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De Mori R, Tardivo S, Pollara L, Giliani SC, Ali E, Giordano L, Leuzzi V, Fischetto R, Gener B, Diprima S, Morelli MJ, Monti MC, Sottile V, Valente EM. Joubert syndrome-derived induced pluripotent stem cells show altered neuronal differentiation in vitro. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:255-267. [PMID: 38502237 PMCID: PMC11055696 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessively inherited congenital ataxia characterized by hypotonia, psychomotor delay, abnormal ocular movements, intellectual disability, and a peculiar cerebellar and brainstem malformation, the "molar tooth sign." Over 40 causative genes have been reported, all encoding for proteins implicated in the structure or functioning of the primary cilium, a subcellular organelle widely present in embryonic and adult tissues. In this paper, we developed an in vitro neuronal differentiation model using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to evaluate possible neurodevelopmental defects in JS. To this end, iPSCs from four JS patients harboring mutations in distinct JS genes (AHI1, CPLANE1, TMEM67, and CC2D2A) were differentiated alongside healthy control cells to obtain mid-hindbrain precursors and cerebellar granule cells. Differentiation was monitored over 31 days through the detection of lineage-specific marker expression by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomics analysis. All JS patient-derived iPSCs, regardless of the mutant gene, showed a similar impairment to differentiate into mid-hindbrain and cerebellar granule cells when compared to healthy controls. In addition, analysis of primary cilium count and morphology showed notable ciliary defects in all differentiating JS patient-derived iPSCs compared to controls. These results confirm that patient-derived iPSCs are an accessible and relevant in vitro model to analyze cellular phenotypes connected to the presence of JS gene mutations in a neuronal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Mori
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Tardivo
- Neurogenetics Lab, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Pollara
- Neurogenetics Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Clara Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eltahir Ali
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Paediatric Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Spedali Civili Children's Hospital, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatric Medicine, XXIII Children's Hospital, Bari, Giovanni, Italy
| | - Blanca Gener
- Department of Genetics, Cruces University Hospital, BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Cruces PlazaBizkaia, Spain
| | - Santo Diprima
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Gefen AM, Zaritsky JJ. Review of childhood genetic nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1381174. [PMID: 38606357 PMCID: PMC11007102 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1381174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis (NL) is a common condition worldwide. The incidence of NL and nephrocalcinosis (NC) has been increasing, along with their associated morbidity and economic burden. The etiology of NL and NC is multifactorial and includes both environmental components and genetic components, with multiple studies showing high heritability. Causative gene variants have been detected in up to 32% of children with NL and NC. Children with NL and NC are genotypically heterogenous, but often phenotypically relatively homogenous, and there are subsequently little data on the predictors of genetic childhood NL and NC. Most genetic diseases associated with NL and NC are secondary to hypercalciuria, including those secondary to hypercalcemia, renal phosphate wasting, renal magnesium wasting, distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA), proximal tubulopathies, mixed or variable tubulopathies, Bartter syndrome, hyperaldosteronism and pseudohyperaldosteronism, and hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. The remaining minority of genetic diseases associated with NL and NC are secondary to hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, hyperuricosuria, xanthinuria, other metabolic disorders, and multifactorial etiologies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in adults have identified multiple polygenic traits associated with NL and NC, often involving genes that are involved in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D homeostasis. Compared to adults, there is a relative paucity of studies in children with NL and NC. This review aims to focus on the genetic component of NL and NC in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Gefen
- Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Chen L, Uchida H, Komine R, Kodama T, Nakao T, Okada N, Yanagi Y, Shimizu S, Abbas S, Fukuda A, Sakamoto S, Kasahara M. The role of liver transplantation in COACH syndrome (Joubert syndrome with congenital hepatic fibrosis): A review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14640. [PMID: 37965976 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COACH syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by liver fibrosis, which leads to severe complications related to portal hypertension. However, only a few patients with COACH syndrome undergoing liver transplantation (LT) have been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS We herein report the outcomes of four children who underwent LT for COACH syndrome at our institute and review three previously reported cases to elucidate the role of LT in COACH syndrome. RESULTS All four patients in our institute were female, and three received living donors LT. All patients were diagnosed with COACH syndrome by genetic testing. LT was performed in these patients at 3, 7, 9, and 14 years old. The indication for LT was varices related to portal hypertension in all patients. One showed an intrapulmonary shunt. Blood tests revealed renal impairment due to nephronophthisis in three patients, and one developed renal insufficiency after LT. The liver function was maintained in all patients. A literature review revealed detailed information for three more patients. The indication for LT in these three cases was portal hypertension, such as bleeding from esophageal varices. One patient had chronic renal failure on hemodialysis at LT and underwent combined liver and kidney transplantation. Of these three previous patients, one died from hepatic failure due to de novo HCV infection 3 years after LT. CONCLUSIONS LT should be considered an effective treatment for COACH syndrome in patients with severe portal hypertension. However, a detailed follow-up of the renal function is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Chen
