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Chen W, Zhao X, Huang Y, Lu K, Li Y, Li X, Ding H, Li X, Sun S. Solamargine acts as an antiviral by interacting to MZF1 and targeting the core promoter of the hepatitis B virus gene. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:11668-11682. [PMID: 39133152 PMCID: PMC11346786 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a serious threat to global health and can lead to a variety of liver diseases, including acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and so on. At present, there are mainly two kinds of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis B at home and abroad: interferon (IFN) and nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NAs). In recent years, natural compounds have been considered an important source for the development of new anti-HBV drugs due to their complex structure, diverse components, high efficiency, and low toxicity. Many studies have demonstrated that Solamargine has significant anticancer activity, but the antiviral effect is rarely studied. This study aimed to verify the anti-HBV effect of Solamargine and to explore the specific mechanism. METHOD The relative expression of HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) was detected by reverse transcription real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Northern blot and western blot were used to detect the relative expression of HBV pgRNA and target protein. PCR was used in the construction of HBV pg-promoter, ENII/BCP, and a series of gene deletion mutant fluorescent reporter vectors. The fluorescence relative expression of each mutant was detected by Renilla luciferase assay. RESULTS By binding to MZF1 (Myeloid zinc finger protein 1, MZF1), Solamargine inhibits HBV core promoter activity, reduces pregenomic RNA level, and inhibits HBV, achieving antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Master of Chinese medicine (studies and applications of internal Chinese medicines), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yingli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medicine College, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Yuan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital Affiliated of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Suofeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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Pastor F, Charles E, Belmudes L, Chabrolles H, Cescato M, Rivoire M, Burger T, Passot G, Durantel D, Lucifora J, Couté Y, Salvetti A. Deciphering the phospho-signature induced by hepatitis B virus in primary human hepatocytes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1415449. [PMID: 38841065 PMCID: PMC11150682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1415449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a major post-translation modification (PTM) of proteins which is finely tuned by the activity of several hundred kinases and phosphatases. It controls most if not all cellular pathways including anti-viral responses. Accordingly, viruses often induce important changes in the phosphorylation of host factors that can either promote or counteract viral replication. Among more than 500 kinases constituting the human kinome only few have been described as important for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infectious cycle, and most of them intervene during early or late infectious steps by phosphorylating the viral Core (HBc) protein. In addition, little is known on the consequences of HBV infection on the activity of cellular kinases. The objective of this study was to investigate the global impact of HBV infection on the cellular phosphorylation landscape early after infection. For this, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were challenged or not with HBV, and a mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was conducted 2- and 7-days post-infection. The results indicated that while, as expected, HBV infection only minimally modified the cell proteome, significant changes were observed in the phosphorylation state of several host proteins at both time points. Gene enrichment and ontology analyses of up- and down-phosphorylated proteins revealed common and distinct signatures induced by infection. In particular, HBV infection resulted in up-phosphorylation of proteins involved in DNA damage signaling and repair, RNA metabolism, in particular splicing, and cytoplasmic cell-signaling. Down-phosphorylated proteins were mostly involved in cell signaling and communication. Validation studies carried out on selected up-phosphorylated proteins, revealed that HBV infection induced a DNA damage response characterized by the appearance of 53BP1 foci, the inactivation of which by siRNA increased cccDNA levels. In addition, among up-phosphorylated RNA binding proteins (RBPs), SRRM2, a major scaffold of nuclear speckles behaved as an antiviral factor. In accordance with these findings, kinase prediction analysis indicated that HBV infection upregulates the activity of major kinases involved in DNA repair. These results strongly suggest that HBV infection triggers an intrinsic anti-viral response involving DNA repair factors and RBPs that contribute to reduce HBV replication in cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Pastor
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Charles
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CEA, CNRS, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Chabrolles
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Marion Cescato
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Thomas Burger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CEA, CNRS, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Passot
