxicity. However, the underlying toxicity mechanism of ZZHPD is not fully understood. In this study, a plasma metabolomics strategy was used to investigate the mechanism of ZZHPD-induced hepatotoxicity through profiling entire endogenous metabolites. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups, which were orally administered with 0.9% saline, as well as 2.7 g/kg/day, 8.1 g/kg/day, or 27 g/kg/day of ZZHPD for 30 consecutive days, respectively. Biochemical assay and metabolomics assay were used to detect serum and plasma samples, whilst histopathological assay was used for detecting liver tissues, and the geniposide distribution in tissues was simultaneously measured. The results showed that the concentration of 20 metabolites linked to amino acid, lipid, and bile acid metabolism had significant changes in the ZZHPD-treated rats. Moreover, toxic effects were aggravated with serum biochemical and histopathological examines in liver tissues as the dosage increased, which may be associated with the accumulation of geniposide in the liver as the dosage increased. Notably, our findings also demonstrated that the combined metabolomics strategy with tissue distribution had significant potential for elucidating the mechanistic complexity of the toxicity of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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33
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Chen YY, Tang YP, Shang EX, Zhu ZH, Tao WW, Yu JG, Feng LM, Yang J, Wang J, Su SL, Zhou H, Duan JA. Incompatibility assessment of Genkwa Flos and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma with biochemical, histopathological and metabonomic approach. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:222-232. [PMID: 30339979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As recorded in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, Genkwa Flos (YH) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GC) compose one herbal pair of the so-called "eighteen incompatible medicaments", which indicate pairs of herbs that are mutually incompatible and that theoretically should not be applied simultaneously. However, the theory has been called into question due to a lack of evidence. AIMS OF STUDY In this study, the incompatibility of YH and GC was investigated based on an assessment of the toxic effects of their combination by traditional safety methods and a modern metabonomic approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used to evaluate the subacute toxicity of YH and YH-GC. The serum, urine, and several tissues were collected for biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, and metabonomic analysis. RESULTS Rats exposed to a dose of 1.0 g/kg YH (3 times of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia maximum dose) exhibited toxicity of the heart, liver, kidney and testes, and rats exposed to a YH-GC combination (1.0 g/kg YH + 1.0 g/kg GC) exhibited similar hepatotoxicity, which aggravated renal and reproductive toxicity. Following this, a metabonomic study tentatively identified 14 potential biomarkers in the YH group and 10 potential biomarkers in the YH-GC group, and metabolic pathways were then constructed. YH disturbed the pathways of glycerophospholipid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolism, while YH-GC combination induced disruptions in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSION The toxicities of YH and YH-GC combination above the Chinese Pharmacopoeia dose were obvious but different. Metabonomics combined with biochemical and histopathological methods can be applied to elucidate the toxicity mechanism of the YH-GC combination that caused liver, kidney and reproductive injuries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-Gao Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Mei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Shu-Lan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Pan H, Li Y, Qian H, Qi X, Wu G, Zhang H, Xu M, Rao Z, Li JL, Wang L, Ying H. Effects of Geniposide from Gardenia Fruit Pomace on Skeletal-Muscle Fibrosis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5802-5811. [PMID: 29771121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide is the main bioactive constituent of gardenia fruit. Skeletal-muscle fibrosis is a common and irreversibly damaging process. Numerous studies have shown that geniposide could improve many chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome and tumors. However, the effects of geniposide on skeletal-muscle fibrosis are still poorly understood. Here, we found that crude extracts of gardenia fruit pomace could significantly decrease the expression of profibrotic genes in vitro. Moreover, geniposide could also reverse profibrotic-gene expression induced by TGF-β and Smad4, a regulator of skeletal-muscle fibrosis. In addition, geniposide treatment could significantly downregulate profibrotic-gene expression and improve skeletal-muscle injuries in a mouse model of contusion. These results together suggest that geniposide has an antifibrotic effect on skeletal muscle through the suppression of the TGF-β-Smad4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road , Shanghai 200031 , China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- School of Pharmacy , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Lihu Avenue 1800 , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road , Shanghai 200031 , China
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35
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Gao X, Liang M, Fang Y, Zhao F, Tian J, Zhang X, Qin X. Deciphering the Differential Effective and Toxic Responses of Bupleuri Radix following the Induction of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress and in Healthy Rats Based on Serum Metabolic Profiles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:995. [PMID: 29379441 PMCID: PMC5775221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The petroleum ether fraction of Bupleuri Radix which is contained in the traditional Chinese medicine prescription of Xiaoyaosan (XYS) may have a therapeutic effect in depressed subjects based on the results of our previous study. It has been reported that Bupleuri Radix can cause liver toxicity following overdosing or long-term use. Therefore, this study aimed to decipher the differential effective and toxic responses of Bupleuri Radix in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) (with depression) and healthy rats based on serum metabolic profiles. Serum metabolic profiles were obtained using the UHPLC- Q Exactive Orbitrap-MS technique. Our results demonstrated that the petroleum ether fraction of Bupleuri Radix (PBR) produces an antidepressant effect through regulating glycometabolism, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. It also induces more severe toxic reactions in the liver or kidney in healthy rats than in CUMS rats, which exhibited a comparatively mild drug-induced toxic reaction. The altered lysine degradation, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism could be at least partly responsible for the PBR toxic responses in healthy rats. The differential effective and toxic response of PBR in CUMS rats and healthy rats provide a new standard for the more rational and safer application of clinical drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Meili Liang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junsheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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36
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Wu G, Wen M, Sun L, Li H, Liu Y, Li R, Wu F, Yang R, Lin Y. Mechanistic insights into geniposide regulation of bile salt export pump (BSEP) expression. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37117-37128. [PMID: 35557817 PMCID: PMC9089303 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06345a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Geniposide (GE) is a major component isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which has been used to treat cholestasis liver diseases. Our previous study has shown that GE could notably increase mRNA and protein expressions of BSEP in cholestatic rats. BSEP plays a critical role in maintenance of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. BSEP could be regulated by the transactivation pathway of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Here the mechanisms for BSEP regulation by GE were investigated. GE induced the mRNA levels of BSEP in HepG2 cells and cholestatic mice, and knockdown of FXR and Nrf2 reduced the mRNA expression of BSEP at varying degrees after treatment of GE. FXR acts as the major regulator of BSEP transcription. The involvement of FXR regulated BSEP expression by GE was further investigated. An enhancement was observed in FXR-dependent BSEP promoter activation using luciferase assay. ChIP assay further confirmed the interaction between FXR and BSEP after GE treatment. Using siRNA and ChIP assays, we demonstrated that peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and co-activator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) were predominantly recruited to the BSEP promoter upon FXR activation by GE. In conclusion, GE regulated the expression of BSEP through FXR and Nrf2 signaling pathway. The FXR transactivation pathway was enhanced by increasing recruitment of coactivators PGC-1α and CARM1 upon GE treatment, coupled with an increased binding of FXR to the BSEP promoter. PGC-1α and CARM1 interact with FXR to increase FXR-dependent BSEP expression upon GE treatment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Min Wen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Huitao Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Yubei Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166
- P. R. China
| | - Feihua Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
| | - Yining Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- P. R. China
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