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Komine
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriki Okada
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Shimizu
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syed Abbas
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Organ Transplantation and HPB Department, Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani institute of Medical Sciences, Gambat, Pakistan
| | - Akinari Fukuda
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seisuke Sakamoto
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang Y, Yao H, Zhang Y, Mu N, Lu T, Du Z, Wu Y, Li X, Su M, Shao M, Sun X, Su L, Liu X. TMEM216 promotes primary ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling through the SUFU-GLI2/GLI3 axis. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eabo0465. [PMID: 38261656 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are enriched in signaling receptors, and defects in their formation or function can induce conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, postaxial hexadactyly, and microphthalmia. Mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is important in the development of primary cilia, and TMEM216, a transmembrane protein that localizes to the base of cilia, is also implicated in ciliogenesis in zebrafish. Here, we found that Tmem216-deficient mice had impaired Hh signaling and displayed typical ciliopathic phenotypes. These phenomena were also observed in cells deficient in TMEM216. Furthermore, TMEM216 interacted with core Hh signaling proteins, including SUFU, a negative regulator of Hh, and GLI2/GLI3, transcription factors downstream of Hh. The competition between TMEM216 and SUFU for binding to GLI2/GLI3 inhibited the cleavage of GLI2/GLI3 into their repressor forms, which resulted in the nuclear accumulation of full-length GLI2 and the decreased nuclear localization of cleaved GLI3, ultimately leading to the activation of Hh signaling. Together, these data suggest that the TMEM216-SUFU-GLI2/GLI3 axis plays a role in TMEM216 deficiency-induced ciliopathies and Hh signaling abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huili Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyuan Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingdi Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Rusterholz TDS, Hofmann C, Bachmann-Gagescu R. Insights Gained From Zebrafish Models for the Ciliopathy Joubert Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:939527. [PMID: 35846153 PMCID: PMC9280682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are quasi-ubiquitous microtubule-based sensory organelles, which play vital roles in signal transduction during development and cell homeostasis. Dysfunction of cilia leads to a group of Mendelian disorders called ciliopathies, divided into different diagnoses according to clinical phenotype constellation and genetic causes. Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a prototypical ciliopathy defined by a diagnostic cerebellar and brain stem malformation termed the “Molar Tooth Sign” (MTS), in addition to which patients display variable combinations of typical ciliopathy phenotypes such as retinal dystrophy, fibrocystic renal disease, polydactyly or skeletal dystrophy. Like most ciliopathies, JBTS is genetically highly heterogeneous with ∼40 associated genes. Zebrafish are widely used to model ciliopathies given the high conservation of ciliary genes and the variety of specialized cilia types similar to humans. In this review, we compare different existing JBTS zebrafish models with each other and describe their contributions to our understanding of JBTS pathomechanism. We find that retinal dystrophy, which is the most investigated ciliopathy phenotype in zebrafish ciliopathy models, is caused by distinct mechanisms according to the affected gene. Beyond this, differences in phenotypes in other organs observed between different JBTS-mutant models suggest tissue-specific roles for proteins implicated in JBTS. Unfortunately, the lack of systematic assessment of ciliopathy phenotypes in the mutants described in the literature currently limits the conclusions that can be drawn from these comparisons. In the future, the numerous existing JBTS zebrafish models represent a valuable resource that can be leveraged in order to gain further insights into ciliary function, pathomechanisms underlying ciliopathy phenotypes and to develop treatment strategies using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D. S. Rusterholz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu,