- Service de Chirurgie Générale et Oncologique, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon Et CICLY, EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CEA, CNRS, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
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3
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Giraud G, Rodà M, Huchon P, Michelet M, Maadadi S, Jutzi D, Montserret R, Ruepp MD, Parent R, Combet C, Zoulim F, Testoni B. G-quadruplexes control hepatitis B virus replication by promoting cccDNA transcription and phase separation in hepatocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2290-2305. [PMID: 38113270 PMCID: PMC10954475 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase separation regulates fundamental processes in gene expression and is mediated by the local concentration of proteins and nucleic acids, as well as nucleic acid secondary structures such as G-quadruplexes (G4s). These structures play fundamental roles in both host gene expression and in viral replication due to their peculiar localisation in regulatory sequences. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is an episomal minichromosome whose persistence is at the basis of chronic infection. Identifying the mechanisms controlling its transcriptional activity is indispensable to develop new therapeutic strategies against chronic hepatitis B. The aim of this study was to determine whether G4s are formed in cccDNA and regulate viral replication. Combining biochemistry and functional studies, we demonstrate that cccDNA indeed contains ten G4s structures. Furthermore, mutations disrupting two G4s located in the enhancer I HBV regulatory region altered cccDNA transcription and viral replication. Finally, we showed for the first time that cccDNA undergoes phase separation in a G4-dependent manner to promote its transcription in infected hepatocytes. Altogether, our data give new insight in the transcriptional regulation of the HBV minichromosome that might pave the way for the identification of novel targets to destabilize or silence cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Giraud
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Rodà
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Pélagie Huchon
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Maud Michelet
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Maadadi
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 lyon, france; université claude-bernard lyon i, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Jutzi
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, WC2R 2LS London, UK
| | - Roland Montserret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors 69367Lyon, France
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, WC2R 2LS London, UK
| | - Romain Parent
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Combet
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Service, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
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Verma SK, Kuyumcu-Martinez MN. RNA binding proteins in cardiovascular development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:51-119. [PMID: 38556427 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect affecting>1.35 million newborn babies worldwide. CHD can lead to prenatal, neonatal, postnatal lethality or life-long cardiac complications. RNA binding protein (RBP) mutations or variants are emerging as contributors to CHDs. RBPs are wizards of gene regulation and are major contributors to mRNA and protein landscape. However, not much is known about RBPs in the developing heart and their contributions to CHD. In this chapter, we will discuss our current knowledge about specific RBPs implicated in CHDs. We are in an exciting era to study RBPs using the currently available and highly successful RNA-based therapies and methodologies. Understanding how RBPs shape the developing heart will unveil their contributions to CHD. Identifying their target RNAs in the embryonic heart will ultimately lead to RNA-based treatments for congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Verma
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Muge N Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, United States; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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5
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Ma X, Li Y, Zhu H, Lu K, Huang Y, Li X, Han S, Ding H, Sun S. ENPP1 inhibits the transcription activity of the hepatitis B virus pregenomic promoter by upregulating the acetylation of LMNB1. Arch Virol 2024; 169:36. [PMID: 38265511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Current therapies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can slow disease progression but cannot cure the infection, as it is difficult to eliminate or permanently silence HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The interaction between host factors and cccDNA is essential for their formation, stability, and transcriptional activity. Here, we focused on the regulatory role of the host factor ENPP1 and its interacting transcription factor LMNB1 in HBV replication and transcription to better understand the network of host factors that regulate HBV, which may facilitate the development of new antiviral drugs. Overexpression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) in Huh7 cells decreased HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) expression levels, whereas knockdown of ENPP1 increased them. A series of HBV promoter and mutant plasmids were constructed, and a luciferase reporter assay showed that overexpression of ENPP1 caused inhibition of the HBV promoter and its mutants. A DNA pull-down assay showed that lamin B1 (LMNB1), but not ENPP1, interacts directly with the HBV enhancer II/ basic core promoter (EnhII/BCP). ZDOCK and PyMOL software were