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Moon KH, Ma JH, Min H, Koo H, Kim H, Ko HW, Bok J. Dysregulation of sonic hedgehog signaling causes hearing loss in ciliopathy mouse models. eLife 2020; 9:56551. [PMID: 33382037 PMCID: PMC7806262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective primary cilia cause a range of diseases known as ciliopathies, including hearing loss. The etiology of hearing loss in ciliopathies, however, remains unclear. We analyzed cochleae from three ciliopathy mouse models exhibiting different ciliogenesis defects: Intraflagellar transport 88 (Ift88), Tbc1d32 (a.k.a. bromi), and Cilk1 (a.k.a. Ick) mutants. These mutants showed multiple developmental defects including shortened cochlear duct and abnormal apical patterning of the organ of Corti. Although ciliogenic defects in cochlear hair cells such as misalignment of the kinocilium are often associated with the planar cell polarity pathway, our results showed that inner ear defects in these mutants are primarily due to loss of sonic hedgehog signaling. Furthermore, an inner ear-specific deletion of Cilk1 elicits low-frequency hearing loss attributable to cellular changes in apical cochlear identity that is dedicated to low-frequency sound detection. This type of hearing loss may account for hearing deficits in some patients with ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Hye Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyehyun Min
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heiyeun Koo
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HongKyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Wan Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bui TPH, Nguyen NT, Ngo VD, Nguyen HN, Ly TTH, Do HD, Huynh MT. Novel compound heterozygous TMEM67 variants in a Vietnamese family with Joubert syndrome: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:18. [PMID: 32000717 PMCID: PMC6993522 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-0962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Joubert syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by the combination of hypoplasia/aplasia of the cerebellar vermis, thickened and elongated superior cerebellar peduncles and a deep interpeduncular fossa, known as “molar tooth sign” associated with hypotonia, respiratory control disturbances and abnormal eye movements. To date, pathogenic variants in over 35 genes are known to cause autosomal recessive Joubert Syndrome, while one gene is associated with X-linked recessive inheritance. Case presentation We describe here a non-consanguineous Vietnamese family with Joubert syndrome, a fetus and 10-year-old developmentally delayed boy. Ultrasonography showed ventriculomegaly at 26 + 6 weeks of gestation in the fetus. The 10-year-old-boy was diagnosed with cerebral palsy of unknown origin. Clinical physical examination at the age of 10, he showed clinical features of Joubert syndrome including typical facial dysmorphism, ataxia, severe psychomotor delay, oculomotor apraxia and molar tooth sign on brain MRI. Whole exome sequencing analysis identified a novel compound heterozygous c.725A > G p.Asn242Ser and c.313-3 T > G p.Lys105Valfs*16 TMEM67 variant in the proband and the affected fetus. These two variants were inherited from each parent and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The variant c.725A > G p.Asn242Ser was previously documented in patients with JS, the novel splice-site c.313-3 T > G p.Lys105Valfs*16 TMEM67 variant produced an aberrant transcript with the loss of four nucleotides of exon 03. Conclusion This study confirms the diagnosis of Joubert syndrome in a Vietnamese family and expands the mutational spectrum of TMEM67 sequence variations. We also highlight the importance of molecular approaches to unravel underlying mechanisms of human genetic disorders. Early precise diagnosis could help provide further accurate genetic counseling for recurrence-risk assessment, future diagnostic option, management as well as treatment guidance for rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Hoa Bui
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec Times City International Hospital-Times City, HaNoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Tu Nguyen
- Fetal Medicine Department, Vinmec Times City International Hospital-Times City, HaNoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Doan Ngo
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Vinmec Times City International Hospital-Times City, HaNoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoai-Nghia Nguyen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Ha Ly
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec Times City International Hospital-Times City, HaNoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Duong Do
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec Times City International Hospital-Times City, HaNoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh-Tuan Huynh
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec Times City International Hospital-Times City, HaNoi, Vietnam.
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Zebrafish Models of Rare Hereditary Pediatric Diseases. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020043. [PMID: 29789451 PMCID: PMC6023479 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technologies have made it significantly easier to find the genetic roots of rare hereditary pediatric diseases. These novel methods are not panaceas, however, and they often give ambiguous results, highlighting multiple possible causative mutations in affected patients. Furthermore, even when the mapping results are unambiguous, the affected gene might be of unknown function. In these cases, understanding how a particular genotype can result in a phenotype also needs carefully designed experimental work. Model organism genetics can offer a straightforward experimental setup for hypothesis testing. Containing orthologs for over 80% of the genes involved in human diseases, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as one of the top disease models over the past decade. A plethora of genetic tools makes it easy to create mutations in almost any gene of the zebrafish genome and these mutant strains can be used in high-throughput preclinical screens for active molecules. As this small vertebrate species offers several other advantages as well, its popularity in biomedical research is bound to increase, with “aquarium to bedside” drug development pipelines taking a more prevalent role in the near future.
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