used to predict the interaction of ENPP1 with LMNB1. Overexpression of LMNB1 inhibited the activity of the HBV promoter and its mutant. The acetylation levels at the amino acids 111K, 261K, and 483K of LMNB1 were reduced compared to the control, and an LMNB1 acetylation mutant containing 111R, 261Q, 261R, 483Q, and 483R showed increased promoter activity. In summary, ENPP1 together with LMNB1 increased the acetylation level at 111K and 261K, and LMNB1 inhibited the activity of HBV promoter and downregulated the expression of pregenomic RNA and HBcAg. Our follow-up studies will investigate the expression, clinical significance, and relevance of ENPP1 and LMNB1 in HBV patient tissues, explore the effect of LMNB1 on post-transcriptional progression, and examine whether ENPP1 can reduce cccDNA levels in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- The department of infectious diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital Affiliated of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Yingli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Shuangyin Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Suofeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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6
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Rai R, Lightfoot S, Benbrook DM. Manipulation of metabolic responses enhances SHetA2 efficacy without toxicity in cervical cancer cell lines and xenografts. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 180:44-54. [PMID: 38052108 PMCID: PMC10922646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high frequency of cervical cancer recurrence after primary therapy necessitates alternative treatments. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) causes cervical cancer and it's continued presence supports elevated metabolism, proliferation and survival of cancer cells. The low-to-no toxicity new investigational drug, SHetA2, counteracts high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) effects on cell proliferation and survival in cervical cancer cells and xenograft tumors by disrupting heat shock protein 70 chaperone protection of oncogenic proteins. Our objective was to study the involvement of metabolism in SHetA2 effects on cervical cancer cells and tumors. METHODS SHetA2-mediated proteomic and metabolic effects were measured in HR-HPV-positive CaSKi and SiHa and HR-HPV-negative C-33 A cervical cancer cell lines. Combined treatment with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) was evaluated in cell culture and SiHa xenografts. RESULTS SHetA2 inhibited oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and altered levels of proteins involved in metabolism, protein synthesis, and DNA replication and repair. Cervical cancer cells responded by elevating glycolysis. Inhibition of the glycolytic responses using galactose media or 2-DG increased SHetA2 sensitivity of two HR-HPV-positive, but not an HR-HPV-negative cervical cancer cell line. Interaction of 2-DG and SHetA2 was synergistic in HR-HPV positive cell lines in association with augmentation of SHetA2 ATP reduction, but not SHetA2 DNA damage induction. These results were verified in a SiHa xenograft tumor model without evidence of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Compensatory glycolysis counteracts OxPhos inhibition in SHetA2-treated HR-HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Prevention of compensatory glycolysis with 2-DG or another glycolysis inhibitor has the potential to improve SHetA2 therapy without toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Stanley Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA.
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Wei XF, Fan SY, Wang YW, Li S, Long SY, Gan CY, Li J, Sun YX, Guo L, Wang PY, Yang X, Wang JL, Cui J, Zhang WL, Huang AL, Hu JL. Identification of STAU1 as a regulator of HBV replication by TurboID-based proximity labeling. iScience 2022; 25:104416. [PMID: 35663023 PMCID: PMC9156947 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The core promoter (CP) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is critical for HBV replication by controlling the transcription of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). Host factors regulating the activity of the CP can be identified by different methods. Biotin-based proximity labeling, a powerful method with the capability to capture weak or dynamic interactions, has not yet been used to map proteins interacting with the CP. Here, we established a strategy, based on the newly evolved promiscuous enzyme TurboID, for interrogating host factors regulating the activity of HBV CP. Using this strategy, we identified STAU1 as an important factor involved in the regulation of HBV CP. Mechanistically, STAU1 indirectly binds to CP mediated by TARDBP, and recruits the SAGA transcription coactivator complex to the CP to upregulate its activity. Moreover, STAU1 binds to HBx and enhances the level of HBx by stabilizing it in a ubiquitin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Fei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu-Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Yang Gan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kremsdorf D, Lekbaby B, Bablon P, Sotty J, Augustin J, Schnuriger A, Pol J, Soussan P. Alternative splicing of viral transcripts: the dark side of HBV. Gut 2021; 70:2373-2382. [PMID: 34535538 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of alternative splicing is one of the most efficient mechanisms to enlarge the proteomic diversity in eukaryotic organisms. Many viruses hijack the splicing machinery following infection to accomplish their replication cycle. Regarding the HBV, numerous reports have described alternative splicing events of the long viral transcript (pregenomic RNA), which also acts as a template for viral genome replication. Alternative splicing of HBV pregenomic RNAs allows the synthesis of at least 20 spliced variants. In addition, almost all these spliced forms give rise to defective particles, detected in the blood of infected patients. HBV-spliced RNAs have long been unconsidered, probably due to their uneasy detection in comparison to unspliced forms as well as for their dispensable role during viral replication. However, recent data highlighted the relevance of these HBV-spliced variants through (1) the trans-regulation of the alternative splicing of viral transcripts along the course of liver disease; (2) the ability to generate defective particle formation, putative biomarker of the liver disease progression; (3) modulation of viral replication; and (4) their intrinsic propensity to encode for novel viral proteins involved in liver pathogenesis and immune response. Altogether, tricky regulation of HBV alternative splicing may contribute to modulate multiple viral and cellular processes all along the course of HBV-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Kremsdorf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Bouchra Lekbaby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bablon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jules Sotty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Augustin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Virologie, GHU Paris-Est, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics ann Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université-Faculté Saint Antoine, Paris, France .,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Virologie, GHU Paris-Est, Paris, France
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9
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Philips CA, Ahamed R, Abduljaleel JK, Rajesh S, Augustine P. Critical Updates on Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in 2021. Cureus 2021; 13:e19152. [PMID: 34733599 PMCID: PMC8557099 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global healthcare burden in the form of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer. There is no definite cure for the virus and even though extensive vaccination programs have reduced the burden of liver disease in the future population, treatment options to eradicate the virus from the host are still lacking. In this review, we discuss in detail current updates on the structure and applied biology of the virus in the host, examine updates to current treatment and explore novel and state-of-the-art therapeutics in the pipeline for management of chronic HBV. Furthermore, we also specifically review clinical updates on HBV-related acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF). Current treatments for chronic HBV infection have seen important updates in the form of considerations for treating patients in the immune tolerant phase and some clarity on end points for treatment and decisions on finite therapy with nucleos(t)ide inhibitors. Ongoing cutting-edge research on HBV biology has helped us identify novel target areas in the life cycle of the virus for application of new therapeutics. Due to improvements in the area of genomics, the hope for therapeutic vaccines, vector-based treatments and focused management aimed at targeting host integration of the virus and thereby a total cure could become a reality in the near future. Newer clinical prognostic tools have improved our understanding of timing of specific treatment options for the catastrophic syndrome of ACLF secondary to reactivation of HBV. In this review, we discuss in detail pertinent updates regarding virus biology and novel therapeutic targets with special focus on the appraisal of prognostic scores and treatment options in HBV-related ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyriac A Philips
- Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, IND
| | - Rizwan Ahamed
- Gastroenterology and Advanced Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, IND
| | - Jinsha K Abduljaleel
- Gastroenterology and Advanced Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, IND
| | - Sasidharan Rajesh
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, IND
| | - Philip Augustine
- Gastroenterology and Advanced Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, IND
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10
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Huang CJ, Wang LHC, Wang YC. Identification of Therapeutic Targets for the Selective Killing of HBV-Positive Hepatocytes. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070649. [PMID: 34357116 PMCID: PMC8307716 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most infected individuals become lifelong carriers of HBV as the drugs currently used to treat the patients can only control the disease, thereby achieving functional cure (loss of the hepatitis B surface antigen) but not complete cure (elimination of infected hepatocytes). Therefore, we aimed to identify the target genes for the selective killing of HBV-positive hepatocytes to develop a novel therapy for the treatment of HBV infection. Our strategy was to recognize the conditionally essential genes that are essential for the survival of HBV-positive hepatocytes, but non-essential for the HBV-negative hepatocytes. Using microarray gene expression data curated from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and the known essential genes from the Online GEne Essentiality database, we used two approaches, comprising the random walk with restart algorithm and the support vector machine approach, to determine the potential targets for the selective killing of HBV-positive hepatocytes. The final candidate genes list obtained using these two approaches consisted of 36 target genes, which may be conditionally essential for the cell survival of HBV-positive hepatocytes; however, this requires further experimental validation. Therefore, the genes identified in this study can be used as potential drug targets to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HBV, and may ultimately help in achieving the elusive goal of a complete cure for hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jung Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Balagopal A, Hwang HS, Grudda T, Quinn J, Sterling RK, Sulkowski MS, Thio CL. Single Hepatocyte Hepatitis B Virus Transcriptional Landscape in HIV Coinfection. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1462-1469. [PMID: 31740931 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 10% of people with HIV also have HBV and are at higher risk of liver disease progression than in HBV monoinfection. Antivirals, common to HIV and HBV, suppress HBV DNA levels but do not eradicate virus because the transcriptional template, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), is long lived in infected hepatocytes. METHODS Using single-cell laser capture microdissection, we isolated >1100 hepatocytes from 5 HIV/HBV coinfected persons with increasing exposure to HBV antivirals (HB1-HB5; no exposure to >7 years exposure), quantifying cccDNA and pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) in each cell using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The proportion of infected hepatocytes decreased with antiviral exposure from 96.4% (HB1) to 29.8% (HB5). Upper cccDNA range and median pgRNA decreased from HB1 to HB5 (P < .05 for both). The amount of pgRNA transcribed per cccDNA also decreased from HB1 to HB5 (P < .05). Cells with inactive pgRNA transcription were enriched from 0% (HB1) to 14.3% (HB5) of infected hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS cccDNA transcription is reduced in HIV/HBV coinfected people with longer antiviral duration. Understanding HBV transcriptional regulation may be critical to develop a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Balagopal
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyon S Hwang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanner Grudda
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Quinn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Mark S Sulkowski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Hepatitis B virus Core protein nuclear interactome identifies SRSF10 as a host RNA-binding protein restricting HBV RNA production. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008593. [PMID: 33180834 PMCID: PMC7707522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of a preventive vaccine, chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 250 million people and represents a major global cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Current clinical treatments, in most of cases, do not eliminate viral genome that persists as a DNA episome in the nucleus of hepatocytes and constitutes a stable template for the continuous expression of viral genes. Several studies suggest that, among viral factors, the HBV core protein (HBc), well-known for its structural role in the cytoplasm, could have critical regulatory functions in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. To elucidate these functions, we performed a proteomic analysis of HBc-interacting host-factors in the nucleus of differentiated HepaRG, a surrogate model of human hepatocytes. The HBc interactome was found to consist primarily of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which are involved in various aspects of mRNA metabolism. Among them, we focused our studies on SRSF10, a RBP that was previously shown to regulate alternative splicing (AS) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and to control stress and DNA damage responses, as well as viral replication. Functional studies combining SRSF10 knockdown and a pharmacological inhibitor of SRSF10 phosphorylation (1C8) showed that SRSF10 behaves as a restriction factor that regulates HBV RNAs levels and that its dephosphorylated form is likely responsible for the anti-viral effect. Surprisingly, neither SRSF10 knock-down nor 1C8 treatment modified the splicing of HBV RNAs but rather modulated the level of nascent HBV RNA. Altogether, our work suggests that in the nucleus of infected cells HBc interacts with multiple RBPs that regulate viral RNA metabolism. Our identification of SRSF10 as a new anti-HBV restriction factor offers new perspectives for the development of new host-targeted antiviral strategies. Chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 250 million of people world-wide and is a major global cause of liver cancer. Current treatments lead to a significant reduction of viremia in patients. However, viral clearance is rarely obtained and the persistence of the HBV genome in the hepatocyte’s nucleus generates a stable source of viral RNAs and subsequently proteins which play important roles in immune escape mechanisms and liver disease progression. Therapies aiming at efficiently and durably eliminating viral gene expression are still required. In this study, we identified the nuclear partners of the HBV Core protein (HBc) to understand how this structural protein, responsible for capsid assembly in the cytoplasm, could also regulate viral gene expression. The HBc interactome was found to consist primarily of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). One of these RBPs, SRSF10, was demonstrated to restrict HBV RNA levels and a drug, able to alter its phosphorylation, behaved as an antiviral compound capable of reducing viral gene expression. Altogether, this study sheds new light on novel regulatory functions of HBc and provides information relevant for the development of antiviral strategies aiming at preventing viral gene expression.
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13
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Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104925. [PMID: 32866519 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes and causes severe liver diseases. The HBV life cycle is unique in that the genomic DNA (relaxed-circular partially double-stranded DNA: rcDNA) is converted to a molecular template DNA (covalently closed circular DNA: cccDNA) to amplify a viral RNA intermediate, which is then reverse-transcribed back to viral DNA. The highly stable characteristics of cccDNA result in chronic infection and a poor rate of cure. This complex life cycle of HBV offers a variety of targets to develop antiviral agents. We provide here an update on the current knowledge of HBV biology and its life cycle, which may help to identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan.
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14
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Kew C, Huang W, Fischer J, Ganesan R, Robinson N, Antebi A. Evolutionarily conserved regulation of immunity by the splicing factor RNP-6/PUF60. eLife 2020; 9:57591. [PMID: 32538777 PMCID: PMC7332298 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing is a vital cellular process that modulates important aspects of animal physiology, yet roles in regulating innate immunity are relatively unexplored. From genetic screens in C. elegans, we identified splicing factor RNP-6/PUF60 whose activity suppresses immunity, but promotes longevity, suggesting a tradeoff between these processes. Bacterial pathogen exposure affects gene expression and splicing in a rnp-6 dependent manner, and rnp-6 gain and loss-of-function activities reveal an active role in immune regulation. Another longevity promoting splicing factor, SFA-1, similarly exerts an immuno-suppressive effect, working downstream or parallel to RNP-6. RNP-6 acts through TIR-1/PMK-1/MAPK signaling to modulate immunity. The mammalian homolog, PUF60, also displays anti-inflammatory properties, and its levels swiftly decrease after bacterial infection in mammalian cells, implying a role in the host response. Altogether our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved modulation of immunity by specific components of the splicing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kew
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wenming Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Sato A, Ono C, Tamura T, Mori H, Izumi T, Torii S, Fauzyah Y, Yamamoto T, Morioka Y, Okuzaki D, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y. Rimonabant suppresses RNA transcription of hepatitis B virus by inhibiting hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:345-355. [PMID: 31981244 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) sometime induces lethal cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although nucleot(s)ide analogs are used as main treatment for HBV infection, the emergence of the drug-resistant viruses has become a problem. To discover novel antivirals with low side effects and low risk of emergence of resistant viruses, screening for anti-HBV compounds was performed with compound libraries of inhibitors targeting G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). HepG2-hNTCP C4 cells infected with HBV were treated with various GPCR inhibitors and harvested at 14 day postinfection for quantification of core protein in the first screening or relaxed circular DNA in the second screening. Finally, we identified a cannabinoid receptor 1 inhibitor, rimonabant, as a candidate showing anti-HBV effect. In HepG2-hNTCP C4 cells, treatment with rimonabant suppressed HBV propagation at the viral RNA transcription step but had no effect on entry or covalently closed circular DNA level. The values of half maximal inhibitory concentration, half maximal effective concentration, and selectivity index of rimonabant in primary human hepatocyte (PHH) are 2.77 μm, 40.4 μm, and 14.6, respectively. Transcriptome analysis of rimonabant-treated primary hepatocytes by RNA sequencing revealed that the transcriptional activity of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), which is known to stimulate viral RNA synthesis, was depressed. By treatment of PHH with rimonabant, the expression level of HNF4α protein and the production of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of downstream factors promoted by HNF4α were reduced while the amount of HNF4α mRNA was not altered. These results suggest that treatment with rimonabant suppresses HBV propagation through the inhibition of HNF4α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Sato
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Izumi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuzy Fauzyah
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Morioka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Human Immunology Lab, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Sun S, Li Y, Liu B, Zhang B, Han S, Li X. Establishment of stable cell lines in which the HBV genome replicates episomally for evaluation of antivirals. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:407-413. [PMID: 32190152 PMCID: PMC7069427 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.79712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the increasing resistance to nucleot(s)ide analogs in patients with chronic hepatitis B, development of new antiviral drugs to eradicate hepatitis B virus is still urgently needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS To date, most studies on evaluating anti-HBV drugs have been performed using cell lines where the HBV genomic DNA is chromosomally integrated, e.g. Hep2.2.15 in HBV-infected livers of the viral episomal genome replicates in the nucleus and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) serves as a transcriptional template. Another option involves the use of HBV-infected cells of HepaRG or NTCP-overexpressing cells. However, the development of the infection system is expensive and laborious, and its HBV expression level remained low. RESULTS Compared to HuH7 cells, the established stable cell lines based on episomal-type pEB-Multi vectors can been expressed HBV wild-type by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting (p < 0.05). These two vectors are also sensitive to Entecavir and against nucleoside analog Lamivudine in mutants cellines. CONCLUSIONS It is worth demonstrating how useful the established cell system is for evaluating antiviral agents and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suofeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital Affiliated of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingyong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangyin Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Lim XN, Shan C, Marzinek JK, Dong H, Ng TS, Ooi JSG, Fibriansah G, Wang J, Verma CS, Bond PJ, Shi PY, Lok SM. Molecular basis of dengue virus serotype 2 morphological switch from 29°C to 37°C. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007996. [PMID: 31536610 PMCID: PMC6752767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of DENV2 to display different morphologies (hence different antigenic properties) complicates vaccine and therapeutics development. Previous studies showed most strains of laboratory adapted DENV2 particles changed from smooth to “bumpy” surfaced morphology when the temperature is switched from 29°C at 37°C. Here we identified five envelope (E) protein residues different between two alternative passage history DENV2 NGC strains exhibiting smooth or bumpy surface morphologies. Several mutations performed on the smooth DENV2 infectious clone destabilized the surface, as observed by cryoEM. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated how chemically subtle substitution at various positions destabilized dimeric interactions between E proteins. In contrast, three out of four DENV2 clinical isolates showed a smooth surface morphology at 37°C, and only at high fever temperature (40°C) did they become “bumpy”. These results imply vaccines should contain particles representing both morphologies. For prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, this study also informs on which types of antibodies should be used at different stages of an infection, i.e., those that bind to monomeric E proteins on the bumpy surface or across multiple E proteins on the smooth surfaced virus. DENV2 particles have been shown to change their morphologies (compact smooth to loose bumpy surfaced) when temperature is switched from 28°C to 37°C. We used two DENV2 viruses both belonging to the same strain designation but with a different passage history—one of which exhibited the smooth surfaced morphology while the other was bumpy surfaced, observed by cryoEM. We mutated residues in the E protein of the DENV2 infectious clone that has the smooth surfaced morphology to determine if any could result in a bumpy morphology. Results showed several different mutations could lead to this change. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we showed how these mutations likely destabilize the E protein dimeric interactions. We investigated whether the bumpy morphology also occurs in DENV2 clinical isolates, and showed that these viruses can exhibit both morphologies, indicating that vaccine and therapeutics development should target both virus forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ni Lim
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chao Shan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Marzinek
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongping Dong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam Seng Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin S. G. Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guntur Fibriansah
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter J. Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (PJB); (PS); (SL)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJB); (PS); (SL)
| | - Shee-mei Lok
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (PJB); (PS); (SL)
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18
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Makokha GN, Abe-Chayama H, Chowdhury S, Hayes CN, Tsuge M, Yoshima T, Ishida Y, Zhang Y, Uchida T, Tateno C, Akiyama R, Chayama K. Regulation of the Hepatitis B virus replication and gene expression by the multi-functional protein TARDBP. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8462. [PMID: 31186504 PMCID: PMC6560085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver and is a key risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Identification of host factors that support viral replication is important to understand mechanisms of viral replication and to develop new therapeutic strategies. We identified TARDBP as a host factor that regulates HBV. Silencing or knocking out the protein in HBV infected cells severely impaired the production of viral replicative intermediates, mRNAs, proteins, and virions, whereas ectopic expression of TARDBP rescued production of these products. Mechanistically, we found that the protein binds to the HBV core promoter, as shown by chromatin precipitation as well as mutagenesis and protein-DNA interaction assays. Using LC-MS/MS analysis, we also found that TARDBP binds to a number of other proteins known to support the HBV life cycle, including NPM1, PARP1, Hsp90, HNRNPC, SFPQ, PTBP1, HNRNPK, and PUF60. Interestingly, given its key role as a regulator of RNA splicing, we found that TARDBP has an inhibitory role on pregenomic RNA splicing, which might help the virus to export its non-canonical RNAs from the nucleus without being subjected to unwanted splicing, even though mRNA nuclear export is normally closely tied to RNA splicing. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TARDBP is involved in multiple steps of HBV replication via binding to both HBV DNA and RNA. The protein's broad interactome suggests that TARDBP may function as part of a RNA-binding scaffold involved in HBV replication and that the interaction between these proteins might be a target for development of anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Naswa Makokha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sajeda Chowdhury
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Yoshima
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Rie Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan.
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan.
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, 734-8551, Japan.
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19
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Sakai S, Ohhata T, Kitagawa K, Uchida C, Aoshima T, Niida H, Suzuki T, Inoue Y, Miyazawa K, Kitagawa M. Long Noncoding RNA ELIT-1 Acts as a Smad3 Cofactor to Facilitate TGFβ/Smad Signaling and Promote Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2821-2838. [PMID: 30952633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ is involved in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, growth regulation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In TGFβ/Smad signaling, receptor-activated Smad complexes activate or repress their target gene promoters. Smad cofactors are a group of Smad-binding proteins that promote recruitment of Smad complexes to these promoters. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), which behave as Smad cofactors, have thus far not been identified. Here, we characterize a novel lncRNA EMT-associated lncRNA induced by TGFβ1 (ELIT-1). ELIT-1 was induced by TGFβ stimulation via the TGFβ/Smad pathway in TGFβ-responsive cell lines. ELIT-1 depletion abrogated TGFβ-mediated EMT progression and expression of TGFβ target genes including Snail, a transcription factor critical for EMT. A positive correlation between high expression of ELIT-1 and poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer suggests that ELIT-1 may be useful as a prognostic and therapeutic target. RIP assays revealed that ELIT-1 bound to Smad3, but not Smad2. In conjunction with Smad3, ELIT-1 enhanced Smad-responsive promoter activities by recruiting Smad3 to the promoters of its target genes including Snail, other TGFβ target genes, and ELIT-1 itself. Collectively, these data show that ELIT-1 is a novel trans-acting lncRNA that forms a positive feedback loop to enhance TGFβ/Smad3 signaling and promote EMT progression. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a novel lncRNA ELIT-1 and characterizes its role as a positive regulator of TGFβ/Smad3 signaling and EMT.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/11/2821/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Uchida
- Advanced Research Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Aoshima
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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20
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Ito N, Nakashima K, Sun S, Ito M, Suzuki T. Cell Type Diversity in Hepatitis B Virus RNA Splicing and Its Regulation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:207. [PMID: 30800119 PMCID: PMC6375855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although RNA splicing of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a commonly observed in livers of hepatitis B patients as well as in the cultured cells replicating the viral genome, its biological significance in the HBV life cycle and the detailed regulatory mechanisms are still largely unclear. In this study, we found cell-type dependency of HBV splicing of the 3.5 kb pregenomic RNA, which is efficiently spliced in human hepatoma cells but not in cells derived from human hepatic stellate, mouse hepatoma and human non-hepatic cells. It may be likely that RNA splicing is one of the determinants of host range restriction of HBV. Given the finding indicating the difference in cell-type dependency of the splicing efficiency between HBV and simian virus 40, we carried out intron-swapping experiments. The results suggest the presence of putative exonic splicing enhancer that possibly works in the cell-type dependent fashion. Together with further mutational analyses, a novel 50-nt intronic splicing silencer, whose secondary structure is well conserved among the HBV strains, was identified. It appears that this intronic silencer functions effectively independent of cell backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriomi Ito
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Suofeng Sun
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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